Omari McDuffey AP Psychology 10/15/11 Ms.

Evans Period 4B

Chapter 4: Developing Through the Life Span

4.1.) Developing through the Life Span (State the three areas of change that developmental psychologist study and
identify the three major issues in developmental psychology)

-Developmental Psychologist is the branch of psychology that studies social, physical and cognitive change though someones life -Nature vs. Nurture- how we genetically inherit and experience help us develop -Continuity stages- how continuously doing something helps us develop -Stability/change-how personality changes through our life Prenatal Development and the Newborn 2.)Conception (Describes the union of sperm and egg at conception) -Women are all born with immature eggs Usually thousands of sperm try to fertilize the egg 3.)Prenatal Development
(Define zygote, embryo, and fetus and explains how dermatogens can affect development)

Zygote- is a fertilized egg after a 2 week period before it develops into an embryo Embryo- is a developing human from 2 weeks to months after fertilization Fetus- is a developing human after 9 weeks after conception to birth Teratogens- chemical or viral agents that may reach the embryo and cause some damage to the child Fetal Alcohol Syndrome- abnormalities in children cause by there mothers consuming too much alcohol 4.)The Competent Newborn (Describe some abilities of the newborn and explain how researching use habituation to assess
infant sensory and cognitive abilities)

Rooting reflex- the babies reflex to turn toward the direction in which they have been touched We also turn our head in the direction we hear human voices Habituation-the more we see or are stimulated with something the less interested we become when presented again Infancy and Childhood Physical Development 5.) Brain Development (Describe some developmental Changes in childs brain, and explain why maturation accounts
for many similarities)

-Maturation- part of the growth process that causes change in behavior that usually isnt affected by the things we experience The way we Growth is inborn 6.)Motor Development(outline four events in the motor development sequence from birth to toddler hood, and evaluate
the effects of maturation and experience on that sequence)

The events that babies go though as they start to mature is first rolling over, and then sitting up, crawling and then finally walking 7.) Maturation and Infant Memory (Explain why we have few memories if experiences during our first 3 years of
life)

-Infantile Amnesia-is the inability to remember events that happened before the age of three because of how the brain organizes memories during those ages 8.) Cognitive Development (state Piagets understanding of how the mind develops and discuss the importance of
assimilation and accommodation in this process)

Schemas- an idea that helps us organizes and understands information Assimilate-understanding someones new experience based off of ones existing schemas or what they already know. Accommodate- adjusting ones current understanding to incorporate new information 9.) Piagets Theory and current thinking
(outline Piagets four main stages of cognitive development, and comment on how children thinking changes during these four stages)

Cognition-mental actions connected with thinking knowing, remembering and communicating Stage 1.)Sensorimotor Stage-the state from birth to about two years old when infants know the world mostly in terms of what they see hear touch taste and can grab. Developmental Phenomena: 1.) Object Permanence- the awareness that things continue to exist when not perceived. 2.) Stranger Anxiety Stage 2.)Preoperational Stage-the stage from 2 years to about 7 years old when you represent things with words or images, and you are using your intuition rather hen your logic Developmental Phenomena: 1.) Egocentrism-difficulty looking at things from another point of view 2.) Language Development 3.) Pretend Play 4.) Theory of Mind- thoughts about their own and how others feel, perceive, others thoughts and the behavior these might predict Stage 3.)Concrete Operational Stage-the stage from about 7 to 11 years old we begin thinking logically about different events that may take place and performing mathematical problems Developmental Phenomena: Conservation-is a principle which the quantity (mass, volume, and number) stays the same despite the change in shape Mathematical Transformation

 Stage 4.)Formal Operational Stage-the stage from about 12 through adulthood where you being to find abstract reasoning for things Developmental Phenomena: Abstract Logic Potential for mature moral reasoning Autism- a disorder that happens during childhood and mars communication, social interaction and understanding others feelings 10.) Reflecting on Piagets Theory (Discuss psychologists current views on Piagets theory of cognitive development) -Developing and using logic is a major part of cognitive development -Its easier to learn more the younger you are 11.) Social Development Stranger Anxiety- in infants fear of strangers during their first 8 months of birth 12.) Origins of Attachment (discuss the effects of nourishment body contact and familiarity) Attachment- being emotionally tied with another person which is heavily shown in young children to their parent or caregiver. Critical Period- a period after your born when certain events have to take place so the child properly develops Harlow experiment showed that infant monkeys would search out a non-nourishing mother that provided comfort over one that provided nourishing with comfort. Imprinting- practice in which animals form attachments during a critical period during about the time that they are born 13.) Attachment Differences (contrast secure and insecure attachment and discuss the roles of parents and infants in the
development of attachment and infants feelings of basic trust)

Basic Trust- an infants sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy carried by infants Children who are more attached to their mother will be more likely to play and explore more in their mothers presence due to Basic Trust. 14.) Deprivation of Attachment (assess the impact of parental neglect, family disruption and day care on attachment and
development)

Neglect and other types of traumatic events may help children miss the opportunity for parental attachment Childhood abuse can lead children psychological social and physical problems Usually children who dont find attachment by the age of two will have long term attachment problems 15.) Self-Concept (trace the onset and development of childrens self-concept) Self-Concept-a sense of someones identity and individual worth Children form a self-concept when they hit about 6 months old 16.) Child-Rearing Practices (Describe three parenting styles, and offer three potential explanations for the link between) Three types are parenting styles are:

Authoritarian: demands obedience and lay down rules Permissive- usually sides with the child and dont ask much and hardly ever punish Authoritative-demanding but also attend to their childs needs (produces easy going kids) 17.) Adolescence (define Adolescence) Adolescence- the period when youre changing from childhood into adulthood 18.) Physical Development (identify the major physical changes during adolescence) Puberty-the period during sexual maturation where you become able to reproduce Primary sex Characteristics-reproductive organs develop dramatically Secondary sex characteristics- non-reproductive straits start to form more, like the womans breast and the guys voice starts to deepens Menarche- the very first menstrual period Cognitive Development 19.) Developing Reasoning Power (describe the changes in reasoning abilities that Piagets called formal operations) Adolescents begin to reason more when they become teenagers 20.) Developing Morally (Discuss moral development from the perspectives of moral thinking, moral feeling and moral
action)

A.)Moral Thinking Preconvention Morality- between the ages of being an infant and 9 children avoid punishment by obeying Conventional Morality-When youre a teenager you care more about other people, and try to keep up with social rules only due to the fact that they are rules Post Conventional Morality-peoples morals are based on personal rights they fall and ethical principles Moral Feelings-moral thinking and moral judgment Moral action-focuses on doing whats wrong and whats right 21.) Social Development (identify Ericksons eight stages of psychosocial development and their accompanying issues) Eriksons Stages of Psychosocial Development: Infancy-develop basic trust Toddler hood-learns to do things by themselves Preschooler-learns to carry out plans or tasks Elementary School-learning please of performing your own tasks Adolescence-try to form their own identity or become confused about who they actually are Young adulthood- forming closes relationships and gains the need for love Middle Adulthood-form a sense of contributing something to the world through work or family Late Adulthood-reflecting on their life 22.) Forming an Identity (explains how the search for identity affects us during adolescence, and discusses how forming an
identity prepares us for intimacy)

Identity-the sense of who you are which is found by trying a lot of roles and personalities Your feeling of self esteem can increase with whether you have achieved your identity. Intimacy-the ability to make loving relationships in late adolescence and early childhood

23.) Parent and Peer Influence (contrast parental and peer influences during adolescence) Adolescence are becoming a lot more parentally dependent How we look to our peers is very important to adolescences 24.) Emerging Adulthood (discuss the characteristics of emerging adulthood) Emerging adulthood consists of 18 to mid twenty year olds that have no completely reached their independence. Around emerging adulthood they attend college and start working fulltime jobs Adulthood Physical Development 25.) Physical Changes in middle adulthood (identify the major physical changes that occur in middle adulthood) Muscles, reaction time and cardiac output start to decline Menopause-when women experiences biological changes like her reproduction starts to decline Menopause occurs in the 50s 26.) Physical Changes in Later life (compare life expectancy in the mid twentieth and early twenty-first centuries and
discuss changes in sensory abilities and heath (including frequency of dementia) in older adults)

Life expectancy increase from living 49 years to living 67 years Women live longer than men Hearing seeing for long distances and your sense of smell, muscle mass and stamina start to dissipate Your immune system will get weak and you will become extremely vulnerable to diseases The brain shrinks about 5 percent as you get older Alzheimers disease-an irreversible and continual loss of memory, reasoning, language, and being able to physically function Cognitive Development 27.) Aging and Memory (assess the impact of again on recall and recognition in adulthood) Being about to remember new information starts to taper of during middle adulthood Older adults usually only recall meaningful information such as the date they were married Prospective memory is remembering to do something. But without reminders its harder for older adults to remember things 28.) Aging and intelligence (summarize the contributions of cross sectional and longitudinal sties to our understanding of
the normal effects of aging on adult intelligence)

Longitudinal Re-testing the same people after a couple years Cross Sectional Studies-is contrasting different ages of people Crystallized Intelligence- knowledge and skills you develop over time Fluid Intelligence- the ability to reason with people quickly and efficiently Social Development 29.) Adulthoods Ages and stages (explain why the path of adult development need not be tightly linked to ones
chronological age)

Some life crises can make some extreme events happen like divorce and or meeting a new life partner Social Clock- the right time for major events The social Clock varies depending on the type of social group your in or people you hang around 30.) Adulthood Commitments (discuss the importance of love marriage and children in adulthood, and comment on the
contribution of ones work of feelings of self-satisfaction)

The likely hood that parents will divorce these days is about 2 times greater then it was a couple decades ago because men and women have increased expectations of life partners The birth of a new child can strain a persons not only their emotional resources but their economical resources 31.) Well-Being across the life span (describe trends peoples life satisfaction across the life span) As we age our feelings of wellbeing are stable throughout our life 32.) Death and Dying (describe the range of reaction to the death of a loved one) People handle grief in different ways The amount we grieve is based on how suddenly the person may die or way before their time like if a child dies or a young actor dies 33.) Reflections on two major Developmental Issues (summarize current view on continuity versus stages and
stability versus change in lifelong development)

Piagets developed cognitive development, Kohlberg developed moral development and Erickson developed psychosocial development People change during different points in their life