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I HC THI NGUYN TRNG I HC S PHM

==========================

TRNH THANH HI

GIO TRNH S DNG PHN MM H TR DY HC TON

Thi Nguyn, 2005

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MC LC
MC LC ...........................................................................................................................1 LI NI U .....................................................................................................................2 Chng 1:.............................................................................................................................3 NG DNG CNG NGH THNG TIN V TRUYN THNG TRONG DY HC NH TRNG PH THNG .......................................................................................3 1.1. Tc ng ca CNTT- TT ti s pht trin ca x hi ..............................................3 1.2. Nh trng hin i trong bi cnh pht trin ca CNTT- TT ................................3 1.3. ng dng CNTT-TT trong nh trng Vit Nam ................................................9 1.4. Tc ng ca CNTT- TT trong dy hc ton.....................................................10 Chng 2............................................................................................................................19 S DNG PHN MM GRAPH TRONG DY HC TON ......................................19 2.1. Gii thiu v phn mm Graph .............................................................................................19 2.2. Lm vic vi Graph .................................................................................................................19 2.3. Gii thiu h thng Menu.......................................................................................................20 2.4. Mt s chc nng c bn ........................................................................................................21 2.5. Th vin cc hm ca Graph .................................................................................................25 2.6. Khai thc phn mm Graph ...................................................................................................26 2.7 Bi tp: ..........................................................................................................................................27 Chng 3............................................................................................................................28 S DNG PHN MM HNH HC NG CABRI GEOMETRY..............................28 3.1. Tng quan v phn mm hnh hc ng Cabri Geometry .............................................28 3.2. Thao tc vi cc cng c ca Cabri Geometry..................................................................32 3.3. Vit ho giao din ca Cabri Geometry ..............................................................................48 3.4. S dng phn mm Cabri Geometry h tr dy hc .......................................................48 3.5. Phng php khai thc phn mm Cabri Geometry h tr dy hc ton ..................61 Chng 4............................................................................................................................68 S DNG PHN MM MAPLE TRONG DY HC TON ......................................68 4.1. Tng quan chung v phn mm Maple ...............................................................................68 4.2. S dng cc lnh n gin ca Maple ................................................................................74 4.3. S dng cc cu lnh ca Maple h tr dy hc kho st hm s ..............................84 4.3.1. Nhng cu lnh ca Male h tr dy hc kho st hm s .......................................84 4.4. Cc cu lnh ca Maple h tr gii cc bi ton gii tch. ............................................98 4.5. Nhm cc lnh ca Maple h tr dy hc i s tuyn tnh .......................................102 4.6. Khai thc cc th vin ca Maple trong dy hc ton ..................................................119 Ngun ti liu gio trnh trch dn, tham kho ..........................................................141

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LI NI U
Hin nay chng ta ang chng kin s pht trin nh v bo ca cng ngh thng tin v truyn thng (ICT). Cc nh khoa hc khng nh: cha c mt ngnh khoa hc v cng ngh no li pht trin nhanh chng, su rng v c nhiu ng dng nh tin hc. S ra i ca Internet, n m ra mt k nguyn mi: k nguyn thng tin. Trong khung cnh , o to v gio dc c coi l mnh t mu m cho cc ng dng ca tin hc pht trin. Theo cc chuyn gia, trong giai on ti s c thay i su sc trong cng ngh o to v gio dc nh c tin hc v Internet. Nhng cng ngh tin tin ca tin hc nh Internet, a phng tin, truyn thng bng rng, CD-Rom, DVD s mang n nhng bin i c tnh cch mng trn quy m ton cu trong lnh vc o to, gio dc. Vi mc tiu nng cao cht lng o to, i mi phng php dy hc th mt trong cc bin php kh thi l bit kt hp cc phng php dy hc truyn thng v khng truyn thng trong c s dng CNTT-TT ni chung, phn mm ni ring nh mt cng c c lc. Vi mc tiu khim tn l cung cp nhng thng tin ban u bn c c th khai thc cc phn mm vo cng vic ging dy, hc tp v nghin cu ton hc, chng ti mnh dn bin son gio trnh: S DNG PHN MM H TR DY HC TON Gio trnh c bin son trc mt s l ti liu hc tp cho sinh vin chuyn ngnh ton; tin sau c th lm ti liu tham kho cho gio vin THPT v hc vin cao hc v nhng ngi quan tm n vic khai thc cc phn mm ton. y l mt cng vic mi m v qu ti i chng ti nn khng th trnh c sai st. Rt mong nhn c s ng gp kin ca bn c, c bit l cc Thy, C gio v cc em hc sinh, sinh vin- y s l ngun thng tin qu gi chng ti hon thin ti liu ny. Chng ti xin trn trng cm n.

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Chng 1:
NG DNG CNG NGH THNG TIN V TRUYN THNG TRONG DY HC NH TRNG PH THNG
1.1. Tc ng ca CNTT- TT ti s pht trin ca x hi Trong nhng nm gn y, loi ngi c chng kin mt k nguyn gn lin vi s pht trin nhanh chng ca CNTT-TT. Internet, cng ngh truyn thng a phng tin (Multimedia) mang li nhiu ng dng trong i sng x hi nh: trao i th tn qua mng Internet: e-mail; chnh ph in t: e-government; gio dc in t: e-education; dy hc qua mng: e-learning; th vin in t: e-library; vn ho s hay vn ho in t: e-culture. Tt c u c mt c im chung l d liu c s ho v vic trao i thng tin c thc hin trn mng. Nh vy CNTT-TT xm nhp vo mi ngc ngch ca cuc sng v tr thnh mt cng c c lc khng th thiu trong cuc sng hin i. Con ngi tip xc vi kho kin thc khng l ca nhn loi qua mn hnh my tnh v giao tip vi nhau qua mng Internet, khi mi cn tr v khng gian, thi gian tr nn khng ng k. Nhng thnh tu ca CNTT-TT to ra mt cuc cch mng trong hu ht cc lnh vc x hi, kinh t... S thay i khng ch thy trong cc ngnh sn xut cng nghip, in t, vin thng m ngay trong cc lnh vc nh y t, ti chnh, ngn hng, thng mi, qun l nh nc... th CNTT-TT cng thc s mang li cho cc ngnh ny cc cng c mi cho php y nhanh gp bi tc x l nghip v. C th k ra rt nhiu thnh tu khoa hc mi ra i da trn c s ng dng CNTT-TT nh cc thnh tu trong y hc (chp ct lp, m ni soi, chn on bnh v iu tr t xa...), trong sinh hc (cc nghin cu mi v gen, cy ghp t bo...). Trong bi cnh ny, gio dc khng th l trng hp ngoi l, sm hay mun th gio dc cng phi chu tc ng su sc bi cc thnh tu ca CNTT-TT. 1.2. Nh trng hin i trong bi cnh pht trin ca CNTT- TT CNTT-TT mang li nhng trin vng mi cho ngnh gio dc ch CNTT-TT khng ch thay i cn bn phng thc iu hnh v qun l gio dc (Education Management Technology) m cn tc ng mnh m lm thay i ni dung v phng

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php dy hc. CNTT-TT tr thnh mt b phn gio dc v khoa hc, cng ngh cho mi HS. K nng v MTT tr thnh mt trong nhng k nng thit yu ca HS. 1.2.1. CNTT-TT gp phn i mi ni dung, phng php dy hc Ngay t khi MTT ra i, cc chuyn gia gio dc ch khai thc th mnh ca MTT trong lnh vc GD&T. Ti Hi ngh quc t v gio dc i hc th k 21 Tm nhn v hnh ng ti Paris din ra t ngy 5 n 9 thng 10 nm 1998 do UNESCO t chc a ra ba m hnh gio dc: M hnh Truyn thng Thng tin Tri thc Vai tr trung tm GV Ngi hc Nhm HS Vai tr ngi hc Th ng Ch ng Thch nghi cao Cng ngh s dng Bng, tivi, radio, n chiu MTT MTT v mng

MTT ng vai tr quyt nh trong vic chuyn t m hnh truyn thng sang m hnh thng tin v s xut hin ca mng my tnh l tc ng chnh chuyn t m hnh thng tin sang m hnh tri thc. Nh vy, t nhng hnh thc n gin ban u, vic ng dng CNTT-TT trong GD&T ngy cng khng nh c tnh u vit vt tri so vi cc phng tin, dng dy hc truyn thng v CNTT-TT khng ch l mt cng c h tr dy hc m cn l tc nhn gp phn to ra mt cuc cch mng trong GD&T. Nhng thnh tu ca CNTT-TT c th khai thc trong dy hc Trong thp nin va qua, CNTT-TT c tc pht trin rt nhanh. Bn cnh cng ngh phn cng lin tc pht trin th cng ngh phn mm cng khng ngng a ra th trng nhng ng dng mi trong nhiu lnh vc. Trong cc thnh tu , c rt nhiu kt qu c th khai thc trong dy hc: Cng ngh ho 2 chiu, 3 chiu trn my tnh thit k cc PMDH, cc th nghim o hay mt qu trnh khoa hc no c thu gn... Mt khc thng qua giao din ha cc PMDH tr nn rt thn thin vi ngi s dng, y l mt trong cc l do ph cp vic s dng PMDH cho GV v HS. Cng ngh a phng tin (multimedia) cho php tch hp nhiu dng d liu nh vn bn, biu , th, m thanh, hnh nh, video... vo bi ging nhm gip HS c iu kin tip thu bi hc qua nhiu knh thng tin khc nhau.

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Vic trao i thng tin gia GV vi HS, gia HS vi HS c thc hin trc tip hoc gin tip qua mng v Internet. S pht trin ca cc ngnh khoa hc trong lnh vc tin hc nh tr tu nhn to, h chuyn gia, mng noron, x l tri thc cho php ch to v iu khin MTT bt chc suy ngh v nhng hnh ng ca con ngi. Trong thi gian gn y vic s dng MTT trong cc cng vic i hi suy lun nh chng minh cc mnh ton hc tr thnh hin thc. Nh vy, qua nhng ng dng trnh by s lc trn chng ta c th hnh dung

c hiu qu v tim nng ng dng cc thnh tu ca CNTT-TT trong dy hc l rt ln. CNTT-TT to ra mt mi trng dy hc mi CNTT-TT to ra mt mi trng dy hc hon ton mi so vi mi trng dy hc truyn thng bi cc yu t sau: Ti nguyn hc tp phong ph. Ngoi sch gio khoa, ti liu tham kho, cn c Sch gio khoa in t" di dng CD-ROM, DVD... HS c tip cn bi hc qua nhiu knh thng tin a dng nh vn bn, hnh nh tnh, hnh nh ng, th, biu , m thanh, video... HS c c hi quan st, tm hiu v hnh thnh cc khi nim phc tp trong cuc sng thng qua cc m hnh o do MTT cung cp. PMDH to ra mi trng thun li t chc cc hot ng hc tp hng vo vic lnh hi tri thc, khuyn khch HS tm ti, luyn tp nhng k nng cn thit v nng lc s dng thng tin gii quyt vn , gp phn pht trin tnh sng to, kh nng t duy c lp, phng php hc tp v cch thc lm vic hp tc trong vic x l thng tin mt phn c thc hin nh MTT v nh vy CNTT-TT tr thnh mt b phn ca bi hc. Tng tc, trao i thng tin a chiu gia GV v HS, gia HS vi HS, gia gia nh v nh trng... c thc hin qua mng v Internet, nh vy Internet va l kho thng tin khng l cha ng tri thc nhn loi va l chic cu ni mi ngi li vi nhau. CNTT-TT cho php c th ho dy hc mc cao. Nh cc PMDH m ngi GV c th thng qua MTT a ra khi lng kin thc ph hp vi c im ring ca tng HS. Trong qu trnh hc tp vi s tr gip ca CNTT-TT, mi HS nhn

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c mt nhim v ring tu theo tin ca mnh. Nh vy, CNTT-TT cho php thc hin phng thc dy hc mt-mt (iu ny rt kh thc hin trong cc mi trng dy hc khc). Khai thc CNTT-TT thay th GV trong mt s khu ca qu trnh dy hc (xt ton b qu trnh th CNTT-TT ch l cng c ca GV). Vai tr ca CNTT-TT trong vic to ra mt mi trng dy hc mi cng c nhiu chuyn gia gio dc nh Nguyn B Kim, Quch Tun Ngc, o Thi Lai v Sheldon Shaefer... khng nh. thy: Cung cp cho GV nhiu phng tin dy hc mi nh MTT, my chiu a nng, bng in t... H tr GV gia tng gi tr lng thng tin n HS, hnh thnh nhiu knh trao i thng tin hai chiu gia GV v HS. a ra nhiu la chn GV chun b bi ging v tin hnh ln lp sao cho pht huy cao nht tnh tch cc ch ng ca HS. Cho php GV thc hin vic phn ho cao trong dy hc. Ngoi vic dy hc trn lp cn c th dy hc t xa qua mng LAN, WAN v Internet. Trong mi trng a phng tin cho php thc hin hnh thc dy hc hp tc. CNTT-TT tc ng mt cch tch cc ti qu trnh hc tp ca HS, to ra mt mi trng thun li cho vic hc tp m c bit l t hc ca HS: Bn cnh vic tip nhn kin thc t GV, sch gio khoa, ti liu tham kho th HS cn c th tip cn vi kin thc, vi th gii khch quan qua sch gio khoa in t, CD-ROM, Internet... Cc PMDH gia s s tr gip, khuyn khch mt cch kp thi ti cc thi im cn thit khng ch trong cc gi hc ti trng m c trong thi gian t hc nh, gip HS hon thnh nhim v chim lnh kin thc v c iu kin pht trin ti a nng lc ca bn thn. Mt khc vic thc hin nhim v hc tp ca mi HS khng lm nh hng ti cc HS khc, nhng HS hon thnh sm nhim v hc tp c th tip tc tip cn vi cc ni dung mi, nhim v mi pht huy ht kh nng ca bn thn. CNTT-TT gp phn i mi vic dy hc CNTT-TT l cng c c lc gp phn i mi vic chun b v ln lp ca ngi

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Cc PMDH vi th gii to ra mt mi trng thun li, mt th gii sinh ng thu nh kch thch tr t m, gi nhu cu tm hiu, khm ph... gip HS ch ng, sng to trong qu trnh tip cn v chim lnh tri thc.

HS ch ng ln k hoch, trin khai vic t hc ca mnh ti bt k mt thi im no m bn thn c nhu cu nh cc chng trnh hng dn trn MTT hoc cc chng trnh dy hc t xa qua mng.

Song song vi vic khai thc CNTT-TT nhm c nhn ho vic hc tp ca mi HS, th vic giao cho mt nhm HS cng s dng mt my tnh gp phn hnh thnh v pht trin nng lc lp k hoch, hot ng hp tc gia cc HS trong nhm (y l mt phm cht khng th thiu ca con ngi lao ng trong k nguyn ca cng ngh cao). Nh vy, CNTT-TT lm cho qu trnh dy hc khng cn b rng buc bi khng

gian v thi gian. HS c th hc mi ni, hc mi lc, hc sut i. Vic hc tp tr nn uyn chuyn, linh hot, cn c vo nhu cu ca HS. HS c php la chn nhng phng thc hc tp c hiu qu, la chn ni dung bi ging v cc ti liu c lin quan ph hp vi nng lc bn thn. HS ch ng trao i v khai thc cc thng tin trn Internet nhm p ng nhu cu v kin thc lin quan n ni dung hc tp ca mnh. CNTT-TT cng to ra mt mi trng tng tc ngi hc hot ng v thch nghi trong mi trng v nh vy CNTT-TT to iu kin cho ngi hc c lp vi mc cao v h tr cho ngi hc vn ln trong qu trnh hc tp. CNTT-TT to ra cc m hnh dy hc mi Dy hc c s tr gip ca my tnh (Computer Based Training - CBT). Dy hc trn nn website (Web Based Training -WBT). Dy hc qua mng (Online LearningTraining- OLT). Dy hc t xa: GV v hc vin khng cng mt v tr, khng cng thi gian (Distance Learning). S dng CNTT-TT to ra mt mi trng o dy hc (E-learning). L Cng Trim, Nguyn Quang Lc, Nguyn B Kim a ra cc hnh thc s dng MTT nh mt cng c dy hc nh sau: GV trnh by bi ging vi s h tr ca CNTT-TT. HS s dng cc phn mm ci trn MTT hoc trn CD-ROM di s hng dn v kim sot cht ch ca GV.

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HS s dng cc phn mm ci trn MTT hoc trn CD-ROM mt cch c lp hoc theo nhm ti nh trng hoc ti nh ring theo nhng nh hng c. HS tra cu, tm kim thng tin v ti nguyn phc v hc tp trn mng hoc trn Internet. Trong qu trnh ny, HS c th tin hnh c lp hoc giao lu, trao i vi nhau thng qua dch v chat hoc E-mail. L Thun Vng cng a ra mt s m hnh:

Gio dc na tp trung vi s tr gip ca MTT v PMDH. Gio dc t xa vi s tr gip ca MTT, CD-ROM, DVD, PMDH. Gio dc t xa qua mng my tnh vi s h tr ca cc PMDH thng minh, c s d liu, ti nguyn hc tp trn mng my tnh. Vi tc pht trin rt nhanh, trong thi gian ti, chc chn cc thnh tu ca

CNTT-TT s tip tc h tr chng ta pht trin cc hnh thc dy hc c v trin khai thm nhiu hnh thc dy hc mi. 1.2.2. CNTT-TT gp phn i mi kim tra nh gi C th ni vic ng dng CNTT-TT em n nhiu nt mi trong kim tra nh gi, n c: GV thit lp mt h thng ngn hng cu hi. HS c nhn mt cch ngu nhin v la chn phng n tr li thng qua vic bm chn cc biu tng trn mn hnh hoc in thng tin vo cc trng. Vic x l kt qu im s c thc hin t ng hon ton bi chng trnh ci trong MTT. HS s dng phn mm dng gia s c tch hp modul kim tra t nh gi nhn thc ca mnh mt cch thng xuyn m khng cn s c mt trc tip ca GV. HS c th gi bi kim tra qua mng cho GV bng email hoc truy cp vo website v thc hin kim tra vi hnh thc trc nghim trc tuyn. V vai tr ca CNTT-TT trong vic h tr kim tra, nh gi c nhiu chuyn gia gio dc khng nh. o Thi Lai cho rng vic s dng CNTT-TT cho php t chc v kim sot c hot ng ca HS khng ch ti lp hc m c khi HS lm vic ti nh v vic nh gi s c t chc mt cch lin tc ti mi thi im hc tp ca HS mt cch khch quan lu di. Nh MTT nn vic cng c, kim tra kin thc c c thc hin thng xuyn hn, gim thi gian cho mi kho hc do tit kim c c thi gian v chi ph.

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1.2.3. Nhn nh chung ng dng CNTT-TT vo qu trnh dy hc to ra mt cuc cch mng trong gio dc v dn n nhng thay i trong phng php dy hc. Cng ngh Multimedia v Internet lm cho qu trnh dy hc tr nn tch cc, khuyn khch HS pht huy tnh ch ng sng to v hng say trong hc tp. Ngi GV khng cn l kho kin thc duy nht. GV phi thm chc nng t vn, t chc cho HS khai thc mt cch ti u cc ngun ti nguyn tri thc trn mng, Internet, CD-ROM v s dng PMDH. Tin trnh ln lp khng nht thit phi tun t m c th tin hnh mt cch linh hot. Pht trin cao cc hnh thc tng tc giao tip: HS GV, HS - HS, HSMTT, trong ch trng n qu trnh tm li gii, khuyn khch HS trao i, tranh lun. y l iu kin gip HS pht trin nng lc t duy. Ngi hc b thu ht bi nhng thng tin trn MTT, trn Internet. HS s kt ni li nhng tri thc c hc v thu nhn nhng thng tin phn hi t MTT i n nhng quyt nh ng n. MTT s gip HS gii quyt kh khn trc vn mi cn chim lnh v to ra mt mi trng khuyn khch tnh t m, ham mun tm hiu, khm ph, trong qu trnh hc tp i n chim lnh tri thc. Hc tp l mt hot ng x hi, qu trnh i thoi qua mng s h tr c lc cho ngi hc nm bt c kin thc khng ch trong m c ngoi trng hc. Nh vy ngoi gc l cng c h tr dy v hc, CNTT-TT tr thnh mt cng c hnh thnh v pht trin nhn thc. 1.3. ng dng CNTT-TT trong nh trng Vit Nam ng dng CNTT-TT trong dy hc tp trung vo cc lnh vc sau: S dng cc thit b (phn cng) vi vai tr l phng tin, cng c dy hc nh: MTT (PCs-Personal Computers); Thit b hin th thng tin (display): Large colour monitors, Data projectors, Interactive whiteboards, OHP displays, TV interfaces...; Cc thit b ngoi vi ghp ni vi MTT: my nh k thut s, my qut, graphic calculators... S dng cc ngn ng lp trnh nh Pascal, Logo...; Cc phn mm thng dng: Excel, Winword...; Cc phn mm ho (Graph Plotting Software-GPS); Cc phn mm s hc, h thng i s my tnh (Computer Algebra System-CAS); Cc phn

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mm hnh hc ng (Dynamic Geometry Software -DGS); Cc phn mm trnh din (Data Handling Software-DHS) Ngoi ra cn k n khai thc thng tin trn cc CD-ROM v Internet... Nhn thc r vai tr to ln ca CNTT-TT, ng v Nh nc ta c nhiu vn bn ch o v pht trin ng dng CNTT-TT trong gio dc v o to. T nm 1985, B GD&T tin hnh dy th nghim chng trnh nhp mn tin hc c s trn a bn 10 tnh v n nm 1990 trin khai vic dy th im tin hc ti hn 100 trng THPT trn phm vi ton quc. Bn cnh vic dy tin hc theo chng trnh ca B GD&T nhiu trng t tiu hc n THPT trn ton quc la chn a vo chng trnh ngoi kho mt s ni dung tin hc nh son tho vn bn, s dng cc phn mm ho, tnh ton vi bng tnh in t... Song song vi vic trin khai ca Nh nc v B GD&T, nhiu a phng ch ng y mnh a tin hc vo nh trng trn a bn ca mnh. Nh vy, vic ng dng CNTT-TT trong dy hc Vit Nam trong thi gian qua t c cc kt qu chnh sau: Nghin cu v khai thc cc PMDH trn th gii. Trin khai thit k v xy dng cc PMDH cho cc ni dung c th v d nh cc phn mm gia s v phn mm h tr kim tra nh gi. T chc dy hc vi s h tr ca MTT. Th nghim khai thc mng, Internet dy hc t xa. Tuy nhin, ng trc nhng tim nng to ln ca CNTT-TT i vi GD&T th cc thnh tu trn cn rt khim tn. Trc mt chng ta cn b ng nhiu vn c th ng dng CNTT-TT mt cch c hiu qu, c bit l vic s dng, khai thc PMDH. 1.4. Tc ng ca CNTT- TT trong dy hc ton V rt kh v khng th lit k tt c cc ng dng ca CNTT-TT trong dy hc ton nn ta ch cp n cc ng dng sau: T chc, iu khin qu trnh hc tp ca HS da trn thng tin ngc do MTT cung cp So vi cc phng php truyn thng, th r rng cc thng tin ngc do MTT cung cp s chnh xc hn, khch quan hn, nhanh chng hn v y chnh l mt yu t quan 1.4.1. ng dng CNTT-TT trong dy hc ton

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trng GV c th iu khin qu trnh hc tp ca HS cng nh HS t iu chnh li vic hc tp ca mnh. V d: GV, HS c th th, kim tra xc nh trc kt qu trn MTT, ri sau ln ngc dn dn tm ra li gii cho bi ton. Trong qu trnh dy hc ton, GV v HS c th a ra cc gi thuyt ca ring mnh ri nh MTT th nghim nhng gi thuyt c th tip tc pht trin hoc iu chnh, thay i gi thuyt ca mnh. S dng MTT xy dng cc m hnh trc quan sinh ng nghin cu mt i tng ton hc no trc ht ngi ta tm cch xy dng m hnh tng ng. Trn c s cc kt qu lm vic vi m hnh s i n vic chng minh hoc li gii trong trng hp tng qut. So vi cc phng tin dng dy hc truyn thng th MTT c kh nng ni tri hn trong vic th hin cc i tng ton hc trong th gii thc bi cc m hnh ha 2 chiu, 3 chiu. CNTT-TT c coi l mt cng c t nhin din t cc m hnh ton hc, th, biu , hnh v v qu trnh chuyn ng ca cc i tng ton hc theo mt quy lut no . V vy nhng i tng, quan h ton hc khng cn tru tng, xa l v kh nm bt i vi mt s ng HS. iu ny gip HS tip thu tt cc ni dung kh, c tnh tru tng cao trong ton hc. S dng MTT v PMDH pht hin cc tnh cht, cc mi quan h trong ton hc Ta s dng cc PMDH biu din cc m hnh, biu , hnh v... mt cch trc quan sinh ng. Ch cn mt vi thao tc n gin nh ko r chut ta c th c c nhng hnh nh v i tng cn nghin cu di cc gc khc nhau hoc c th cho mt vi thnh phn ca i tng ton hc bin i nghin cu cc thnh phn cn li t pht hin ra cc mi quan h, tnh cht ca chng. S dng kt hp cc phn mm ho v s hc, GV c th gii thch c hai trng thi hnh dng v s lng.

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o Thi Lai, Trn Vui nhn mnh vai tr ca CNTT-TT trong vic h tr HS t khm ph v pht hin vn trong qu trnh hc ton v thng qua qu trnh ny HS c iu kin rn luyn phng php nghin cu trong hc tp, nng lc t duy sng to. Theo Phm Huy in th phn mm ton hc v MTT s h tr ging dy cc ch kh, h tr i su v hiu ng bn cht vn . Sue Johnston-Wilder, David Pimm cng khng nh CNTT-TT cung cp cho HS mt mi trng tt hc ton. Khai thc mng Internet trong dy hc ton Trc ht Internet l kho thng tin tch lu tri thc ton hc ca con ngi v y l ngun ti nguyn v cng qu gi cho nhng ngi dy v hc ton. Tip theo Internet cun g cp ph ng tin , m i tr

nh 1.1

n g

GV, HS trao i thng tin vi nhau trong qu trnh dy hc ton v dy hc ton t xa. Vi thc t h tng CNTT-TT nh ngy nay, cc nh trng, GV thm ch c HS hon ton c th thit k cc website v a ln Internet cung cp thng tin, to ra mt din n mi ngi cng khai thc thng tin, trao i v ni dung, kin thc lin quan n nhim v hc tp ca HS (nh 1.1). Dy hc ton vi my tnh Trong qu trnh nghin cu v s dng MTT dy hc ton th vic khai thc ho trn MTT c c bit quan tm v y l cng c rt hu ch trong vic biu din cc m hnh ton hc. David Tall s dng mi trng ho my tnh dy hc ton t nm 1980. Kenneth Ruthven bt u la chn, nghin cu, pht trin s dng

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ho ca my tnh vo dy hc ton t nm 1986. Theo xu hng ny, Morgan Jones, McLeay (1996), Crawford, Morrison (1998) ng dng ho trong dy hc ton. V vai tr ca ho trong dy hc ton cho HS t 11 n 16 tui cng c Arter (1993), Ruthven (1992), Graham, Galpin (1998) khng nh. Theo Colette Laborde, th MTT c kh nng to ra mi trng kch thch HS hot ng tm ti khm ph v t hnh thnh kin thc mi. John Mason khng nh rng cc PMDH ton vi mt h thng cng c c kh nng gii ton v gip HS nghin cu cc i tng tm ra cc tnh cht ton hc. Rosamund Sutherland khi nghin cu dy hc ton vi phn mm Logo c kt rng: iu quan trng nht l khi HS s dng ngn ng, k hiu my tnh th s pht trin kh nng khi qut ho ton hc. Wan Fatimah Bt Wan Ahmad, Halimah Badioze Zaman cho rng bng vic s dng MTT trong dy hc ton c th cung cp nhiu cch hc khc nhau, c bit l t chc hc nhm v PMDH gip cho kh nng suy lun ton hc ca HS THCS t hiu qu rt cao. Nhm tc gi cn dn li ca Niess (1994) cho rng khi s dng my tnh m phng cc vn v iu kin trong th gii thc th HS c th hc rt nhiu tri thc mi, cng c kin thc v nhn thy c tm quan trng ca kin thc . Tringa (1923) khng nh nhng kin thc hnh hc m HS t c khi s dng MTT s cao hn so vi phng php dy hc thng thng. Nguyn nhn chnh ca s tin b l nh vic HS s dng cc phn mm ton hc. o Thi Lai khng nh nu s dng CNTT-TT mt cch hp l trong dy hc ton th s tng c t l HS kh, gii v gim t l HS yu so vi dy hc truyn thng v GV c iu kin gip c hu ht HS rn luyn nng lc sng to, phng php nghin cu trong hc tp. Nh vy hiu qu s dng MTT trong dy hc ton c nhiu chuyn gia gio dc trn th gii v Vit Nam nghin cu v c kt mt s khng nh ng tin cy. 1.4.2. ng dng CNTT-TT trong dy hc ton v vn i mi trong h thng phng php dy hc mn ton T l lu tr thng tin trong tr nh ngi hc thng qua cc knh thng tin khc nhau c cc chuyn gia tng kt nh sau:

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Cch tip cn Li ni Hnh nh Li ni v hnh nh Li, hnh nh v hnh ng T pht hin

Sau 3 gi 30% 60% 80% 90% 99%

Sau 3 ngy 10% 20% 70% 80% 90%

Qua y ta thy c hn ch ca cc phng php dy hc th ng, nhi nht, my mc v thy c vai tr ca vic s dng hnh nh minh ho v nhu cu cp bch cn t chc cho HS hc tp trong hot ng v bng hot ng t gic, tch cc, ch ng v sng to. Mt vn c cc chuyn gia quan tm l vic ng dng CNTT-TT trong dy hc ton s tc ng n h thng phng php dy hc ton nh th no? Tc ng no mang tnh tch cc? Nhng hn ch no cn lu ? Ta s xem xt h thng phng php dy hc ton di tng gc thy c nhng tc ng tch cc do ng dng CNTT-TT mang li. Xt v vic h tr HS tm hiu su ni dung kin thc Trong hot ng ton hc, c nhng vic gm hng lot cc thao tc tnh ton, v hnh... Chng thng chim rt nhiu thi gian hc tp ca HS nhng i khi kt qu khng chnh xc. Ta c th s dng my tnh h tr HS trong cc cng on ny. V d, bn cnh vic yu cu HS nm c v thc hin chnh xc cc thao tc c bn dng mt hnh hnh hc th n mt mc no c th cho HS s dng MTT vi cc phn mm hnh hc v hnh, thm ch cho php HS s dng cc macro gm nhiu thao tc dng hnh. Khi cn v li hnh HS khng cn phi thao tc ln lt t u m ch cn gi lnh thc hin macro. Nh vy CNTT-TT tc ng trc tip dn n xu hng tng cng cc hot ng HS c iu kin hiu su hn hoc m rng hn v ni dung kin thc. Xt v vic rn luyn k nng, cng c, n tp kin thc c Ngy nay cc PMDH tr nn rt phong ph, a dng, trong c rt nhiu phn mm c th khai thc rn luyn k nng thc hnh cho HS. Chng hn vi phn mm Graph, HS c th rn luyn cc k nng c bn v kho st hm s, tnh din tch ca mt min phng, xc nh gc ca tip tuyn ti mt im no trn th vi trc honh... Vi phn mm hnh hc Euclides, Geometers Sketchpad,... HS c th rn luyn k nng dng hnh, tm hiu cc bi ton qu tch mt cch rt hiu qu. Phn mm GeoSpacW c th gip HS rn luyn vic dng hnh, xc nh thit din, xc nh cc khi trn xoay v rt nhiu ni dung khc trong hnh hc khng gian. Vi cc phn mm trc nghim, HS c cung cp mt khi lng cu hi m tr li c HS phi thc s nm c kin thc c bn v t c k nng thc hnh n mt mc nht nh. Nh vy vic luyn tp v t kim tra nh gi ca HS khng cn b hn ch v mt thi gian v ni dung nh cc phng php kim tra thng thng. Xt v gc rn luyn, pht trin t duy ton hc

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Nhiu ngi lo ngi MTT vi cc chc nng "trong sut" i vi ngi s dng nn HS khng c s gn kt gia hnh tng tnh ton trong no vi thc hin tnh ton trn MTT. Mt s bc trung gian c MTT thc hin do lm mt cm gic thut ton! Ti Hi ngh nghin cu ton hc th gii ln th 3 (TIMSS) tin hnh tho lun xung quanh vn nghi ngi trn. Ann Kitchen chng minh rng trong iu kin c s dng my tnh, HS s hc ton tt hn. Cc tc gi Michael D. De Villiers, Trn Vui khi nghin cu vic dy hc ton vi phn mm The Geometers Sketchpad khng nh vai tr ca phn mm ny trong vic pht trin kh nng sng to ton hc cho HS. Phm Huy in khng nh MTT c kh nng lm sng t cc khi nim ton hc phc tp bng nhng minh ho trc quan hon ho. Nh vy dy hc ton vi s h tr ca MTT cho php GV to mi trng pht trin kh nng suy lun ton hc v t duy lgc, c bit l nng lc quan st, m t, phn tch so snh cho HS. HS s dng MTT v phn mm to ra cc i tng ton hc sau tm ti khm ph cc thuc tnh n cha bn trong i tng . Chnh t qu trnh m mm, d on HS i n khi qut ho, tng qut ho v s dng lp lun lgc lm sng t vn . V d khi s dng Graph nghin cu th ca mt hm s hoc s dng Maple v hnh bt buc HS phi tun th nghim ngt theo cc bc ca quy trnh, y l mi trng tt pht trin t duy lgc, t duy thut ton. Xt v phng php v hnh thc dy hc Khi a CNTT-TT vo nh trng s to nn mt mi trng dy hc hon ton mi, hp dn v c tnh tr gip cao... y s l iu kin thun li cho vic i mi phng php v hnh thc dy hc ton. Trc ht, CNTT-TT gp phn tng cng tnh tch cc ca HS trong hc tp. Trong nhng nm gn y, trn c s nhng thnh tu ca cng ngh phn mm, cc PMDH to ra mt mi trng hot ng thun li cho HS. Trong mi trng ny, HS l ch th hot ng, tc ng ln cc i tng v qua HS chim lnh c cc tri thc v k nng mi. Vi s pht trin ca cng ngh mng, Internet v cc ng dng trn mng to iu kin thun li cho HS tra cu, tm kim thng tin trn h thng ti nguyn gn nh v tn trn cc website, trong cc th vin in t. Vic tng cng giao lu, hp tc, trao i trong hc tp gia HS vi HS, HS vi GV khng cn b hn ch v mt thi gian v khong cch a l. Trong mi trng mi ny, GV v SGK khng cn l ngun cung cp thng tin duy nht, m HS c cung cp nhiu ngun tri thc khc nhau pht trin nng lc hot ng c lp cng nh tng cng kh nng hp tc ca bn thn. Xt v vai tr ca ngi thy trong dy hc ton

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Trc ht cn loi b t tng sai lc l MTT c th thay th hon ton ngi GV trong dy hc ton. Vic dy hc ton lun lun i hi cao vai tr m c bit l cng sc v kh nng s phm ca ngi GV. Tuy nhin vai tr ca ngi GV trong iu kin s dng MTT v PMDH cng c nhng thay i so vi truyn thng. Ngi GV phi l ngi hng dn, ch o HS pht huy c ht kh nng ca mnh trong hot ng hc tp. Ngi GV l ngi t chc, iu khin, tc ng ln HS v i khi c mi trng tin hc, chng hn: Thit k, to ra cc tnh hung HS hot ng vi MTT. Ch cho HS bit phi s dng MTT v PMDH nh th no v gip HS vt qua cc kh khn m cc em gp phi trong qu trnh ny. Thit k cc mun theo s phm khi HS s dng cc mdul ny s tip cn v t c mc ch mt cch nhanh chng. Ngoi ra GV cn l ngi ch ra a ch nhng ngun thng tin cho HS khai thc, v d khi dy nh l Py-ta-go, GV ch cho HS a ch cc website v lch s, thn th nh bc hc Py-ta-go, vic chng minh nh l Py-ta-go Xt v gc thc hin phn ho trong dy hc ton CNTT-TT to iu kin cho vic thc hin phn ho cao trong qu trnh dy hc ton. thc hin c s phn ho, GV phi nm bt c v x l kp thi mi din bin ca hot ng hc tp ca tng HS trong lp. Cng vic ny rt kh thc hin trong mi trng dy hc truyn thng mt GV m nhn vic ln lp cho ba, bn chc HS. Nu s dng CNTT-TT th chnh MTT s thay th GV trong mt thi im no a ra nhng h tr kp thi khi HS gp kh khn vi liu lng thch hp ng thi a ra nhng chng trnh, ni dung cng vic tu thuc vo mc nhn thc ca mi HS. Nu HS c MTT ti nh ring th cc PMDH li l nhng thy gio ti nh kim sot, nh gi kt qu v gip HS hc tp mt cch hiu qu. Nu GV dy hc trong phng a phng tin vi h thng Hiclass th vic thc hin phn ho trong dy hc ton c thc hin mt cch thun li. Theo o Thi Lai d c gng n u chng na trong iu kin cc dng, phng tin dy hc truyn thng th vic m bo cc nguyn tc phn ho trong dy hc ton vn b hn ch. Vi MTT v PMDH, mi HS nh c c mt tr ging ring lun sn sng gip HS vt qua cc tr ngi ti mi thi im cn thit. Vic khai thc PMDH v Internet cng ni di cnh tay ca ngi thy dy ton n tng gia nh, ti tng HS c th v ngoi vic hng dn HS hc tp, cng tc kim tra, nh gi cng c thc hin ngay ti ch. Xt v vai tr h tr kh nng i su vo cc phng php hc tp, phng php thc nghim ton hc MTT vi cc phn mm cho php GV, HS to ra cc m hnh, m t qu trnh din bin ca cc i lng ton hc hoc t chc cc thc nghim ton hc. Bng quan st trc quan qu trnh do MTT a ra, HS nu ra gi thuyt v s dng MTT kim tra gi thuyt ca mnh. y l c s cho HS s dng suy lun c l

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khng nh hoc bc b gi thuyt bc tip theo. Vn ny rt kh thc hin nu ch s dng cc phng tin dng dy hc truyn thng. Trong qu trnh hc tp, vi s h tr ca MTT v PMDH, HS tin hnh hng lot cc hot ng tm hiu, khm ph, phn tch v kim chng cc gi thuyt ca mnh, y chnh l qu trnh i ti li gii ng n cho bi ton. Qua cc hot ng ny, HS s hnh thnh, rn luyn phng php hc tp, phng php thc nghim ton hc. Xt v vic p dng cc hnh thc dy hc trong dy hc ton Cc hnh thc dy hc truyn thng nh dy hc ng lot, dy hc theo nhm, dy hc c th s c iu kin kt hp mt cch hiu qu, linh hot hn nu s dng, khai thc CNTT-TT. Hn na cc hnh thc dy hc cng m hn, chng hn khi nim dy hc ng lot khng ch l thy ln lp ti ging ng nh hnh thc truyn thng m thy ti mt a im no (chng hn ti H Ni) c th ln lp v truyn trc tip ln mng Internet v rt ng HS cng vo mng tham d lp hc ny. Hnh thc hc theo nhm c m rng bao gm cc HS cng quan tm, nghin cu v trao i vi nhau v mt ni dung c th m khng gii hn v phm vi bn b trong mt lp, mt trng hoc sinh sng gn nhau m tt c u thng qua mng Internet, thm ch mt HS cng mt lc c th tham gia nhiu hnh thc hc tp hoc tham gia hc tp theo nhiu nhm khc nhau. Xt v gc kim sot v nh gi qu trnh hc tp ca HS Vi s tr gip ca cc phn mm kim tra, nh gi, GV c iu kin kim sot cht ch ton b qu trnh hc tp ca HS. Vic kim tra nh gi c tin hnh lin tc, trong mi thi im ca qu trnh hc tp ca HS. Vi cc phn mm ghi trn a CD-ROM hay trn cc website s cung cp cc kim tra trc nghim khch quan, cc t lun gip GV, HS thc hin kim tra nh gi mt cch nhanh chng v n gin. S dng cc phn mm cng c, GV s nhn nh mt cch chnh xc v k nng tnh ton, kh nng tp trung ch , kh nng suy lun lgc... ca HS. Vi kh nng lu tr v x l gn nh v tn ca MTT, GV c th lu li ton b qu trnh hc tp ca HS c nhng nh hng ng n trong qu trnh hc tp ca tng HS. Xt v vic hnh thnh phm cht, o c, tc phong cho HS trong qu trnh dy hc ton Vic s dng CNTT-TT ngay khi ngi trn gh nh trng trc tip gp phn hnh thnh v pht trin k nng s dng thnh tho MTT v lm vic trong mi trng CNTT-TT cho HS. y l nhng c tnh khng th thiu ca con ngi lao ng trong thi i ca cng ngh cao trn c s s pht trin ca CNTT-TT. S dng CNTT-TT trong qu trnh thu thp v x l thng tin gip hnh thnh v pht trin cho HS cch gii quyt vn hon ton mi: a ra cc quyt nh trn c s kt qu x l thng tin. Cch hc ny trnh c kiu hc vt, my mc, nhi nht th ng trc y v gp phn hnh thnh cho HS mt phng php nghin cu ton hc mi, c bit l trong dy hc hnh hc. Trong qu trnh hc tp vi s tr gip ca CNTT-TT, HS c iu kin pht trin nng lc lm vic vi cng cao mt cch khoa hc, c tnh cn c, chu kh, kh nng c lp, sng to, t ch v k lut cao.

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Vic t nh gi, kim tra kin thc bn thn bng cc phn mm trn MTT cng gip HS rn luyn c tnh trung thc, cn thn, chnh xc v kin tr, kh nng quyt on Nhn nh chung - CNTT-TT khc phc c vic dy hc n thun truyn th mt chiu, HS th ng tip thu v ti hin mt cch my mc. CNTT-TT to ra mi trng thun li cha tng c gip HS hc ton mt cch tch cc, ch ng, t mnh gii quyt vn v pht trin t duy sng to, kh nng t hc. CNTT-TT gip hng ti vic khuyn khch HS bn cnh vic tch lu kin thc cn ch trng n pht trin nng lc m ch yu l nng lc gii quyt vn . CNTT-TT gip to ra cc hnh thc dy hc phong ph, hiu qu. Vic s dng CNTT-TT gp phn nng cao thc v hiu qu ca vic s dng phng tin dy hc. Vi nhng dch v phong ph ca CNTT-TT, ngi GV c iu kin la chn phng php dy hc theo ni dung, s trng, i tng HS sao cho ph hp nht. Vi s h tr c lc ca CNTT-TT, GV c mi trng v iu kin t chc cc hot ng tho lun, tranh lun ca HS c iu kin pht huy nhm tng cng kh nng hp tc trong hc tp.

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Chng 2

S DNG PHN MM GRAPH TRONG DY HC TON

2.1. Gii thiu v phn mm Graph PHN MM GRAPH L MT PHN MM H TR MINH HO V GII QUYT MT S VN TRONG B MN TON PH THNG TNG I GN NH C CI T TRONG MI TRNG H IU HNH WINDOWS. TON B CHNG TRNH CHA GN TRN MT A MM 1.44 MB CA IVAN JOHANSEN. PHN MM NY HIN NAY C TH DOWNLOAD MIN PH TI A CH: HTTP://WWW.PADONWAN.DK 2.2. Lm vic vi Graph np chng trnh Graph, ta thc hin dy thao tc: Start/Programs/Graph hoc nhy chut vo biu tng ca Graph GIAO DIN CA PHN MM GRAPH GM CC THNH PHN: H THNG MENU, THANH CNG C V TRANG CNG TC C CHIA THNH 2 PHN: CA S TRI L DANH HM DANH SCH CC I TNG: DANH SCH (FUNCTIONS),

SCH CC IM (POINT SERIES), DANH SCH CC MIN C LA CHN (SHADES) V DANH SCH TN CC I TNG (LABELS), CA S

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BN PHI DNH HIN TH CC I TNG NH TH, NG THNG, IM, NHN TN I TNG,... 2.3. Gii thiu h thng Menu H thng menu ca Graph gm 6 chc nng c bn: File, Edit, Function, Zoom, Calc v Hepl. 2.3.1. Menu File: 2.3.2. Menu Edit: 2.3.3. Menu Function: (Edit...), Khi to mt hm mi( Insert function- Ins), To v tip tuyn (Insert tangent - F2), nh du mt min(Insert shade... - F3), V im trn h to ca trang cng tc (Insert point series... -F4), V h thng im (Insert trendline-Ctrl+T), t tn cho cc i tng (Insert label...), Cp nht cc i tng ang c la chn Hu b thao tc ngay trc ( Undo - Ctrl+Z), Lp li thao tc ngay trc (Redo - Ctrl+Y), Ct i tng lu vo b m (Cut - Ctrl+X), Copy i tng lu vo b m (Copy - Ctrl+C), Dn i tng t b m ra trang cng tc (Paste - Ctrl+V), Sao chp hnh nh (Copy image), Tu bin h trc to (Axes - Ctrl+A), Xc lp mi trng lm vic (Options). M mt tp mi (New - Ctrl+N), M mt tp c (Open - CTrl+O), Lu tr tp (Save - Ctrl+S, Save as), In n (Print), Kt thc phin lm vic (Exit - Alt+F4), Lu tr kt qu di dng nh (Save as image -

Ctrl+B), chc nng ny gip ta c c cc th p thit k gio n in t.

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Xo b cc i tng ....ang c la chn (Delete Ctrl+Del), Chn th o hm ca hm s (Insert f(x)). H thng cc chc nng ca menu Zoom gm cc lnh iu khin, thay i gc hin th ca trang lm vic, trong ch cc chc nng sau: iu chnh theo hng thu hp khong [a,b] ca trc honh c hin th trn trang cng tc (In), iu chnh theo hng gia tng khong [a,b] ca trc honh c hin th trn trang cng tc (Out),

2.3.4. Menu Zoom :

Chuyn v trng thi chun (Standard-Ctrl+D), Chuyn v trng thi cho php di chuyn cc i tng trn trang cng tc (Move system - Ctrl+M), Chuyn v ch hin th sao cho quan st c tt c cc im trn trang cng tc (All points).

2.3.5. Menu Calc: Xc nh di ca th f(x) trn on [a,b] no (Length of path), Tnh din tch phn gii hn bi cc ng thng x=a, x=b vi th ca f(x) ( Area), Xc nh gi tr ca f(x) ti mt im xo no (Evaluate - Ctrl+E), To bng tnh gi tr ca f(x) trong on [a,b] vi bc chia cch u (Table). 2.4.1. V TH HM F(X) khi to mt th mi, dy thao tc nh sau:-> Functiontng > Insert function (hoc chn biu trn thanh cng c). Xut hin bng

2.4. Mt s chc nng c bn

khai bo cc tham s: + Biu thc tng qut ca f(x), + Gii hn phm vi gi tr ca i s, + Kiu nt v, + rng nt v,

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+ Mu nt v, Khai bo xong, nhn OK hon tt cng vic. 2.4.2. Cp nht i tng chnh sa th ca hm s c, thao tc nh sau: Trc tin la chn th s chnh sa, tip theo chn: ->Function ->Edit (hoc bm p vo biu thc ca f(x) ca s bn tri) s xut hin ca s Edit function ta cp nht li. Ta c th khai bo li gi tr on [a,b], chn li dy nt v, nhp ni dung ghi ch cho i tng hoc mu v ca ng tip tuyn. Nhn OK hon tt cng vic. 2.4.3. V tip tuyn vi th f(x) ti im xo v tip tuyn vi th hm s f(x) ti im xo trc tin phi la chn hm s, tip theo chn: -> Function -> Insert tangent. Xut hin ca s Insert tangent. Ta nhp gi tr xo ti ca s: x=, sau chn rng, kiu ng v tip tuyn, mu v c th nhp ni dung ghi ch cho tip tuyn ti ca s: Description. Sau cng nhn OK hon tt. iu chnh tip tuyn v, bm p vo biu thc ca tip tuyn ti ca s tri, s xut hin ca s Edit tangent ta cp nht.

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2.4.4. Chn th ca o hm f(x) Graph c chc nng v cng mt h trc to th ca hm s f(x) v f(x). s dng chc nng ny, trc tin ta chn hm cn chn thm th ca o hm ca s bn tri, sau thao tc: ->Function -> Insert f(x). Xut hin ca s Insert (fx). Ta khai bo khong [a,b], kiu nt v, dy, mu v ghi ch cho th mi ny. Nhn OK hon tt. 2.4.5. Xc nh di ca th f(x) trn on [a,b] Chc nng Length of path cho php ta bit c ngay gi tr di ca th hm s f(x) trn on [a,b]. s dng chc nng ny, trc tin ta chn hm ca s bn tri sau thao tc: ->Calc -> length of path. Xut hin ca s cho ta nhp gi tr hai u mt a ti ca s From: v b ti ca s To:, ta s c kt qu c thng bo Length. C th nhp cc gi tr a, b khc nhau tnh nhiu ln. 2.4.6. Tnh din tch Graph c chc nng tnh nhanh din tch phn mt phng gii hn bi cc ng thng x=a, x=b vi th ca f(x). s dng chc nng tnh din tch hnh phng, trc tin ta chn hm ca s bn tri, tip theo ta thao tc nh sau: -> Calc -> Area. Xut hin ca s, ta nhp gi tr u mt a ti ca s From: b ti ca s To:, ta c kt qu din tch s c thng bo ti ca s Area. Trn mn hnh ho s thy phn din tch tng ng s c biu din bi cc ng gch sc. Ta c th nhp cc gi tr u mt a, b khc nhau tnh din tch cc min khc nhau.

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2.4.7. Tnh gi tr f(x), f(x), f(x) ti im xo s dng chc nng ny, trc tin ta chn hm ca s bn tri, tip theo ta thc hin thao tc: -> Calc -> Evaluate, xut hin ca s ta nhp gi tr ca im xo cn tnh. Kt qu c thng bo 3 ca s bn di ln lt l : f(x), f(x), f(x). Ta c th thay i gi tr xo c c kt qu ti cc im khc nhau. 2.4.8. Tnh gi tr ca f(x) trong on [a,b] vi bc chia cch u CHC NNG CALCULATE TABLE CHO PHN HOCH ON [A,B] BI MT LI CC NT CCH U NHAU MT ON DX V TNH GI TR CA HM S F(X) TI CC IM CHIA. lp bng, trc tin ta chn hm ca s bn tri, v thao tc: >Calc ->Table, xut hin ca s Calculate table. Ta khai bo khong [a,b] v bc chia dx. Nhn nt Calc ta s c kt qu cn thit. 2.4.9. V cc im trn h trc to : s dng chc nng ny, ta thao tc nh sau:->Function ->Insert point series..., xut hin ca s: Insert point series. Ta cn khai bo to ca im cn v. Bn tri c cc la chn - Kiu v im: Style, - Mu v im: Color,-Kch thc im: Size, Hin to ca im Show coordinates... Khai bo song nhn OK, ta s nhn c hnh nh cc im trn mn hnh.

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2.4.10. In n kt qu in cc kt qu, ta chn: ->File -> Print. Xut hin ca s Page Setup ta xc nh cc thng s trc khi in. Nu cn la chn my in trong danh sch cc my in ci t, ta chn tip Printer... a ra my in, ta chn OK. 2.5. Th vin cc hm ca Graph TRONG PHN MM GRAPH, CC HM C THIT K CI T TRONG TH VIN TNG I PHONG PH, TUY NHIN CC HM SAU THNG C S DNG NHIU TRONG CHNG TRNH PH THNG: ABS - Hm ly gi tr tuyt i ca i s, SQR - Hm cho gi tr bnh phng ca i s, SQRT - Hm cho gi tr l cn bc hai ca i s, SIN - Hm cho gi tr hm s sin ca i s, COS - Hm cho gi tr hm s cosin ca i s, TAN - Hm cho gi tr hm s tang ca i s, ARCSIN - Hm cho gi tr ca hm s ngc ca hm s sin, ARCCOS - Hm cho gi tr ca hm s ngc ca hm cosin, ARCTAN - Hm cho gi tr ca hm s ngc ca hm tan, LN - Hm cho gi tr logarit c s e ca i s, LOG - Hm cho gi tr logarit c s thp phn ca i s, PI - Cho gi tr ca s pi,

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Ton t ^ : dng biu din lu tha, v d 10^3 l 1000, 2^8 l 256. bit thm chi tit, chn Help tra cu nhng thng tin cn thit. 2.6. Khai thc phn mm Graph Phng php ch yu l dng Graph minh ho v kim tra kt qu. Sau khi hc sinh hon thnh khi lng cng vic, gio vin c th s dng Graph hc sinh kim tra li kt qu tnh ton ca mnh v kho st chi tit thm nh vo cc cng c ca Graph chng hn ta c th s dng Graph v th sau lu tr th di dng nh a vo gio n son trn Word hoc PowerPoint... V d 1: S dng phn mm Graph biu din tp nghim ca bt phng trnh bc nht hai n ax+by < c (chng hn nh bt phng trnh 2x+y < 3). Bc 1: Chn chc nng Function/Insert Function v th hm s ca Graph. Ta nhp biu thc y=(c-ax)/b vo hp thoi Function Equation (v d y=3-2x), ta nhn c ng thng l th ca hm s y=(cax)/b. Bc 2: Ly mt im M0(x0, y0) khng thuc ng thng , chng hn ta ly gc to O(0; 0) v so snh gi tr biu thc ax0 + by0 vi c xc nh na mt phng b no s l min nghim
Hnh 1

ca ax + by < c

Bc 3: Chn chc nng Function/Insert Shade v la chn m hnh tng ng, ta thu c hnh nh biu din hnh hc tp nghim ca bt phng trnh bc nht hai n ax+by < c (hnh 1).

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minh ho tp nghim ca cc bt phng trnh khc, ta ch m hp thoi Insert Function thay i biu thc v t li (Shade) min nghim. V d 2: Biu din hnh hc tp nghim ca h bt phng trnh bc nht hai n:

x+ y+20 x y 1 0 2 x y + 1 0
Hon ton tng t nh
Hnh 2

v d 1, ta ln lt v v xc nh min nghim ca tng bt phng trnh bc nht hai n ca h. Kt qu ta c c biu din hnh hc tp nghim ca h (hnh 2). 2.7 Bi tp: 1) V th cc hm s : y1=ax3+bx2+cx+d; y2=ax4+bx3+cx2+dx+e.

ax + bx ax 2 + bx + c y4 = cx + dx dx + ex 2) Minh ho vic t th hm s f(x) suy ra th cc hm s: f(|x|). |f(x)|, |f(|x|)| y3 =

cng nh tnh cht ca hm s m, hm s lgarit. 3) S dng cc chc nng ca Graph kim tra kt qu tnh ton cc bi tp tnh di, din tch v tch phn xc nh trong sch gio khoa THPT.

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Chng 3 S DNG PHN MM HNH HC NG CABRI GEOMETRY

3.1. Tng quan v phn mm hnh hc ng Cabri Geometry 3.1.1. Khi ng Cabri Geometry Nu my tnh ca bn cha ci t phn mm Cabri Geometry th bn c th download Cabri Geometry trn Internet t. gi Cabri ra lm vic ta ln lt chn cc lnh: Start/Programs/Cabri Geometry II Plus/Cabri Geometry II Plus hoc bm chut vo logo ca Cabri Geometry trn mn hnh. 3.1.2. Giao din ca Cabri Geometry
Menu bar

ci

H thng cng c

Vng v hnh

Hnh 3.1

Ca s lm vic ca Cabri Geometry bao gm cc thnh phn chnh nh: h thng menu bar, h thng cng c v vng lm vic dnh v, dng cc i tng hnh hc (hnh 3.1). 3.1.3. H thng menu bar ca Cabri Geometry H thng menu bar ca Cabri Geometry gm 5 nhm chc nng chnh, mi nhm ng vi mt h thng menu dc (PopUp). Nhm chc nng File: gm 11 chc nng (hnh 3.2)

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New (Ctrl+N): M mt tp mi. Open (Ctrl+O): M mt tp lu trn b nh ngoi. Khi xut hin ca s Open a File, ta phi chn a, th mc v tn tp tin cn m ri chn lnh Open. Close (Ctrl+F4): ng tp tin ang lm vic. Nu ta cha lu tr tp tin, xut hin thng bo (hnh 3.3). Khi nu chn Yes th Cabri Geometry s lu tr tp tin trc khi
Hnh 3.2

ng. Nu khng mun lu li thng tin ta chn No. Nu chn Cancel ta s tip tc lm vic vi tp tin hin thi.

Hnh 3.3

Save (Ctrl+S): Lu tr tp tin. Nu l ln lu tr u tin s xut hin ca s Save File As. Ta phi chn a, th mc v t tn cho tp tin ny. Nhng ln ghi sau, Cabri Geometry s ghi theo thng s chn (hnh 3.4). Save As: Lu tr tp tin c vi tn mi.

Hnh 3.4

Export figure for calcs...: Chuyn i tp tin theo nh dng ca cc my tnh in t c chc nng ho nh TI83; TI88; TI92... Revert: Chuyn giao din lm vic v tnh trng ban u. Show Page...: Xem ni dung trc khi in (c th chn vng in bng cch di chuyn khung ch nht n v tr cn thit).

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Page Setup...: nh cc thng s trc khi in ni dung tp. Print (Ctrl+P): Thc hin lnh in. Exit (Ctrl+F4): Kt thc phin lm vic. Nhm chc nng Edit: gm 8 chc nng (hnh 3.5)

Hnh 3.5

Undo (Ctrl+Z): Hu b lnh va thc hin. Cut (Ctrl+X): Xo cc i tng c la chn trn mn hnh v lu tm chng vo b m Clipboard. Copy (Ctrl+C): Lu tr tm thi cc i tng c la chn trn mn hnh vo b m Clipboard. Paste (Ctrl+V): a cc i tng ang lu tr trong b m Clipboard ra vng lm vic. Clear (Del): Xo b cc i tng c la chn. Select All (Ctrl+A): nh du la chn tt c cc i tng. Replay Construction: Xem li ton b qu trnh dng hnh. Refresh Drawing (Ctrl+F): Ly li ho tit ca hnh dng. Nhm chc nng Options: gm 6 chc nng (hnh 3.6)

Hnh 3.6

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Show/Hide Attributes (F9): Hin hay n bng la chn thuc tnh cc i tng. Show Figure Description (F10): n hay hin bng lit k cc thao tc dng hnh thc hin. Preferences...: Khai bo la chn cc tham s h thng nh la chn mu i tng, ch hin th, font ch h thng, dng phng trnh... (hnh 3.7).

Hnh 3.7

Nu mun thay i cc thuc tnh ca i tng no th cn phi khai bo, la chn trong danh sch cc mu sn c, ri bm chut vo : [x] Keep as defaults. Nu mun lu tr cu hnh bm chn lnh Save to file. Language...: La chn ngn ng hin th. S c nhiu la chn nh ting Anh, Php, c, an Mch... ta cn bm chut vo ngn ng cn s dng. Font: La chn kiu ch cho i tng ang c la chn. Nhm chc nng Session: gm 5 chc nng (hnh 3.8)

Hnh 3.8

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Begin recording... (F2): Bt u ghi li chui cc thao tc v, dng hnh... v lu tr di dng tp tin trong th mc ring. Stop playing/ Read a session (F4): Kt thc qu trnh ghi hay c mt recording c (khi ta c th xem li cc bc dng hnh c ghi). Previous (F6): Chuyn v thao tc trc . Next (F7): Chuyn n thao tc tip theo. Print a session (F5): Ghi ni dung recording ra file. Nhm chc nng Window H thng gm cc lnh dng b tr sp xp cc ca s theo kiu dn ngang hay lp ngi, hoc ng cc ca s ang m. Chc nng Help

Hnh 3.9

Nu bt chc nng Help, khi ta ch chut vo cng c no th pha di ca s s hin ln chc nng ca cng c (hnh 3.9). 3.2. Thao tc vi cc cng c ca Cabri Geometry H thng cng c ca Cabri Geometry gm 11 nhm chc nng. Biu tng ca cng c ang c la chn s c mu sng. s dng mt cng c no , ta bm chut vo biu tng nhm chc nng ri di chuyn chut bm chn cng c cn s dng. Phn ny chng ti ch lit k cc cng c ca Cabri Geometry. thc hnh, bn c nn thao tc da theo cc v d chi tit phn 2.

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3.2.1. Nhm chc nng chn trng thi lm vic vi chut Khi bm chut vo nhm chc nng ny, xut hin danh sch 4 cng c: Pointer: S dng la chn, dch chuyn cc i

tng hnh hc. Sau khi chn cng c Pointer: chn mt i tng no , ta ch chut vo i tng v bm (click), khi chut s c dng hnh bn tay v hin ln ch thch kiu ca i tng. chn nhiu i tng mt lc, ta nhn phm Shift trong khi ln lt bm chut vo cc i tng cn chn. di chuyn mt i tng, sau khi chn i tng ta gi phm chut trong khi di chuyn chut (drag) thay i v tr hnh v. ca hnh. Sau khi chn cng c Rotate ta bm chut xc nh tm quay sau bm chut vo i tng v gi phm xoay hnh. Dilate: Thay i kch thc ca hnh bng mt php ng dng. Sau khi chn cng c Dilate ta cn bm chut xc nh mt im c chn lm tm ca php ng dng sau bm chut vo i tng v gi phm ko thay i kch thc. hnh. 3.2.2. Nhm chc nng chn cng c to im Khi bm chut vo nhm chc nng ny, xut hin 3 cng c: Point: To im. Point chut c hnh dng bt ch, chn li Rotale and Dilate: C th cng mt lc va xoay va thay i kch thc ca Rotate: S dng xoay hnh xung quanh mt im hay tm

Khi chn cng c khng cng c. cn

a u bt ch n v tr xc nh im, bm chut tri. C th xc nh nhiu im m

Point on Object: Ly im thuc mt i tng c.

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Sau khi chn cng c

Point on Object, ta a chut ch vo

i tng, xut hin cu thng bo, chng hnly im ny trn ng trn... cn chn im v tr no, ta bm chut ti v tr (hnh 3.10)
Hnh 3.10

Intersection Points: Xc nh im l giao ca cc hnh xc nh giao ca hai i tng no , ta chn cng c Intersection Points ri a chut

hnh hc c.

ln lt bm vo hai i tng . Cng c th ch chut vo v tr l giao ca cc i tng, khi xut hin dng thng bo Ly ti giao im ta bm chut (hnh 3.11). 3.2.3. Nhm chc nng chn cng c v cc i
Hnh 3.11

tng hnh hc Khi bm chut chn nhm chc nng ny, xut hin bng 7 cng c dng cc i tng hnh hc c bn: Line: Dng mt ng thng.

Mt ng thng c xc nh bi hai im. dng mt ng thng, trc ht ta chn cng c Line sau

a chut bm chn v tr hai im trn mn hnh. Khi thay i v tr mt trong hai im th ng thng cng thay i v tr mt cch tng ng. Segment: Dng mt on thng.

Thao tc dng on thng tng t nh dng ng thng. Ta chn cng c Segment ri sau a chut bm vo v tr ca hai u mt on thng cn dng. Ray: Dng mt tia. Ray

dng mt tia ta phi xc nh im gc v hng ca tia. Chn cng c chut xc nh im tip theo, ta c tia cn dng.

sau bm chut xc nh im gc ca tia, di chuyn chut chn hng ca tia v bm

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Vector: Dng mt vect. Vector ri sau ln lt bm chut xc

dng mt vect ta chn cng c

nh im gc v im ngn ca vect cn dng. Triangle: Dng mt tam gic. Triangle ri sau di chuyn v bm

dng mt tam gic, ta chn cng c 3 im chn. Polygon: Dng a gic n cnh.

chut ln lt xc nh v tr 3 nh ca tam gic, ta s nhn c tam gic tng ng vi

Tng t nh dng tam gic, ta chn cng c vi cc im chn. Regular Polygon: Dng a gic u (n<=30).

Polygon sau a chut ln

lt bm xc nh v tr cc nh. Kt thc bm p chut tri, ta c a gic tng ng

dng mt a gic u ta chn cng c

Regular Polygon ri bm chut xc

nh mt im chn lm tm ca a gic, sau di chuyn chut xc nh bn knh ca ng trn ngoi tip a gic u . tm xut hin s cnh ca a gic, ta di chuyn chut xc nh s cnh cn c. Kt thc bm chut tri. 3.2.4. Nhm chc nng chn cng c v cc ng cong Khi bm chut vo nhm chc nng ny, xut hin bng gm 3 cng c v cung, ng trn v ng conic. Circle: V ng trn. Circle ri sau bm

v mt ng trn ta chn cng c bm chut tri kt thc.

chut xc nh v tr tm ca hnh trn v tip tc di chuyn chut xc nh bn knh, thay i bn knh, ta tr v ch Pointer sau ch chut vo ng trn. Khi xut hin hnh bn tay, ta gi chut ko thay i bn knh. Mun di chuyn ng trn ta tr v ch Pointer ri ch chut vo tm, gi phm tri di chuyn. Arc: V cung trn qua ba im. Arc, sau a chut bm vo

dng mt cung trn, trc ht chn cng c

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v tr ba im xc nh cung trn. Khi cho thay i v tr mt trong ba im, cung trn cng thay i theo. Mun thay i v tr cung trn ta a chut vo mt im bt k trn cung trn (ngoi ba im trn) ri ko th. Conic: V ng conic. Conic ri sau

ng conic c xc nh trn c s 5 im. Ta chn cng c cho ta elip hay parabol, hypecbol.

ta xc nh ln bm chut chn 5 im c s ca ng conic. Tu v tr nm im s 3.2.5. Nhm chc nng chn cng c dng cc i tng mi c dn xut t cc i tng hnh hc c Khi bm chut vo nhm chc nng ny xut hin bng 10 cng c: gc. dng mt ng thng i qua mt im v vung gc vi mt ng thng (on thng) cho trc ta chn cng c Perpendicular Line ri ln lt bm Perpendicular Line: Dng ng thng vung

chut chn xc nh im m ng thng s i qua v ng thng (on thng...) vung gc. Cng c th thao tc theo trnh t xc nh ng thng (on thng) trc, im sau (hnh 3.12). song song. dng ng thng i qua mt im v song song vi mt ng thng (on thng...) cho trc: Chn
Hnh 3.12

Parallel

Line:

Dng

ng

cng c

Parallel Line ri ln lt bm chut xc nh

ng thng (on thng...) v im m ng thng song song i qua. Midpoint: Xc nh im gia ca hai im, trung im ca on thng. Sau khi chn cng c Midpoint, a chut bm xc nh hai im hoc bm

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chn on thng, cnh a din... ta c im cn dng (hnh 3.13).

Perpendicular Bisector:
Hnh 3.13

Dng ng trung trc. dng ng trung trc ca mt on thng trc tin ta chn cng c

Perpendicular Bisector sau a chut bm

xc nh hai u mt ca on thng hoc on thng c. Angle Bisector: Dng ng phn gic. Angle Bisector ri sau a chut

dng ng phn gic ta chn cng c

bm xc nh 3 im theo th t thuc cnh th nht, nh v cnh cn li ca gc. Vector Sum: Xc nh tng hai vect. Vector Sum sau a chut

dng vect tng ca hai vect: Chn cng c

bm xc nh hai vect thnh phn ri bm chn v tr lm gc ca vect tng. trc. dng mt ng trn c bn knh cho trc: Chn cng c Compass sau a chut bm xc Compass: Dng ng trn vi bn knh cho

nh on thng c chn lm di bn knh (hoc bm chn hai im phn bit c khong cch s l bn
Hnh 3.14

knh) v bm vo mt v tr (im) bt k c chn lm

tm ca ng trn (hnh 3.14). Measurement Transfer: Xc nh mt im cch mt im cho trc mt

khong cho trc. thc hin chc nng ny trc ht phi c mt s thc (c th l kt qu o c cc i tng, kt qu tnh ton hoc nhp trc tip t bn phm). Thao tc dng im nh sau: Chn cng c Measurement Transfer ri a

chut bm chn gi tr s trn mn hnh v im cho. Trn mn hnh xut hin mt ng chm k c di bng gi tr s chn. Ta chn hng v bm chut tri xc nh im cn dng.

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Locus: Dng qu tch. dng qu tch ca mt i tng no , ta chn cng c gy qu tch. V d 3.1: Cho tam gic ABC ni tip trong ng trn tm O. im B, C c nh, A thay i. G l trng tm ca tam gicABC. Tm qu tch im G.
Hnh 3.15

Locus v sau dng

chut ln lt bm vo yu t qu tch v yu t

Bc 1: S dng cc cng c ca Cabri

Geometry dng hnh. Bc 2: Chn cng c 3.15). Redefine Object: nh ngha i Locus ri ln lt bm vo im G (yu t qu tch) ri

bm vo im A (yu t gy qu tch). Ta nhn c hnh nh qu tch im G (hnh

tng hnh trong qu trnh dng hnh. Gi s ta thc hin n bc dng hnh nhng mun thay i li bc dng th m no (m < n). V d ta dng tam gic ABC v xc nh tm ca ng trn ngoi tip tam gic ABC l giao ca hai ng trung trc cnh AB v AC nhng li mun thay i li thnh xc nh tm ca ng trn ni tip tam gic ABC.
Hnh 3.16

khng phi thao tc li m1 thao tc u, Redefine Object. Khi chn cng c ny s xut hin danh sch n

ta s s dng cng c

bc dng hnh, ta bm chn vo bc th m v thc hin thao tc mi (hnh 3.16). Trong v d trn ta chn Angle Bisector dng cc ng phn gic.

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3.2.6. Nhm chc nng chn cng c dng nh qua cc php bin hnh Khi bm chut vo nhm chc nng ny, xut hin bng gm 6 cng c: xng trc. dng hnh i xng ca i tng qua ng, on thng, tia, trc to , cnh tam gic, a gic... ta chn cng c Reflection ri sau bm chut chn i tng ban u v i tng chn lm trc i xng (hnh 3.17). Reflection: Dng hnh qua php i

Symmetry: Dng hnh qua

php i xng tm. Sau khi chn cng c

Symmetry ta ln lt bm chut xc nh
Hnh 3.17

i tng ban u v im c chn lm tm ca php i xng, ta s thu c nh ca i tng chn qua php i xng tm. Translation: Dng hnh qua php tnh tin. dng nh ca mt i tng hnh hc qua php tnh tin theo mt vect: Bc 1: Xc nh vect lm c s cho php tnh tin. Bc 2: Chn cng c Translation sau ln

Hnh 3.18

lt dng chut bm chn i tng cn dng nh qua php tnh tin v vect, ta c nh ca hnh qua php tnh tin (hnh 3.18). Rotation: Xc nh nh qua php quay.

dng nh ca mt i tng hnh hc qua php quay ta chn cng c

Hnh 3.19

Rotation ri tip bm

chut chn i tng ban u, im chn lm tm

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quay v i lng xc nh gc quay.

V d 3.2: thc hin php quay cung OO' xung quanh tm O vi gc quay 600
ta chn cng c Rotation ri bm chut vo cung OO', im O v s 60. Ta nhn

c nh ca cung OO' qua php quay (hnh 3.19) Dilation: Dng hnh qua php v t.

dng nh ca mt i tng qua php v t trc tin ta phi xc nh tm v h s ca php v t. Thao tc: Chn cng c Dilation ri

bm chut la chn i tng ban u, im c xc nh lm tm v h s ca php

Hnh 3.20

v t.

V d 3.3: dng nh ca ng trn (O) qua php v t tm A v h s k=2.2 ta chn cng c Dilation ri sau ln lt bm chut vo ng trn, t s k v

im A. Ta thu c nh ca (O) qua php v t (hnh 3.20) Inverse: Dng hnh qua php nghch o. Inverse, ri

dng nh ca mt im qua php nghch o: Chn cng c bm chut la chn im ban u v ng trn nghch o. 3.2.7. Nhm chc nng chn cng c xy dng Macro

dng mt i tng no ta thng phi tin hnh nhiu thao tc (chng hn nh dng ng trn ni tip tam gic). Nu ta ghi li chui cc thao tc dng hnh di dng mt Macro th t ln sau ta khng nht thit phi thc hin li cc bc dng hnh m ch gi thc hin Macro. Cabri Geometry s thc hin t ng tt c cc bc dng hnh c ghi trong Macro . Khi bm chut chn nhm chc nng ny, xut hin bng gm 3 cng c: ban u. Final Object: Xc nh cc i tng thu c sau khi kt thc thc hin cc Initial Objects: Xc nh cc i tng

lnh ca Macro.

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Define Macro: nh ngha tn v chn phm tt cho Macro.

Cc bc to mt Macro: Bc 1: Dng hon chnh cc bc dng hnh (v d ta ln lt v tam gic ABC, hai ng trung tuyn ca tam gic v xc nh giao ca chng). Bc 2: Bm vo biu tng, chn bm chut vo tam gic ABC). Bc 3: Bm vo biu tng, chn vo hai trung tuyn v giao ca chng). Final Objects, sau bm chut vo nhng Initial Objects, sau bm chut vo nhng

i tng c coi l nhng i tng xut pht ban u X (trong v d trn th ta phi

i tng c coi l nhng i tng kt thc Y (trong v d trn ta phi bm chut

Hnh 3.21

Bc 4: Bm vo biu tng, chn

Define Macro (hnh 3.21): Bn cn t tn

cho Macro, nhp cc thng tin cn thit v chn OK. Chy Macro: Sau khi gi tn Macro ta bm chut vo cc i tng lm c s thc hin Macro, ngay lp tc ta s thu c kt qu (trong v d trn ta gi Macro v bm vo mt tam gic hoc ba im khng thng hng bt k, ta nhn c hnh nh hai ng trung tuyn v trng tm ca tam gic). V d 3.4: Xy dng Macro dng ng trn ni tip trong mt tam gic ta tin hnh nh sau: Bc 1: Dng tam gic ABC; Dng hai ng phn gic xut pht t nh B, C;

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Xc nh giao im O ca hai ng phn gic; Dng ng thng d i qua im O v vung gc vi cnh BC. Xc nh giao im H ca cnh BC vi ng thng d. Dng ng trn tm O v i qua im H. Bc 2: Chn Bc 3: Chn Bc 4: Chn Initial Objects, sau bm chut vo tam gic ABC. Final Objects sau bm chut vo ng trn ni tip. Define Macro v t tn cho Macro l DT_N_Tiep.

Hnh 3.22

thc hin Macro, ta bm vo nhm chc nng chn DT_N_Tiep sau a chut bm vo tam gic MNP cn dng ng trn ni tip. Ta c ngay kt qu (hnh 3.22). Nh vy, chc nng Macro cho php ta m rng cc cng c ca Cabri Geometry. Ta c th xy dng mt h thng Macro bao gm tt c cc thao tc dng hnh thng dng trong chng trnh ph thng v lu li di dng file. Vic s dng chng s cho php rt ngn thi gian v hnh. 3.2.8. Nhm chc nng chn cng c kim tra thuc tnh Khi bm chut chn nhm chc nng ny, xut hin bng gm 5 cng c: khng? Sau khi chn cng c Collinear ta dng chut bm xc Collinear: Kim tra xem ba im c thng hng hay

nh ba im cn kim tra. Xut hin mt khung hnh ch nht di chuyn theo v tr ca

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chut. Ta di chuyn khung ny n mt v tr no trn mn hnh, bm chut. Ni dung thng bo kt qu kim tra s hin ra cho bit ba im c thng hng hay khng. Parallel: Kim tra hai ng thng, on thng... c song song khng?

kim tra xem hai ng thng, on thng... c song song vi nhau hay khng, ta chn cng c Parallel ri a chut bm chn hai ng thng, on thng... cn

kim tra. Cabri Geometry s a ra thng bo cho bit chng c song song hay khng. Perpendicular: Kim tra hai ng thng, on thng... c vung gc vi

nhau khng? Thao tc: Chn cng c thng... cn kim tra. u hay khng? Chn cng c Equidistant, sau ln Equidistant: Kim tra hai im c cch mt im th ba Perpendicular ri xc nh hai ng thng, on

lt bm chut vo ba im cn kim tra. Member: Kim tra mt im c thuc

mt hnh hay khng? Chc nng trn c s dng kim tra

Hnh 3.23

mt i tng ny c thuc i tng khc khng? Thao tc: Chn cng c Member ri ln

lt la chn i tng cn kim tra v i tng c kh nng cha i tng cn kim tra. V d 3.5: Dng ra ngoi ba cnh ca tam gic u ABC cc tam gic u ABC', BCA' v ACB'. Gi I l giao im ca CC' vi BB'. S dng cng c thuc on thng AA' (hnh 3.23). 3.2.9. Nhm chc nng chn cng c o c tnh ton Khi bm chut vo nhm chc nng ny, xut hin bng cc cng c: Member ri ln

lt bm chn im I, on thng AA'. Cabri Geometry s thng bo cho bit im I

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Distance and Length: o khong cch, di, chu vi... Chc nng ny cho php ta o khong cch gia hai im, di mt on thng, mt cung, chu vi mt a gic, mt ng trn. Thao tc: Chn cng c nhn c kt qu V d 3.6: V tam gic vung ABC, vung ti Distance and Length

sau bm chut xc nh i tng cn o c, ta s

A. Dng trung tuyn AM. Chn cng c

Distance and Length ri a chut bm vo

ng trung tuyn AM v sau bm chn hai im B, C. Kt qu Cabri Geometry cho ta s o ca on thng AM v BC (hnh 1.24). Kt qu cho thy khi tam gic vung ABC thay i th di cnh huyn BC lun gp i di trung tuyn AM. Area: Tnh din tch hnh trn, tam

gic, a gic... Chn cng c nhn c kt qu. Slope: Xc nh h s gc y/x. Area sau a chut

bm xc nh i tng cn o din tch, ta s

Hnh 3.24

xc nh h s gc (tan) ca mt ng thng, on thng, tia hay vect, ta chn cng c Slope sau a chut bm xc nh i tng.

Angle: o gc. Angle ta dng chut bm xc nh 3 im theo

Thao tc: Sau khi chn cng c ca gc chn (hnh 3.24).

th t ln lt thuc cnh th nht, nh v cnh cn li ca gc, ta s nhn c s o

Equation and Coordinates: Cho hin to im, phng trnh ca ng...

ra mn hnh. Thao tc: Chn cng c Equation and Coordinates sau a chut bm vo

i tng hnh hc (im, ng thng, ng trn, th...). Cabri Geometry s hin ra

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mn hnh to ca im, phng trnh ca ng thng, ng trn... m ta chn. Calculate: Tnh ton vi s liu ng.

Hnh 3.25

tnh kt qu ca biu thc ta chn cng c mt my tnh cc php ton s hc c bn (hnh 3.25).

Calculate, khi mn hnh s c

tnh ton vi nhng s liu o c, tnh ton c trn mn hnh, ta ch vic a chut bm vo nhng gi tr . Cabri Geometry t ng chuyn gi tr vo biu thc. Chn chc nng =, ta c kt qu v c th a gi tr ca biu thc ny Result ra mn hnh. Mt khc, ta c th tnh ton nh mt my tnh b ti. Tabulate: t cc s liu tnh ton vo bng. Tabulate sau a chut ra mn hnh vch mt khung bng, s

Chn cng c

ct v s dng tu theo ta la chn. chuyn d liu vo bng, ta phi chuyn ln lt tng dng mt bng cch ch chut vo d liu cn a vo bng. 3.2.10. Nhm chc nng chn cng c s t tn cho i tng v xc nh yu t ng Khi bm chut chn nhm chc nng ny, xut hin bng gm 8 cng c: Label: To, sa tn cho i tng hnh hc.

t tn cho i tng hnh hc, ta chn cng c Label sau a chut bm vo i tng cn t tn. Xut hin mt khung hnh ch nht ta nhp tn cho i tng hnh hc . Comments: To, sa li ch thch.

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Cng c

Comments c s dng khi ta cn a thng tin di dng vn bn

vo trang lm vic. Thao tc nh sau: Chn cng c Comments sau a chut ko r to thnh mt khung ch nht ta nhp ni dung vn bn. Numerical Edit : To, sa cc s thc. Numerical Edit ta

Sau khi chn cng c

Hnh 3.26

a chut bm xc nh v tr t s trn mn

hnh. Xut hin khung ch nht ta nhp gi tr ca s . Ta d dng thay i gi tr tng hoc gim bng cch bm chut vo biu tng hnh mi tn ca hp thoi lu tr s (hnh 3.26). Mark Angle: nh du gc chn. Mark Angle sau a chut bm xc nh 3 im

Thao tc: Chn cng c

tng ng thuc cnh th nht, nh v cnh cn li ca gc cn nh du. Fix/ Free: Xc nh c nh hay chuyn ng.

Mt i tng khi b gn thuc tnh c nhFix (khi ta thy hnh nh mt chic inh gim) th ta khng th thay i v tr ca n. Ta ch c th thay i v tr ca mt i tng khi chng trng thi t doFree. xc nh hay g b thuc tnh c nh (t do) cho i tng no ta chn cng c Fix/Free ri bm chut vo i tng . Trace On/Off: li vt cho i tng hnh hc khi di chuyn.

Mt i tng c gn thuc tnh Trace On th chng s li vt ca chng trn mn hnh khi thay i v tr. Tri li nu mt i tng c gn thuc tnh Trace Off th khi thay i v tr chng s khng li vt. xc lp (hay g b) thuc tnh Trace cho mt i tng no th ta chn cng c chut vo i tng . Animation: To chuyn ng. Trace On/Off ri bm

Mt i tng hnh hc c th chuyn ng theo rng buc xc nh (v d nu ly mt im thuc ng

Hnh 3.27

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trn (ng thng...) th ta c th cho im chuyn ng nhng vn lun thuc ng trn (ng thng...)). Mun to chuyn ng cho i tng hnh hc no ta chn cng c nh (xut hin hnh l xo) ri th chut ra (hnh 3.27). Mun dng chuyn ng ca i tng ta bm chut vo v tr bt k trong trang lm vic. y l chc nng h tr dy hc ni dung qu tch rt trc quan. Multiple Animation: Thc hin chuyn ng phc tp, hn hp. Multiple Animation ri ln lt la chn Animation

ri bm chut vo i tng . Cng c th bm chut vo i tng, gi phm, ko

Tng t nh trn, ta chn chc nng

i tng v phng thc chuyn ng. thc hin chuyn ng, ta n phm Enter. 3.2.11. Nhm chc nng chn cng c nh dng cc i tng Khi bm chut chn nhm chc nng ny ny, xut hin bng 9 cng c: trn hnh. Show Axes: n hay hin trc to . New Axes: t to mi. Define Grid: nh ngha li. Hide/ Show: Cho n, hin cc i tng. Color: T mu nt v. Fill: Chn mu bn trong hnh v. Thick: Thay i kiu nt v dy mng. Dotted: Chn kiu nt lin hay nt t. Modify Appearance: Sa k hiu

Cch s dng cc cng c nh dng: Khi ta chn cng c trn, tu theo cng c la chn s xut hin mt bng cc la chn tng ng. Ta bm chut vo mt trong nhng
Hnh 3.28

la chn (v d kiu ng k, mu sc...) sau a bt ch bm vo i tng ta cn

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nh dng theo (hnh 3.28). Cng c n/hin 3.3. Hide/ Show cho php che (khng hin ra mn hnh) nhng

i tng c nh du lm cho hnh v n gin, rc ri. Vit ho giao din ca Cabri Geometry Cc lnh ca Cabri Geometry trong phin bn gc thng l ting Anh nhng s cu lnh ca Cabri Geometry khng nhiu nn vic ghi nh chng khng qu kh. i km vi mi lnh l mt biu tng, gio vin v hc sinh ch cn nhn vo biu tng cng bit c chc nng tng ng ca cu lnh. i vi hc sinh cc trng Trung hc c s vng, min cn hn ch v ngoi ng, chng ta c th Vit ho h thng cc cu lnh ca Cabri Geometry (mt s chuyn gia nh Ng nh Tuyt, V nh Ho, Nguyn V Quc Hng Vit ho Cabri Geometry). Ta m tp USEnglish.cgl (Cabri Geometry Language) v thay i ni dung cc nhn t ting Anh sang ting Vit (hnh 3.29). Nh vy, s dng, khai thc cc tnh nng ca Cabri Geometry khng i hi nhiu gio vin, hc sinh v kin thc tin hc v thi gian chun b, ta c th trin khai vic s dng Cabri Geometry h tr dy hc hnh hc trn din rng.

Hnh 3.29

3.4. S dng phn mm Cabri Geometry h tr dy hc 3.4.1. V thi hm s y=f(x) Trong dy hc hm s th mt trong nhng ni dung quan trng l v th hm s. Tuy nhin HS tht s hnh dung thy th ca hm s y=f(x) l tp hp tt c cc im biu din cc cp gi tr tng ng (x; y) trn mt phng to th l mt cng vic khng dng v khi HS phi hon thnh mt khi lng tnh ton rt ln. khc

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phc kh khn ny, theo chng ti c th s dng cc phn mm ng nh Cabri Geometry, Geometr's Sketchpad theo cc bc sau: Xc nh h trc to Oxy. Ly mt im X(x;0) bt k thuc min xc nh ca hm s. Tnh gi tr y =f(x). Dng im M (x; f(x)). Cho im X(x;0) thay i trong min xc nh ca hm s v quan st, nghin cu quy lut bin i ca im M(x; f(x)). dng tip tuyn ti mt im c nh MO thuc th hm s ta ly thm mt im M bt k thuc th hm s v tip tuyn chnh l v tr gii hn ca ct tuyn MOM khi im M di chuyn dn ti im MO V d 3.7: V th hm s y= ax3+bx2+cx+d (a, b, c, d bt k) - Chn chc nng - Chn cng c - Chn chc nng - Chn chc nng im X ra mn hnh. - Chn cng c honh im X. - Chn chc nng Measurement Transfer: ln lt bm chn gi tr va tnh c sau Calculate: nhp biu thc tnh gi tr ax3+bx2+cx+d, trong x l Show Axes: cho hin h trc to Oxy. Numerical Edit: ln lt nhp cc gi tr a, b, c, d. Point on Object: ly im X (x; 0) bt k trn Ox. Equation and Coordinates: ch vo im X hin to ca

ch vo trc tung Oy. Ta xc nh c im Y thuc Oy. - Chn cng c Perpendicular Line: ln lt dng cc ng vung gc vi trc Ox

ti im X, vung gc vi Oy ti im Y. - Chn chc nng Intersection Points: xc

giao im M ca hai ng thng vung gc va dng. M s l im c to (x, f(x)). - Chn chc nng Trace On/Off : gn thuc

tnh li vt cho im M - Cho im X thay i khi vt li ca tp hp cc im M s cho ta hnh nh th ca

Hnh 3.30

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hm s y=f(x) (hnh 3.30). V d 3.8: Minh ho hnh nh tip tuyn ca th ti im Mo(x,f(x)). Chng hn vi hm s y= ax3+bx2+cx+d (v d 3.7) - Chn chc nng ra th ca hm s. - Chn chc nng - Chn chc nng Point on Object: ly Mo, M bt k thuc th. Line: dng ng thng i qua hai im Mo, M. Locus: ln lt ch vo im M v im X Cabri Geometry a

-Cho im M tin gn ti im Mo HS quan st mt cch trc quan gn ng tip tuyn vi th ti im MO. -Cho im MO di chuyn n cc v tr c bit HS nhn xt v v tr ca tip tuyn ca th hm s ti cc im ny (hnh 3.31). V d 3.9: D on s nghim thc ca phng trnh y = m. Chng hn vi hm s ax3+bx2+cx+d (v d 3.7) Ly mt im P(0; m) bt k trn trc Oy v dng mt ng thng d i qua im P song song vi trc honh Ox.
Hnh 3.31

y=

Cho im P di chuyn trn Oy. Qua quan st s giao im ca d vi th ca hm s HS s pht hin c mi quan h gia m vi s nghim ca phng trnh y=m (hnh 3.31). 3.4.2. Minh ho im c nh ca mt h ng. Bi ton: Trong mt phng Oxy cho (Cm) l th ca hm s y=f(x,m). Hy tm im c nh ca h ng (Cm) C s l thuyt: Vi mi mt gi tr ca tham s m cho trc, ta c mt th (Cm) tng ng. Vi 2 gi tr khc nhau ca m, ta c 2 th (Cm). Ta c th xem tp hp cc ng (Cm) khc nhau l nhng v tr ca th (Cm) khi m thay i ngha l (Cm) di ng trong mp Oxy khi m thay i. C 2 kh nng - Hoc l mi im ca (Cm) u di ng - Hoc c mt vi im ca (Cm) ng yn khi m thay i.

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Nhng im ng yn khi m thay i gi l nhng im c nh ca h ng (Cm). l nhng im m mi ng (Cm) u i qua, ngha l nhng im m (Cm) lun lun i qua vi mi gi tr ca m Phng php gii: Gi s A(xo, yo) l mt im c nh ca (Cm): y=(f(x, m) <=> yo = f(xo, m) vi m (1) iu ny c ngha l (1) l mt phng trnh v nh theo tham s m. Mt khc phng trnh bc nht m + = 0 (hoc bc 2: m2 + m + = 0 ) i vi m v nh khi v ch khi m + = 0 vi m (hoc m2 + m + = 0 vi m)
= 0 <=> = 0

(*)

= 0 hoc = 0 (*). = 0

Gii h (*), tm im c nh ca (Cm). Phng php khai thc phn mm Phng n 1: D on im c nh Vi mt hm s y=f(x,m) bt k, ta c th t cu hi: Liu h ng (Cm) c im c nh khng? d on, GV c th t chc cho HS s dng PMHH Geometry Cabri theo hng sau: Bc 1: Xc nh biu thc hm s y=f(x,m) vi ba gi tr khc nhau ca m. Bc 2: Gi Geometry Cabri ra lm vic v nhp cc biu thc trn. Bc 3: Ln lt v th tng ng vi cc trng hp trn. T hnh nh trc quan, HS c th a ra d on ca mnh: Nu c 3 th u i qua mt im th c th y l im c nh ca h ng (Cm), tri li h ng (Cm) khng c im c nh. V d 3.10: Xt xem th sau y c im c nh hay khng?
y= mx 2 + 2(m + 1)x + 3m2 m x +1

Ta t chc cho HS tham gia cc hot ng sau: Hot ng 1: S dng Geometry Cabri HS ln lt v 3 th tng ng vi cc gi tr khc nhau ca m.
y1 = 2x tng ng vi m = 0 x +1

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y2 = y3 = x 2 + 4x + 10 tng ng vi m = 1 x +1 x2 + 4 tng ng vi m = -1 x +1

- Chn chc nng

Show Axes: cho hin h trc to Oxy. - Chn chc nng Expression (nhp biu thc), sau ln lt bm 3 vo mn hnh lm vic, khi xut hin hp ch nht ta nhp biu thc ca hm s. - Chn chc nng Apply an Expression (xc lp th ca mt hm s) ri ln lt bm ch biu thc hm s, sau bm vo trc ton , ta c hnh nh th ca hm s. Hot ng 2: D on kt qu. - T hnh nh trc quan, HS nhn thy th cho khng c im c nh (hnh 3.32). Hot ng 3: Lm sng t vn . - iu nhn xt trc quan l chnh xc v gi s th c im c nh (xo, yo) vi xo -1 th dn ti phng trnh: 3m2 +(xo2+ 2xo-1)m +2xo-yo(xo+1)=0 vi m. iu ny khng th xy ra v h s ca shng c bc cao nht (theo tham s m) (3m2) l hng s khc khng. V d 3.11: Cho (Cm) l th ca hm s: y=x3 - mx2 -(2m2-7m+7)x+2(m-1)(2m-3) Tm im c nh ca (Cm).

Hnh 3.32

Ta t chc cho HS tham gia cc hot ng sau: Hot ng 1: S dng Geometry Cabri HS ln lt v 3 th tng ng vi cc gi tr khc nhau ca m. y1= x3 - 7x+6 tng ng vi gi tr m = 0; y2 = x3 - x2 -2x tng ng vi gi tr m = 1; y3 = x3 + x2 -16x+20 tng ng vi gi tr m = -1;

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- Chn chc nng

Show Axes: cho hin h trc to Oxy. - Chn chc nng Expression (nhp biu thc), sau ln lt bm 3 vo mn hnh lm vic, khi xut hin hp ch nht ta nhp biu thc ca hm s. - Chn chc nng Apply an Expression (xc lp th ca mt hm s) ri ln lt bm ch biu thc hm s, sau bm vo trc ton , ta c hnh nh th ca hm s (hnh 3.33). Hot ng 2: Xc nh im c nh T hnh nh trc quan cho thy, (Cm) c th c mt im c nh!. Ta s lm sng t vn ny: Hm s cho c th vit di dng: 2(-x+2)m2-(x2-7x+10)m+x3-7x+6-y=0

Hnh 3.33

Nu th hm s c im c nh th to (x, y) ca im c nh l nghim ca h:
x + 2 = 0 2 x 7x + 10 = 0 x 3 7x + 6 y = 0 x=2 x = 2 <=> x = 2 x = 5 <=> y = 0 y = x 3 7x + 6

Hot ng 3: Minh ho kt qu: - Chn chc nng Intersection Points ri bm vo hai trong s 3 th va dng

xc nh giao im ca chng. - Chn chc nng trn. V d 3.12: Tm im c nh ca th y=x3-2m2x2+3mx+2m2-3m+1 Khng t HS tm ra 2 im c nh: (1; 2), (-1; 0) bng cch a ra li gii sau: - Hm s cho c th vit di dng 2(1-x2)m2 - 3(1-x)m+x3+1-y=0 - Nu th hm s cho c im c nh th to (x; y) ca im c nh phi l nghim ca h: Equation and Coordinates ri bm vo giao im va xc nh.

Kt qu Geometry Cabri cho bit to giao im l (2; 0), hon ton trng vi kt qu

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1 x2 = 0 x = 1 <=> x = 1 1 x = 0 y = x3 + 1 x3 + 1 y = 0

- Phng trnh th nht ca h c 2 nghim l x1 = 1, x2 =-1 thay vo ta c to 2 im c nh l (1; 2) v (-1; 0) Trc khi ch ra sai lm ca li gii l ch: phng trnh th 2 ca h ch c mt nghim x=1 do nghim chung ca hai phng trnh u l x=1 nn khi thay x=1 vo phng trnh th 3 ca h ta c y=2, GV t chc cho HS s dng Geometry Cabri nh sau: HS ln lt v 3 th tng ng vi cc gi tr khc nhau ca m. y1= x3 +1 tng ng vi gi tr m = 0; y2 = x3 - 2x2 -3x tng ng vi gi tr m = 1; - Chn chc nng Oxy. - Chn chc nng Expression (nhp biu thc), sau ln lt bm 3 vo mn hnh lm vic, khi xut hin hp ch nht ta nhp biu thc ca hm s.
Hnh 3.34

Show Axes: cho hin h trc to

- Chn chc nng Apply an Expression (xc lp th ca mt hm s) ri ln lt bm ch biu thc hm s, sau

bm vo trc ton , ta c hnh nh th ca hm s (hnh 3.34). Tng hnh nh trc quan, HS "cm thy" kt qu c 2 im c nh "hnh nh" l chnh xc, tuy nhin c th tnh ton "nhm". GV tip tc cho HS dng thm th ca hm s th 3: y3 = x3 -2x2 - 3x+6 tng ng vi gi tr m= -1. Hnh nh thu c (hnh 3.35) cho thy: thi cho ch c mt im c nh l: (1; 2). V d 3.13: Xt bi tp: "Chng t rng th hm s
Hnh 3.35

y=

(m + 1) x + m + 2 lun lun i qua hai im c x+m+2

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nh bt chp m (ngoi tr mt vi gi tr ca m m ta s tm ra)" Sau khi HS gii quyt xong bi ton, ch ra hai im c nh vi mi gi tr ca m ngoi tr 2 gi tr ca m = -2, m=2, ta c th s dng phn mm Cabri Geometry minh ho kt qu nh sau. Bc 1: Dng th ca hm s vi mt gi tr m tu - Chn chc nng - Chn chc nng mn hnh. - Chn cng c Calculate: tnh gi tr ca hm s trong x l honh im X, m Point on Object: X (x; 0), M(m; 0) bt k trn trc Ox Equation and Coordinates: cho hin to ca hai im X, M ra

l honh ca im M. - Chn chc nng Measurement

Transfer: ln lt bm chn gi tr va tnh c sau ch vo trc tung Oy. Ta xc nh c im Y thuc Oy. - Chn cng c Perpendicular Line:

ln lt dng cc ng vung gc vi trc Ox ti im X, vung gc vi Oy ti

Hnh 3.36

im Y. - Chn chc nng Intersection

Points: xc giao im N ca hai ng thng vung gc va dng. N s l im c to (x, f(x)). - Chn chc nng Locus: ln lt ch vo im N v im X Cabri

Geometry a ra th ca hm s. Bc 2: Minh ho hnh nh ca im c nh - Chn chc nng Trace On/Off : gn thuc tnh li vt cho ng cong

- Cho im M thay i khi vt li ca h ng cong tng ng vi cc gi tr ca m s cho ta hnh nh th ca hm s y=f(x) (hnh 3.36). Hnh nh cho thy r rng th ca hm s cho lun i qua hai im c nh (0; 1) v (-4; -3). V d 3.14: Chng minh rng m, parabol (Pm): y=x2 +(2m+1)x+m2-1 lun tip xc vi mt ng thng c nh.

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ng thng cn tm c phng trnh y=x+1. GV c th khai thc Geometry Cabri minh ho kt qu bi tp trn nh sau: - Chn chc nng - Chn chc nng - Chn chc nng mn hnh. - Chn cng c Calculate: tnh gi tr ca hm s trong x l honh im X, m Show Axes: cho hin h trc to Oxy. Point on Object: X (x; 0), M(m; 0) bt k trn trc Ox Equation and Coordinates: cho hin to ca hai im X, M ra

l honh ca im M. - Chn chc nng Measurement Transfer: ln lt bm chn gi tr va tnh c sau

ch vo trc tung Oy. Ta xc nh c im Y thuc Oy. - Chn cng c Perpendicular Line: ln lt dng cc ng vung gc vi trc Ox

ti im X, vung gc vi Oy ti im Y. - Chn chc nng Intersection Points: xc giao im N ca hai ng thng vung

gc va dng. N s l im c to (x, f(x)). - Chn chc nng ra th ca hm s. Trace On/Off ri bm vo thi xc nh thuc tnh li vt cho th. - Tr v ch con tr ( Pointer) sau Locus: ln lt ch vo im N v im X Cabri Geometry a

bm, gi di chuyn im m trn trc honh. Kt qu trc quan cho ta thy r (Pm) lun tip xc vi ng thng y=x1 (hnh 3.37) V d 3.15: ng thng (D) qua gc to O ct parabol (P): y=x2 - 4x+3 ti 2 im phn bit A v B. Tm qu tch trung im I ca on AB.
Hnh 3.37

GV c th minh ho kt qu cho HS nh

sau: - Chn chc nng Show Axes: cho hin h trc to Oxy.

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- Chn chc nng Expression (nhp biu thc), khi xut hin hp ch nht ta nhp biu thc ca hm s x2 - 4x+3 - Chn chc nng Apply an Expression (xc lp th ca mt hm s) ri ln lt bm ch biu thc hm s, sau bm vo trc to , ta c hnh nh th ca hm s. - Chn chc nng - Chn chc nng Line dng mt ng thng bt k i qua gc to Intersection Points: Xc nh giao ca (P) v (D). t tn cho 2 giao im l A, B. - Chn cng c Midpoint:

Xc nh trung im I ca A, B. - Chn cng c Trace

On/Off: li vt cho im I - Cho ng thng (D) thay i v tr, ta thu c hnh nh trc
Hnh 3.38

quan ca qu tch im I (hnh 3.38).

3.4.3. Minh ho phng php tm cc tr ca biu thc P(x; y) = ax + by trn mt min a gic li Tng t nh phn mm Sketchpad, phn mm Cabri Geometry c s dng rt rng ri trong dy hc hnh hc phng. Vi Cabri Geometry ta d dng to ra cc i tng hnh hc v nghin cu chng trong cc trng thi ng. Vi Cabri Geometry, ta c mt cng c tt h tr dy hc mt s ni dung trong chng trnh i s 10, v d: Hm s, hm s y = ax+b, hm s bc hai, gii nghim ca h bt phng trnh bc nht hai n... V d 3.16: Ngi ta d nh dng hai loi nguyn liu chit xut t nht 140 kg cht A v 9 kg cht B. T mi tn nguyn liu loi I gi 4 triu ng, c th chit xut c 20 kg cht A v 0,6 kg cht B. T mi tn nguyn liu loi II gi 3 triu ng, c th chit xut c 10 kg cht A v 1,5 kg cht B. Hi phi dng bao nhiu tn nguyn liu mi loi chi ph mua nguyn liu l t nht, bit rng c s cung cp nguyn liu ch c th cung cp khng qu 10 tn nguyn liu loi I v khng qu 9 tn nguyn liu loi II

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Trc tin GV phn tch a bi ton cho tr thnh: Tm cc s x v y tho mn h bt phng trnh:

0 x 10 0 y9 (*) 2 x + y 14 sao 2 x + 5 y 30 cho T(x;

y) = 4x + 3y c gi tr nh nht. Tip theo ta s dng Cabri Geometry nh sau: Hot ng 1. S dng Cabri
Hnh 3.40

Geometry xc nh min nghim.

- Chn chc nng

Expression nhp biu thc xc nh cc ng thng tng

ng vi cc bt phng trnh ca h (*) - Chn chc nng Evaluate an Expression ri nhp chut vo biu thc va nhp

v sau nhp chut vo h trc to , ta nhn c cc ng thng. - Chn chc nng Intersection Points xc nh giao ca cc ng thng, ta Tu vo du ca cc bt phng trnh bc nht hai n, HS xc nh min nghim ca tng bt phng trnh ca h. Kt qu min nghim ca h bt phng trnh l t gic ABCD. Chn chc nng Polygon

t tn cho cc giao im ln lt l A, B, C, D.

xc nh a gic ABCD. a gic ABCD (k c bin) chnh l min nghim ca h iu kin rng buc (I) (hnh3. 40 ) Hot ng 2: S dng Cabri Geometry v ng thng T(x,y) - Chn

Hnh 3.41

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chc nng

Numerical Edit nhp mt s thc c bt k

- V ng thng T(x; y) c phng trnh 4x+3y = c. Hot ng 3: Cho ng thng T(x; y) HS d on gi tr nh nht ca T(x; y) - Cho gi tr c thay i, ng T(x; y) s thay i theo. Trc quan cho thy khi gi tr ca c tng, ng thng T(x; y) di chuyn song song i t pha di gc phn t th ba ln trn gc phn t th nht. Vn t ra l trong s nhng ng thng T(x; y) giao vi a gic ABCD, cn xc nh nhng ng thng sao cho ti gi tr ca T(x; y) l nh nht. Cn c vo chiu di chuyn ca ng thng T(x;y) v gi tr tng ng ca T(x; y) HS s d on c nghim ca bi ton: gi tr T(x; y) s t gi tr nh nht khi ng thng ng mc i qua im A v gi tr nh nht cn tm l T(x; y)=32. - Chn chc nng Equation and Coordinates cho hin to cc giao im, kt

qu im A c to (5; 4). Th to im A vo biu thc ca T(x; y), HS cng thu c kt qu T(x; y) = 32 (hnh 3.41 ). Nh vy, nh tnh ng v trc quan ca Cabri Geometry, ta c iu kin t chc cc hot ng cho HS tip cn vi mt vn kh trong chng trnh i s 10 mt cch sinh ng. Hn na s dng Cabri Geometry cn cho php HS i n nhn xt rt th v l: Qua cc v d c trnh by trong sch gio khoa v sch bi tp th T(x; y) t gi tr nh nht (hay ln nht) ti mt nh no ca a gic tng ng vi min nghim h bt phng trnh l iu kin rng buc ban u ca bi ton. 3.4.4. S dng Cabri Geometry minh ho kt qu gii bi tp V d 3.17. Cho hm s y=x2 + x -2 c th l parabol (P), hm s y = 3x+k c th l ng thng (d). a) Hy bin lun s nghim ca phng trnh x2 + x 2 = 3x + k, t suy ra s im chung ca parabol (P) v ng thng (d). b) Vi gi tr no ca k th ng thng (d) ct parabol (p) ti hai im nm hai pha khc nhau ca trc honh? c) Vi gi tr no ca k th ng thng (d) ct parabol (P) ti hai im phn bit v cng mt pha ca trc honh. Khi hai im y pha no ca trc honh? Sau khi HS hon thnh vic gii bi tp trn, ta c th s dng Cabri Geometry minh ho kt qu gii bi tp nh sau:

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Bc 1: - V th ca hm s y= x2 + x 2 (P). - Ly mt s thc bt k ko v v th ca hm s y = 3x+ko Bc 2: Cho gi tr ko thay i, HS s c quan st mt cch trc quan kt qu li gii ca mnh qua cc trng hp c th trn mn hnh. Ta cng c th cho hin to cc giao im ca (P) Hnh 3.42 hp c th (hnh 3.42). V d 3.18. S dng PMHH trong dy bi phng trnh elip Trong gi dy bi phng trnh elip, ta c th s dng phn mm Cabri Geometry trong cc tnh hung sau: Hnh thnh hnh nh elip - Ly hai im F1, F2 c nh v mt on thng AB khng i c di bng Hnh 3.43 2a ln hn F1F2. Ly im C bt k thuc on thng AB. - Ln lt dng ng trn tm F1 c bn knh bng di ca on thng AC v ng trn tm F2 c bn knh bng di ca on thng CB. Gi giao ca hai ng trn va dng (nu c) l M. R rng ta thy MF1+MF2 =AC + CB = 2a. Cho thay i di MF1, MF2 bng cch thay i v tr im C trn on AB, HS nhn c hnh nh trc quan v tp hp cc im M, y chnh l hnh dng ca elip (hnh 3.43). Mt khc ti sao trong sch gio khoa (SGK) li a ra di ca si dy li phi lp hn 2F1F2 th nhiu HS cha bit l do. Khi s dng phn mm Cabri ta ch vic s dng chut cho thay i di on thng AB HS quan st hnh nh qu tch im M t mnh gii quyt vn ny. v (d) (nu c) ln mn hnh HS i chiu kt qu do Cabri Geometry a ra vi kt qu tm nghim ca mnh trong mt vi trng

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3.5. Phng php khai thc phn mm Cabri Geometry h tr dy hc ton 3.5.1 Phng n gio vin s dng Cabri Geometry cng on chun b, GV cn la chn mt s thng tin t bi son nh: hnh v, khi nim, tnh cht, cu hi,... thit k thnh cc mdul trong trang lm vic ca Cabri Geometry theo mt kch bn d tnh trc. Trong gi ln lp, bn cnh vic cung cp cho hc sinh (HS) nhng hnh v sinh ng, trc quan GV s khai thc Cabri Geometry to ra cc tnh hung c dng s phm. Vic s dng Cabri Geometry thng din ra theo cc bc sau: Bc 1: Tip cn vn : GV a ra hnh v ca Cabri Geometry dng tnh HS xc nh r nhng yu t ban u. Bc 2: Khm ph tri thc: Trc ht GV cho thay i mt vi yu t ca hnh v, HS quan st s thay i ca cc i tng v mi quan h gia chng a ra cc nhn xt, d on. Tip theo GV s dng cc chc nng kim tra ca Cabri Geometry kim th cc d on m HS a ra. T kt qu x l ca Cabri Geometry m HS loi b hoc tm cch chng minh. Bc 3: Minh ho kt qu. GV s dng Cabri Geometry minh ho cc kt qu mt cch sinh ng v c th a ra ng pht trin, m rng bi ton. V d 3.19: Tm hiu nh ca mt ng trn qua php tnh tin. Hot ng ca gio vin -V vc t u v ng trn (O, R). -Ly im M (O, R). -Xc nh M, O' l nh ca M, O - MM ' = u ; OO' = u ; MM = OO; OM=OM qua php tnh tin theo vc t u Kt lun: -t thuc tnh li vt cho im -nh ca (O,R) qua php tnh tin l (O, M v cho thay i v tr im M R). (hnh 3.44). -Vy php tnh tin bin ng trn thnh ng trn c cng bn knh.

Hot ng ca hc sinh Quan st v rt ra cc nhn xt:

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Hon ton tng t ta c th minh ho cc tnh cht ca cc php bin hnh khc mt cch sinh ng bi Cabri Geometry. V d 3.20: Cho hai im B, C c nh trn ng trn (O, R) v mt im A thay i
Hnh 3.44

trn ng trn . Chng minh rng trc tm

tam gic ABC nm trn mt ng trn c nh. Bc 1: Tip cn vn Hot ng ca gio vin - V hnh Hot ng ca hc sinh -Xc nh yu t c nh: ng trn (O, R), Hai im B, C -Xc nh yu t thay i: Hai im A, H. Bc 2: Khm ph tri thc Hot ng ca gio vin -Cho im C thay i v tr. ca BC. -Cho im A thay i v tr. ca tam gic ABC. -Dng im B, ni B vi cc im A, C. c bit ca hnh v. -Cho im A thay i v tr. ? Hy quan st v cho bit mi Nhn nh: quan h gia AH , B' C -Khi A thay i lun c AH = B' C Pht hin: -AH = BC, AHCB l hnh bnh hnh ? Hy quan st v ch ra cc yu t -BB l ng knh ca (O, R). Hot ng ca hc sinh Pht hin trng hp khi tam gic ABC tm H ca tam gic ABC chnh l A. Vy H nm trn ng trn (O, R) c nh. Pht hin tam gic ABC vung ti C. Khi c th ch ra trng hp tam gic ABC vung ti B). ? Hy pht hin cc v tr c bit v tr im A chnh l im B (HS cng

? Hy pht hin cc v tr c bit vung ti A th BC l ng knh nn trc

? Hy ch ra php tnh tin bin -V B' C c nh v khi A thay i lun c im A thnh im H. AH = B ' C nn php tnh tin theo vc t

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B ' C bin im A thnh im H.

Kt lun: trc tm H lun nm trn ng trn c nh l nh ca ng trn (O, R) qua php tnh tin theo vc t B' C .

Hnh 3.45

Bc 3: Minh ho kt qu Hot ng ca gio vin - li vt cho H. -Cho im A chuyn ng. Hon ton tng t, GV c th s dng Cabri Geometry gip HS s dng php i xng trc hay php i xng tm gii quyt bi tp ny. 3. 5.2. Phng n hc sinh s dng Cabri Geometry Phn mm Cabri Geometry cho php to dng mt mi trng lm vic c tnh thn thin cao. HS tng tc vi Cabri Geometry khm ph, d on ri li hi li Cabri Geometry kim tra, cng c hay bc b d on ca mnh theo quy trnh sau: V hnh Quan st, o c, cho thay i hnh v D on Hot ng ca hc sinh Quan st qu tch im H (hnh 3.45).

S
Kim tra d on

Tm cch chng minh

V d 3.21: Nghin cu tnh cht ca php v t.

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Bc 1: Tip cn vn -S dng chc nng Point xc nh im O v cc im M, N, P -S dng chc nng Numerical Edit xc nh t s k. -S dng chc nng Dilation xc nh
Hnh 3.46

nh ca cc im M, N, P qua php v t tm O t s k.

Bc 2: Khm ph tnh cht php v t (hnh 3.46). Tng tc vi hnh v - So snh M ' N ' v MN ? - So snh di MN vi MN? - Cho t s k > 1 - Cho t s k < 1 - Cho t s k = 1 - Cho t s k = -1 ... - M ' N ' = k MN - MN =|k|MN - M v M cng pha vi im O - M v M hai pha so vi im O - M v M trng nhau - M v M i xng nhau qua im O ... Hon ton tng t , qua qu trnh tng tc vi Cabri Geometry HS s khm ph c cc tnh cht khc ca php v t nh bin gc thnh gc bng n, bin tam gic thnh tam gic ng dng vi t s ng dng l |k|... V d 3.22: Cho ng trn (O) c ng knh AB. Gi C l im i xng vi A qua B v PQ l ng knh thay i ca (O) khc ng knh AB. ng thng CQ ct PA v PB ln lt ti M, N[1]. a). Chng minh rng Q l trung im ca CM, N l trung im ca CQ. Cho PQ thay i v tr, sau mt vi trng hp, HS nhn thy hnh nh BQ//PM! S dng Cabri Geometry kim tra, kt qu HS nhn c thng bo:khi PQ thay i th
Hnh 3.47

Kt qu

BQ lun lun song song vi BM (hnh 3.47). V B l trung

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im ca AC nn BQ l ng trung bnh ca tam gic CAM hay Q l trung im ca CM. n y HS i chng minh BQ l ng trung bnh ca tam gic CAM. Hon ton tng t, HS s tm cch chng minh BN l ng trung bnh ca tam gic CAQ nn N l trung im ca CQ. b). Tm qu tch cc im M, N khi ng knh PQ thay i. Xut pht t vic chng minh c Q l trung im ca CM nn khi ng knh PQ thay i, ta lun c: CM = 2CQ . Nh vy php v t V tm C, t s k=2 bin im Q thnh im M. Suy ra khi ng knh PQ thay i, Q chy trn ng trn (O) th qu tch M l nh ca ng trn (O) qua php v t V, tc l ng trn (O) m
CO ' = 2CO .

S dng Cabri Geometry cho PQ thay i v quan st vt ca im M, ta nhn c hnh nh qu tch M. Vic tm qu tch im N hon ton tng t. V d 3.23: Tam gic ABC c hai nh B, C c nh cn nh A chy trn mt ng trn (O, R) c nh khng c im chung vi ng thng BC. Tm qu tch trng tm G ca tam gic ABC. Sau khi HS pht hin c php v t tm I, t s
k= 1 bin im A thnh im G. V A chy trn 3

ng trn (O, R) nn qu tch G l nh ca ng trn (O, R) qua php v t ni trn. GV t vn : Trong trng hp ng trn (O, R) c im chung vi ng thng BC th qu tch im G nh th no?
Hnh 3.48

Nu s dng phng php truyn thng HS cn

phi v rt nhiu trng hp mi c th a ra d on ca mnh (v i khi thi gian khng cho php). Nu ta s dng Cabri Geometry th cng vic tr nn n gin. HS ch vic thay i v tr ca ng thng BC v cho im A di chuyn trn ng trn (O, R) pht hin ra trng hp suy bin: Ba im A, B, C thng hng, im A trng vi B hoc C

HS cng c th s dng thm cc chc nng o c, kim tra ca Cabri Geometry i n xc nh qu tch im G (hnh 3.48).

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V d 3.24: Cho tam gic ABC ni tip ng trn (O). D l mt im chuyn ng trn cung BC khng cha nh A. Ni A vi D. H CH vung gc vi AD. Minh ho qu tch ca im H. S dng Cabri ta v hnh, sau cho im D di chuyn, ta pht hin c t nht c 3 im c nh thuc qu tch: - im E (chn ng cao h t nh C n cnh AB tng ng vi trng hp khi D chy n trng vi B). - im C (tng ng vi trng hp D trng vi C). - im F (chn ng cao h t nh A n cnh BC, ng vi trng hp AD trng vi ng cao h t A n BC). Nh vy, ta d on qu tch l cung cha gc. Dng chc nng li vt s c hnh nh qu tch im H. V d 3.25: Cho hnh thoi ABCD c cnh AB c nh. Minh ho qu tch giao im O ca hai ng cho ca hnh thoi . Bc 1: S dng chut cho hnh thoi ABCD thay i. - Hnh thoi ABCD tr thnh hnh vung ABC1D1 => Xc nh im O1 thuc qu tch. - Hnh thoi ABCD tr thnh hnh vung ABC2D2 => Xc nh im O2 thuc qu tch. - Hnh thoi ABCD c im C tin trng vi im B => im O trng vi im B. Nh vy, bng trc quan cng nh bng kim tra ta thy r 3 im khng thng hng, vy qu tch c kh nng l mt ng trn i qua B. V vai tr im A v B nh nhau nn khi cho im D tin trng vi im A, ta pht hin c im A cng thuc qu tch. Ta d on qu tch im O l ng trn nhn AB l ng knh. Bc 2: V mt trng hp bt k, ta kim tra im O c thuc ng trn nhn AB l ng knh hay khng. Kt qu cho thy im ny nm trn i tng.

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V d 3.26: Trong mt ng trn (O), AB l mt ng knh c nh, M l mt im chy trn ng trn. Ni MA, MB v trn tia i ca tia MA ta ly im I sao cho MI = 2MB. Tm tp hp cc im I ni trn. Vi Cabri ta cho v tr im M thay i, qua ba v tr c th ta c ngay d on: qu tch im I khng th l thng, nh vy c kh nng qu tch im I l mt cung cha gc. T y gi cho ta i tm yu t gc khng i. iu c bit bi ny l: Nu s dng tnh lun t ng dng ca tam gic MBI th ch dng vic a ra kt lun gc AIB khng i. Vy qu tch l cung cha gc dng trn on thng AB. Tuy nhin, vi Cabri ta c c kt lun tng i th v. Qu tch im I l na ng trn ng knh BIo. Trong Io nm trn tip tuyn vi ng trn ti im A sao cho AIo = 2AB. Ta m rng bi ton theo hai hng sau: + AB khng phi l ng knh m ch l mt dy cung ca (O). + MI = k.MB (vi k l s thc dng cho trc). Kt qu cng rt th v. Qu tch l mt phn ca cung cha gc i qua A, B.

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Chng 4 S DNG PHN MM MAPLE TRONG DY HC TON

4.1. Tng quan chung v phn mm Maple Phn mm Maple l kt qu ca nhm cc nh khoa hc trng i hc Waterloo - Canada v l mt trong nhng b phn mm ton hc c s dng rng ri nht hin nay. MAPLE l phn mm c mt mi trng tnh ton kh phong ph, h tr hu ht cc lnh vc ca ton hc nh: Gii tch s, th, i s hnh thc... do ta d dng tnh c cc gi tr gn ng, rt gn biu thc, gii phng trnh, bt phng trnh, h phng trnh, tnh gii hn, o hm, tch phn ca hm s, v th, tnh din tch, th tch, bin i ma trn, khai trin cc chui, tnh ton thng k, x l s liu, s phc, phng trnh vi phn, phng trnh o hm ring... v lp trnh gii cc bi ton vi cu trc chng trnh n gin. Ngoi ra, vi phn mm ny ta d dng bin son cc sch gio khoa in t vi chc nng Hyperlink to cc siu vn bn rt n gin m khng cn n s h tr ca bt k mt phn mm no khc (chng hn PageText, Word, FrontPage...). Vi cc chc nng trn, MAPLE l cng c c lc h tr cho nhng ngi lm ton. Khi ng Maple: Nu Maple c ci t ng quy trnh, lm vic vi MAPLE ta chn: ->Start -> Programs -> Maple9 -> Classic Worksheet Maple 9 hoc bm chut vo biu tng ca Maple 9 trn mn hnh:

Giao din ca ca s lm vic ca Maple

Giao din lm vic ca Maple gm cc thnh phn c bn nh sau:

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H thng Menu lnh

Thanh cng c

Lnh ca Maple

Kt qu thc hin lnh ca Maple

Cc thnh phn chnh ca ca s lm vic ca Maple: -Tittle Bar (Thanh tiu ): Dng cha tn chng trnh v tp ang m. - Menu Bar (Thc n ngang): Dng cha cc chc nng, ng vi mi chc nng l mt thc n dc tng ng. -Tool Bar (Thanh cng c): Cha mt s biu tng (Icon) th hin mt s lnh thng dng ngi s dng thao tc nhanh.

Ngoi ra trong ch vn bn Maple cn c thanh cng c Formatting Bar dng nh dng vn bn.

Qun l thng tin vi Maple Vi Maple, cc thao tc c bn nh: lu tr tp, m mt tp c, m mt tp mi,... hon ton tng t nh cc phn mm quen thuc trong mi trng Windows nh Winword, Excell,... nh dng cc i tng trong Maple

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nh dng cc i tng trong Maple, nh thay i kiu ch ca cc dng lnh, cc dng thng bo kt qu, l... ta tin hnh nh sau: Bc 1: La chn i tng. Bc 2: -> Format -> Paragraph. Khi xut hin bng chn cc tham s. thay i cc thng s ngm nh, ta chn: -> Format-> Styles. Xut hin bng ta khai bo cc thng s cn xc nh. Cc i tng c bn tch hp trong mt Maple Trang cng tc (Worksheet) l mi trng m ngi s dng c th tnh ton, thc hnh trn - cn c gi l trang cng tc. Khi ngi s dng lu tr cc kt qu ln a t, mi Worksheet c ghi thnh mt File vi phn m rng ngm nh l mws. Mt Worksheet ca Maple thng c nhng thnh phn sau: -Cm x l (Execution group) bao gm cc i tng c bn ca Maple nh: lnh, kt qu tnh ton ca Maple, th,... tp tin ca

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to mt cm x l mi, ta kch chut vo biu tng [> trn thanh cng c hoc chn: -> Insert -> Execution Group -> After cursor. -on (Paragraph): Khi nim Paragraph vi Maple c hiu nh khi nim Paragraph ca phn mm son tho vn bn Winword. to mt Paragraph mi, ta chn: Insert-> Paagraph -> After cursor. -Mc (Section): Mc c th coi nh l cc modul thnh phn cu thnh nn trang cng tc. Mt trang c th gm nhiu mc, mi mc c th cha nhng on v nhng mc con. Biu tng ca mc l du [+], nu ta nhy chut vo biu tng ny th ni dung ca mc c tri ra v biu tng ca mc s bin thnh [-], nu ta nhy chut vo biu tng [-] ny th ni dung ca mc s thu li. to mc mi, ta chn: -> Insert-> Section. -Siu lin kt (Hyperlink): Khi nim siu lin kt tr nn rt quen thuc vi chng ta trong thi i bng n ca Internet. Mt siu lin kt l i tng m nu ta kch hot vo th s dn ta n mt on, mt mc hay mt Worksheet no khc. to siu lin kt ta chn i tng mang siu lin kt sau chn: -> Format -> Convert to -> Hyperlink. Ti mc: Link Target c cc s la chn: -URL: Lin kt n mt a ch websize no . -Worksheet: Lin kt n mt tp no ca Maple. -Help Topic: Chuyn n mt ch trong ni dung Help ca Maple. -Bookmark: Chuyn n mt bookmark no c nh ngha trc . C th nhn Browse tm kim a ch ch ca mi lin kt. Khai bo xong nhn OK hon tt. - Vn bn (Text): l i tng c s dng rt nhiu trong Maple vi mc ch cung cp thng tin di dng vn bn. to on vn bn mi, ta kch chut vo biu tng ch [T] trn thanh Tool Bar hoc c th chn: -> Insert -> Text.

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Lnh v Kt qu ca Maple (Maple Input and Output). Lnh ca Maple (Maple Input) l nhng t ta ting Anh c s dng theo mt ngha nht nh v phi tun theo c php ca Maple. Lnh c nhp sau du nhc lnh "[>" v kt thc bi du : hoc ; , v d gii phng trnh 5x2 + 3x- 2 = 0, ta g lnh [> solve(5*x^2 + 3*x- 2,{x}); . Mi cu lnh ca Maple nu kt thc lnh bng du (;) kt qu s hin th ngay ra mn hnh, nu kt thc lnh bng du (:) th Maple vn tin hnh tnh ton bnh thng nhng kt qu khng hin th ra mn hnh. Lnh c thc hin khi con tr trong hoc cui dng lnh m ta nhn Enter (k hiu ). Lnh ca Maple c hai loi lnh tr v lnh trc tip: Lnh tr v lnh trc tip ch khc nhau ch ch ci u tin ca lnh tr vit in hoa. Lnh trc tip cho kt qu ngay, cn lnh tr ch cho ta biu thc tng trng. V d: Tnh
2 x + 4 3 64 x ( thi tuyn sinh HTN - Khi D - 1999) Lim x x > 0

Nu ta s dng lnh tr Limit: [> Limit((2*sqrt(x+4)-(64-x)^(1/3))/x,x=0); kt qu nh sau:

2 x + 4 ( 64 x ) lim x x 0
( 1/3 )

Nu ta s dng lnh trc tip: [> limit((2*sqrt(x+4)-(64-x)^(1/3))/x,x=0); kt qu nh sau:

( 1/3 ) 1 1 + 64 2 192

Tuy nhin kt qu trn cha gn, ta c th s dng lnh sau: [> simplify(limit((2*sqrt(x+4)-(64-x)^(1/3))/x,x=0)); kt qu nh sau:
25 48

nh vy kt qu 2 + 192 64

( 1/3 )

sau khi rt gn l

25 . 48

Kt qu tnh ton (Maple Output) s c a ra mn hnh, thng l mu xanh c ban sau khi ta nhn phm enter thc hin cu lnh. Tuy nhin Maple cng c ch cho php thc hin nhm cc cu lnh (nh tp bat ca MS - DOS) ngi s dng thc hin mt nhm cc cu lnh nhm gii quyt mt

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/2

vn no , v d tnh tch phn I2n= 1996). Ta nhp vo 2 dng lnh sau:

sin
0

2n

xdx ( thi tuyn sinh HTN - khi A -

[> Int(sin(x)^(2*n),x=0..Pi/2); (nhn t hp Shift + Enter xung dng) T:=n->int(sin(x)^(2*n),x=0..Pi/2); mn hnh s hin kt qu nh sau:
0
1/2

sin( x )
1/2

(2 n )

dx

T := n 0

sin( x )

(2 n )

dx

tnh gi tr tch phn vi mt n c th ta ch vic g lnh [>T(n) , chng hn vi n = 0, I0 = I100=

, n=10, I10 =

46189 , vi n = 100, ta c: 524288

11318564332012910145675522134685520484313073709426667105165 401734511064747568885490523085290650630550748445698208825344
/2

v cn tnh I2009

sin
0

2009

xdx , ta ch g [>T(2009) .

- th (Graph): Maple cho php v v hin th th trong trang cng tc, tnh nng ny c gi l "Kh nng ho trc tip". V d: v th hm s y=
1 3 2 x mx 2 x + m + vi m = 0 ( thi tuyn sinh vo 3 3

HTN - nm hc 1999 - 2000, khi A, B). Ta s dng lnh plot nh sau [> plot(x^3/3-x+2/3,x=-3..2); . Kt qu ta c th nh sau:

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4.2. S dng cc lnh n gin ca Maple Maple cung cp mt h thng cc hm hu nh ph khp cc lnh vc ca ton hc, bn c cn tham kho nhng ti liu ca nhm tc gi Phm Huy in, inh Th Lc, T Duy Phng, y chng ti ch m t mt s cu lnh n gin thng s dng. -Lnh xo i tt c cc bin nh ca vic tnh ton trc v khi ng mt quy trnh tnh ton mi: [> restart; - xc nh gi tr cho mt bin, mt hng, mt hm hoc khai bo mt th tc, Maple s dng cu lnh gn := , v d:Xc nh bin n nhn gi tr bng 5: [> n := 5;

n := 5

[> z := (x^2 + 1)/(x - y); #Khai bo dng tng qut cu Z

z := x2 + 1 xy

-Lnh tm s nguyn t ng trc s nguyn a xc nh: prevprime(a); V d, vi a = 100, ta g lnh: [> prevprime(100); - Lnh tm s nguyn t ng sau s nguyn a: nextprime(a); V d a = 100 , ta g lnh: [> nextprime(100); -Lnh tm nghim nguyn ca phng trnh: isolve(f,{x,y...}); Trong f l biu thc ca phng trnh hoc h phng trnh, {x,y...} l danh sch cc n. V d, tm nghim nguyn ca bi ton c va g va ch b li cho trn 36 con 100 chn chn. Gi s g l x, s ch l y ta thc hin lnh: [> isolve({2*x+4*y=100,x+y=36},{x,y});
{ y = 14, x = 22 }

Kt qu cho ta p s ca bi ton l: s g l 22, s ch l 14. -Lnh tm thng v phn d: iquo(a,b); v irem(a,b); trong a, b l cc biu thc. V d vi a=23, b = 4, ta g lnh: [> Thuong = iquo(23,4);
Thuong = 5

[> Du = irem(23,4);
Du = 3

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-Lnh tnh tng v hn v tng hu hn cc s hng sum(f,n=a..b); trong f l biu thc ca s hng tng qut, a..b N l cn di, cn trn ca gii hn tnh tng, v d: [> F = Sum((1+n^2)/(1+n+n^3),n=1..10);
F=
n=1 10

1 + n2 1 + n + n3

[>F = sum((1+n^2)/(1+n+n^3),n=1..10);
F=

26427131228884246127 10434641980997032227

[>F = evalf(sum((1+n^2)/(1+n+n^3),n=1..10));
F = 2.532634208

-Lnh tnh tch hu hn v v hn cc s Product(f, n=a..b); trong f l biu thc ca s hng tng qut, a..b N l cn di, cn trn ca gii hn tnh tch, v d: [> F = Product((n^3+5*n+6)/(n^2+1),n=0..5);
F=
n=0 5

n3 + 5 n + 6 1 + n2

[>F = product((n^3+5*n+6)/(n^2+1),n=0..5);
F= 2239488 85

-Xc nh chnh xc ca cc php tnh s hc: evalf(f,n); trong f l biu thc, n l s cc ch s sau du phy, v d: [> evalf(Pi,30);
3.14159265358979323846264338328

-Tnh ton vi cc s phc c Maple thc hin theo quy tc thng thng, v d: [> (1+3*I)*(3+8*I);
-21 + 17 I

[> (1+3*I)/(3+8*I);
27 1 + I 73 73

-Chuyn s phc x v dng to cc: convert((x),polar), v d: [> convert((1+3*I)/(3+8*I),polar);

1 1 polar 73 730 , arctan 27

-Lnh khai trin biu thc i s: expand(f), v d: [> expand((2*x+y)^3);

8 x3 + 12 x2 y + 6 x y2 + y3

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-Lnh phn tch a thc thnh nhn t: factor(f), v d: [> factor(6*x^2+18*x-24);

6 (x + 4) (x 1)

-Lnh xc nh bc ca a thc: degree(f),v d: [> degree(x^12-x^10+x^15+1);

15

-Lnh vit a thc di dng bnh phng ca tng: completesquare() (lnh ny phi phi m gi cng c student), v d: [> with(student): completesquare(x^2 - 2*x*a + a^2 + y^2 -2*y*b + b^2 = 23, x);
( x a )2 + y2 2 y b + b2 = 23

-Lnh sp xp a thc theo bc: collect(f,x), trong f l biu thc, x l n chn xp theo th bc, v d: [> f := a^3*x-x+a^3+a;
f := a 3 x x + a 3 + a

[> collect(f,x);
( a3 1 ) x + a3 + a

[> collect(f,x,factor);
( a 1 ) ( a2 + a + 1 ) x + a ( a2 + 1 )

-Lnh n gin (rt gn) biu thc: simplify(), v d: [> e := cos(x)^5 + sin(x)^4 + 2*cos(x)^2 - 2*sin(x)^2 - cos(2*x): simplify(e);
cos( x )4 ( cos( x ) + 1 )

-Lnh ti gin phn thc: normal(), v d: [> normal( (x^2-y^2)/(x-y)^3 );

x+y ( x y )2

-Lnh kh cn thc mu s: readlib(). Trc khi thc hin lnh ny cn m th vin readlib(rationalize), v d:[> readlib(rationalize):2/(2-sqrt(2));
2 2 2

[> rationalize(%);
2+ 2

-Khai bo hm s: nh ngha hm s ta dng du gn (:=). V d: [> f:=x->2*x^3+x^2/3+x-1;

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1 f := x 2 x3 + x2 + x 1 3

Sau khi nh ngha hm s ta c th tnh gi tr ca hm s, v d tnh gi tr ca hm s ti x=0.12345: [> f(0.12345);

-0.8677073006

-Gii phng trnh solve(f,{d/s bin}) Bc 1: nh ngha phng trnh bi lnh gn := , v d : [> eq := x^4-5*x^2+6*x=2;
eq := x4 5 x2 + 6 x = 2

Bc 2: gii phng trnh bng lnh solve(); [> solve(eq,x);

1, 1, 3 1, 1 3

-Gii h phng trnh solve({d/s pt},{d/s n}). Bc 1: nh ngha cc phng trnh bng lnh gn :=, v d : [> Pt1:=x+y+z-3=0;
Pt1 := x + y + z 3 = 0

[>Pt2:=2*x-3*y+z=2;
Pt2 := 2 x 3 y + z = 2

[>Pt3:=x-y+5*z=5;
Pt3 := x y + 5 z = 5

Bc 2: gii phng trnh bng lnh solve. [> solve({Pt1,Pt2,Pt3},{x,y,z});

{z = 9 17 7 ,x= ,y= } 11 11 11

-Gii bt phng trnh solve() : Bc 1: nh ngha cc bt phng trnh bng lnh gn := [> Bpt:=sqrt(7*x+1)-sqrt(3*x-18)<=sqrt(2*x+7);
Bpt := 7 x + 1 3 x 18 2 x + 7

Bc 2: dng lnh solve(): [> solve(Bpt,{x});

{9 x}

Ta c th gii trc tip bt phng trnh trn nh sau :

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[> solve(sqrt(7*x+1)-sqrt(3*x-18)<=sqrt(2*x+7),{x});
{9 x}

-Gii h bt phng trnh vi lnh solve(), v d : Bc 1: nh ngha cc bt phng trnh: [> Bpt1:=x^3-11*x^2+10*x<0;
Bpt1 := x3 11 x2 + 10 x < 0

[> Bpt2:=x^3-12*x^2+32*x>0;
Bpt2 := 0 < x3 12 x2 + 32 x

Bc 2: dng lnh :[> solve({Bpt1,Bpt2},x);

{ 1 < x, x < 4 }, { 8 < x, x < 10 }

Hoc ta c th a trc tip bt phng trnh vo trong cu lnh nh sau: [> solve({x^3-11*x^2+10*x<0,x^3-12*x^2+32*x>0},x);
{ 1 < x, x < 4 }, { 8 < x, x < 10 }

V th trong khng gian hai chiu plot().

V d: v th hm s x4+2x3-x2+1
[> restart: with(plots): [> plot(x^4+2*x^3-x^2+1,x=-3..3,-4..12);

V d: v th hm s |x4+2x3-x2+1| [> plot(abs(x^4+2*x^3-x^2+1),x=-3..3,-4..12);

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V d : v th hm s y= x4+2x3-x2+1v y=2x3-2*x+2 trn cng h trc to : [> plot([x^4+2*x^3-x^2+1,2*x^3-2*x+2],x=-3..3,-4..12);

V th hm n vi lnh implicitplot(). V d: v elip c phng trnh x2/9 + y2/4 = 1. [> implicitplot(x^2/9+y^2/4=1,x=-4..4,y=-2..2);

V th hm xc nh tng khc: Trc ht cn, khai bo hm tng khc vi cu lnh: piecewise() , [> piecewise(x*x>4 and x<8,x^3-2*x,x-4);
{ x3 2 x x4 x2 < -4 and x < 8 otherwise

sau dng lnh v th: [> plot(piecewise(x*x>4 and x<8,x^3-2*x,x-4),x=-3..3);

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V th hm sin, cos theo tham s t [> plot([sin(t),cos(t)],t=-Pi..Pi);

V th trong khng gian ba chiu Trc tin ta khi ng chng trnh v np th vin : [> restart: with(plots): with(plottools): Tip theo v mt hai chiu trong khng gian ba chiu bng lnh plot3d() [> f:=x*exp(-x^2-y^2); [> plot3d(sin(x+y), x=-1..1, y=-1..1);

[> c1:= [cos(x)-2*cos(0.4*y), sin(x)-2*sin(0.4*y), y]: c2:= [cos(x)+2*cos(0.4*y), sin(x)+2*sin(0.4*y), y]: c3:= [cos(x)+2*sin(0.4*y), sin(x)-2*cos(0.4*y), y]: c4:= [cos(x)-2*sin(0.4*y), sin(x)+2*cos(0.4*y), y]: plot3d({c1, c2, c3, c4}, x=0..2*Pi, y=0..10, grid=[25,15], style=patch, color=sin(x)); V th phc thuc tham s (ng)

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Maple c chc nng h tr s vn ng (animation) ca th hai chiu v th ba chiu vi c php [>animate (cho th hai chiu), v c php [>animate3d (cho th ba chiu). V d: V th hm y=tsin(xt). [> animate(t*sin(x*t),x=-Pi..Pi,t=-2..2);

Mun cho th chuyn ng th ti khung th ta nhn chut phi sau chn -> Animation -> Play

Mun cho th chuyn ng lin tc khng ngng trn thanh cng c: nhp chut vo nt th th s chuyn ng lin tc, nt Tng t nh vy ta c th cho th ba chiu vn ng. [> animate3d(cos(t*x)*sin(t*y),x=-Pi..Pi,y=-Pi..Pi,t=1..2); dng s vn ng.

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Khai bo hm bng ton t -> khai bo mt hm (f) c xc nh bi biu thc (bt(x)), trong Maple s dng ton t -> vi c php nh sau: [> tn hm := x-> biu thc xc nh hm f (i s).V d [> f:=x-> x^3+2*x-5*x+4;
f := x x3 3 x + 4

Sau khi khai bo hm, tnh gi tr ca hm ti mt gi tr no , ta ch vic thay gi tr c th vo li gi hm [> f(value);, v d: [> f(3);
22

Khai bo hm t to bng proc()..... end Gia proc(d/s tham s)... end: l cc cu lnh ca hm. v d: [> Max:=proc(a,b,c) if a < b then if b < c then c else b fi; elif a < c then c else a fi; end: Sau nu gi hm Max vi cc s c th s c kt qu v d: [> Max(23,5,87); Cc cu trc c bn c s dng trong lp trnh ca Maple - Cu trc lp iu kin trc While <iu kin> Do < danh sch cc cu lnh> od; Vng lp While s thc hin lp i lp li cc cu lnh gia do v od nu iu kin sau t kho While cn ng. Nu mun thot sm khi vng lp cn phi s dng cc lnh Return, Break, Quit.

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V d: thut ton clit tm c s chung ln nht ca hai s t nhin: [> restart; [> a:=126:b:=34: # khai bao hai so tu nhien a=126, b=34 [> while b <> 0 do d:=irem(a,b); a:=b; b:=d; od; print(` USCLN cua hai so la:`); value(a); V d: vit ra mn hnh n s hng u ca dy Fibonacci [>restart; f(0):=1; f(1):=1; n:=2; while n <= 20 do f(n):=f(n-1)+f(n-2); n:=n+1; od; seq(f(i),i=3..2); - Cu trc lp bit trc s ln For <bin> from <cn u> by <bc thay i> to <cn cui> Do <d/s cc cu lnh>; od; Hoc For < tn bin> in <danh sch gi tr> Do <d/s cc lnh>; od; V d: tnh tng bnh phng cc s chn trong mng: [> restart; mang:=[2,5,7,8,9,23,45,67,89,24,36,42]; tong:=0; for i in mang do if irem(i,2)=0 then tong:=tong+i^2; fi; od; print(` tong can tim la:`,tong); Khi thc hin ta c kt qu:
mang := [ 2, 5, 7, 8, 9, 23, 45, 67, 89, 24, 36, 42 ] tong := 0 tong can tim la:, 3704

- Cu trc r nhnh

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if <iu kin 1> then < d/s cc cu lnh 1>; elif < iu kin 2> then < d/s cc cu lnh 2>; else < d/s cc cu lnh 3>; fi; V d gii phng trnh bc 2, trc tin ta khai bo mt proc() : [> ptb2:=proc(a,b,c) local delta,x1,x2; delta:=b*b-4*a*c; if delta < 0 then print(` phuong trinh da cho vo nghiem`); elif delta=0 then x1:=-b/(2*a); print(` phuong trinh co nghiem kep:x1=`,x1); else x1:=(-b-sqrt(delta))/(2*a); x2:=(-b+sqrt(delta))/(2*a); print(` phuong trinh da cho co 2 nghiem phan biet :`); print(x1); print(x2); fi; end; gii phng trnh bc hai, ta ch cn gi tn proc() vi cc h s thc s, v d: [> ptb2(1,2,1);
phuong trinh co nghiem kep:x1=, -1

[> ptb2(1,2,-1);
phuong trinh da cho co 2 nghiem phan biet : 1 2 1 + 2

[> ptb2(1,2,3);
phuong trinh da cho vo nghiem

tm hiu v lp trnh vi Maple, bn c s tm thy nhng hng dn chi tit, chuyn su trong cc ti liu [1],[2],[3],[4] 4.3. S dng cc cu lnh ca Maple h tr dy hc kho st hm s 4.3.1. Nhng cu lnh ca Male h tr dy hc kho st hm s Ta c th s dng cc hm ca Maple khi kho st hm s, chng hn nh: xc nh min gi tr, khong n iu, min li, cc tr v im un, v th,... Xc nh min xc nh ca hm s f(x):

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xc nh min gi tr ca cc hm phn thc c trnh by trong sch gio khoa gii tch lp 12, trc tin ta dng lnh denom() tch ly mu s. Min xc nh ca hm s chnh l tp cc gi tr lm cho mu s c ngha. V d tm min xc nh ca hm s:
Y=

x2 + x + 1 2x+2

Ta dng nhm cc lnh sau: [> restart; Y:=(x^2+x+1)/(2*x+2); Y:=simplify(Y): print(`Tap xac dinh cua ham so la:`); a:=solve(denom(Y)=0,x): if(type(denom(Y),realcons)=true)or(coeff(denom(Y),x^2)<>0 and type(a[1],realcons) =falsse) then D=R;fi; if coeff(denom(Y),x^2)=0 and coeff(denom(Y),x)<>0 then D={x<>a};fi; Kt qu thc hin chng trnh:
Y := x2 + x + 1 2x+2

Tap xac dinh cua ham so la: D = { x -1 }

Tm khong n iu ca hm s:

Bc 1: Tm o hm ca hm s vi lnh: [> diff(f(x),x); Bc 2: Xc nh chiu bin thin: Xc nh khong ng bin ca hm s (tc l tm nhng khong m o hm ca hm s khng m), ta s dng lnh: [> dhbn := bieuthuc f'(x) >=0; Bc 3: Gii phng trnh bng lnh [> solve(dhbn,{x}); Xc nh khong nghch bin ca hm s, tng t nh trn, ta dng lnh: dhbn := bieuthuc f'(x) <=0; v gii phng trnh bng lnh: [> solve(dhbn,{x});
3 2 Th d: Tm khong n iu ca hm s: y = x 6 x + 4 x 8

[>

Bc 1: Tnh o hm: [> diff(x^3-6*x^2+4*x-8,x);

3 x2 12 x + 4

Bc 2: Thit lp bt phng trnh [> dhbn:=(3*x^2-12*x+4>=0);

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dhbn := 0 3 x 2 12 x + 4

Bc 3: Gii bt phng trnh: [> solve(dhbn,{x});

{x 2 2 2 6 }, { 2 + 6 x} 3 3

Tm min li, min lm ca hm s

Bc 1: Tnh o hm bc nht: [> dhb1:=diff(f(x),x); Bc 2: Tnh o hm bc hai: [> dhb2:=diff(dhb1,x); Bc 3: Gii bt phng trnh f"(x) 0 tm min li ca hm s, bng lnh: [> solve(dhb2>=0,x); V d xt hm s
y = x4 2 x2

Bc 1: Tm o hm bc nht: [> a:=diff(x^4-x^2,x);

a := 4 x3 2 x

Bc 2: Tm o hm bc 2 : [> b:=diff(a,x);
b := 12 x2 2

Bc 3: Gii phng trnh tm min dng ca o hm bc 2 (min li ca hm s) [> solve(b>=0,x);

1 1 RealRange , 6 , RealRange 6 6, 6

Tm cc i, cc tiu: xc nh cc i, cc tiu ca hm s ta xt o hm bc nht v tnh n iu

ca hm s hoc dng tnh li thng qua o hm bc hai, c th: Bc 1: Tm o hm ca hm s: [> diff(f(x), x); Bc 2: Gii phng trnh f'(x)=0 tm cc im nghi ng l cc tr. [> solve(f'(x)=0, x); Bc 3: Tm khong ng bin v nghch bin ca hm s: [> solve(f'(x)>=, x); Bc 4: Xt xem ti x0 : 1) Nu o hm i du t dng sang m th x0 l im cc i. 2) Nu o hm i du t m sang dng th x0 l im cc tiu. 3) Nu qua x0 o hm khng i du th x0 khng phi l im cc tr.
3 2 V d tm cc tr ca hm s y = x 6 x + 4 x 8

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Bc 1: [> a:=diff(x^3-6*x^2+4*x-8,x);
a := 3 x2 12 x + 4

Bc 2: [> b:=solve(a=0,{x});
b := { x = 2 + 2 2 6 }, { x = 2 6} 3 3

Bc 3: [> c:=solve(a>=0,{x});
c := { x 2 2 2 6 }, { 2 + 6 x} 3 3

Bc 4: [> c:=solve(a<=0,{x});
c := { 2 2 2 6 x, x 2 + 6} 3 3

Qua x1 = 2

2 6 2 6 o hm bc nht i du t dng sang m nn x1 = 2 3 3

im cc i, cn qua x2 = 2 +
x2 = 2 +

2 6 o hm bc nht i du t m sang dng nn 3

2 6 3 2 l im cc tiu ca hm s y = x 6 x + 4 x 8 . 3

Nu da vo o hm bc hai ta c th tin hnh cc bc sau: Bc 1: Tm o hm ca hm s: [> dhb1:=diff(f(x),x); Bc 2: Gii phng trnh f'(x)=0 tm cc im nghi ng l cc tr. [> solve(dhb1=0,x); Bc 3: Tm o hm bc hai: [> dhb2:=diff(dhb1,x); Th d Tm cc tr ca
y = x3 6 x2 + 4 x 8 .

Bc 1: [> a:=diff(x^3-6*x^2+4*x-8,x);
a := 3 x2 12 x + 4

Bc 2: Tm nhng im m o hm bc nht bng 0: [> solve(a=0,{x});

{x = 2 + 2 2 6 }, { x = 2 6} 3 3

Bc 3: Tm o hm bc hai: [> b:=diff(a,x);

b := 6 x 12

Bc 4: Tnh gi tr ca o hm bc hai ti nhng im m ti o hm bc nht bng khng: [> subs(x=2+2/3*sqrt(6),b);

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4 6

[> subs(x=2-2/3*sqrt(6),b);
4 6

Bc 5: Xt gi tr ca o hm bc hai v kt lun, chng hn v d ny, ta c: y"( 2 + (2

2 6 )= 4 6 >0 3

nn

x2 = 2 +

2 6 3

l im cc tiu, cn

y"

2 6 2 6 )= 4 6 < 0 nn x1 = 2 3 3

l im cc i ca hm s.

Tm im un: im un l im m ti o hm bc hai i du. xc nh im un ca

hm s, ta ln lt thc hin cc cu lnh sau: Bc 1: Tnh o hm bc nht: [> dhb1:=diff(f(x),x); Trong f( x ) l hm s m ta cn kho st Bc 2: Tnh o hm bc hai: [> dhb2:=diff(dhb1,x); Bc 3: im x0 l im un ca hm s nu x0 l nghim chung ca hai bt phng trnh: [> solve(dhb2>=0); v [> solve(dhb2<=0); V d: Tm im un ca hm s x4 2x2 Bc 1: [> a:=diff(x^4-2*x^2,x);
a := 4 x3 4 x

Bc 2: [> b:=diff(a,x);
b := 12 x2 4

Bc 3: [> solve(b >=0); solve(b <=0);

1 1 RealRange , 3 , RealRange 3 3, 3 1 1 RealRange 3 3, 3 3

Kt lun:

x=

3 3
v

x=

3 3

l hai im un ca th hm s cho.

Tm gi tr nh nht ln nht ca hm s: Cc hm minimize(expr, vars, ranges) v maximize(expr, vars,ranges) dng tm gi tr nh nht, ln nht ca hm s c xc nh bi biu thc expr theo gi tr ca cc i s c lit k (vars) trong mt phm vi no (ranges).V d : [> minimize(exp(tan(x)), x=0..10);

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0

[> minimize(x^2-3*x+y^2+3*y+3);
-3 2

[> minimize(x^2-3*x+y^2+3*y+3, location);

-3 3 -3 -3 , { { x = , y = }, } 2 2 2 2

[> minimize(x^2-3*x+y^2+3*y+3, x=2..4, y=-4..-2, location);

-1, { [ { y = -2, x = 2 }, -1 ] }

[> minimize(abs(exp(-x^2)-1/2), x=-4..4);

0

[> minimize(x^4 - x^2, x=-3..3, location=true);

-1 1 -1 1 -1 , {{x = 2 }, , { x = 2 }, } 4 2 4 2 4

[> minimize(x^2 + cos(x), [x=0..3]);

1

Xc nh cc tr a phng ca hm s: extrema(f,{},x). V d xc nh gi tr cc tiu, cc i ca hm s x4- 2x2 [> y:=x^4-2*x^2 ;# khai bo hm s

y := x4 2 x2

[> extrema(y,{},x);# xc nh cc i, cc tiu ca hm s

{ -1, 0 }

Xc nh cc ng tim cn: Ta s dng lnh tch mu s ca f(x) bi lnh denom(), dng lnh solve() tm nghim ca mu s ta c tim cn ng. Ln lt tnh cc gii hn a= lim(f(x)/x) v b=lim(f(x)-ax) khi x tin ti v cng, nu cc gii hn ny tn ti s cho ta tim cn xin y=ax+b. V d xc nh tim cn ca hm s :
Y= x2 + x + 1 2x+2

[> Y:=(x^2+x+1)/(2*x+2); a:=limit(Y/x,x=infinity); b:=limit(Y-a*x,x=infinity); ms:=solve(denom(Y)=0,x);

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if a<>infinity or a <>-infinity then print(`tiem can dung:`,x=ms); print(` tiem can xien y=`,x*a+b); fi; Kt qu thc hin chng trnh:
Y= x2 + x + 1 2x+2
a := 1 2

b := 0 ms := -1 tiem can dung:, x = -1 tiem can xien y=, x 2

Xc nh giao im ca th hm s Y=f(x )vi cc trc to . S dng gi cng c student, sau dng cc lnh: Tm giao im vi trc tung intercept(y=Y,x=0,{x,y}), tm giao im vi trc honh: intercept(y=Y,y=0,{x,y}), v d xc nh giao im vi cc trc ton ca hm s: Y = [> restart:with(student): Y:=(x^2+x+1)/(2*x+2); # m gi cng c v khai bo hm [> intercept(y=Y,y=0,{x,y}); # giao im vi trc honh intercept(y=Y,x=0,{x,y}); # giao im vi trc tung Kt qu thc hin chng trnh:
{ y = 0, x = RootOf( 1 + _Z 2 + _Z, label = _L1 ) } 1 {y = , x = 0} 2

x2 + x + 1 2x+2

Nh vy th hm s khng ct trc honh m ch c mt giao im duy nht vi trc tung ti im c to x = 0, y = 1/2. V th hm s: V th l mt trong nhng chc nng mnh ca Maple. v

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th hm s f(x) trn on [a,b], ta s dng lnh: [>plot(f(x),x=a..b); v d vi hm s x4-2x2 trn on [-2, 2]: [> plot(x^4-2*x^2,x=-2..2); Kt qu ta c th nh hnhv. Qua hnh dng th, mt ln na chng t vic xc nh chiu bin thin, im un, chiu li, lm, cc i, cc tiu .. vi cc cu lnh ca Maple 4.3.2. Mt s v d minh ho V d 1: Kho st hm s y=
1 3 2 x mx 2 x + m + vi m = 0 ( thi tuyn sinh vo 3 3

H Thi Nguyn - Nm hc 1999-2000, khi A, B). Ta s dng chng trnh con sau: [> Restart: print(` Khao sat ham so y=x^3/3-mx^2-x+m+2/3 voi gia tri m=0`); Y:=(x^3/3-x+2/3); print(`Tap xac dinh cua ham so la D=R:`); print(`Tinh dao ham bac nhat cua ham so`); dy/dx=factor(simplify(diff(Y,x))); print(`giai phuong trinh f' = 0:`); solve(diff(Y,x)=0,{x}); print(` Ham so se dong bien tren khoang`); solve(diff(Y,x)>0); print(` Ham so nghich bien tren khoang`); solve(diff(Y,x)<0); print(` Tim cac gia tri cuc tri dia phuong`); Ymin_max:=extrema(Y,{},x); print(`Tinh dao ham bac hai cua ham so`); z:=simplify(diff(Y,x$2)); print(` Diem uon cua do thi ham so la`); solve({z=0,Y=y},{x,y}); print(` Tim giao diem voi truc tung`); student[intercept](y=Y,x=0,{x,y}); print(`Tim giao diem voi truc hoanh`); student[intercept](y=Y,y=0,{x,y});

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print(` Do thi ham so co dang sau`); plot(Y,x=-5..5,color=red); Kt qu thc hin chng trnh :
Khao sat ham so y=x^3/3-mx^2-x+m+2/3 voi gia tri m=0 Y := 1 3 2 x x+ 3 3

Tap xac dinh cua ham so la: D=R Tinh dao ham bac nhat cua ham so dy = (x 1) (x + 1) dx giai phuong trinh f' = 0: { x = 1 }, { x = -1 }
Ham so se dong bien tren khoan

RealRange( , Open( -1 ) ), RealRange( Open( 1 ), ) Ham so ngich bien tren khoang RealRange( Open( -1 ), Open( 1 ) ) Tim cac gia tri cuc tri dia phuong 4 Ymin_max := { 0, } 3 Tinh dao ham bac hai cua ham so z := 2 x Diem uon cua do thi ham so la 2 { x = 0, y = } 3 Tim giao diem voi truc tung 2 { x = 0, y = } 3 Tim giao diem voi truc hoanh { x = -2, y = 0 }, { x = 1, y = 0 }, { x = 1, y = 0 } Do thi ham so co dang sau

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V d 2: Kho st hm phn thc: y= [> restart;

x2 3 x + 4 2x2

Y:=(x^2-3*x+4)/(2*x-2);Y:=simplify(Y): print(`Tap xac dinh cua ham so la:`); dk:=solve(denom(Y)=0,x): if(type(denom(Y),realcons)=true)or(coeff(denom(Y),x^2)<>0 and type(dk[1],realcons) =falsse) then D=R;fi; if coeff(denom(Y),x^2)=0 and coeff(denom(Y),x)<>0 then D={x<>dk};fi; a:=limit(Y/x,x=infinity):b:=limit(Y-a*x,x=infinity):ms:=solve(denom(Y)=0,x): if a<>infinity or a <>-infinity then print(`tiem can dung:`,x=ms); print(` tiem can xien y=`,x*a+b); fi; print(`Tinh dao ham bac nhat cua ham so`); dy/dx=factor(simplify(diff(Y,x))); print(`giai phuong trinh f' = 0:`); solve(diff(Y,x)=0,{x}); print(` Ham so se dong bien tren khoang`); solve(diff(Y,x)>0); print(` Ham so nghich bien tren khoang`); solve(diff(Y,x)<0); print(` Tim cac gia tri cuc tri dia phuong`); Ymin_max:=extrema(Y,{},x); print(` Tim giao diem voi truc tung`); student[intercept](y=Y,x=0,{x,y}); print(`Tim giao diem voi truc hoanh`); student[intercept](y=Y,y=0,{x,y}); print(` Do thi ham so co dang sau`); plot({Y,x*a+b},x=-4..4,-6..4,color=red); Kt qu thc hin chng trnh:

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Y := x2 3 x + 4 2x2

Tap xac dinh cua ham so la: D = {x 1} tiem can dung:, x = 1 tiem can xien y=, x 1 2

Tinh dao ham bac nhat cua ham so

dy x2 2 x 1 = dx 2 ( x 1 )2 giai phuong trinh f' = 0: { x = 1 + 2 }, { x = 1 2 } Ham so se dong bien tren khoan

RealRange( , Open( 1 2 ) ), RealRange( Open( 1 + 2 ), )

Ham so ngich bien tren khoang RealRange( Open( 1 2 ), Open( 1 ) ), RealRange( Open( 1 ), Open( 1 + 2 ) ) Tim cac gia tri cuc tri dia phuong
Ymin_max := { (4 + 2 ) 2 ( 4 + 2 ) 2 , } 4 4 2 ( x 1 )3

Tinh dao ham bac hai cua ham so z := Tim giao diem voi truc tung { y = -2, x = 0 } Tim giao diem voi truc hoanh { y = 0, x = RootOf( _Z 2 3 _Z + 4, label = _L1 ) } Do thi ham so co dang sau

Nh vy, kho st cc hm s khc trong chng trnh ph thng, bn c ch cn thay i cht t, v nh vy ta c mt cng c mnh kim tra v minh ho cho cc bi ton kho st hm s.

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V d 3: Tm qu tch cc im M(xo,yo) m t k c 2 tip tuyn vung gc vi parabol y = x 2

1 3 2 x + 1 (phng theo thi tuyn sinh vo HTN - Nm hc 3

1999 - 2000, khi A, B). Ta s dng chng trnh con: [> restart; y:=(-x^2/3-2*x/3+1): y2:=k*(x-xo)+yo:'y'=y2: f:=y-y2:f: delta:=collect(simplify(discrim(f,x)),k): solve(delta,{k}): k1:=coeff(delta,k^2): k2:=coeff(delta,k,0): y3:=solve(k1*k2=-1,{yo}): print(`Ket luan ta co phuong trinh quy tich la`); print(y3); Thc hin chng trnh, ta c kt qu:
Ket luan ta co phuong trinh quy tich la { yo = 25 } 12

V d 4: Cho tam thc bc hai p(x) = (m+1)*x^2 + 3 *(m+10)*x -12. Tm nhng gi tr ca tham s m sao cho p(x) c 2 nghim x1,x2 tho mn: 1< x1 < 3 < x2. Ta s cc cu lnh sau sau: [> restart; p(x):=(m+1)*x^2+3*(m+10)*x-12;
p( x ) := ( m + 1 ) x2 + 3 ( m + 10 ) x 12

[> i:=1;j:=3;
i := 1 j := 3

[> a:=coeff(p(x),x^2);
a := m + 1

[>(j):=subs(x=j,p(x));dk1:=a*p(j)<0;p(i):=subs(x=i,p(x));dk2:=a*p(i)>0;
p( 3 ) := 18 m + 87 dk1 := ( m + 1 ) ( 18 m + 87 ) < 0 p( 1 ) := 4 m + 19 dk2 := 0 < ( m + 1 ) ( 4 m + 19 )

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[> solve({dk1,dk2},{m});
{ -29 -19 < m, m < } 6 4

V d 5: Chng trnh kho st hm s y = [> restart: with(plots): with(student): kshbntbn:=proc(a,b,c,d) local Y,dhbn,xm,ytc; Y:=(a*x+b)/(c*x+d); dhbn:=simplify(diff(Y,x)); print(`Khao sat ham so`); print(Y);

ax+b cx+d

print(`1.Tap xac dinh`); print(D={x<>-d/c}); print(`Chieu bien thien`); print(`Dao ham bac nhat`); print(dhbn); if numer(dhbn)>0 then print(`Ham so luon dong bien tren D`); fi; if numer(dhbn)<0 then print(`Ham so luon nghich bien tren D`); fi; print(`Ham so khong co cuc tri`); xm:=-d/c: ytc:=limit(Y,x=+infinity); print(Limit(Y,x=xm)=infinity); print(`Ham so co tiem can dung la: x=`,xm); print(Limit(Y,x=-infinity)=limit(Y,x=-infinity)); print(Limit(Y,x=+infinity)=limit(Y,x=+infinity)); print(`Suy ra ham so co tiem can ngang la y=`,ytc); print(`Do thi cua ham so`); print(`Do thi ham so cat truc hoanh tai`); print(intercept(y=Y,y=0,{x,y})); print(`Do thi ham so cat truc tung tai`); print(intercept(y=Y,x=0,{x,y})); print(`Diem doi xung cua do thi ham so la:`); print(intercept(y=ytc,x=xm,{x,y})); plot({Y,ytc},x=-5+xm..5+xm,y=-5+ytc..5+ytc); end:

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s dng chng trnh, ta ch vic gi tn chng trnh con vi cc tham s thc c th, v d: [> kshbntbn(1,2,3,4); V d 6: Bi ton xc nh phng trnh ca ng cong lun tip xc vi mt ng cong cho trc: [>restart: a:=1: b:=-2: c:=m: d:=(1-m^2)/4: y:=a*x^3+b*x^2+c*x+d; print(`Do dang cua phuong trinh (Hm) cho, ta chon duong cong co dinh co phuong trinh la:`); y1:=a*x^3+b1*x^2+c1*x+d1; print(` khi do phuong trinh hoanh do giao diem la:`); A:=y-y1: print(A,`= 0 (1)`); B:=collect(A,x): print(`<=>`,B=0); p1:=coeff(B,x,2): p2:=coeff(B,x,1): p3:=coeff(B,x,0): C:=p2*p2-4*p1*p3: print(`<=>`,delta=0,`voi moi m`,`<=>`,C=0,`voi moi m`); C:=p2*p2-4*p1*p3: D1:=collect(C,m): print(`<=>`,D1=0,`voi moi m.Dieu nay xay ra khi va chi khi`); p11:=coeff(D1,m,2): p12:=coeff(D1,m,1): p13:=coeff(D1,m,0): print(p11=0, p12=0, `va`,p13=0); print(`<=>`,solve({p11,p12,p13},{b1,c1,d1})); V d 7: Bi ton tm ng thng lun tip xc vi mt ng cong cho trc: [> restart:a:=0:b:=(m+1):c:=m:a1:=1:b1:=m: print(`Tim phuong trinh cua duong thang luon tiep xuc voi ho duong cong`); y:=(a*x^2+b*x+c)/(a1*x+b1): print(`(Hm):`,y);y1:=k*x+n: print(`Mot duong thang bat ky co he so goc la k co phuong trinh la:`); print(`(d) :`,y1); print(`Ta co phuong trinh hoanh do giao diem cua ho duong cong (Hm) va duong thang (d) la:`); A:=numer(y)-denom(y)*y1: A=0; B:=expand(A): C:=collect(B,x):

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print(`<=>`,C=0,` (1)`); p1:=coeff(C,x,2): p2:=coeff(C,x,1): p3:=coeff(C,x,0): D1:=p2^2-4*p1*p3: D2:=collect(D1,m): print(`De duong thang la tiep tuyen cua ho duong cong (Hm) thi (1) phai co nghiem kep voi moi m `); print(`<=>`, delta=0,` <=>`,D1=0,` voi moi m`); print(`<=>`, D2=0,` voi moi m.`,` Dieu nay xay ra voi moi m khi va chi khi `); p11:=coeff(D2,m,2): p12:=coeff(D2,m,1): p13:=coeff(D2,m,0): print(p11=0, p12=0 ,` va `, p13=0); p11:=coeff(D2,m,2): p12:=coeff(D2,m,1): p13:=coeff(D2,m,0): print(`<=>`,solve({p11,p12,p13},{k,n})); print(`Vay ta co phuong trinh cua duong thang can tim la:`); V d 8: Bi ton tm im c nh ca mt ng cong: [> restart: y1:=(m^2*x^2+(2*m+m^2)*x-1+m)/(m*x-1); print(`Tim diem co dinh cua ho duong cong `); print(`(Hm): y=`,y1); print(`Ta viet phuong cua ham so lai duoi dang`); print(y1-y = 0); mau:=denom(y1):tu:=numer(y1):A:=tu-y*mau:B:=collect(A,m): print(`<=>`,B = 0); print(`Muon dang thuc dung voi m thi:`); p1:=coeff(B,m,2):p2:=coeff(B,m,1):p3:=coeff(B,m,0): print(p1 = 0,p2 = 0,` va `,p3 = 0); print(`<=> `,solve({p1,p2,p3},{x,y})); print(`Diem co dinh cua ho duong cong la: `,solve({p1,p2,p3},{x,y})); 4.4. Cc cu lnh ca Maple h tr gii cc bi ton gii tch. -Tnh gii hn ca hm s f(x) khi x tin ti a: limit(f,x=a); gi tr dng v cng, m v cng c vit l infinity, - infinity. V d: [> limit((2*x^3+6*x-1)/(2*x^2+3),x=2);
27 11

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[> Limit(sqrt(2*x^3+x+2)/(2*x+1),x=1);
x 1

lim

2 x3 + x + 2 2x+1

[> limit((2*x^2+3*x-5)/(x^2+3),x=infinity);
2

-Tnh o hm ca hm s f(x) theo bin x: diff(f(x),x); Diff(f(x),x); V d [> diff((2*x^3+6*x-1)/(2*x^2+3),x);

6 x2 + 6 4 ( 2 x3 + 6 x 1 ) x 2 2 x2 + 3 ( 2 x2 + 3 )

[> Diff(sqrt(2*x^3+x+2)/(2*x+1),x);
x 2 x3 + x + 2 2x+1

-Tnh o hm bc n ca hm s f(x) theo bin x: diff(f(x),x$n); V d [> diff((2*x^3+6*x-1)/(2*x^2+3),x$2);

12 x 2 x2 + 3 8 ( 6 x2 + 6 ) x ( 2 x2 + 3 )
2

32 ( 2 x3 + 6 x 1 ) x2 ( 2 x2 + 3 )
3

4 ( 2 x3 + 6 x 1 ) ( 2 x2 + 3 )
2

[> Diff(sqrt(2*x^3+x+2)/(2*x+1),x$3);
3 x 3 2 x3 + x + 2 2x+1

-Tm nguyn hm ca hm s f(x) theo bin x: int(f(x),x); Int(f(x),x); V d: [> int(sin(x)^2+cos(x)^4,x);

1 7 1 cos( x ) sin( x ) + x + cos( x )3 sin( x ) 8 8 4

[> Int((2*x^2+3*x-5)/(x^2+3),x); -Tnh tch phn xc nh ca hm s f(x) trn on [a,b]: int(f(x),x=a..b); Int(f(x),x=a..b); V d: [> int((2*x^2+3*x-5)/(x^2+3),x=-1..1);
11 3 +4 9

[> int(sin(x)^2+cos(x)^4,x=-Pi..Pi);
7 4

[> Int(sqrt(2*x^3+x+2)/(2*x+1),x=-2..2);

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2 x3 + x + 2 dx 2x+1 -2
2

-Tm gi tr ln nht, nh nht ca hm s trn min D: minimize(f,x=a..b); maximize(f,x=a..b). V d: [> maximize(sin(x)^2+cos(x)^4,x=-Pi..Pi);

1

[> minimize((2*x^3+6*x-1)/(2*x^2+3),x=2..5);
27 11

- xc nh nguyn hm ca mt hm s, ta c th s dng on lnh sau: [> with(Maplets): with(Maplets[Elements]): integrationMaplet3:= Maplet( Window('title'="TINH NGUYEN HAM", [["NGUYEN HAM: ", TextField['TF1']()],["BIEN XAC DINH TRONG NGUYEN HAM: ", TextField['TF2'](3)], MathMLViewer['TB1'](), ["Do thi ham va nguyen ham cua no"], Plotter['PL1'](), [Button("NGUYEN HAM", Evaluate(TB1 = 'MathML[Export](int(TF1, TF2))')),Button("DO THI", Evaluate('PL1'='plot([TF1, eval(int(TF1,TF2)) ], x=-2..2)')), Button("OK", Shutdown(['TF1', 'TF2']))]] ) ): [> Maplets[Display]( integrationMaplet3 ); Khi trn mn hnh xut hin ca s, ta nhp dng biu thc ca hm s cn tm nguyn hm v tn bin, ta s nhn c biu thc ca nguyn hm. Nu nhn nt th ta s thu c dng th ca f(x) v nguyn hm F(x) ca n:

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- xc nh tch phn xc nh ca hm s f(x) trn on [a,b], ta c th s dng on lnh sau: [> restart: with(Maplets):with(Maplets[Elements]):with(student): TICH_PHAN:= Maplet( Window('title'="TINH TICH PHAN",[["NHAP HAM SO CAN TINH TICH PHAN: ", TextField['TF1']()],["NHAP CAN DUOI: ", TextField['TF2'](4)],["NHAP Plotter['PL1'](ld),[Button("TICH ='MathML[Export](int(TF1, Evaluate('PL1'='middlebox(TF1,x=-5..5,colour Shutdown(['TF1', 'TF2','TF3']))]] ) ): [> Maplets[Display](TICH_PHAN ); Khi trn mm hnh xut hin ca s nhp dng biu thc ca hm s cn tm tch phn xc nh v cn ly tch phn, ta s nhn c kt qu. Nu nhn nt th ta s thu c dng th ca f(x) CAN TREN: PHAN", x=TF2..TF3))')), = red)')), ", TextField['TF3'](3)], Evaluate(TB1 Button("DO THI", Button("OK", MathMLViewer['TB1'](),["DO THI CUA HAM DA NHAP "],

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4.5. Nhm cc lnh ca Maple h tr dy hc i s tuyn tnh 4.5.1. Mt s cu lnh thng dng khai thc th mnh ca Maple trong lnh vc i s tuyn tnh, ta khi ng chng trnh bng lnh restart v np gi cng c chuyn ngnh linalg -Lnh khai bo ma trn: matrix() hoc array() ,v d: [> matrix([[5,4],[6,3]]);
5 6 4 3 1 2 3 5

[> B:=array([[4,1,3],[2, 2,5]]);

4 B := 2

-Lnh tnh tng ca hai ma trn: evalm() hoc add() , v d [> A:=array([[1,2,3],[4,5,6],[7,8,9]]);
1 A := 4 7 2 5 8 3 6 9 7 4 1

[> B:=matrix(3,3,[9,8,7,6,5,4,3,2,1]);
9 B := 6 3 8 5 2

[> evalm(A+B);
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10

-Lnh nhn ma trn: multiply(), v d vi hai ma trn A, B nh khai bo trn, ta c: [> multiply(A,B);
24 18 30 84 69 54 138 114 90

-Lnh tm tch trong ca ma trn v vct: innerprod(), v d: [> restart: with(linalg): u := vector(3, [1,2,3]);
u := [ 1, 2, 3 ]

[> A := matrix(3,3, [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]);

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1 A := 4 7 2 5 8 3 6 9

[> innerprod(u, A);

[ 30, 36, 42 ]

[> w := vector(3, [9,8,7]);

w := [ 9, 8, 7 ]

[> innerprod(u,w);
46

-Lnh tnh tch v hng ca hai vc t: dotprod(), v d: [> u := vector([1,2,3,4,5]);

u := [ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ]

[> v := vector([6,7,8,9,10] );
v := [ 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 ]

[> dotprod(u, v);

130

-Lnh to ma trn con: submatrix(), v d:

[> A := array([[1,2,3],[4,x,6]] );
1 A := 4 2 x 3 6

[> submatrix(A, 1..2, 2..3);

2 x 3 6
4 1

[> submatrix(A, [2,1], [2,1]);

x 2

-Lnh nhn mt dng ca ma trn vi mt biu thc mulrow(), mulcol(), v d: [> A := matrix( [[1,2],[3,4]] );
1 A := 3 2 4
2 8

[> mulrow(A, 2, 2);

1 6

[> mulcol(A, 2, x);

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1 2 x 3 4 x

-Lnh tm ma trn chuyn v: transpose(), v d: [> A := array( [[5,10,15],[20,25,30]] );

5 A := 20 10 15 25 30 20 25 30

[> transpose(A);
5 10 15

-Lnh tm bt bin ca ma trn permanent(), v d: [> A := matrix( [[1,2,3],[4,5,6],[7,8,9]] );

1 A := 4 7 2 5 8 3 6 9

[> permanent(A);
450

[> B := matrix( [[a,b,c],[d,e,f],[g,h,i]] );

a B := d g b e h c f i

[> permanent(B);
aei+afh+d bi+d ch+gbf+gce

-Lnh tnh gi tr ring v vc t ring ca ma trn eigenvectors (), v d: [> A := matrix(3,3, [1,-3,3,3,-5,3,6,-6,4]);
1 A := 3 6 -3 3 -5 3 -6 4

[> e := eigenvalues(A);
e := 4, -2, -2

[> v := [eigenvectors(A)];
v := [ [ 4, 1, { [ 1, 1, 2 ] } ], [ -2, 2, { [ 1, 1, 0 ], [ -1, 0, 1 ] } ] ]

Kt qu ca lnh eigenvectors c xp xp nh sau: s u tin trong mi mc vung ca dng l gi tr ring, s th hai l bi i s ca gi tr ring, v cui cng l tp

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cc vct c s ca khng gian ring ng vi gi tr ring . Mi mc vung ng vi mt gi tr ring ca ma trn, c th: [> v[1][1];
4

[> v[1][3];
{ [ 1, 1, 2 ] }

[> v[2][1];
-2

[> v[2][2];
2

-Lnh tm ma trn c trng charmat(), v d: [> A := matrix(3,3,[1,2,3,1,2,3,1,5,6]);

1 A := 1 1 2 2 5 3 3 6
-3 -3 6

[> charmat(A, lambda);

1 -1 -1 -2 2 -5

-Lnh tm a thc c trng ca ma trn: charpoly(), v d: [> A:= matrix(3,3,[1,2,3,1,2,3,1,5,6]);

1 A := 1 1 2 2 5 3 3 6

[> charpoly(A,x);
x3 9 x2

-Lnh tnh hng ca ma trn rank(), v d: [> A := matrix(3,3, [x,1,0,0,0,1,x*y,y,1]);

x 1 A := 0 0 x y y 0 1 1

[> rank(A);
2

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-Lnh tnh nh thc det (), v d: [> A := hilbert(3);

A := 1 1 2 1 3 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 3 1 4 1 5

[> det(A);
1 2160

-Lnh gii phng trnh i s tuyn tnh Ax=u: linsolve (), v d: [> A := matrix( [[1,2],[1,3]] ): b := vector( [1,-2]): linsolve(A, b);
[ 7, -3 ]

[> B := matrix( [[1,1],[-2,1]] ): linsolve(A, B);

7 -3 1 0

[> A := matrix( [[5,7],[0,0]] ): b := vector( [3,0] ): linsolve(A, b, 'r');

3 7 _t , _t 5 5 1 1

4.5.2. S dng Maple h tr kim tra kt qu tnh ton

Tnh ly tha ca ma trn vung

Thut ton: (ng dng nh l Hamiltn - Cayley): Gi s A l ma trn vung v PA () tha mn: P A ( ) = ( 1) n n + p 1 n 1 + ... + p n 1 + p n l a thc c trng ca A. Khi , PA (A) = 0 . Vy mi a thc Q( ) chia ht cho Pn () th ta cng c Q(A) = 0. c bit: Q ( ) = S ( ).Pn ( ) + R ( ) Q ( A ) = R ( A ) . Chng trnh c thit k nhm thc hin tun t cc ni dung: - Tnh a thc c trng ca A.

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- Tm d khi chia xn cho a thc c trng ca A (khi a thc d s c bc nh hn cp ca ma trn mt n v). - Tnh An theo a thc d. M chng trnh [> restart; with(LinearAlgebra): Luythua:=proc(A, n) local p, r, f, x; p:=CharacteristicPolynomial(A, x); r:=rem(x^n, p, x); f := unapply(r, x); f(A); end: Minh ho vic s dng chng trnh (thc hin chng trnh vi cc tham s): [> with(LinearAlgebra): [> A:=<<(sqrt(3)/2) + 1, 1/2>|<-5/2, (sqrt(3)/2-1)>>;# Khai bo ma trn A
3 +1 2 A := 1 2 5 2 3 1 2

[> Luythua(A, 2002); # Thc hin th tc tnh lu tha vi s m l 2002

1 3 2 3 2 5 3 2 1 + 3 2

Ta c th m rng cho bt k mt a thc bc n vi n l ma trn A, bng cch thay r:=rem(x^n, p, x) bng r:=rem( f(x) , p, x). Kim tra tnh ly linh ca mt ma trn vung Xt vn kim tra mt ma trn vung bt k c phi l mt ma trn ly linh hay khng? Nu ma trn l ma trn ly linh th ch ra bc ca ma trn ly linh (Xt n ma trn ly linh bc 100000000). Thut ton: - Tm tt c cc gi tr ring ca ma trn. - Nu tt c cc gi tr ring ca ma trn u bng 0 th ma trn l ly linh, ngc li ma trn l khng ly linh. - Nu ma trn l ly linh th ta tm bc ly linh: + Tnh ly tha ma trn (s ly tha lp t 2 n 100000000).

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+ Lp ma trn khng cp bng vi ma trn cho. + Nu tn ti ch s i sao cho ly tha bc i th ma trn cho bng ma trn khng. Ly ch s i ta c bc ly linh ca ma trn cho. M chng trnh: [> restart;with(linalg): with(LinearAlgebra): LLkhong:=proc(A) local i, M, p, k, L, u, J, Q, P; p:=CharacteristicPolynomial(A, x); k:=solve(p=0,{x}); L:={k}; u:=nops(L); M:=Matrix(1..rowdim(A), 1..coldim(A), shape=zero); if equal(M, A)=true then print( Trng hp tm thng ); else if u=1 and L[1]={x=0} then for i from 2 to 100000000 do if equal(M, A^i)=true then print( Ma trn cho l ma trn ly linh c bc l , i); break; fi; od; else print( Ma trn cho khng phi l ma trn ly linh ); fi; fi; end: Minh ho vic s dng chng trnh [> with(LinearAlgebra): A:=<<0,-1,-2>|<-2,0,0>|<1,0,0>>;# Khai bo ma trn#

0 -2 1 A := -1 0 0 -2 0 0
[> LLkhong(A);# Thc hin chng trnh con# Ma trn cho l ma trn ly linh c bc l, 3 [> J:=JordanForm(A): Q := JordanForm(A, output='Q'): [> Q^(-1) . A . Q;

0 0 0

1 0 0

0 1 0

ch ra dng cho ca ma trn ban u ta da vo dng gn vi ma trn cho trn tnh c hng (ma trn c hng bng 2), nh thc ca ma trn ban u (mt ma trn ly linh lun c tt c cc gi tr ring bng khng, do c nh thc bng khng). Kim tra tnh giao hon trong php nhn cc ma trn M chng trnh:

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[> with(linalg): [>GiaohoanK:=proc(A,B) local C, D, n1, n2, m1, m2; n1:=rowdim(A); m1:=coldim(B); m2:=rowdim(B); n2:=coldim(A); if n1- n2 <> 0 or m1- m2 <> 0 or n1-m1 <> 0 then print( Nhap lai cac ma tran ) else C:=multiply(A, B); D:=multiply(B, A); if equal(C, D)=true then print('true') else print('false'); fi; fi; end: Minh ho vic s dng chng trnh [> A:=matrix(3,3,[2,0,0,0,3,0,0,0,3]);

2 A := 0 0
[>B:=matrix(3,3,[0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0]);

0 3 0 0 0 1

0 0 3 0 0 0

0 B := 0 0
[> GiaohoanK(A,B);

true Kim tra tnh cho ha c ca mt ma trn vung bt k v a ma trn v dng ma trn cho (nu ma trn cho ha c). M chng trnh: [> CheohoaK:=proc(A) local B; B := diag(eigenvalues(A)); if issimilar(A, B)= true then print(' true '); print( Dng cho ca ma trn l ); print(B); else print(' false '); fi; end: Minh ho vic s dng chng trnh [> with(linalg,matrix,issimilar,eigenvalues,diag): [> A := matrix(4,4,[1,0,0,0,1,-2,3,-2,0,1,1,-1,-1,-2,0,1]);
1 0 0 0 1 -2 3 -2 A := 0 1 1 -1 -1 -2 0 1

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[> CheohoaK(A); true Dng cho ca ma trn l

1 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 3 1 + 2 2 0 0 13

13

3 1 2 2

Kim tra v khng nh tnh ng n ca cc mnh .

Xt mnh sau: Hai ma trn vung ng dng th c cng vt . Liu iu c ng khng v mnh o c ng khng? Ta s dng cc cu lnh sau ca Maple: [> A := matrix(3,3,[0,1,2,-1,-1,-1,2,0,1]);

0 1 2 A := -1 -1 -1 2 0 1
[> B := diag(eigenvalues(A)); [ > CheohoaK(A); true
0 -1 0 1 + 1 13 B := 2 2 0 0 0 1 1 13 2 2 0

[> issimilar(A, B); [> trace(A); [> trace(B); 0 0

true

[> C := matrix(3,3,[0,2,3,0-1,0,2,3,-1,0]);

0 2 3 C := -1 0 2 3 -1 0
[> trace(A); [> trace(C); [> issimilar(A, C); 0 false 0

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Nh vy trn ta thy hai ma trn cng vt (A v C) nhng khng ng dng, suy ra mnh o khng ng. Tnh nh thc ca ma trn min(i, j)
n i,j=1

Trc ht ta dng cc hm ca Maple to mt ma trn vi cp xc nh tha mn iu kin bi ton sau tnh nh thc ca ma trn . Da trn kt qu suy lun sau tng qut ha cho ma trn c cp n bt k. M chng trnh: [> with(linalg): [> n:=5: A:=array(1..n,1..n): for i to n do for j to n do if i < j then A[i, j]:= i; else A[i, j]:= j; fi; od; od; print(A); Kt qu thc hin th tc:
1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 3 3 3 1 2 3 4 4 1 2 3 4 5

[> det(A);

Ta thy kt qu ca nh thc bng 1. Ta xt thm ma trn cp cao hn (cp 10) bng cch thay n:=10 vo u cc cu lnh trn. Kt qu ta c mt ma trn cng c nh thc bng 1. n y ny sinh vn : Vy liu i vi mt ma trn c dng nh vy vi cp bt k th kt qu trn cn ng khng ? Nu iu ng th chc chn ma trn A s phn tch c thnh hai hay nhiu ma trn c nh thc u bng 1. tm hiu, ta thc hin lnh sau: [> A1 := LUdecomp(A, L='A2',U='u'): [> evalm(A1);

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1 0 0 0 0
[> evalm(A2);

1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1

1 1 1 1 1

Vi lnh trn ta thy r rng l ma trn A l tch ca hai ma trn A1 v A2, trong cc ma trn A1 (ma trn tam gic trn) v A2 (ma trn tam gic di) u l cc ma trn c nh thc bng 1. Bng vic thay i cc bc ca A, ta thy rng kt qu trn vn ng. Do vy, ta nhn hai ma trn A1, A2 cp n v thu c kt qu l ma trn A. Nh vy, bi ton gii quyt xong. Tm ma trn nghch o Xt ma trn A c dng nh sau:
1 a A = a2 . a n 1 0 1 a . a
n2

0 0 1 . a
n3

... ... ... ... ...

0 0 0 . 1

Trc ht, ta tm ma trn nghch o ca ma trn B c dng nh trn nhng c bc hon ton xc nh (chng hn vi bc 5), sau tm ma trn nghch o ca ma trn B, t dng ca ma trn B-1 ta c th d on c dng nghch o ca ma trn A M chng trnh: [> restart; :with(linalg): [>B:=matrix(5,5,[1,0,0,0,0,a,1,0,0,0,a^2,a,1,0,0,a^3,a^2,a,1,0,a^4,a^3,a^2,a,1]);
1 a B := a 2 a 3 a 4 0 1 a a2 a3 0 0 1 a a2 0 0 0 1 a 0 0 0 0 1

[> inverse(B);

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1 a 0 0 0 0 1 a 0 0 0 0 1 a 0 0 0 0 1 a 0 0 0 0 1
0 0 0 0 . . 1 0 a 1 0 0

T y d on ma trn nghch o ca A s c dng nh sau:

1 0 a 1 0 a A 1 = . . 0 0 0 0
0 ... 0 ... 1 ... . ... 0 ... 0 ...

Kim tra tnh khc khng ca nh thc bng cch dng php chia c d cho cc phn t trong ma trn a ma trn v dng n gin. M chng trnh: [> with(linalg): [> Matrixmod:=proc(A, p) local u, v, i, j, B; u:=rowdim(A);v:=coldim(A); B:=array(1..u, 1..v); for i to u do for j to v do B[i,j]:=A[i, j] mod p;od;od; print(B); end: Minh ho vic s dng chng trnh [>A:=matrix(6,6,[7,82,62,54,24,90,86,13,24,26,6,8,0,2,5,8,0,12,2,4,6,9,64,24,12,4,6,8,1, 8,2,4,24,26,8,67]);
7 82 62 54 24 90 86 13 24 26 6 8 0 2 5 8 0 12 A := 2 4 6 9 64 24 12 4 6 8 1 8 2 4 24 26 8 67

[> Matrixmod(A, 2);

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1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

R rng ma trn kt qu l ma trn n v nn c nh thc khc khng do ma trn cho s c nh thc khc khng. Tm hng ca ma trn vung cp n m cc phn t trn ng cho chnh bng 0, cn cc phn t cn li bng 1 hoc -1. Trc ht ta to ra mt ma trn tha mn gi thit ca bi (v trong th vin ca Maple cha c sn) c cc phn t trn ng cho chnh bng 0, cc phn t cn li ly cc gi tr 1 hoc -1 mt cch ty . M chng trnh: - To ma trn: [> Matrixransign:=proc(m,n) local i, j, a, c, A; A:=matrix(m, n, []); for i to m do for j to n do a:=rand(-99..99): c:=a(); if i<>j then A[i, j]:=sign(c); else A[i, j]:=0; fi; od; od; print(A); print( Hng ca A l ,rank(A)); end: -Sau khi xy dng xong chng trnh to ma trn, tin hnh tnh hng ca cc ma trn ngu nhin vi cp ca ma trn c thay i. Ta bt u t cp 5: [> Matrixransign(5,5);
0 -1 1 -1 -1 1 0 -1 -1 1 1 -1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 0

Kt qu hng ca A : 5

Ta tip tc th cho cc ma trn ngu nhin khc, sau mt s ma trn c hng khng i, ta gp ma trn sau y c hng l 4. [> Matrixransign(5,5);

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0 1 1 -1 1 1 0 1 1 -1 -1 1 0 1 -1 1 -1 -1 0 -1 1 -1 -1 -1 0

Kt qu hng ca A: 4

Tip tc vi ma trn cp 7 : [>Matrixransign(7,7);

0 -1 1 -1 -1 1 1 1 0 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 0 -1 1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 0 -1 1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 0 -1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 -1 -1 0

Kt qu hng ca A: 7 Tip tc th ta c kt qu di y: [> Matrixransign(7,7);

0 -1 1 -1 -1 -1 1 -1 0 1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 1 0 -1 1 1 1 1 -1 1 0 1 1 1 1 -1 -1 1 0 1 -1 1 -1 1 1 1 0 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 0

Kt qu hng A: 6 Nh vy, hng ca ma trn ch c th l 7 (bng cp ca ma trn) hoc 6. T ta i n d on sau "Hng ca ma trn trn hoc l n hoc l n-1 ". M rng bi ton: Thay gi thit cc phn t bng -1 bng mt phn t ty ta vn c kt qu tng t: " Trn ng cho ma trn cp n l cc s 0, cn cc phn t khc hoc l 1 hoc l c (cZ), ta c hng ca ma trn ny hoc l n-1, hoc l n ". Xt tnh kh ngch ca mt ma trn Ta thy ma trn n v c cc phn t trn ng cho chnh bng 1, cn cc phn t khc bng khng. R rng y l mt ma trn kh nghch. Vn t ra l liu c mi quan h no gia cc phn t trn ng cho chnh vi cc phn t cn li trong mt ma trn vung sao cho ma trn l kh nghch khng? . Ta xy dng chng trnh bao gm cc nhim v: - Tnh tng cc tr tuyt i ca cc phn t nm ngoi ng cho.

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- Tnh gi tr nh nht v tr tuyt i ca cc phn t trn ng cho. - Xt tnh kh nghch ca ma trn . M chng trnh: [> with(linalg): [> Chuan:=proc(A) local i, j, M, N, K; if rowdim(A) <> coldim(A) then print( Nhap ma tran vuong ); else M:=0; K:=0; N:=abs(A[1, 1]); for i to rowdim(A) do if N > abs(A[i, i]) then N:=abs(A[i, i]); fi; K:=K + abs(A[i, i]); for j to rowdim(A) do M:= M +abs(A[i, j]); od; od; print( Phn t trn ng cho chnh c tr tuyt i b nht l , N); print( Tng tr tuyt i ca cc phn t ngoi ng cho chnh l , M-K); print( nh thc ca ma trn A l , det(A)); fi; end: Minh ho vic s dng chng trnh [> A:=matrix(2,2,[-4,-1,0,2]);

-4 -1 A := 0 2
[> Chuan(A); Phn t trn ng cho chnh c tr tuyt i b nht l , 2. Tng tr tuyt i ca cc phn t ngoi ng cho chnh l , 1. nh thc ca ma trn A l , -8. Ta thy ma trn trn kh nghch, c

a
i j

ij

=1, min( aii ) =2.

C s vt tri v tr tuyt i ca cc phn t nm trn ng cho chnh. Ta tip tc th vi cc ma trn khc: [> A:=matrix(4,4,[6,-1,0,1,0,7,1,-1,0,-1,-9,0,0,0,0,7]);
6 0 A := 0 0 -1 0 1 7 1 -1 -1 -9 0 0 0 7

[> Chuan(A); Phn t trn ng cho chnh c tr tuyt i b nht l , 6.

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Tng tr tuyt i ca cc phn t ngoi ng cho chnh l , 5. nh thc ca ma trn A l , -2604. Kt qu trn cho thy nu cc phn t trn ng cho chnh c s vt tri v tr tuyt i so vi cc phn t nm ngoi ng cho chnh th nh thc ca ma trn khc khng.Ta tip tc lp cc ma trn tha mn nhn xt trn v xem nh thc ca n c khc khng khng ? [> A:=matrix(4,4,[-16,-1,0,1,0,12,1,-1,0,-1,-19,0,-2,1,3,17]): Chuan(A); Phn t trn ng cho chnh c tr tuyt i b nht l , 12. Tng tr tuyt i ca cc phn t ngoi ng cho chnh l , 11. nh thc ca ma trn A l, 61584. Tng t ta thy rng cc ma trn tha mn nhn xt u c nh thc khc khng. T ta c s i n mt d on l: " Mt ma trn vung cp n A=( aij ) tha mn

min( aii ) >

Haamard .

a
i j

ij

th ma trn kh nghch ".y l cch pht biu khc ca nh l

a biu thc to ca dng ton phng v dng chnh tc Thit lp chu trnh vi Maple [> restart; with(linalg): sqsum:=proc(f::quadratic) local i,l,n,x,J,S,K,F,kk; if ldegree(f)<>2 then error "f is not quadratic form" end if; S:=f;K:=0; indets(f): x:=convert(%,list): n:=nops(x): while S<>0 do while has(S,{seq(x[i]^2,i=1..n)}) do for i to n do if has(S,x[i]^2) then K:=K+diff(S,x[i])^2/4/coeff(S,x[i]^2); S:=expand(Q-K); end if;

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end do; end do; if S<>0 then if type(S,`+`) then op(1,S) else S; fi; indets(%); l := [coeff(coeff(%%,%[1]),%[2]),%[1],%[2]]; K:=K+(diff(S,l[2])+diff(S,l[3]))^2/(4*l[1])(diff(S,l[2])-diff(S,l[3]))^2/(4*l[1]); S:=expand(f-K); end if; end do; K:=map(simplify,K); RETURN(K); end: Cc v d minh ho s dng chng trnh V d 1: [> Q:=x1^2 + 4*x2^2+ x3^2+ 4*x1*x2 + 2*x1*x3 + 2*x2*x3;

Q := x12 + 4 x2 2 + x32 + 4 x1 x2 + 2 x1 x3 + 2 x2 x3
[> sqsum(Q);

( x3 + x2 ) 2 ( x3 + x2 ) 2 ( x1 + 2 x2 + x3 ) + 2 2
2

V d 2: [> Q:=x*y+y*z+x*z;

Q := x y + y z + x z
[> sqsum(Q);

( x + 2 z + y ) 2 ( x + y ) 2 z2 4 4
V d 3: [> Q:=sum(sum(x[i]*x[j],j=1..i-1),i=1..8);

Q := x6 x2 + x2 x1 + x3 x1 + x4 x1 + x4 x2 + x4 x3 + x5 x1 + x5 x2 + x5 x3 + x5 x4 + x6 x1 + x6 x3 + x6 x4 + x6 x5 + x7 x1 + x7 x2 + x7 x3 + x7 x4 + x7 x5 + x7 x6 + x3 x2 + x8 x1 + x8 x2 + x8 x3 + x8 x4 + x8 x5 + x8 x6 + x8 x7
[> sqsum(Q);

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1 1 2 2 ( x6 + 2 x1 + 2 x4 + 2 x5 + 2 x7 + 2 x3 + 2 x8 + x2 ) ( x6 + x2 ) 4 4 1 1 2 2 ( x4 + x5 + x7 + x8 + 3 x1 ) ( x1 + x4 + x5 + x7 + x8 + 2 x3 ) 4 12 1 1 1 7 2 2 2 2 ( x4 + x7 + x8 + 4 x5 ) ( x4 + x8 + 5 x7 ) ( x8 + 6 x4 ) x 24 40 60 12 8
4.6. Khai thc cc th vin ca Maple trong dy hc ton Tnh gii hn ca hm s khi i s dn n mt im no . Cu lnh: [>Student[Precalculus][LimitTutor]; # lnh m gi cng c LimitTutor(f, pt); Trong : f - (tu chn) biu thc i s (hm s) cha mt bin, pt - (tu chn) hng s hay biu thc c dng name=constant, trong name l tn ca bin s ca f. Mc nh l 0. V d. Tnh gii hn ca hm s x2 + 2x + 3 khi x 0: [> with(Student[Precalculus]): LimitTutor(x^2 + 2*x + 3); Kt qu thc hin: Trn mn hnh xut hin ca s m t dng th v bng gi tr ca hm s ti mt s im bn phi, bn tri im 0. Ta c th thay i gi tr xa x0 bng cch thay i gi tr ti x= hoc thay i biu thc ca hm s f(x) ti hp thoi f(x)=

Ch . Nu dng lnh LimitTutor() th chng trnh s a ra mt hm s mc nh. Xem chi tit cch s dng trong mc Help ca mi chng trnh. V th ca ng thng Cu lnh: [>Student[Precalculus][LineTutor];LineTutor(f); Trong : f - (tu chn) biu thc i s bc nht i vi bin x v y. V d: [> with(Student[Precalculus]):LineTutor();

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Khi thc hin lnh, trn mn hnh xut hin bng, ta chn 1 trong 4 dng: - Point, slope: V ng thng i qua mt im P(x,y) vi h s gc m; - Two Points: V ng thng i qua 2 im P1(x1,y1), P2(x2,y2); - Slope,intercept: V ng thng dng y=ax+b; - General form: V ng thng ax+by=0 V d ng thng i qua im P(2, 0) v c h s gc bng m = 1 nh sau:

Tm nghim gn ng v minh ho bng th cc nghim ca mt a thc. Cu lnh: [>Student[Precalculus][PolynomialTutor];PolynomialTutor(p); Trong : p - (tu chn) a thc mt bin. V d: [> with(Student[Precalculus]):PolynomialTutor(2*x^2+2*x-1);

Xc nh h s gc ca ng cong Cu lnh:[> Student[Precalculus][FunctionSlopeTutor]; FunctionSlopeTutor(f, pt) Trong : f - (tu chn) biu thc i s cha mt bin,

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pt - (tu chn) hng s hay biu thc dng name=constant, trong name l tn ca bin s trong biu thc f. Mc nh l 0. V d: [> with(Student[Precalculus]): FunctionSlopeTutor(x^3+3*x^2+x-3); Kt qu nh hp thoi sau:

Ta c th thay i gi tr ca x v biu thc f(x) c cc kt qu cn c V th hm phn thc Cu lnh:[> Student[Precalculus][RationalFunctionTutor]; RationalFunctionTutor(f) Trong : f - (tu chn) hm phn thc mt bin s. V d.[> with(Student[Precalculus]): RationalFunctionTutor();

V th v cc yu t lin quan n ng cnc. Cu lnh:[ >Student[Precalculus][ConicsTutor] ;

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ConicsTutor(f) Trong : f - (tu chn) mt trong cc dng sau y: biu thc i s bc hai i vi bin x v y, khng c hng t xy; phng trnh dng r = g(t), trong g(t) l phng trnh ca mt cnc vi bin t; biu thc g(t), trong g(t) l phng trnh ca mt cnc vi bin t . V d.[> with(Student[Precalculus]): ConicsTutor(x^2/16 + y^2/9 = 1); Kt qu thc hin nh sau:

V th hm s hp ca hai hm s cho trc. Cu lnh:[> Student[Precalculus][CompositionTutor]; CompositionTutor(f, g) Trong : f - (tu chn) biu thc i s cha mt bin, g - (tu chn) biu thc i s cha mt bin. V d: [> with(Student[Precalculus]): CompositionTutor(); CompositionTutor(x^3+2, 1/x^2); Kt qu trn mn hnh bao gm th cc hm s f(x), g(x) v hm hp f(g(x)) c biu din bi cc mu khc nhau. Ta c th tu chn th hin th ca hm f(g(x)) hoc g(f(x))

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Minh ho min nghim ca h bt phng trnh tuyn tnh Cu lnh:[> LinearInequalitiesTutor(s) Trong : s - (tu chn) l bt phng trnh tuyn tnh vi bin x v y hoc h bt phng trnh (c cho bi ti a l 6 bt phng trnh). V d.[> with(Student[Precalculus]): LinearInequalitiesTutor();

Ta c th thay i dng ca cc bt phng trnh bng cch thay s trc tip ti cc hp thoi v nhn nt Display.

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V th ca mt s hm s s cp dng af(bx + c) + d Cu lnh:[> StandardFunctionsTutor(f); Trong : f - (tu chn) biu thc i s cha mt bin. V d.[>with(Student[Precalculus]): StandardFunctionsTutor(); Kt qu, trn mn hnh xut hin hp thoi, ta c th thay i cc tham s kho st cc dng cn thit.

Thay i mu mc nh cho th ca cc Section Cu lnh:[> SetColors(color1, color2, ..., color10) Trong : color1, color2, ..., color10 - (tu chn) cc mu. V d.[> with(Student): SetColors(); SetColors('blue', 'red'); Tnh o hm ca hm s theo tng bc Cu lnh:[> Student[Calculus1][DiffTutor]; DiffTutor(f, var); Trong : f - (tu chn) biu thc i s cha mt bin, var - (tu chn) bin s. V d. Tnh o hm ca hm s y = xsin(x). [> with(Student[Calculus1]): DiffTutor(x*sin(x), x);

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Kt qu trn mn hnh cho ta thy kt qu tng bc ca qu trnh tnh o hm. Tm nguyn hm v tnh tch phn xc nh Cu lnh : [> IntTutor(f, var); Trong : f - (tu chn) biu thc i s cha mt bin,var - (tu chn) bin s. V d. Tnh tch phn

1 x 2 + 1 dx . 0

[> with(Student[Calculus1]): IntTutor(1/(x^2+1), x);

Tnh gii hn ca hm s - Tnh gii hn ca hm s theo tng bc.

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Cu lnh:[> LimitTutor(f, a, dir); LimitTutor(f, var=a, dir); Trong : f - (tu chn) biu thc i s cha mt bin, a - (tu chn) im, dir - (tu chn) hng ly gii hn, var - (tu chn) bin s. V d. Tnh gii hn sau lim ( x.cosx.lnx )
x 0

[> with(Student[Calculus1]): LimitTutor(x*cos(x)*ln(x));

Xp x tch phn - Biu din th ca mt s phng php xp x tch phn. Qua , ta s thy i vi mi hm s cho th dng phng php no th sai s l t nht. Cu lnh:[> Student[Calculus1][ApproximateIntTutor]; ApproximateIntTutor(f, a..b) ApproximateIntTutor(f, var=a..b) Trong : f - (tu chn) biu thc i s cha mt bin, a..b - (tu chn) min ly tch phn, var - (tu chn) bin s. V d.[> with(Student[Calculus1]):ApproximateIntTutor(cos(x), 0..Pi/2); ApproximateIntTutor(cos(x), x=0..Pi/2);

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Ch . so snh s chnh xc so vi cch tnh tch phn vi phng php khc nhau ta nhn vo nt compare. Tnh di ca mt cung Cu lnh:[> with(Student[Calculus1]):ArcLengthTutor(f, a..b); hoc [>with(Student[Calculus1]):ArcLengthTutor(f, var=a..b); Trong : f - (tu chn) biu thc i s cha mt bin, a..b - (tu chn) min tnh di; var - (tu chn) bin s. V d. Tnh di ca ng cong y = 2 - x3 trn on [0; 2]. [> with(Student[Calculus1]): ArcLengthTutor(2-x^3, x=0..2);

th ca mt biu thc i s v o hm ca n Cu lnh:[> with(Student[Calculus1]):DerivativeTutor(f, a..b); DerivativeTutor(f, var=a..b) Trong : f - (tu chn) biu thc i s cha mt bin, a..b - (tu chn) min v th. V d.[> with(Student[Calculus1]): DerivativeTutor(x*cos(x), -2*Pi..2*Pi);

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Tnh gi tr trung bnh ca mt hm s Gi tr trung bnh ca hm s y = f(x) trn on [a; b] M c xc nh bi biu thc:

M=

1 b f ( x)dx b a a

Cu lnh:[> with(Student[Calculus1]):FunctionAverageTutor(f, a..b); FunctionAverageTutor(f, var=a..b); Trong : f - (tu chn) biu thc i s cha mt bin, a..b - (tu chn) min ly gi tr trung bnh, var - (tu chn) bin s. V d. Tnh gi tr trung bnh ca hm s y = 2 - x3 trn on [-2; 2]. [> with(Student[Calculus1]): FunctionAverageTutor(2-x^3, -2..2); Kt qu thc hin cho ta thy gi tr M v dng th ca hm s f(x)

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th ca hm s v hm ngc ca n qua ng thng y = x Cu lnh:[> with(Student[Calculus1]):InverseTutor(f, a..b); InverseTutor(f, var=a..b) Trong : f - (tu chn) biu thc i s cha mt bin, a..b - (tu chn) mn v th, var - (tu chn) bin s. V d: [> with(Student[Calculus1]): InverseTutor(sin(x),-2*Pi..2*Pi); InverseTutor(1-exp(x), 1..2);

M t tip tuyn - ct tuyn ca hm s ti mt im Cu lnh:[> with(Student[Calculus1]):TangentSecantTutor(f, a); TangentSecantTutor(f, var=a) Trong : f - (tu chn) biu thc i s cha mt bin, a - (tu chn) im, var - (tu chn) bin s. V d.[> with(Student[Calculus1]): TangentSecantTutor(x^2, x=4);

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Phng trnh tip tuyn ti mt im Cu lnh:[> with(Student[Calculus1]):TangentTutor(f, a); TangentTutor(f, var=a); Trong : f - (tu chn) biu thc i s cha mt bin, a - (tu chn) im, var - (tu chn) bin s. V d.[>with(Student[Calculus1]): TangentTutor(1-exp(x), 2);

a thc xp x Taylor Cu lnh:[> with(Student[Calculus1]): TaylorApproximationTutor(f, a); TaylorApproximationTutor(f, var=a) Trong : f- (tu chn) biu thc i s cha mt bin, a - (tu chn) im, var - (tu chn) bin s. V d.[> with(Student[Calculus1]): TaylorApproximationTutor(sin(x), x=0);

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Th tch ca khi trn xoay Cu lnh:[> with(Student[Calculus1]): VolumeOfRevolutionTutor(f, var=a..b) Trong : f - (tu chn) biu thc i s cha mt bin, a..b - (tu chn) min tnh th tch, var - (tu chn) bin s. V d. Tnh th tch ca khi trn xoay to bi ng cong y = 1 + sinx trn on [0; ] khi quay quanh trc honh. [> with(Student[Calculus1]): VolumeOfRevolutionTutor(1+sin(x), 0..Pi);

Tnh din tch cc mt trn xoay Cu lnh:[> with(Student[Calculus1]):SurfaceOfRevolutionTutor(f, var=a..b); Trong : f - (tu chn) biu thc i s cha mt bin, a..b - (tu chn) min tnh tch, var - (tu chn) bin s. V d. Tnh din tch ca mt trn xoay to bi ng cong y = x2 trn on [0; 2] khi quay quanh trc tung. [> with(Student[Calculus1]): SurfaceOfRevolutionTutor(x^2, x = 0.. 2);

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Tm nghim gn ng theo phng php Niutn Cho hm s y = f(x) kh vi v c nghim nm trong khong (a; b). Gi { xi }iN * l dy cc nghim gn ng ca phng trnh f(x) = 0. Khi , ta c: Cng thc Niutn:

xn+1 = xn

f ' ( xn ) f ( xn )

Cu lnh:[> with(Student[Calculus1]): NewtonsMethodTutor(f, a) NewtonsMethodTutor(f, var=a) Trong : f - (tu chn) biu thc i s cha mt bin, a - (tu chn) im, var - (tu chn) bin s. V d.Tm nghim gn ng ca phng trnh x5 + x2-1=0 trong khong (-2; 2). Ta t f(x) = x5 + x2 - 1. Khi , d thy f(0).f(1) = - 1 < 0 f(x) = 0 c nghim trong khong (0; 1): [> with(Student[Calculus1]): NewtonsMethodTutor(x^5 + x^ 2 - 1, x = 0..2);

Minh ho kt qu ca nh l Lagrng Cu lnh:[> > with(Student[Calculus1]): MeanValueTheoremTutor(f, var=a..b) Trong : f - (tu chn) biu thc i s cha mt bin, a..b - (tu chn) min v th, var - (tu chn) bin s. V d.[> with(Student[Calculus1]):

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MeanValueTheoremTutor(x*sin(x), -2*Pi..2*Pi );

Kho st ng cong Cu lnh:[> with(Student[Calculus1]): CurveAnalysisTutor(f, a..b); CurveAnalysisTutor(f, var=a..b); Trong : f - (tu chn) biu thc i s cha mt bin, a..b - (tu chn) min v th, var - (tu chn) bin s. V d. Xc nh cc im cc i, cc tiu; min tng, gim; khong li, lm ca hm s y = xsinx trn on [ 2 ;2 ] . [> with(Student[Calculus1]): CurveAnalysisTutor(x*sin(x));

Tnh gi tr ring ca ma trn Cu lnh:[> with(Student[LinearAlgebra]): EigenvaluesTutor(M)

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Trong : M - ma trn vung. V d. Tnh cc gi tr ring ca ma trn vung sau:

1 2 0 2 3 2 0 2 1
[> with(Student[LinearAlgebra]): M := <<1,2,0>|<2,3,2>|<0,2,1>>; 1 2 0 M := 2 3 2 0 2 1 [> EigenvaluesTutor( M );

Tip tc ta c kt qu sau:

Tnh vct ring ca ma trn Cu lnh:[ > with(Student[LinearAlgebra]): EigenvectorsTutor(M) Trong : M - ma trn vung. V d. [> with(Student[LinearAlgebra]): M := <<1,2,0>|<2,3,2>|<0,2,1>>;

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1 M := 2 0
[> EigenvectorsTutor( M );

2 3 2

0 2 1

Tip tc ta c: + Vi t = 1 vct ring l (-1; 0; 1). + Vi t = 5 vct ring l (1; 2; 1). a ma trn v dng Gaux Cu lnh:[ > with(Student[LinearAlgebra]): GaussianEliminationTutor(M) GaussianEliminationTutor(M, v) Trong : M - Ma trn, v - Vct. Ch . Trong Section ny s chiu ca ma trn khng c ln hn 5x5. V d. [> with(Student[LinearAlgebra]): [> M := <<1,2,0>|<2,3,2>|<0,2,1>|<3,5,5>>;

1 M := 2 0

2 3 2

0 2 1

3 5 5

[> v := <5,4,2>;

5 v := 4 2

[> GaussianEliminationTutor(M); GaussianEliminationTutor(M, v);

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Chng ta c th tm c khng gian cc vct ct, khng gian cc vct dng, hng ca ma trn... a ma trn v dng Gaux - Jordan Cu lnh:[ > with(Student[LinearAlgebra]): GaussJordanEliminationTutor(M) GaussJordanEliminationTutor(M, v) Trong : M - Ma trn, v - Vct. Ch . Trong Section ny s chiu ca ma trn khng c ln hn 5x5. V d: [> with(Student[LinearAlgebra]): M := <<1,2,0>|<2,3,2>|<0,2,1>|<3,5,5>>;

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1 M := 2 0
[> v := <5,4,2>;

2 3 2

0 2 1

3 5 5

5 v := 4 2

[> GaussJordanEliminationTutor( M ); GaussJordanEliminationTutor( M, v );

Tnh ma trn nghch o

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Cu lnh:[ > with(Student[LinearAlgebra]): InverseTutor(M); Trong : M - Ma trn vung. V d. Tnh ma trn nghch o ca ma trn :

1 2 0 2 3 2 0 2 1
[> with(Student[LinearAlgebra]): M := <<1,2,0>|<2,3,2>|<0,2,1>>;

1 M := 2 0
1 5 2 5 -4 5

2 3 2

0 2 1

[> M^(-1);

[> InverseTutor( M );

2 5 -1 5 2 5

-4 5 2 5 1 5

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Chng ta c th thc hin tng bc v th tnh ton trn tng dng, tng ct. a ra kt qu cui cng ta nhn nt Hint. Gii h phng trnh tuyn tnh Cu lnh:[ > with(Student[LinearAlgebra]): LinearSolveTutor(M) LinearSolveTutor(M, v) Trong : M - Ma trn, v - Vct. V d:[> with(Student[LinearAlgebra]): M := <<1,2,0>|<2,3,2>|<0,2,1>|<3,5,5>>;

1 M := 2 0

2 3 2

0 2 1

3 5 5

[> v := <5,4,2>;

5 v := 4 2

[> LinearSolveTutor( M ); LinearSolveTutor( M, v );

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S dng nt Hint a ra kt qu cui cng ca bi ton. Trong tt c cc Section c trnh by trn u c mc Help nhm hng dn cch s dng v khai thc c hiu qu cc chng trnh ny. Cc v d tng t cn rt nhiu, do khun kh trong phm vi mt mc nh khng th a ra ht c, chng ti coi nh bi tp bn c tip tc tm hiu, khm ph.

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Ngun ti liu gio trnh trch dn, tham kho

[1]. Phm Huy in, inh Th Lc T Duy Phng -Hng dn thc hnh tnh ton trn chng trnh Maple V. NXB Gio dc 1998. [2]. Phm Huy in (ch bin)-Tnh ton, lp trnh v ging dy ton hc trn Maple. NXB KH&KT 2002. [3] . Nguyn B Kim -Phng php dy hc mn ton. NXB HSP 2002. [4]. Mai Cng Mn -S dng Maple trong ging dy mn hnh hc phng Lun vn Thc s ton hc 2000. [5]. o Thi Lai ng dng CNTT v vn i mi PPDH mn Ton Tp ch Nghin cu Gio dc , s 9/2002. [6] . Nguyn Vn Qu, Nguyn Tin Dng, Nguyn Vit H -Gii ton trn my vi tnh NXB Nng,1998. [7]. L Cng Trim, Nguyn Quang lc Mt s quan im v c s l lun dy hc ca vic s dng MTT .Tp ch NCGD 1992 [8] . Sue Johnston Wilder, David Pimm The free NCET (1995) leaflet, Mathematics ang IT - apupil's entitlement [9] .Sue Johnston Wilder, David Pimm The free NCET (1995) leaflet, Mathematics ang IT - apupil's entitlement [10]. Investigating transformation usng Geometers sketchpad through coopeerative learning SM-106 SEAMEO. [11]. Tran Vui Investigating Geometry with the Geometers Sketchpad A Conjecturing Approach. SEAMEO RECSAM, Penang, Malaysia. [12]. Asst.Prof.Krongthong Khairiee Teaching and Learning Mathematies Using The Geometers Sketchpad SEAMEO RECSAM, Penang Malaysia, 2002. [13]. Technology for Teaching Priscilia Norton, Debra Sprague George Mason University 2001 [14. Leone Burton and barbara Jaworski -Technology in mathematies Teaching and Learning A bridge between teaching ang learning. Chartwell Bratt, England, 1995.

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