F.

1 Mathematics Supplementary Notes

Chapter 11&12

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Chapter 11 Estimation in Measurement Chapter 12 Area and Volume (1)

Important Terms degree of accuracy actual value measured value approximate error Revision Notes 1. The Approximate Nature of Measurement (a) All measurements are approximations.

Name:___________( )Class: F.1 ( )

maximum error accumulated error trapezium solid cube

cuboid surface area uniform cross-section prism lateral face

With the ruler in Figure (a), the length of the wingspread() is between 5cm and 6cm. Since it is closer to 6cm, we say the length is approximately 6, and we write length 6cm The measurement is correct to the nearest cm. ()

Figure (a)

With the ruler in Figure (b), the length of the wingspread is between 5.7cm and 5.8cm. Since it is closer to 5.8cm, we say the length is approximately 5.8cm, we write length 5.8cm The measurement is correct to the nearest 0.1cm. ( 0.1 ) OR correct to the nearest mm. ()

Figure (b)
(b) The error of a measurement is the difference between the measured value and the actual value. e.g. If the actual length of a car is 4.55m and it is measured as 4.4m, then the error of the measurement = (4.55 4.4)m =0.15m

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(c)

The largest difference between the actual value and the measured value is called the maximum error of the measurement and it is equal to

1 difference between the finest markings on the measuring tool. 2

e.g. If the distance between the finest markings on a ruler is 1mm, then the maximum error of a measurement by this ruler =

1 1mm = 0.5mm. 2

2.

Measuring Tools and Units for Direct Measurement When we measure a quantity, we have to (a) choose an appropriate unit so that other people can understand the result easily; (b) choose an appropriate measuring tool to achieve the desired degree of accuracy.
Commonly used units for measurement: For length : mm , cm , m and km For area : mm2, cm2, m2 and km2

For volume: mm3, cm3, m3 and km3 For weight: For time : kg , g and mg h , min and s

Choose the most appropriate( ) units so that people can understand the meaning easily.

Example
1. Convert the area 123 400 cm2 into m2 .

Solution 123 400 cm2 = 123 400

= 12.34 m2

1 m2 10 000 1m = 100cm 1m2 = 10 000cm2 i.e. 1cm2 = m2

2.

Convert the volume 123 400 cm3 into m3 .

Solution 123 400 cm3 = 123 400

= 0.1234 m
3

1 m3 1 000 000

1m = 100cm 1m3 = 1 000 000cm3 i.e. 1cm3 = m3

3.

Area of Simple Figures

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Rectangle (, )
Let the length () be l the breadth () be b b Area of rectangle = length breadth =l b

Parallelogram ()
Let the base () be b the height () be h Area of parallelogram = base height =b h

b l b l
b b h h b

Triangle ()
Let the base () be b the height () be h Area of triangle = altitud e

Trapezium ()
Let the upper base be a the lower base be b the height () be h Area of trapezium = h

1 base height 2
=

1 b h 2

1 (upper base + lower base) height 2

a h b

h b

h b

1 = (a + b) h 2
b

Solids with Uniform Cross-Section

Cuboid (, )
( each face is a rectangle ) Let the length be l the breadth be b the height be h Volume of the cuboid = length breadth height =l b h b l h

Cube ()
( each face is a square) Let the length = the breadth = height = h Volume of the cube = length breadth height = h3

h h h

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4.

Solids with Uniform Cross-sections

The cross-sections( ) have the same shape and size

Solid with uniform cross-section

( )

Shade the uniform cross-sections of each of the following solids.

Volume of solid with uniform cross-section = area of cross-section length

Example. A cuboid has a square base of area 16cm2. If the volume of the cuboid is 180cm3,
find its dimensions. h cm

Solution Let the length = the breadth = l cm, the height = h cm

l cm l cm

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Chapter 11&12

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base area of the cuboid l 2 = 16

l=4
volume of the cuboid l l h = 180 16 h = 180

h = 11.25 the dimensions of the cuboid are 4cm 4cm 11.25cm

Dimensions are written in the form length breadth height

Exercise 1: Choose the most appropriate unit for each of the following
Answer
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. The time for 100 m dash() The area of this classroom. The distance from Hong Kong to Tokyo. The weight of our body. The thickness of a $1 coin. __________ __________ __________ __________

The time taken to fly from Hong Kong to Shanghai on an aeroplane. __________ The weight of a letter. The time taken to boil an egg. The volume of a cup. The height of Victory Peak. The area of Hong Kong. The volume of water in a swimming pool. __________ __________ __________ __________ __________ __________

Exercise 2
1. The approximate volume of water in the measuring cylinder() is __________ The measurement is correct to the nearest __________

2. The approximate size of AOB is ___________ .

The measurement is correct to the nearest ___________.

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3.

The approximate length of the stick is __________. The measurement is correct to the nearest _________. 4.

The approximate weight of the watermelon is __________. The measurement is correct to the nearest __________ .

5.

Measure the lengths of the sides of triangle ABC with a ruler correct to the nearest 0.2cm.

AB =

, BC =

, AC =

Exercise 3

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2.

Convert the following areas into cm2. (a) 0.00042km2 (b) 21m2

3.

Convert the following areas into m2. (a) 1 500 000 cm2 (b) 1.45 km2

4.

Convert the following area into km2. (a) 156 700 cm2 (b) 9870 m2

5.

Convert the following volumes into cm3. (a) 0.000 000 042km3 (b) 2.12m3

6.

Convert the following volumes into m3. (a) 1 500 000 cm3 (b) 2.345 km3

7.

The following figure shows a triangle ABC, find (a) the area of ABC,

(b)

the value of h.

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8.

In the following figures, find the area of the shaded region. (a)

(b)

9.

A rectangle has its length twice its width. If the length is 16cm, find the area of the rectangle.

10.

The area of a trapezium is 270cm2, the upper base is half of the lower base, the altitude is 60cm. Find the lower base of the trapezium.

11.

In the figure, area of the rectangle EGCD is 108cm2, DE is 9 cm. The areas of the two squares AHKE and HBGK are equal. AED and EKG are straight lines. Find (a) AE, A E D

B (b) the area of square HKGB.

F A 12. ABCG and CDEF are two squares. BCD and FGC are straight lines. 10cm B C G

14cm D

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AB = 10cm, ED = 14cm. Find the area of BGE.

Exercise 4
1. The figure shows a U-shaped solid with uniform cross-section (shaded). If the area of the cross-section is 15cm2 and the length is 8cm, find the volume of the solid.

Solution Volume of the solid = area of cross-section length

= ( ____ ____ )cm3 = 2. The figure shows a solid with uniform cross-section ABCDE. The dimensions are in cm. Find (a) the area of the cross-section ABCDE,

Solution area of ABE =

= area of BCDE = =

area of the cross-section ABCDE =

= (b) the volume of the solid.

Solution length of the solid =

area of the cross-section =

volume of the solid =

=

3.

The length and the breadth of a cuboid are both equal to 10cm, and its height is twice its length. Find the volume of the cuboid.

4.

The breadth of a cuboid is half its length, its altitude is three times its breadth.

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Let x cm be the length of the cuboid. (a) Express the breadth and the altitude of the cuboid in terms of x.

(b)

If the altitude of the cuboid is 9cm, find the dimensions of the cuboid.

5.

Find the volumes of the following solids with uniform cross-sections. (a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

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Chapter 11&12

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Level II 6. Find the volume of the open wooden box.

7. a

(a)

In the figure, the dimensions of the tank are 40cm 20cm 50cm. 24000cm3 of water is poured into rectangular tank. Suppose the depth of water in the tank is h cm. Find the value of h.

(b)

The length of a metal cube is 20cm, what is its volume?

h cm 20 cm

40 cm

(c)

If the metal cube is put into the rectangular tank, does the water overflow? Why?

8.

A piece of rectangular clay() with dimensions 10cm 5cm 2.5cm is pressed in form of a cube. What is the length of the cube?

9.

If 18cm3 of water is poured into a bottle with uniform cross-section, the water level rises 3cm. What is the

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area of the cross-section of the bottle?

10.

If the cross-sectional area of each of the two bottom layers of the wedding cake in the figure is double the cross-sectional area of the layer on its top, and all the three layers have the same height, find the volume of the cake.

11.

The given net() can be bolded to form a solid. Find (a) the volume of the solid

2 cm

1 cm
(b) the total surface area of the solid

4 cm

12.

The figure shows a prism drawn on the isometric grids (). The length of each line segment on the isometric grids represents 1 cm. Find (a) the area of the uniform cross-section

(b)

the volume

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Chapter 11&12

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P. 13

13.

In the following figures, find the area of the shaded region. (a)

4cm

6cm

8cm

(b)

ABFG and CDEF are two squares.

B C D 3cm

5cm

14.

In the following figures, find the total surface area of the solids which are made from cubes whose sides are 1 cm. (a)

(b)

Level III 15. A1 , A2 , A3 and A4 are the areas of the triangles. If A1= A2 =A3 +A4 , find A4 .

9cm A1 6cm A3 A2 A4

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(Ans:15cm2 )

16. Find x.

(Ans: 37.5cm2) 25cm2 20cm2

x cm2

30 cm2

17.

Find the volume of the solid. (Ans : 24cm2)

12cm2 6cm2 8cm2

*18. ABCG and CDEF are two squares. BCD and FGC are straight lines.

AB = 8cm, Find the area of BGE. (Ans: 32cm2)

A 8cm B

F G

H
C D