Electrical Properties of Biological

Tissues
Biological Effects of EM Waves
(Continue)
Fourth Year
Dept of Electronics and Communications
Electrical Properties of SkinDry
Frequency Conductivity Relative Loss Wavelength Penetration
[Hz] [S/m] permittivity tangent [m] depth [m]
10 0.0002 1136 316.47 70598 11272
100 0.0002 1135.9 31.649 22010 3615.4
1000 0.00020006 1135.6 3.1668 6052.4 1314.3
10000 0.00020408 1133.6 0.3236 879.27 886.92
100000 0.00045128 1119.2 0.0725 89.553 393.81
1000000 0.013237 990.76 0.2402 9.4574 12.713
10000000 0.19732 361.66 0.9807 1.4389 0.56057
1E+08 0.49122 72.929 1.2108 0.30966 0.10463
1E+09 0.89977 40.936 0.3951 0.045999 0.038453
1E+10 8.0138 31.29 0.4604 0.0052291 0.0037979
http://niremf.ifac.cnr.it/tissprop/
Electrical Properties of SkinWet
Frequency Conductivity Relative Loss Wavelength Penetration
[Hz] [S/m] permittivity tangent [m] depth [m]
10 0.00040225 58340 12.394 47890 8261.7
100 0.00046112 45298 1.8298 11341 3043.3
1000 0.00065738 32135 0.3677 1645.7 1471.1
10000 0.0029317 29010 0.1817 175.3 309.68
100000 0.065836 15357 0.7706 22.745 10.628
1000000 0.2214 1832.8 2.1715 5.3782 1.3366
10000000 0.366 221.81 2.9661 1.4008 0.31043
1E+08 0.5232 65.969 1.4256 0.31527 0.096486
1E+09 0.88181 45.711 0.3468 0.043708 0.041293
1E+10 8.951 33.528 0.4799 0.0050416 0.0035267
Dipolar polarization (water, earth)
0
1
r
j
c c
c c
et

= +
+
0
2
1 ( )
l
r
c c
c c
et

= +
+
0
2
( )
1 ( )
ll
r
c c
c et
et

=
+
0
1
1 ( )
r
j
o
c c
c c
et

= +
+
(Debye Model)
is called relaxation time
(Cole Cole Model)
Relaxation Time of Some Materials Material
Relaxation Time
Copper 1.51
-19
s
Silver 1.31
-19
s
Sea water 2.01
-10
s
Distilled water 10-6 days
Quartz 10 days
0 5 10
2
4
6
6
2.006
Re c e
( ) ( )
10 0
e
Measurements Techniques of Electrical
Properties of Biological Tissues
Non-resonant Techniques
Reflection Methods
- Short Circuited Lines
- Open Circuited Lines
- Time-Domain Reflectometry
Transmission/Reflection Methods
Free Space Methods
Resonant Techniques
Cavity Resonators
Dielectric Resonators
Planar Resonators
Reflection Methods
Open-Circuited Transmission Line
Open-circuited coaxial-probe used for liquid material
characterization provided by Agilent technologies.
Where and is the capacitance of
the capacitor filled with air and is the
capacitance of the probe and is independent on
the sample properties.
( )
r r o
C C c c =
o
C
f
C
1
( ( ))
in
f r
Z
j C C e c
=
+
where C
f
and C
0
are obtained by a calibration measurement
where
l ll
d d
and c c are the real and imaginary parts of the complex
dielectric constant of the calibration sample respectively
Open-ended coaxial probe:
(a) The probe terminated by the sample
(b) Equivalent circuit model.
(a) conical-tip probe.
(b) cavity-modified probe.
(c) cavity-modified probe with a dielectric support.
(d) monopole probe.
Different Probe Configurations
Transmission/Reflection Method
The illustration of the transmission/reflection measurement
concept using a TEM transmission line.
Transmission-reflection method.
(a) waveguide measurements. (b) coaxial line measurements.
Short-Circuited Transmission Line
A short-circuited transmission line with the sample
inserted.
Free-Space Methods
Free-space measurement techniques are typically
non-destructive.
They are mainly based on utilizing transmit and
receive antennas for the transmission mode and only
one antenna for the reflection mode.
The measurement principle is to insert the sample
between the two antennas for the transmission
measurements or in front of the single antenna for
reflection measurements.
It has been widely used for characterizing
inhomogeneous materials and for high-temperature
measurements.
For such measurements, it is always required to
utilize highly directive antennas such as waveguide
horns in order to increase the measurement
sensitivity and precision.
The one-port free-space measurement system
Basic principle of free-space transmission-
reflection method
Transmission-Type Ring Resonator
Reflection-Type Ring Resonator
Reaction-Type Ring Resonator
Conditions of Resonance
a
m
= (a
1
+a
2
)/2 Where