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Epithiliam Tissue Outline

Types of epithilia 1.) Covering Epithilial The cell are organized in layers that cover the external surfaces or line cavities of the body 2.) Grandular Epithilial cells specialized to produce secretion

1. TYPES OF COVERING EPITHILIA Types of Covering Epithilia 1.) Simple One layer 2.) Stratified Multiple Layers 3.) Psudostratified Appears as multiple but actually single layer of columnar cells. Types of Simple Epithilia 1.) Simple Squamous single layer of flat cells with nucleus at the apical surface. Functions: a. Exchange of materials b. Pinocytosis c. Secretion of active molecules Tissue: a. Alveiolli of the lungs b. Blood vessels c. Inner surface of heart(endocardium)

d. Outer layer of Bowmans capsule 2.) Simple Cuboidal single layer of square appearing cells with round nucleus in the middle Functions: a) Covering(Protection) b) Secretion Tissue: a) b) c) d) e)

Thyroid Follicles Ovary Choracoid Plexus Pigment of Retina Inner layer of lens

3.) Simple Columnar - single layer of pillar shaped cells with oval nuclease appearing at the basal end of the cell. Has either microvilli or cilia. Functions: a) Absorbtion b) Movement c) Protection d) Secretion e) Lubrication Tissue: a) Small Intestine b) Gall Bladder Types of Stratified Epithilia 4.) Stratified Squamous multiple layer with flat cells with nucleus at the apical surface in the top layer. Functions: a) Protection b) Secretion c) Prevention of waterloss Tissue: a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. Mouth Tongue Larynx Pharynx Oesaphagus Vagina Anal canal corneo 2

5.) Stratified Cuboidal Multiple layers with tops layer consisting of square appearing cells with round nucleus in the middle Functions: a) (Protection) b) Secretion Tissue: a) Superficial layer is Cuboidal b) Developing ovarian follicles c) Sweat glands d) Lactiferous sinus 6.) Stratified Columnar - Multiple layers with top layer appearing to have pillar shaped cells with oval nuclease appearing at the basal end of the cell. Has either microvilli or cilia. Functions: a) Protection b) Movement? Tissue: a) Parotid b) Sublingual c) Submadibiler d) (Conjunctiva & large ducts of salivary glands) 7.) Transitional Epithelium - A cuboidal or columnar base that has a middle layer thats polyhydral(pear shaped) and a superficial layer that is dome shaped. The epithilias can stretch. Functions: a) Protection b) Distensible Tissue: a) Urithlium 8.) Psuedodtratified Epithelium - Cells are tall with a broad apex or broad base. (Respiratory Epithiliem) Functions: c) Protection 3

d) Absorbtion Tissue: b) Male Urethra c) Repository Tract d) Efferent Duct 2. GRANDULAR EPITHILIA Exocrine Glands Simple glands are externally secreting into a single duct. Compound glands have several groups discharge to their own ducts that merge into a larger duct. TYPES OF SECRETION 1.) Mucous (Mucopolysachiridis)- at the apical surface of the cell. Nucleous is at the base and does not stain with Hematoxylin & Eosin. Looks empty 2.) Serous is a continuously secreting granule, nucleus is in the center and it is visible with H&E stain. Endocrine Glands a) Merocrine Gland is the most common type of a gland that secretes the protein at the apical end of the cell. b) Holocrine Gland disintegrates in order to release its secretion. c) Apocrine Gland disintegrates a portion of itself during secretion METAPLASIA One piece of tissue can transfer into another. It is a reversible process. Example is smokers losing cilia. Carcinoma a malignant tumor of epithelial origin.

Connective Tissue Outline


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Tissue that fills the space between specialized elements. CT is composed of (1) Cells (2) extracellular matrix consisting of proteins and various other molecules CT is derived from mesoderm. CT has the primary function of support The main constituents of CT are (1) Ground Substance (2) Fibers and (3) Cells 1.) Ground substance is composed of : 1.) Glycoprotiens 2.) Proteoglycans 3.) Glycoseaminoglycans(GAG) 2.) Fibers are composed of: a. Collagen Fibers b. Reticular Fibers c. Elastic Fibers The functions of CT are: (1) Structural because it helps to provide shape and organization (2) Defense in the form of immunoinflamatory response (3) Nutrition in the form of blood vessels (4) Storage of lipids in the body Ground Substance of Connective tissue Linear polysaccharides form disaccharides GLYCOAMINOGLYCANS Mucopolysachirides are composed of : 1.) Uronic Acid (Glucoronic, iduronic acid) 2.) Hexosamine (Glucosomaine galactoseamine) SPECIFIC GAGs linkes to core protein sulfation which help to create barriers and sablizize 1.) Hyaluronic acid: Found in umbilical chord, synovial fluid vitreous humor, cartiledge 2.) Chondroitin sulfate: Found in bones, cornea, skin, notochord aorta 3.) Dermatan Sulfate: Found in tendons 4.) Heparin, Heparan sulfate: Found in aorta, lungs liver, basal lamina 5.) Keratan Sulfate: Found in cornea, nucleous pulposus, ammulus Hyaluronic Acid 5

1.) 2.) 3.) 4.)

Highly viscous Combines with large amounts of water Diffusion of molecules in connective tissue Lubricant in tissue and joint

PROTEOGLYCANS (anions) Composed of a main protein associated with four main glycoaminoglycans MULTIADHESIVE GLYCOPROTIENS Connect do different surfaces a) b) c) d) e) f) Fibronectin attaches different molecules together Laminin attaches epithelial cell to basal lamina Tenascin role in migration of nerve cells Chondronectn development and maintance of cartiledge Osteonectin found in bone, influences calcification Enactin links laminin with type IV collagen in lamina densa

MEDICAL APPLICATION a) Hurler Syndrome ( MPS I) b) Hunter Syndrome(MPS II) c) Sanfilippo Syndrome(MPS III) d) Morquio Syndrome (MPS IV) e) Schei Syndrome (MPS 1S) FIBERS OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE Types: 1.) Collagen Fibers 2.) Reticular Fibers 3.) Elastic Fibers 1. COLLAGEN FIBERS Composed of the following amino acids: a. Proline b. Lysine c. Clycine

COLLAGEN STAIN 1. EOSIN Pink 2. MASSON TRICHONE Green 3. MALLORY - Blue 4. SIROUS RED Red 5. SILVER IMPREGNATION Brown 6. VAN GESSON Dark Pink Collagen is synthesized by FIBROBLASTS in the RER by the following process 1. Inside the cell 1. Two types of peptide chains are formed during translation on ribosomes along the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER): 1. alpha-1 and 2. alpha-2 chains. These peptide chains (known as preprocollagen) have registration peptides on each end and a signal peptide. 2. Polypeptide chains are released into the lumen of the RER. (Signal peptides are cleaved inside the RER and the chains are now known as pro-alpha chains.) 3. Hydroxylation of lysine and proline amino acids occurs inside the lumen. This process is dependent on ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) as a cofactor. 4. Glycosylation of specific hydroxylysine residues occurs. 5. Triple helical structure(Procolagen) is formed inside the endoplasmic reticulum from each two alpha-1 chains and one alpha-2 chain. 6. Procollagen is shipped to the Golgi apparatus, where it is packaged and secreted by exocytosis.

2. Outside the cell 1. Registration peptides are cleaved and tropocollagen is formed by procollagen peptidase. 2. Multiple tropocollagen molecules form collagen fibrils, via covalent cross-linking (aldol reaction) by lysyl oxidase which links hydroxylysine and lysine residues. Multiple collagen fibrils form into collagen fibers. 3. Collagen may be attached to cell membranes via several types of protein, including fibronectin and integrin.

Vitamin C deficiency causes scurvy, a serious and painful disease in which defective collagen prevents the formation of strong connective tissue. Gums deteriorate and bleed, with loss of teeth; skin discolors, and wounds do not heal.

1) Collagen I: skin, tendon, vascular ligature, organs, bone 2) Collagen II: cartilage 3) Collagen III: reticulate (main component of reticular fibers), commonly found alongside type I. 4) Collagen IV: forms bases of cell basement membrane 5) Collagen V: cells surfaces, hair and placenta

DETERIORATION 1.) Weak acid- swell soft 2.) Strong acid destroys callogen 3.) Boiled collagen turns to gelatin 2. RETICULAR FIBERS (TYPE III COLLAGEN) Organs that quickly change shape and volume. STAIN 1. Reticular Fibers argyrophilic(react well with silver turn black) 2. Reticular fibers also react with PAS positive (Bright Red) SPECIFIC ORGANS 1. Spleen, 2. Lymph nodes 3. Liver

3. ELASTIC FIBERS Main Amino Acids 1. Desmosin 2. Isodesmosin Elastic fibers can stretch and relax STAIN 1. Orcein Dark Blue 2. Aldehyde Fuschin Dark Blue 3. Verheogeous method Dark Blue MARFAN SYNDROME a genetc condition that leads to aortic ruptures due to bodies failure to synthesize ellastin CELLS OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE 1.) FIBROBLASTS FORMS

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a. Active producing stuff, many organelles, larger b. Inactive - inactive

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