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TRNG I HC NHA TRANG

KHOA C KH

NG QUANG TRNG

BI GING

THIT K DNG C CT

Nha Trang, 2011


1

Mc lc
Mc lc .....................................................................................................................................1
VN 1.................................................................................................................................6
C S L THUYT THIT K DNG C CT ..............................................................6
1.1
C s l thuyt to hnh b mt: ..............................................................................6
1.2
ng hc to hnh b mt chi tit ............................................................................7
1.2.1
Nhm bc 0 ........................................................................................................8
1.2.2
Nhm bc 1 ........................................................................................................8
1.2.3
Nhm bc 2 ........................................................................................................9
1.2.4
Nhm 3...............................................................................................................9
1.3
Mt khi thy K ca dng c ct ...........................................................................10
1.4.1
Phng php xc nh mt khi thy K ca dng c bng mt bao ca h
mt chi tit C. ..................................................................................................................10
1.4.2
Phng php gii tch xc nh mt khi thy K ..........................................11
1.4.3
Phng php ng hc xc nh mt khi thy K ........................................11
1.4
Nhng iu kin to hnh ng b mt chi tit ................................................13
1.4.1
iu kin cn ...................................................................................................13
1.4.2
iu kin .....................................................................................................14
VN 2...............................................................................................................................16
DNG C CT N V DNG C CT TIU CHUN ............................................16
2.1 Cng dng v phn loi ...............................................................................................16
2.2 Thng s hnh hc phn ct ca dng c ....................................................................17
2.2.1 Cc chuyn ng khi ct .......................................................................................17
2.2.2 Cc mt phng ta v cc tit din ..................................................................17
2.2.3 Cc gc phn ct ca dng c ..............................................................................18
2.3 Xc nh kch thc thn dao tin...............................................................................19
VN 3...............................................................................................................................21
THIT K DAO TIN NH HNH GIA CNG B MT TRN XOAY TRN MY
TIN ........................................................................................................................................21
3.1. Cng dng, phn loi v phm vi s dng ............................................................21
3.2. Mt trc, mt sau v kt cu dao tin ..................................................................22
3.3. Thit k dao tin nh hnh hng knh .................................................................24
3.3.1. Gc trc, gc sau ti cc im ct nhau trn li ct dao tin nh hnh ..24
3.3.2. Xc nh profin li ct dao tin nh hnh hng knh g thng ...............26
3.4. Sai s khi gia cng bng dao tin nh hnh ..........................................................30
3.4.1. Kho st sai s khi gia cng chi tit bng dao tin nh hnh hnh lng tr:
30

3.4.2. Kho st sai s khi gia cng chi tit bng dao tin nh hnh hnh trn: .....30
3.5. Chiu rng B ca dao tin nh hnh: ....................................................................31
3.6. Hnh dng v kch thc kt cu dao tin nh hnh: ...........................................32
VN 4...............................................................................................................................33
THIT K DAO PHAY RNG NHN ..............................................................................33
4.1. Cc yu t kt cu chung ca dao phay: ................................................................33
4.1.1. ng knh dao phay: .....................................................................................33
4.1.2. Kch thc lp ghp: .......................................................................................34
4.1.3. S rng: ............................................................................................................35
4.1.4. Cc gc rng v rnh rng: ..........................................................................36
4.1.5. Dng rng v rnh: ..........................................................................................36
2

4.2. Thng s hnh hc phn ct ca dao phay:............................................................37


4.2.1. Gc sau : ........................................................................................................37
4.2.2. Gc trc : .....................................................................................................38
4.2.3. Gc nghing chnh : ......................................................................................38
4.2.4. Gc nghing ph 1:........................................................................................38
4.2.5. Gc nng ca li ct chnh : .......................................................................38
4.2.6. Gc nghing ca rnh xon : .......................................................................39
VN 5...............................................................................................................................41
THIT K DAO PHAY LNG ...........................................................................................41
5.1. Cc yu t kt cu chung ca dao phay: ................................................................41
5.2. ng cong ht lng dao phay:.............................................................................41
5.2.1. ng cong ht lng dao phay: .....................................................................41
5.2.2. Phng trnh ng cong ht lng l ng xon Acsimet: .......................42
5.2.3. Lng ht lng K v gc sau nh rng d ................................................42
5.3. Thng s hnh hc phn ct ca dao phay ht lng..............................................43
VN 6...............................................................................................................................46
THIT K MI KHOAN .....................................................................................................46
6.1. Cng dng v phn loi ..........................................................................................46
6.2. Cc yu t kt cu ca mi khoan rnh xon ........................................................46
6.2.1. Gc nh 2 ..................................................................................................46
6.2.2. Gc nghing ca rnh xon ............................................................................48
6.2.3. Cc gc ca li ct ........................................................................................49
6.3. Cc kiu mi khoan ................................................................................................51
6.3.1. Mi khoan c lm ngui t pha trong ......................................................51
6.3.2. Mi khoan gn mnh hp kim cng ..............................................................51
VN 7...............................................................................................................................53
THIT K MI KHOT ......................................................................................................53
7.1. Cng dng v phn loi ..........................................................................................53
7.2. Cc yu t kt cu ca mi khot ..........................................................................53
7.2.1. S rnh .............................................................................................................53
7.2.2. Phn ct ............................................................................................................53
7.2.3. Phn sa ng ..................................................................................................54
7.2.4. Cc gc ct .......................................................................................................54
7.2.5. Gc nghing ca rnh .....................................................................................55
7.2.6. Bin dng rnh .................................................................................................55
7.2.7. Dung sai ng knh mi khot .....................................................................56
7.3. Cc kiu mi khot .................................................................................................57
7.3.1. Mi khot hai rng ..........................................................................................57
7.3.2. Mi khot l tr chm......................................................................................58
7.3.3. Mi khot l cn chm ....................................................................................58
VN 8...............................................................................................................................60
THIT K MI DOA ...........................................................................................................60
8.1. Cng dng v phn loi ..........................................................................................60
8.2. Cc yu t kt cu ca mi doa ..............................................................................60
8.2.1. Phn ct ............................................................................................................60
8.2.2. Phn sa ng ..................................................................................................61
8.2.3. S rng .............................................................................................................61
8.2.4. Hng ca rng ...............................................................................................61
3

8.2.5. Gc sau v gc trc ca phn ct .................................................................62


8.2.6. Cnh vin .........................................................................................................63
8.2.7. Dng rnh .........................................................................................................63
8.2.8. S phn b rng khng ng u ...................................................................64
8.2.9. Phn kp cht ...................................................................................................64
8.3. Cc kiu mi doa.....................................................................................................64
8.3.1. Mi doa tng ....................................................................................................64
8.3.2. Mi doa hp kim cng ....................................................................................65
8.3.3. Mi doa lp rng..............................................................................................65
8.3.4. Mi doa cn .....................................................................................................66
VN 9...............................................................................................................................68
THIT K DAO CHUT .....................................................................................................68
9.1. Cng dng v phn loi ..........................................................................................68
9.2. Cc b phn ca dao chut .....................................................................................68
9.2.1. Phn u kp dao.............................................................................................68
9.2.2. Phn c v phn cn chuyn tip ...................................................................69
9.2.3. Phn nh hng trc ....................................................................................70
9.2.4. Phn nh hng sau .......................................................................................70
9.4. S ct v cc dng dao chut ............................................................................71
9.4.1. Dao chut ct n............................................................................................71
9.4.2. Dao chut ct nhm ........................................................................................72
9.5. Phng php ch yu to b mt bng dao chut .................................................74
9.6. Phn lm vic ca dao chut ..................................................................................75
9.6.1. Rng ct th .....................................................................................................75
9.6.2. Rng ct tinh, rng sa ng v chiu di ca dao chut .............................82
9.6.3. Chiu di ton b dao chut ...........................................................................84
9.6.4. Dung sai kch thc dao chut .......................................................................85
VN 10 ............................................................................................................................87
THIT K DNG C GIA CNG REN ............................................................................87
10.1.
Dao tin ren v cc thng s hnh hc ...............................................................87
10.1.1. Dao tin ren n ..............................................................................................87
10.1.2. Dao tin ren hnh thang ...................................................................................89
10.2.
Taro ren ................................................................................................................91
10.2.1. Cng dng v phn loi ..................................................................................91
10.2.2. Cc thnh phn kt cu ca taro .....................................................................91
10.3.
BN REN ............................................................................................................96
10.3.1. Cng dng v phn loi ..................................................................................96
10.3.2. Kt cu bn ren trn ........................................................................................97
10.3.3. Cc gc phn ct ........................................................................................100
10.3.4. Dung sai kch thc ren ................................................................................100
10.4.
GIA CNG REN BNG PHNG PHP BIN DNG DO ..................101
10.4.1. Qu trnh cn ren ...........................................................................................101
10.4.2. Dng c cn ren .............................................................................................101
VN 11 ..........................................................................................................................104
THIT K DNG C GIA CNG RNG BNG PHNG PHP NH HNH ....104
11.1.
Dao phay vu m un .......................................................................................104
11.2.
Dao phay a m un ........................................................................................104
11.3.
Tnh ton profil dao phay a m un ..............................................................104
4

11.4.
B dao phay a mun ....................................................................................105
VN 12 ..........................................................................................................................107
THIT K DNG C GIA CNG RNG BNG PHNG PHP BAO HNH ......107
12.1.
Khi nim c bn ..............................................................................................107
12.2.
Thit k cc dng c ct rng theo nguyn l bao hnh c tm tch gia cng
bnh rng tr thn khai .....................................................................................................107
12.2.1. Cc loi mt xon vt dng trong thit k dng c ct................................107
12.3.
Thit k dao phay ln rng ...............................................................................110
12.3.1. Nguyn l lm vic .......................................................................................110
12.3.2. Kt cu dao phay ln rng.............................................................................110
12.3.3. Thit k prfin dao phay ln rng ................................................................112
12.4.
Thit k dao xc rng thn khai .......................................................................113
12.4.1. Nguyn l lm vic v kt cu .....................................................................113
12.4.2. Cc gc ct ca rng .....................................................................................114
12.4.3. Khong cch khi thy a ca dao xc .........................................................116
VN 13 ..........................................................................................................................117
NG DNG TIN HC TRONG THIT K V CH TO DNG C CT .............117
13.1.
M u ...............................................................................................................117
13.2.
M hnh khung dy ...........................................................................................117
13.2.1. Biu din cc ng cong phn tch ............................................................117
13.2.2. Biu din cc ng cong t hp .................................................................119
13.3.
M hnh b mt..................................................................................................122
13.4.
M hnh khi rn ...............................................................................................124
13.4.1. M hnh CSG (constructive solid geometry) ...............................................124
13.4.2. M hnh biu din bin B-rep .......................................................................126
13.4.3. Biu din qut (sweep representation) .........................................................127
Ti liu tham kho: ...............................................................................................................127

VN 1
C S L THUYT THIT K DNG C CT
1.1 C s l thuyt to hnh b mt:
Mt b mt s c hnh thnh do mt ng sinh no chuyn ng theo mt qui
lut nht nh. Cc chuyn ng l ng hc hnh thnh b mt.
Dng c ct c th ct gt cc chi tit khc nhau th li ct ca dng c ct phi
n su vo vt liu ca phi v ct, tch cc phn kim loi d ra khi chi tit di dng
phoi ct. Do , th hnh dng ca chi tit l yu t quyt nh n hnh dng ca li ct
ca dng c ct, cng nh quyt nh n cc chuyn ng tng i ca dng c v chi
tit.
Khi li ct ca dng c hnh thnh c b mt gia cng, c ngha l li ct phi
nm trn mt tip tuyn v tip xc vi b mt chi tit trong sut qu trnh gia cng. Mt
tip xc c gi l mt khi thy ca dng c. Qu o chuyn ng tng i ti mi
im ca li ct so vi phi l kt qu chuyn ng tng hp do dng c v chi tit thc
hin trn my.
Vy, cng c th ni rng, tp hp cc chuyn ng ca b mt dng c v chi tit
trong qu trnh ct chnh l s ng hc to hnh ca qu trnh ct. S ng hc to
hnh khi ct ni chung khc vi s ng hc ca my.
V d: khi tin mt tr ngoi, s ng hc to hnh ch gm chuyn ng quay
trn ca chi tit, chuyn ng tnh tin dc trc ca dao. Trong khi , s ng hc
ca my th cn phi m bo chuyn ng chy dao ngang l chuyn ng a dng
c vo v tr cn thit t c ng knh cho ca chi tit.
Vic nghin cu s ng hc to hnh c ngha rt quan trng trong vic gia
cng kim loi v cc thng s hnh hc phn ct ca dng c, ch ct, nng sut lao
ng, s mi mn, tui bn ca dng c ng vi phng php gia cng chn ph
thuc rt nhiu vo n.
n gin cc chuyn ng ca my ct, ngi ta thng dng s ng hc to
hnh da trn t hp hai chuyn ng c bn ca phi v dng c l: chuyn ng tnh
tin v chuyn ng quay trn.
phc tp ca s ng hc to hnh ph thuc vo s lng cc chuyn ng
thnh phn v c trng t hp ca n. Ta c cc nhm nh sau:
Nhm c 1 chuyn ng: - mt chuyn ng thng
- mt chuyn ng quay
Nhm c 2 chuyn ng: - hai chuyn ng thng
- hai chuyn ng quay
6

- mt chuyn ng thng v mt chuyn ng quay


Nhm c 3 chuyn ng: - hai chuyn ng thng v mt chuyn ng quay
- hai chuyn ng quay v mt chuyn ng thng
- ba chuyn ng quay
V mt nguyn l c th t hp nhiu yu t chuyn ng hn, nhng trong thc
tin ng dng th iu ny b gii hn bi phc tp ca t hp v kh khn trong vic
ch to cc thit b tng ng.
1.2 ng hc to hnh b mt chi tit
Khi to hnh b mt chi tit th cn phi nghin cu cc phng n khc nhau ca s
phi hp cc chuyn ng ca chi tit i vi dng c.
Bng 1.1 gii thiu cc s to hnh b mt vi chuyn ng chnh l tnh tin v
quay trn.
Loi
s

II

Kiu
s

Cc chuyn ng thnh
phn ca chi tit gia
cng v dng c khi to
hnh

Tnh tin

Chuyn
ng
tng
hp tc
thi

Chuyn ng
tng i vi s
tr gip ca cp
b mt

Cp b mt
S v tr tng h
ca cp b mt

Dng
c

Vt gia
cng

Tnh
tin

ng
thng

ng
thng

Quay

Quay

Xon vt

Xon
vt

Quay v tnh tin vi


vn tc vung gc vi
trc quay

Quay

S dch chuyn
ca tr theo mt
phng

Mt
phng

Tr

Hai chuyn ng quay


quanh trc song song

Quay

S dch chuyn
ca tr theo tr

Tr

Tr

2 chuyn ng quay
quanh trc ct nhau

Quay

S dch chuyn
ca mt cn theo
mt phng

Mt
phng

Mt
cn

III

2 chuyn ng quay
quanh trc ct nhau

Quay

S dch chuyn
ca mt cn theo
mt cn

Cn

Cn

B i quay

Tnh
tin

S trt ca vng
theo vng

Vng

Vng

Quay v tnh tin vn


tc c hng to thnh
gc vi trc quay

Xon
vt

S dch chuyn
vi s trt ca
tr theo mt
phng

Mt
phng
tr

Tr

Mt
phng
2

2 chuyn ng quay
quanh trc cho nhau
(gc hp thnh vi trc
quay v trc ca ng
vt. Trc ca vt tc
thi v trc quay th 2
l 2 ng cho nhau

Xon
vt

2 chuyn ng quay
quanh trc cho nhau

Xon
vt

S dch chuyn
v s trt ca
mt cn theo mt
phng

S dch chuyn
v s trt ca
mt
hypecbolit
vi
mt
hypecboloit

Cn

Mt
phng

Mt
phng

Cn

Hypecb
oloit

hypecb
oloit

1.2.1 Nhm bc 0
Tp hp cc s ng hc to hnh khi b mt khi thy ca dng c trng vi b
mt nguyn gc chi tit.
V d: khi ct ren bng tar, khi chut, khi t l, lc ny chuyn ng tng h gi
l chuyn ng t trt v xc nh b mt khi thy th khng cn quan tm n
chuyn ng ny.
1.2.2 Nhm bc 1
Nhm s to hnh m chuyn ng tng h ca dng c i vi chi tit l
chuyn ng tnh tin, xoay hoc xon vt.
S c c trng ch l khi cc cp b mt ca phn t quay v ng yn
trng nhau v to thnh ng thng.

Kiu th nht: cha chuyn ng thng u. Theo s ny, to hnh cho cc


loi dng c chut ngoi cc b mt trn xoay, tin bng dao tin nh hnh tip tuyn c
phng chy dao thng.
Kiu th hai: cha cc chuyn ng quay, to hnh cc loi dng c hoc cc loi
b mt, v d dao phay nh hnh phay cc b mt tr, b mt xon vt hoc b mt
trn xoay.
Kiu th ba: khi phay bnh rng c rng thng bng dao phay ln rng. Thc ra kiu
th nht l trng hp c bit ca kiu th ba khi trc quay v cng.
1.2.3 Nhm bc 2
Nhm s ng hc khi m chuyn ng tng h ca dng c v chi tit l
chuyn ng quay tc thi hay tnh tin thng.
Cc cp ng hc ln theo nhau khng c s trt. Chuyn ng tnh tin tc thi l
chuyn ng tng hp ca hai chuyn ng quay quanh hai trc song song c vn tc gc
v hng ging nhau.
Cc b mt lin kt c to thnh bi cc b mt sau:
-

Tr - phng;

Tr - tr;

Cn phng;

Cn cn.

V d: gia cng bnh rng bng dao xc rng hoc dao rng lc cc s ng
hc ny, cc cp b mt gia dng c v chi tit c th i ch cho nhau. chng hn nh
s tr - mt phng, dng c c th l dao xc rng hnh a, chi tit l thanh rng v
ngc li.
nhm hai cha kiu s khi m chuyn ng tc thi l kt qu ca hai chuyn
ng quay quanh cc trc song song nhau hay ngoi nhau. Chuyn ng tnh tin c th
coi l trng hp c bit ca chuyn ng quay v c th xem mt phng l hnh tr c
bn knh v cng ln.
1.2.4 Nhm 3
Nhm cha cc s m cc chuyn ng tng h l chuyn ng xon vt tc
thi.
Trong nhm ny th cc b mt t ln theo nhau c s trt. Cc b mt gm:
-

Tr - phng;

Cn phng;

Hai mt hypecboloit.
9

Chuyn ng xon vt tng hp tc thi l tng hp ca hai chuyn ng quay


quanh cc trc ngoi nhau v c th hnh dung n nh l b mt hypecboloit theo
hypecboloit c gn s trt. y l trng hp tng qut nht, chng hn nh phay bnh
rng bng dao phay ln rng.
1.3 Mt khi thy K ca dng c ct
Dng c ct c th xem nh mt vt th b gii hn bi mt b mt, b mt gi l
mt khi thy K ca dng c ct, trn phn b cc li ct c prfin thch hp trc
tip hnh thnh b mt chi tit.
V d, vt th trn xoay gii hn bi mt trn xoay K, trong qu trnh gia cng n
lun tip tuyn vi cc b mt gia cng ca chi tit. Sau khi to mt trc rnh thot phoi
v mt sau th vt th tr thnh dng c ct, chnh l dao phay.
Nh vy b mt khi thy K ca dng c ct lun phi tip xc vi b mt ca chi
tit trong qu trnh gia cng.
1.4.1 Phng php xc nh mt khi thy K ca dng c bng mt bao ca h
mt chi tit C.
Trong qu trnh gia cng th b mt chi tit C thc hin cc chuyn ng tng i
i vi dng c v hnh thnh tp hp cc v tr tip xc nhau c gi l h mt C. Mt
khi thy K ca dng c l b mt tip xc vi h mt C trong qu trnh chuyn ng
to hnh. Do mt khi thy K ca dng c chnh l mt bao ca h mt chi tit C. Hai
mt C v K tip xc vi nhau theo mt ng E gi l ng c tnh. Ni cch khc,
ng c tnh E l ng tip xc ca cp ng hc b mt C v K.
V d: Hy tm b mt khi thy K ca dng c gia cng mt trn C.
Ta c S gia cng l:
-

Chuyn ng quay ca chi tit quanh trc O1

Chuyn ng tnh tin dc trc O1

Dng c quay quanh trc O2 vung gc vi trc O1. Mt khi thy K l mt bao ca
h mt chi tit C khi n chuyn ng tng i so vi dng c. Mt K s l mt cong
lm, c hnh thnh bng cch quay ng c tnh E quanh trc O2. Nu dng b mt
khi thy nh th lm b mt dng c th vi s ct nh hnh 1.1 s gia cng c b
mt tr trn xoay ca chi tit C.

10

Hnh 1.1 ng c tnh E v mt khi thy ca dng c


1.4.2 Phng php gii tch xc nh mt khi thy K
Phng php i t phng trnh ng cong phng C, tin n xc nh phng
trnh ca h ng cong phng C, v t phng trnh ca h ng cong phng C i xc
nh phng trnh ng bao ca h theo hnh hc gii tch.
Nu h h ng cong phng C cho di dng tng qut F(x,y,z,t)=0, vi t l tham
s chuyn ng ca h th phng trnh mt bao s l nghim ca phng trnh:
F ( x, y , z , t ) = 0

F ( x, y, z, t )
=0

Nu h ng cong cho di dng phng trnh thng s:


x = f 1 (u , v, t )

y = f 2 (u , v, t )
z = f (u , v, t )
3

Trong : u,v- Thng s b mt;


t- Tham s ca h, th phng trnh mt bao s l nghim ca h:
x = f 1 (u , v, t )
y = f (u , v, t )
2

z = f 3 (u , v, t )

x . y . z
u u u

x . y . z = 0
v v v
x y z
. .
t t t

1.4.3 Phng php ng hc xc nh mt khi thy K

11

Khi cho hai b mt bt k chuyn ng th ti cc im tip xc, vect tc chuyn

ng tng i V v vect php tuyn b mt N phi vung gc vi nhau, v vect V


hng theo phng tip tuyn chung ca hai b mt. Nh vy, nu mt chi tit C chuyn
ng trong khng gian th ng c tnh ca mt bao K s l ng tp hp ca tt c

cc ng tip xc m ti vect vn tc V thng gc vi vect php tuyn N .

iu kin tip xc c biu th bng phng trnh: N . V = 0

Hnh 1.2 iu kin tip xc ng hc ca 2 b mt


T iu kin tip xc ny, cho php tm c im tip xc ca cp b mt tip xc
ti bt k thi im no.
Tp hp tt c cc im tip xc , xt trong h ta gn vi chi tit, l b mt
chi tit C. Tp hp tt c cc im tip xc , xt trong h ta gn vi dng c, l b
mt khi thy ca dng c K.
Khi xc nh mt khi thy K ca b mt chuyn ng C, chuyn ng ca C c th
phn tch thnh nhiu thnh phn, v vic phn tch s hp l hn nu c mt trong
nhng thnh phn gy ra s trt ca bn thn C v nh vy s lm cho bi ton tr
nn n gin.
V d: xc nh ng c tnh ca mt mt phng c chuyn ng xon vt.
Gc gia trc ca chuyn ng vt v mt phng P l . Chuyn ng xon vt ca

mt phng P c phn tch thnh hai chuyn ng: chuyn ng tnh tin vi vn tc V

v chuyn ng quay vi vn tc gc .

Chuyn ng V c phn tch thnh hai thnh phn: V = V 1 + V 2 , trong V 1

hng thng gc vi V , cn V 2 nm trong mt phng P.

S chuyn ng theo vect V 2 dn n s trt ca mt phng P, do khi xc nh

ng c tnh khng cn ch n n. ln ca vect V 1 c tnh theo cng thc:

V 1 = V .tg

12

Hnh 1.3 Xc nh ng c tnh khi mt phng c chuyn ng xon vt

Chuyn ng theo vect V 1 c th hnh dung l s quay ca h thng vi vect tc

gc .
Khong cch gia chng l: r =

V1

V .tg

= h.tg

h: thng s ca chuyn ng xon vt.


Nh vy chuyn ng xon vt dn n mt chuyn ng quay. ng c tnh E
trong trng hp ny s thng gc vi hnh chiu ca trc quay trn mt phng P, ngha
l nhng ng thng cch hnh chiu ca trc chuyn ng xon vt mt khong r v
lm vi n mt gc .
Kt qu l chuyn ng xon vt ca nhng ng c tnh E to ra mt mt bao l
b mt xon vt thn khai c bn knh hnh tr c s l r.
1.4 Nhng iu kin to hnh ng b mt chi tit
1.4.1 iu kin cn
iu kin cn to c b mt mong mun l tn ti b mt khi thy K ca dng
c ct ng vi b mt chi tit cho. C ngha l, trong qu trnh gia cng, cc im trn
b mt chi tit c t nht mt ln tip xc vi cc im ca b mt khi thy ca dng c,
vy, cn tn ti cc im tip xc chung ca hai b mt. Ti cc im tip xc ny, php

tuyn chung phi thng gc vi vect chuyn ng tng i, ngha l: N . V = 0.


i vi b mt chi tit cho, vect php tuyn ti cc im ca b mt l hon ton

xc nh, c ngha l khng th thay i v tr ca php tuyn N nu khng thay i hnh


dng ca chi tit. Do , ti mt s gia cng chn, nu ta bit cc chuyn ng ca
chi tit v dng c th vic thay i hng v tc chuyn ng tng i gia cp b

mt s m bo N . V =0.
V d, kho st s gia cng mt phng P, nu cho mt C quay quanh trc c nh
nm trn mt phng P th khi tc quay ca mt im bt k ca mt ct C quanh
13

trc s vung gc vi mt phng P, tc V s song song vi php tuyn N ca mt

phng chi tit. iu kin N . V =0 tha mn do khng tn ti mt khi thy K ca


dng c v vic gia cng mt phng P trong iu kin nh trn l khng th thc hin
c.
Nu chn trc quay thng gc vi mt phng P th ng nhin ti tt c cc im
ca mt phng P vect php tuyn lun vung gc vi vect tc ct. iu c ngha
l mt khi thy K tn ti v trng vi mt P.
1.4.2 iu kin
iu kin 1: s tip xc ca b mt khi thy K ca dng c v b mt chi tit
gia cng khng xy ra hin tng ct lm.
S tip xc trn c th l tip xc ngoi hoc tip xc trong. Khi tip xc ngoi, mt
khi thy K ca dng c 2 nm ngoi thn chi tit 1, khi khng c s ct lm ca
dng c vo thn chi tit.
Khi tip xc trong, mt khi thy ca dng c 2 c bn knh cong ln hn bn knh
cong ca chi tit 1, do c hin tng ct lm. Nh vy vic to ng hnh dng ca chi
tit l khng th thc hin c.

Hnh 1.4 Cc dng tip xc


Hy kho st qu trnh mi mt cn trong bng mi trn. S tip xc ca b mt
to hnh K vi mt cn ca l C xy ra dc theo ng sinh ng c tnh.
Ti tit din II-II thng gc vi ng c tnh xy ra s tip xc gia hai b mt.
Trong cc tit din , bn knh cong ca mi trn lun gi nguyn khng i trong
lc bn knh cong ca mt cn chi tit gim dn khi tin v pha nh cn. Ti im m
n nh cn, bn knh cong ca mi ln hn bn knh cong ca mt cn v do c
s ct lm nn vic gia cng vng bng mi trn nh trn l khng th thc hin
c.
Ti im gii hn M, bn knh cong ca mt cn bng bn knh cong ca mi.
Nh vy, gia cng b mt chi tit t yu cu th b mt khi thy ca dng c K
khng c ct lm vo b mt chi tit.
iu kin 2: trn b mt ca chi tit khng c nhng mt chuyn tip.
14

Chi tit c th gm nhiu mt ni tip, do mt khi thy K ca dng c cng gm


nhiu mt tng ng hnh thnh cc b mt ca chi tit. Cc phn ln cn ca mt
khi thy K ca dng c c th ct nhau, ni tip nhau hoc tch ri nhau. Khi cc phn
ca mt khi thy ct nhau th chng khng th ct ht phn kim loi dnh cho tng phn
c, do b mt chi tit c ct bng phn ca mt khi thy ct nhau s khng c
thc hin v s c mt chuyn tip ni cc phn b mt ln cn ca chi tit.
iu c chng minh bng v d sau: dng dao phay ngn gia cng mt tr
quay gm mt phn hnh tr C1 v mt u C2. khi dao phay quay trn quanh trc ca
n, cc li ct to ra mt khi thy K1 cn chi tit quay chm quanh trc ca n.
Trc chi tit v trc dng c vung gc vi nhau v cch nhau mt khong k. Khi
mt khi thy tip xc vi mt tr C1 l K1 vi ng c tnh E1 quay quanh trc dng
c, cn phn mt khi thy ca mt phng C2 l K2 c ng c tnh E2 cng quay
quanh trc ca dng c. Cc mt K1 v K2 ct nhau theo vng trn A do khng th c
phn ni tip gia hai phn c. Kt qu l trn thn chi tit s hnh thnh mt mt
chuyn tip.
ng c tnh E1 quay xung quanh trc ca chi tit ch hnh thnh mt r C1 trn
on Me ca prfin, cn ng c tnh E2 ch to mt phng C2 n im C ca prfin.
Gia hai im E v C c mt ng cong chuyn tip.
chnh xc ca b mt chi tit gia cng ph thuc vo chnh xc ca b mt
khi thy, ngha l chnh xc ch to cc kch thc tng ng ca dng c.
t chnh xc chi tit sau khi gia cng nm trong phm vi dung sai cho php
ca n th dng c phi c dung sai ch to b hn.
Thng thng, dung sai cc kch thc ca dng c trc tip nh hng n hnh
dng v kch thc b mt gia cng nm trong gii hn 1/3-1/4 dung sai kch thc
tng ng ca chi tit.

15

VN 2
DNG C CT N V DNG C CT TIU CHUN
2.1 Cng dng v phn loi
Dng c ct hay cn gi l dao l b phn ca h thng cng ngh c nhim v trc
tip tch phoi hnh thnh b mt gia cng. Dao c nh hng rt ln n qu trnh ct
gt. N khng nhng tc ng trc tip ti cht lng chi tit m cn chi phi khng nh
ti vn nng sut v gi thnh ch to sn phm.
Dng c ct n c dng ph bin trong qu trnh gia cng ct gt trn my tin
vn nng, my tin t ng, my bo, my xc v c th dng trn cc my chuyn dng
khc.
Do , dng c ct n c nhiu hnh dng v kt cu khc nhau ty theo cng dng
ca chng, v c tiu chun ha, thng c chia thnh cc loi sau:
-

Theo loi my s dng: dao tin, dao bo, dao xc

Theo dng gia cng: dao tin ngoi, dao xn mt u, dao ct t, dao tin l, dao
tin ren

Theo cch g dao: dao hng knh, dao tip tuyn

Theo tnh cht gia cng: dao ct th, dao ct tinh

Theo kt cu thn dao: hnh ch nht, hnh vung, hnh trn

Theo kt cu u dao: dao u thng, u cong

Theo hng chy dao: dao chy phi, dao chy tri

Theo loi vt liu dng c: dao thp gi, dao hp kim cng

Theo phng php ch to dao: dao u lin, dao hn mnh, dao kp mnh
Dng c ct n c th coi nh mt vt th hnh hc bao gm hai phn:

Phn thn dao: dng kp cht dao v ng thi kp cht dao vo bn dao.
Chnh v vy i hi phi cng vng. Hnh dng v kch thc phn thn
dao c ch to theo tiu chun.

Phn u dao: thc hin ct gt. Trong phn u dao c cc mt trc, mt sau
chnh, mt sau ph, li ct chnh, li ct ph, mi dao.

Hnh 2.1 Dao ct n


16

2.2 Thng s hnh hc phn ct ca dng c


-

Li ct chnh l giao tuyn ca mt trc v mt sau chnh.

Li ct ph l giao tuyn ca mt trc v mt sau ph.

Giao im ca li ct chnh v li ct ph l mi dao.

2.2.1 Cc chuyn ng khi ct


Trong qu trnh ct dao v chi tit cn phi thc hin cc chuyn ng sau:
-

Chuyn ng ct chnh Mc vi tc ct chnh l Vc, l chuyn ng c bn


to ra phoi v chim hu ht nng lng ct.

Chuyn ng chy dao dc Mf vi tc Vf l chuyn ng ct ht ton b b


mt chi tit.

Chuyn ng chy dao ngang vi tc Vn l chuyn ng tnh tin theo phng


chiu su ct.

Chuyn ng tng hp Me, chuyn ng ct vi tc Ve l chuyn ng tng

hp ca chuyn ng ct chnh Vc v chuyn ng chy dao dc V f , hoc l


r

chuyn ng tng hp ca chuyn ng ct chnh Vc vi chuyn ng chy dao


r

ngang Vn . y chnh l chuyn ng to hnh mt tr ngoi ca chi tit.


Thng s hnh hc phn ct ca dng c trng thi tnh c xc nh nh khi
r

khng c chuyn ng chy dao Mf ( V f =0) trong trng hp Ve c xc nh nh l


r

chuyn ng ct chnh Vc ( Ve = Vc ).
2.2.2 Cc mt phng ta v cc tit din
Mt phng y Pr: ti mt im trn li ct M l mt phng i qua im v
r

vung gc vi vect tc ct Ve . Nu trng thi tnh V f =0, th mt y vung gc vi


r
Vc .

Mt phng ct Ps: ti mt im trn li ct chnh M l mt phng i qua im v


r

tip tuyn vi mt ang gia cng ca chi tit, tc l mt phng cha vect tc ct Vc
v tip tuyn vi li ct ti im M. Do mt ct v mt y lun vung gc vi nhau.
Tit din chnh N-N: l mt phng ct i qua mt im ca li ct chnh v vung
gc vi hnh chiu li ct chnh trn mt y.
Tit din ph N1-N1: l mt phng ct i qua mt im trn li ct ph v vung
gc vi hnh chiu ca li ct ph trn mt y.
Tit din dc Y-Y: l mt phng ct qua mt im trn li ct chnh v vung gc
vi phng chy dao dc.
17

Tit din ngang X-X: l mt phng ct i qua mt im trn li ct chnh v song


song vi phng chy dao dc.

Hnh 2.1 mt phng ta v tit din


2.2.3 Cc gc phn ct ca dng c
Gc trc : ti mt im trn li ct l gc hp bi mt trc v mt y o trong
tit din kho st n, y, x Gc trc c th dng, m hoc bng khng.
Gc sau : ti mt im trn li ct l gc hp bi mt ct v mt sau o trong tit
din kho st (n, y, x).. Gc sau lun lun dng.
Gc sc : ti mt im trn li ct l gc hp bi mt trc v mt sau o trong
tit din kho st (n, y, x).
Gc ct : ti mt im trn li ct l gc hp bi mt trc v mt ct o trong
tit din kho st (n, y, x).
Gc nghing chnh : l gc gia hnh chiu ca li ct chnh trn mt y v
phng chy dao.
Gc nghing ph 1: l gc gia hnh chiu ca li ct ph trn mt y v phng
chy dao.
Gc mi dao : l gc gia hnh chiu ca li ct chnh v ph trn mt y.
+ 1 + = 1800
Gc nng ca li ct : l gc gia li ct chnh v hnh chiu ca n trn mt
y. c th dng, m, hoc bng khng.

18

Hnh 2.2 cc tit din v cc gc


2.3 Xc nh kch thc thn dao tin
Thng thng th phn thn dao v phn g t u dao c ch to cng loi vt
liu. Theo kinh nghim th hu ht cc loi dao cn ch to phn ct v phn cn ring th
vt liu phn cn c ch to bng thp 45 hoc thp hp kim 40X. Chnh v vy khi ni
ti vt liu ch to dao c ngha l ni n vt liu ch to phn lm vic ca dao.

Hnh 2.3 xc nh kch thc thn dao tin


Kch thc thn dao tin c xc nh tit din ngang ca thn dao theo thnh
phn lc ct chnh Pz v khong cch l t im t lc n mt ta.
Lc ct chnh Pz c xc nh theo cng thc: Pz = p.f
19

Trong : p- lc ct n v, N/mm2
f- din tch ct, mm2
m bo sc bn thn dao, mmen un do lc PZ gy ra phi nh hn mmen
un cho php ca tit din thn dao:
Mu [Mu]
Pz.l W.[u]
W: mmen chng un ca tit din thn dao,
o Thn dao hnh ch nht BxH: W=B.H2/6

=> B.H2 = (6.f.p.l)/ [u]

o Thn dao hnh vung BxB: W=B3/6

=> B3 = (6.f.p.l)/ [u]

o Thn dao hnh trn ng knh d: W=d3/10

=> d3 = (10.f.p.l)/ [u]

[u]: ng sut cho php ca vt liu thn dao.


Trong thc t, ngoi lc Pz cn c cc thnh phn lc Px, Py tc dng ln phn ct
ca dng c, tr s lc Px, Py c th c ly gn ng nh sau:
Py = (0,4-0,5)Pz; Px = (0,3-0,4)Pz (vi =450 v =0)
Bng 2.1 Chn tit din thn dao theo din tch lp ct
Kch thc dao tin

Mnh dao hp kim cng

Mnh dao thp gi

Ch nht

Vung

Din tch ct
ln nht,
mm

Chiu su
ct ln nht,
mm

Din tch ct
ln nht,
mm

Chiu su
ct ln nht,
mm

10x16

12

1,5

12x20

16

2,5

16x25

20

20x30

25

10

25x40

30

18

13

30x45

40

25

18

16

40x60

50

40

25

25

12

50x80

65

60

36

S liu c p dng cho vt liu chi tit c cng trung bnh vi tb=750N/mm2, bng
dao tin ngoi c gc =450

20

VN 3
THIT K DAO TIN NH HNH GIA CNG B MT TRN XOAY TRN
MY TIN
3.1. Cng dng, phn loi v phm vi s dng
Dao tin nh hnh dng gia cng cc b mt trn xoay nh hnh. Gia cng bng
dao tin nh hnh c nhng u nhc im so vi cc dao tin n nh sau:
-

m bo ng nht prfin chi tit trong qu trnh gia cng v khng ph thuc
vo tay ngh cng nhn m ch ph thuc vo chnh xc dao tin nh hnh.

Nng sut cao v gim c thi gian my, thi gian ph.

Tui th ca dao ln v mi c nhiu ln.

S lng ph phm t.

Mi sc li dao n gin v mi theo mt trc l mt phng.

Tuy nhin, vic thit k v ch to dao tin nh hnh phc tp hn nhiu so vi


dao tin n thng thng, cho nn dao tin nh hnh c dng ch yu trong
sn xut hng lot ln, hng khi.

Hnh 3.1 Cc loi dao tin


Phn loi dao tin nh hnh:
a- Theo hnh dng dao:
-

Dao a (hnh 3.1a)

Dao hnh lng tr (hnh3.1b)

b- Theo cch g dao:


-

Dao hng knh (hnh3.1a,b);

Dao tip tuyn (hnh3.1c)


21

c- Theo v tr ca ng tm chi tit, tm l dao v chun kp:


-

Dao g thng (hnh 3.1d)

Dao g nghing (hnh 3.1)

d- Theo v tr mt trc:
-

Dao mt trc khng nng =0 (hnh 3.1a,b)

Dao mt trc g nng >0 (hnh 3.1e)

e- Theo dng b mt sau nh hnh:


-

Mt trn xoay (hnh 3.1a)

Mt sau xon (hnh 3.1g)

Dao tin nh hnh lng tr: c kp cht bng mang c v vt gi dng tin cc
b mt ngoi nh hnh trn xoay. C kh nng cng vng hn dao tin hnh trn, gc
sau c th ln, gia cng chi tit t chnh xc cao hn so vi dao hnh trn.
Dao tin nh hnh trn: c dng gia cng cc b mt nh hnh trn xoay
ngoi v trong, c lp vo trc g v chng xoay bng cc kha mt u hoc bng
cht. D ch to hn dao tin hnh lng tr.
Dao tin nh hnh hng knh: c g sao cho nh dao nm ngang tm chi tit
m bo chy hng knh. Dao c phn li ct tham gia ct ln nn lc ct ln, v vy
cn gim ch ct khi gia cng.
Dao tin nh hnh tip tuyn: c g sao cho mt sau tip xc vi ng trn nh
nht ca chi tit, hng chy dao tip tuyn vi b mt ca chi tit. Thng c dng
gia cng cc chi tit c ng knh nh v di (chu un km) vi chiu su ct nh.
Dao tin nh hnh g nghing: c dng khi chi tit gia cng c phn prfin c
bit v g nng khi chi tit c phn prfin yu cu chnh xc cao, c ch tnh ton
c bit khi thit k.

Hnh 3.2 Kp cht dao tin nh hnh


3.2. Mt trc, mt sau v kt cu dao tin
cho qu trnh mi sc dao tin c n gin th mt trc ca dao tin nh hnh
c chn l mt phng. Mt sau ca dao tin nh hnh hnh trn l mt trn xoay nh
hnh, c prfin trong tit din hng knh.
22

Hnh 3.3 Kt cu dao tin nh hnh hnh trn


Mt sau ca dao tin nh hnh lng tr l mt k m ng chun c xc nh
da vo prfin chi tit, gc trc v gc sau ca dao.
Kch thc ca dao tin nh hnh c xc nh da vo chiu su ln nht tmax v
chiu di L ca prfin chi tit.

Hnh 3.4 Kt cu dao tin nh hnh hnh lng tr


i vi dao tin nh hnh hnh trn g thng, trc phi v trc dao s song song vi
nhau, ng knh ca dao khi tin ngoi De=10-120mm, khi tin trong De0,75dct, dct l
ng knh l chi tit gia cng.
Dao tin c ng knh nh hn 30mm c ch to cn lin, ng knh ln hn
30mm c ch to cn ri. ng knh ngoi ca dao tin cho php nh nht c l g
lp trc g: Demin1,5d0 + 2t + 6mm.
Trong :
d0 ng knh l g.
t chiu su prfin dao.
ng knh ngoi De v l d0 nn dng theo bng.
De

30

40-50

60-75

90

d0

13

16

22

27
23

lp dao tin nh hnh hnh trn c d dng v nng cao cng vng kp cht
th trn mt u ca dao c ch to c cc rng kha mt u, s rng kha Z thng
ly z=34 rng v theo phng hng knh.

Hnh 3.5 Lp t dao tin nh hnh


Chiu di ca dao hnh lng tr c ly khong 75-100mm; chiu rng B c ly
ph thuc vo chiu di prfin chi tit.
3.3. Thit k dao tin nh hnh hng knh
C nhiu phng php khc nhau xc nh prfin li ct nh: gii tch, th,
th gii tch
y ta p dng s gia cng tnh prfin li ct, s gia cng l s biu
din v tr cui cng ca chi tit v dao ti im c s. im c s l im m bin dng
ca chi tit v bin dng ca li ct trng nhau v nm trong mt phng ngang i qua
trc ca chi tit. Thng thng, im c s c chn ti v tr c bin dng ca chi tit
l nh nht r1=rmin.
3.3.1. Gc trc, gc sau ti cc im ct nhau trn li ct dao tin nh hnh
S xc nh gc trc v gc sau ti cc im c s nh hnh v.

Hnh 3.6 Dao nh hnh hnh trn


24

Hnh 3.7 Dao nh hnh hnh lng tr


Gc sau :
i vi dao tin nh hnh hnh trn, mun gc sau >0 th tm ca dao phi cao hn
tm ca chi tit mt khong l h so vi mt phng nm ngang, h c gi l chiu cao g
dao v c xc nh: h = R.sin.
Trong : R- bn knh dao hnh trn ti im c s, nu im c s l nh nht th
R l bn knh ln nht ca dao.
i vi dao tin nh hnh hnh lng tr, gc sau c to thnh do g t dao.
x = x , = + .
i

vi

dao

tin

hnh

trn,

x = x + x ,

tg x =

x . sin
,
R x . cos

(rx . cos x r. cos ) sin

R (rx . cos x r. cos ) cos

x = rx . cos x r. cos x = arctg

Gc trc :
Quan h gia gc trc ti im c s v gc trc x ti im bt k nh sau:
rx.sin x = r.sin

x = arcsin sin
rx

Vy:
-

Gc trc v gc sau ti cc v tr khc nhau trn li ct dao tin nh hnh l


khng bng nhau.

Ti cc im cng xa tm chi tit th gc sau x cng ln v gc trc x cng nh.

m bo gc sau khng qu nh th im c s khi thit k dao tin nh hnh


nn trng vi im ca chi tit c bn knh nh nht.

Gc sau ti im c s i vi dao hnh trn =100-120; i vi dao hnh lng


tr c th chn ln hn =120-150.

Gc trc ph thuc ch yu vo vt liu gia cng, i vi gia cng nhm =250300; i vi gia cng ng thau, ng =00-50; i vi gia cng gang =00-100.
25

3.3.2. Xc nh profin li ct dao tin nh hnh hng knh g thng


a) Phng php th
i vi dao tin nh hnh hnh lng tr, profin li ct l tit din php tuyn vi
mt sau.
i vi dao tin nh hnh hnh trn th profin li ct l giao tuyn ca mt sau vi
mt phng i qua tm dao.

Hnh 3.8 Phng php th


M t phng php xc nh profin li ct dao tin nh hnh hnh lng tr: cho
chi tit hnh nn ct vi bn knh ng trn y ln r2 v bn knh ng trn y nh
r1. Mt phng T c xem l mt trc ca dao, mt trc ct y ln ti im 2* v ct
y nh ti im 1. E v F c xem l mt lng tr v mt y, to vi bn knh c s
gc sau . K bt k mt Q vun gc vi ng sinh lng tr th tit din ny chnh l
profin li ct dao tin.
b) Phng php tnh ton
* i vi dao tin nh hnh hnh lng tr:
Gi s chi tit c hnh dng v kch thc nh hnh 3.9. Chn im 1 lm im
c s, k mt T l mt trc ca dao v hp vi phng ngang mt gc . Mt T ct
vng trn bn knh r2, r3 ti cc im 2, 3 tng ng vi khong cch t im 1 n im
2, 3 l 2, 3.

26

Ti im 1 k mt sau hp vi phng ng mt gc . Ta i tm chiu cao profin


dao bng cch t cc im 2,3 k vung gc vi mt sau ca dao, t ta c chiu cao
profin dao hd2 v hd3.

Hnh 3.9 S tnh ton bin dng dao lng tr


D dng xc nh c:
hd 2 = 2 . cos( + )

2 = r2 . cos 2 r1 . cos
r
r2

2 = arcsin( 1 sin )
Tng ng vi im x bt k ti bn knh rx:
hdx = x . cos( + )

x = rx . cos x r1 . cos
r
rx

x = arcsin( 1 sin )
Vy, ta s c c tit din vung gc vi mt sau nh sau:

27

* i vi dao tin nh hnh hnh trn tin ngoi:


Gi thit chi tit nh hnh c cho nh hnh 3.10 l v tr gia cng xong ca chi
tit, im 1 l im c s, gc trc v gc sau xc nh.

Hnh 3.10 S tnh ton dao tin nh hnh hnh trn


Bn knh Ri ti cc im ca dao c xc nh nh sau:

28

Ri =

H
R. sin( + )
=
sin i
sin i

tg i =

H
E i

E = R. cos( + )

i = ri cos i ri cos

Trong : H- Chiu cao mt trc dao;

i- Chiu cao profin theo mt trc;


r1- Bn knh chi tit ca im c s 1;
ri- Bn knh chi tit ca im kho st i.
Sau khi xc nh c Ri, tc chiu cao profin ca li ct trong tit din hng
knh c xc nh. Chiu rng li cng c xc nh theo phng trc.
* i vi dao tin nh hnh hnh trn tin trong:
Gi thit chi tit c cho nh hnh 3.11 l v tr gia cng xong ca chi tit.
im 1 l im c s, gc trc v gc sau c chn ty theo vt liu gia cng. Bn
knh dao c chn theo bn knh nh nht ca chi tit R=(0,75-0,8)rmin.
Tng t, ta c th xc nh bn knh Ri ca dao nh sau:
Ri =

H
sin i

H = R sin( + )

tg i =

H
Bi

Bi = B i

i = r1 cos ri cos i
B = R cos( + )

Hnh 3.11 S tnh profin dao tin nh hnh hnh trn tin trong
29

3.4. Sai s khi gia cng bng dao tin nh hnh


Khi gia cng bng dao tin nh hnh, prfin chi tit b sai s do nhiu nguyn nhn
gy ra. y ta xem xt 2 trng hp sai s khi gia cng chi tit bng dao tin nh hnh
hnh lng tr; sai s khi gia cng chi tit bng dao tin nh hnh hnh trn.

3.4.1. Kho st sai s khi gia cng chi tit bng dao tin nh hnh hnh lng tr:
B mt chi tit cn c l nn ct vi ng sinh l on 1-2. Li ct dao tin nh
hnh s l on 1-2.
Khi gia cng, chi tit quay quanh trc ca n v li ct 1-2 s to ra b mt chi tit.
V dao c gc trc to bi mt trc T-T khng i qua trc chi tit, nn tit din ca
on 1-2 s l on hypecbol v s ct chi tit thnh hnh hypecboloit vi sai s ca chiu
cao hypecbol l on 1. Tr s 1 ph thuc vo kch thc chi tit v gc trc .

Hnh 3.4 Sai s profin do tin bng dao hnh trn gy ra


Sai s 1 c th khc phc bng cc bin php sau:
-

Li ct 1-2 c thit k khng phi l on thng m l ng cong hypecbol


theo giao tuyn ca mt T-T vi mt cn chi tit. Vi bin php ny th vic ch
to dao tr nn phc tp v kh thc hin.

Bin php th 2 l nng mt trc ln mt gc sao cho im 2 trng vi im 2.


Tc mt trc ca dao i qua trc ca chi tit.

3.4.2. Kho st sai s khi gia cng chi tit bng dao tin nh hnh hnh trn:
Khi thit k, prfin dao tin nh hnh c xc nh trong tit din hng knh, li
ct 1-2 l on thng v chiu cao prfin trong tit din hng knh l hd2=R-R2.
30

Mt sau trn xoay c ch to l mt cn c bn knh R v R2. Mt trc l mt


phng cch trc dao mt khong H=R.sin( + ). Do li ct 1-2 l giao tuyn ca
mt trc v mt sau khng phi l ng thng, m l ng hypecbol H2. Li ct gia
cng bng ng H1 gy ra sai s 1. Li ct gia cng bng ng H2 s gy ra sai s
2. Do , khi tin bng dao hnh trn th chi tit c sai s gia cng = 1 + 2. Sai s
2 khng th trnh c, sai s 1 trnh c ging nh dao tin lng tr.

Hnh 3.4 Sai s profin do tin bng dao hnh trn gy ra

3.5. Chiu rng B ca dao tin nh hnh:


Chiu rng B ca dao tin nh hnh, ngoi phn gia cng ng chiu di prfin chi
tit Lct cn tnh thm phn ph vt mp mt u v ct t.
a=2-5mm, gc vt mp 1=300-450, kch thc d=1-1,5mm. Nu chi tit khng vt
mp th 1=150-200 v c=1-3mm.
Phn to rnh ct t c xc nh theo cc kch thc sau: b=3-8mm, t<tmax,
b1=0,5-1mm, chiu rng ton b dao B=Lct + b1 + c + a.

31

Hnh 3.6 Chiu rng B ca dao tin nh hnh

3.6. Hnh dng v kch thc kt cu dao tin nh hnh:


i vi dao tin nh hnh hnh lng tr th kt cu kp cht bng rnh mang c, kch
thc kt cu c tiu chun ha v ph thuc vo chiu su ct tmax ca prfin chi tit
gia cng.
i vi dao tin nh hnh hnh trn th c g ln trc g dao v kp cht bng
rng kha mt u hoc cht.
Khi mi dao, i vi dao tin nh hnh hnh lng tr th mi mt trc theo cc mt
phng song song nhau, lc ny s m bo gc trc v gc sau l khng i.

i vi dao tin nh hnh hnh trn th mt trc c mi sao cho lun tip xc
vi ng trn c bn knh H khng i l chiu cao mi dao, lc ny s m bo gc
trc v gc sau ti im c s.

Hnh 3.12 Kt cu dao tin nh hnh


32

VN 4
THIT K DAO PHAY RNG NHN
4.1.

Cc yu t kt cu chung ca dao phay:

Dao phay rng nhn l nhm dao c nhiu loi v c cng dng khc nhau nh: dao
phay hnh tr, dao phay mt u, dao phay a, dao phay gc, li ca
Cc yu t kt cu chung ca dao phay rng nhn bao gm:
- ng knh dao;
- Kch thc phn lp ghp (l, rnh then );
- S rng;
- Cc gc thn v chn rng;
- B phn b phoi;
- Cc gc phn ct ca rng dao.

4.1.1. ng knh dao phay:


ng knh dao phay c nh hng ln n qu trnh phay cng nh vic la chn
kt cu rng ca dao. ng knh dao phay cng ln th chiu dy ct v ti trng phn
b trn li ct gim; s thot nhit tt v b mt tip xc vi chi tit gia cng ln, v
gim thi gian ct lin tc ca li ct. Tt c cc yu t ny lm tng tui bn ca dao
v nh hng tt n nng sut.
Dao phay c ng knh ln th gip ngi thit k d dng la chn cc yu t kt
cu nh: s rng, kch thc v hnh dng ca rng, rnh cha phoi, chiu dy thn dao
Tuy nhin, vi kt cu ln th s lm tiu hao lng vt liu ln, lm tng gi thnh ca
dng c. V vy cn phi la chn ng knh ngoi ca dao mt cch hp l.

ng knh ngoi ca dao phay c tnh theo cng thc:


D = d + 2m + 2H
Trong :
d- ng knh l lp trc g dao, mm.
m- chiu dy thn dao phay, mm.
H- chiu cao rng dao, mm.
Khi chn ng knh dao phay cn phi m bo chiu dy ca thn dao, v vy
ng knh y rnh rng c th c xc nh nh sau:
D1 = d + 2m (1,6-2,5)d
Trong :
D1- ng knh y rnh, mm.
33

d- ng knh l, mm.
Nu D1 khng ln th thn dao thng b nt ch rnh then. Gi tr ca D1
thng chn theo bng sau:
d

13

16

22

27

32

40

D1

24

28

35

40

50

60

Hin nay, ng knh tiu chun c chn theo dy s: 40, 50, 60, 75, 90, 110,
130, 150, 175, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400.
Tuy nhin cng c ngh thay dy kch thc trn bng: Dz = D1z-1, Vi l
cng bi. C khong 75% =1,26, khong 15% =1,41 v 10% =1,58. V 1,58 = 1,262
v 1,263 = 1,412 nn chn cng bi =1,26 l ph hp nht.
Bng kch thc ng knh dao phay vi =1,26 v =1,58
1,26

10

12

16

20

25

32

40

50

62

80

100

1,58

10

16

25

40

62

100

1,26

125

160

200

250

320

400

500

630

800

1000

1,58

160

250

400

630

1000

Dy trn dng cho: dao phay tr, dao phay mt u, dao phay a, dao phay rnh v
dao phay tr ng.
Dy di dng cho: dao phay ct rnh, ct t trong phm vi ng knh n
160mm.
Dy kch thc mi trn c u im:
- Gim c s kch thc n 30%.
- Sai lch ca tc nhn c v tc ct hp l l khng ng k (10-12%).

4.1.2. Kch thc lp ghp:


i vi dao phay rng nhn, cc kch thc lp ghp c th l kch thc ng
knh l dao, kch thc rnh then hoc vnh vng ca l.
ng knh l dao phay d ph thuc vo kt cu ca dao, ng knh ngoi D, chiu
su ca lp kim loi b ct v vt liu gia cng. dao phay rng nhn c th chn ng
knh d ca l nh sau:
ng knh l

16

22

27

32

40

50

60

ng
knh
dao phay D

40

5062

62

80100

100125

125160

160200
34

i vi dao phay rng nh gia cng tinh th kch thc l c th ly nh hn i


vi dao phay rng ln.
i vi dao phay gn mnh hp kim cng, thng lm vic ch ct cao nn
kch thc l phi ly ln hn so vi dao phay thp gi.
4.1.3. S rng:
S rng ca dao phay c nh hng n qu trnh ct gt. Nu s rng tng ln th
cng v nhit khi ct cng tng ln, do lm gim tui th ca dao.
Nu s rng ca dao nhiu th kh m bo khng gian cha phoi, s ln mi sc
cng t i. Ni chung, khi s rng ca dao tng ln th kh la chn c hnh dng hnh
hc ca dao hp l.
S rng dao phay ph thuc vo ng knh dao, dng rng, kch thc ngoi ca
rng v rnh xon, tnh cht gia cng (th, tinh). i vi dao phay rng nhn nn chn s
rng l s chn d dng o kim tra ng knh ngoi.

iu kin cn bng khi ct trong qu trnh chn s rng dao:


i vi dao phay rng thng: m bo ct tt th s rng ng thi tham gia ct
khng c t hn hai rng, ngha l:
Z=

360 0.

Trong :

-s rng ng thi tham gia ct v l h s cn bng;


- gc tip xc, cos=1-t/R, vi t l chiu su ct khi phay v R l bn knh ca
dao.

- gc gia hai rng, =3600/Z


i vi dao phay rng xon: tit din phoi thay i dc theo chiu di li ct. Nu
chn thch hp cc iu kin ct, tng s tit din phoi trn cc rng lm vic s khng
i d cho mi rng ct c tit din thay i, y l trng hp phay cn bng, nh
lc ct P v mmen xon s khng i v dao phay s lm vic m.
Vi phn din tch ct ca cc rng ng thi tham gia ct c th c xc nh nh
sau:
d fi =

D.S z
sin .d
2.sin

Trong : - gc tip xc tc thi.


Tch phn theo ta c din tch ct ca mt rng:
fi =

D.S z
(sin 1 cos 2 )
2.sin

35

Trong : 1 v 2- gc tip xc tc thi ca im cui v im u ca rng xon


trong cung tip xc.
Tng din tch ca cc rng ng thi tham gia ct:
z0

F = fi

F=

i =1

D.S z z0
(cos 1 cos 2 )
2.sin i =1

Trong : Z0- s rng ng thi tham gia ct;


D- ng knh ca dao phay;

- gc nghing ca rng xon.


v D, Sz v khng i nn cn bng ch ph thuc vo tng

z0

(cos

cos 2 ) .

i =1

4.1.4. Cc gc rng v rnh rng:


bn ca rng, khng gian cha phoi cng nh chiu rng rng v s rng u c
s lin quan n gc rng v gc rnh rng .
Gc rng : i vi dao phay rng lin rng nhn, thng 470-520, ch trong
trng hp c bit mi ly 300-400.
Gc rnh rng : gc ny cng chnh l gc ca dao phay phay n, do gim
s loi dao phay th chn =450-1000.

= 3600/Z

Ta c = - , trong

Hnh 4.1 Gc nh rng

4.1.5. Dng rng v rnh:


Vic chn s rng dao phay c nh hng ln n dng rng, kch thc ca rng v
rnh.
Phn ln cc dng c b gy l do b kt phoi trong rnh. Do khi thit k dao cn
c bit ch n cc yu t nh chiu cao rng, bn knh y rnh, nhn ca rnh,
hnh dng lng rng chnh v vy hnh dng rng phi tha mn:
-

m bo bn ca rng;

C khng gian cha phoi ln nht;

m bo phoi thot tt nht;


36

Cho php c s ln mi sc li ln nht;

Trnh b nt khi nhit luyn.

Hnh 4.2 Cc dng rng nhn


Trong 3 kiu rng trn, kiu th I c dng nhiu hn c, thng dng cho dao
phay gia cng tinh, chiu cao rng thng ly bng 0,5-0,65 bc vng. trnh cc vt
nt khi nhit luyn, y rnh c bn knh ln r=0,5-2mm. chiu rng nh rng p=0,52mm.
Kiu th II thng dng cho dao phay rng ln. Lng rng thng l ng cong
parabol ho cung trn vi bn knh R=0,3-0,45 ng knh dao phay. Chiu cao rng
h=0,3-0,45 bc vng. Bn knh cung ln r nn chn cng ln cng tt d thot phoi,
thng th r=0,4-0,75 chiu cao rng.
Kiu th III c dng ph bin hn kiu th II. nh rng c 2 gc, gc sau v
gc vt lng 1=200-300.

4.2.

Thng s hnh hc phn ct ca dao phay:

4.2.1. Gc sau :
Gc sau c tc dng lm gim ma st gia mt sau ca dao v mt gia cng.
Khi khng yu cu nhn v chnh xc b mt cao th gc sau c th chn nh
sau:
-

Dao phay rng ln =120;

Dao phay rng nh =160;

Dao phay a, dao phay rnh, ca a =200;

Dao phay rnh then hoa =300.

Nu gi tr gc sau ln th s khng tt, v lm cho rng dao b yu, chng mn nn


nhanh gim ng knh.
Khi yu cu nhn b mt cao Ra= 2,5-1,15 m v chnh xc khng thp hn
cp 3 th :
-

Dao gn hp kim cng =5-80;

Dao c gn thm li ct ph th 1=4-80;


37

i vi dao phay mt u c gc 1 th =6-100.

4.2.2. Gc trc :
L ni thot phoi, vic chn gc trc ty thuc vo c l tnh ca vt liu gia
cng, ch ct, c tnh ca vt liu lm dao. Thng thng gc trc c chn nh
sau:
Gi tr ca gc trc trong tit din php tuyn

Vt liu gia cng

Dao phay thp gi

Dao phay hp kim cng

b 60kG/mm2

200

150

b = 60-100kG/mm2

150

50-(-50)

b > 60kG/mm2

120-100

(-100)-(-150)

Gang (ty theo cng)

50-150

50-(-50)

4.2.3. Gc nghing chnh :


c xc nh gia t l chiu dy v chiu rng lp ct theo chiu su v lng
chy dao. Gim chiu dy ct gim v chiu rng ct tng ln, lm cho iu kin thot
nhit vng ct tt hn, v vy gip tng tui bn dao v tng c lng chy dao. Tuy
nhin, vic gim lm cho lc hng knh v lc chiu trc tng ln.
-

Nu chiu su ct nh hn 3mm, h thng cng ngh cng vng th nn chn


200.

Khi chiu su ct ln hn 6mm, nn dng li ct c gc chuyn tip vi =40600 v =200.

Khi dao ct hai mt thng gc th =900, tng bn nh rng nn vt nh


gc 450 vi chiu di 0,5-1,5mm to ra li chuyn tip.

4.2.4. Gc nghing ph 1:
Nu gim gc nghing ph th s lm tng bng b mt.

Hnh 4.1 Gc nghing ph

4.2.5. Gc nng ca li ct chnh :


38

l gc gia vc t tc ct im ang xt v php tuyn N vi li ct chnh


cng chnh ti im trong mt phng ct.
Cc dao phay mt u, dao phay a, dao phay 2 hoc 3 mt u c gc . i vi
dao phay hnh tr rng xon th = . Gc lm tng bn ca dao. i vi dao phay
gn mnh hp kim cng =12-150, i vi dao phay mt u bng thp gi 100.

4.2.6. Gc nghing ca rnh xon :


Rng xon gip cho phoi thot c d dng hn, ngoi ra rng xon c s rng
ng thi tham gia ct nhiu hn nn t b va p hn so vi rng thng nn lm cho b
mt gia cng c nhn hn. Tuy nhin rng xon s to ra lc ct gt theo chiu trc,
lc ny c chiu dc trc v c hng ty thuc vo hng xon ca dao.
V trc chnh ca dao c cng vng theo chiu hng trc ln hn so vi chiu
ngc li, v vy nn chn chiu quay ca dao sao cho lc tc dng theo chiu hng v
trc chnh.

i vi rng mt u, khi ln th nh rng s km bn, lc cn phi vt mt


gc m 30-50 trn chiu di 0,5-2mm. Khi ti nng th vt gc m, khi ti nh th vt gc
dng.
Hng gc nn thun chiu vi hng ct, nu c s gia cng tri chiu th cn
ch n hng thot phoi khng b kt phoi.
Gc c nh hng ln n bn ca dao phay, nu dao phay c gc nghing
cng ln th ct nh hn, phoi ct thot d dng hn nn cho nng sut v tui bn dao
cao hn. Qua th nghim cho thy, nu gc nghing tng t 100-600 th tui bn dao tng
3-5 ln. Thc nghim ch ra rng, mc nh hng ca gc nghing i vi tui bn ca
dao ln hn rt nhiu so vi cc yu t khc nh tc ct chng hn tui bn ca dao
vn tng ln mc d tng tc ct nu c s tng gc nghing.
Vic tng gc nghing ca dao cng ng ngha l gc trc thc t c tng
ln. Gc trc thc t c th thay i trong mt phng thot phoi m khng phi mt
phng NN thng gc vi li ct chnh N. Vic tng gc nghing th v N bin
thin rt ln theo bng sau:
2

sin = sin +

cos 2 .tg N
1 + tg 2 + tg 2 N

Bng tr s gc trc thc t

Gc nghing ca
rng

Khi N=5

Khi N=10

Khi N=15

50

50

100

150
39

100

6030

11020

16010

200

110

15010

19020

300

17050

21020

24050

400

270

29030

320

500

37030

39015

410

600

49030

50030

51030

Kt lun:
-

Khi tng gc nghing th gc trc thc t khng ngng tng ln;

Khi =40-600 th gc trc thc t thay i trong khong khng ln (2-50) v gc


trc N thay i t (5-150). V th i vi nhng dao phay c ln c th chn
N khng ln, iu ny gip cho dao bn hn, thot nhit tt hn.

C th dng cc tr s gc nghing sau cho cc kiu dao phay khc nhau:

o Dao phay hnh tr lp chui: 450-600;


o Dao phay tr dng chui: 300-600;
o Dao phay a 3 v 2 mt: 150-200;
o Dao phay hnh tr rng nh: 250-300;
o Dao phay mt u rng nh: 250-300;

40

VN 5
THIT K DAO PHAY LNG
5.1. Cc yu t kt cu chung ca dao phay:
Dao phay ht lng c dng rt ph bin, nht l khi gia cng cc chi tit nh
hnh. Mt s loi dao phay c tiu chun ha: dao phay rnh li-lm, dao phay a
mun, dao phay ln rng, dao phay ln trc then hoa
Dao phay ht lng c chia thnh 2 nhm:
Nhm khng mi ht lng: c prfin khng mi nh dao phay a
mdun
-

Nhm c mi ht lng: c mi prfin nh dao phay ln rng

c im chung v kt cu:
m bo prfin li ct khng i v ng nht trong qu trnh s dng
sau khi mi sc li theo mt trc, do c dng ch yu cho gia cng nh
hnh.
i vi dao khng mi prfin th o tm nh ln (0,04-0,12mm)
do khng c nguyn cng mi trn nh dao. S lng rng t nn khi phay khng
cn bng, cng thm o tm ln nn cht lng b mt thp hn nhiu so vi
dao phay rng nhn.

5.2. ng cong ht lng dao phay:


5.2.1.

ng cong ht lng dao phay:

Hnh 5.1 ng cong ht lng

ng cong ht lng dao phay phi m bo sao cho chiu cao prfin dao v gc
sau khng i sau mi ln mi sc li theo mt trc. chnh l ng cong logarit,
c phng trnh trong h ta cc l:

= Re .e m
Trong : Re- bn knh tng ng vi nh rng;
Cotg=m, l hng s;
41

- gc quay c cc;
- bn knh c cc.
Tuy nhin vic s dng ng cong ht lng l khng kh thi v kh ch to v mi
mt ng knh dao cn c mt cam ring. Do trong thc t ng cong lgarit c
thay th bng ng cong Acsimet.

5.2.2.

Phng trnh ng cong ht lng l ng xon Acsimet:

Phng trnh ng xon Acsimet nh rng dao phay c dng:

d = R

Trong : R- bn knh ln nht ca dao phay;


a = b.2;
b- h s ca ng cong Acsimet.
Vi gc sau ti im kho st A th cotg = .

Hnh 5.2 ng cong ht lng l ng xon Acsimet

5.2.3.

Lng ht lng K v gc sau nh rng d

Ta c lng nng ca ng xon Acsimet:


a = K.Z
Trong : K- lng nng ca ng xon ng vi mt rng v c gi l lng
ht lng.
Z- s rng dao phay.
Ta c tg = K.Z/2, nu ti nh rng c gc sau l d tng ng vi =Re th:
tg d = K.Z/2 Re
trong :

Re- bn knh nh dao phay;


42

De- ng knh nh dao phay;

d- gc sau nh rng;
K- lng ht lng. Trong thc t K=0,5-12mm v c ghi r trn cc
cam ht lng.

5.3. Thng s hnh hc phn ct ca dao phay ht lng


a) ng knh ngoi ca dao: D=D1 + 2H
Trong : D1- ng knh vng trn y rng, thng khong 1,6-2 ln ng knh
l g d.
H- chiu cao rng. c xc nh nh sau:
H=h+k+r
Trong : h- chiu cao profin chi tit gia cng cng thm 1-2mm.
k- lng ht lng.
r- bn knh y rng.
b) Phn ln trn chn rng: cung ln bt u t im ht lng cui cng M, c
bn knh r nm gia cung c gc l . Trong r c xc nh theo cng thc:
r = R2.sin /2

Hnh 5.3 Yu t kt cu ca dao


Bn knh R i qua im M c tnh theo cng thc:
R2 = 0,5D h K
Trong : - h s tnh n tr s ht lng im dao tin thot ra khi lng rng,
=4/5.
c) ng knh l d: c chn trn c s m bo sc bn v cng vng ca trc
g, ngoi ra cn ph thuc vo chiu cao profin.

ng knh l d
ng knh dao phay D

16

22

27

32

40

50

40-50

55-65

65-70

70-130

130-195

195-230

Chiu di dao phay ht lng: c chn ph thuc vo chiu rng profin chi tit.
43

d) S rng Z: chn sao cho m bo sc bn rng dao, khng gian thot phoi v
kh nng mi sc li nhiu ln.
Bng s rng dao phay a modun
Modun m

Chiu cao
profin h,
mm

Chiu cao
rng H,
mm

ng
knh dao
phay D,
mm

S rng Z

T s D/h

T s D/H

2,25

6,5

50

14

22,7

7,7

16

36

38

170

10

4,7

4,5

Bng s rng dao phay khng mi


S rng
Z

18

16

14

12

11

10

ng
knh dao
phay,
mm

40

40-45

50-55

60-75

80-105

110-125

130-140

150-230

Hnh 5.3 Tr s gc dao


e) Gc rnh gia cc rng:
Gc rnh gia cc rng c xc nh theo cng thc:

=+
44

m bo sc bn rng sau khi mi sc li nhiu ln th cn to ra gc = 150-200.


iu ny m bo sc bn ca rng khi mi sc n ln cui.
Cn c gc 1 v gc 2 p ng yu cu cng ngh trong qu trnh phay ch to,
(1+ 2)=1030-20.
Sau khi tnh ton, tr s c th c chn theo dy kch thc thng dng cho dao
phay rnh, = 180, 220, 250, 300, trong trng hp c bit c th ly =450.

Hnh 5.4 Tr s gc dao

45

VN 6
THIT K MI KHOAN
6.1. Cng dng v phn loi
a- Cng dng: mi khoan thng dng
- To l trn chi tit;
- M rng l c sn;
- To nhng l c b mt nh hnh nh l tm
b- Phn loi:
Cc loi mi khoan thng gp l: mi khoan xon vt, mi khoan tm, mi khoan l
su, u khoan vnh. Trong mi khoan xon thng dng rng ri hn c. N c
dng khoan cc l c ng knh n 80mm, t cp chnh xc cp 4, cp 5, nhn
b mt t Ra=12,5-0,8m vi cc trng hp sau:
- Khng yu cu gia cng thm sau khi khoan;
- Cn m rng sau khi khoan, khot, doa;
- Cn to ren sau khi khoan.
Theo tiu chun, mi khoan xon c chia ra cc nhm sau:
- Mi khoan di chui tr;
- Mi khoan ngn chui tr;
- Mi khoan tri chui tr dng trn my t ng;
- Mi khoan chui cn;
- Mi khoan chui cn 4 cnh.

6.2. Cc yu t kt cu ca mi khoan rnh xon


6.2.1.

Gc nh 2

Gc nghing chnh l thng s quan trng nht ca mi khoan, quyt nh n tui


bn v nng sut khoan. nh hng n thnh phn lc ct, chiu di li ct, tit din
phi ct.

Hnh 6.1 Kt cu mi khoan tiu chun


46

Khi tng th lc chiu trc P0, Px tng, cn m men xon Pz gim. Khi gim t
70 n 450 th lc chiu trc P0 gim 40-50%, cn mmen xon Pz tng ln 25-30%.
0

Nu gc gim th nhn ca mi khoan tng, cho php mi khoan d dng i su


vo chi tit khoan, tuy nhin bn ca n s gim xung. Cn c vo vt liu gia cng
c th chn gi tr gc ca nh mi khoan nh sau:

Vt liu gia cng


Thp b=400-1400N/mm2
Thp tm

Gi tr ()
58-60
62

Thp khng r

58-60

Thp mangan (Mn)

58-60

Gang HB=130-220

58-60

ng

58-60

ng thau, ng thanh mm

65

Nhm, ura, silumin, babit

65-70

Nhm tm, tm ghp

50-55

Cc hp kim nh

58-65

Vt c bng kim loi mu

58-60

C th gim s mi mn ti phn ct c ng knh ln nht ca mi khoan bng


cch to ra li chuyn tip theo hai gc v 0. Gc 0 chn trong khong 350-370,
chiu rng li chuyn tip B=0,18-0,22 ln ng knh mi khoan. Vi iu kin ny,
lm cho nhit ct gim i, tng tui bn ca mi khoan v tng c tc ct khong
25-30%.

47

Hnh 6.2 Hnh ct mi khoan mi kp gc v 0

i vi cc mi khoan c ng knh nh hn 10mm th nn v trn li ct vi bn


knh vng trn khong 0,3-1,2mm vi chiu di t 2-6mm ti ng knh ln nht ca
mi khoan.
6.2.2.

Gc nghing ca rnh xon

Gc nghing ca rnh xon c tnh theo ng knh ngoi ca mi khoan, vi:


tg =

. D
Sk

Trong : Sk- bc ca rnh xon;


D- ng knh ngoi ca mi khoan.
Khi gc tng th s bin dng ca phoi gim, lm cho qu trnh ct c d dng
hn. Thc nghim cho thy, khi gc tng n 25-300, mmen xon v lc ct gim
nhanh. V nu tip tc tng gc thm na th s gim bin i khng ng k.
Tnh cht ca phoi ph thuc rt nhiu vo gc nghing . Nu nh, phoi c dng
di di v kh dch chuyn trong rnh, c th tc nghn lm gy mi khoan. Khi ln th
phoi c dng dy, d thot theo rnh. nng cao bn ca mi khoan tiu chun trong
qu trnh gia cng kim loi mu th nn chn gc <350.
Vi cng mt gc nghing, nu ng knh b th bn ca mi khoan s gim
nhanh. V vy nn chn gi tr gc theo bng sau:
ng knh
mi khoan
(mm)

0,25-1

1-1,4

1,45-1,5

1,55-3

3,1-4

4,2-6

6,2-8,2

Gc ()

19

22

23

24

25

26

27

48

ng knh
mi khoan
(mm)

8,5-11,5

11,6-16,5

16,5-22

22,5-33

33,5-44

44,5-80

Gc ()

28

29

30

31

32

33

Vic la chn gc cn ph thuc vo vt liu gia cng:


- Khi gia cng nhm, ng = 35-450.
- Khi gia cng ng thau, ng thanh = 8-120.
- Khi gia cng thp v gang c cng cao hoc qua nhit luyn (HB=300-350,
b=1400-1500N/mm2), tng bn v gim nhit ct nn chn =10-150.
- Khi khoan thp tm ghp, cc l kim loi do (nhm, ng thau, thp) th cc mi
khoan tiu chun thng b tc v d gy. Khi thng dng mi khoan c rnh thng
=0 hoc =10-120.
- C th cho thay i theo chiu di mi khoan nhm ci thin vic thot phoi
v to nn gc ct thch hp trn phn ct. Dng th 1 vi pha u c nh hn pha
ui, c dng khi gia cng nhm v ng . Dng th 2 vi pha u c ln hn
pha ui, dng khi gia cng l c chiu su bng hoc ln hn 5 ln ng knh mi
khoan.
Mi khoan thng c rnh xon phi, rnh xon tri t dng v ch dng cho iu
kin gia cng buc phi theo chiu tri.

6.2.3.

Cc gc ca li ct

Cc gc ca li ct bao gm gc trc v gc sau , v cng c gi l gc mi


sc.
Gc sau l gc gia tip tuyn ca mt sau vi vt ca n ti mt im trn li
ct xt trong mt phng o, v tip tuyn ti chnh im vi vng trn to thnh khi
quay li ct quanh trc ca mi khoan.

49

Hnh 6.3 Gc ca li ct
Gc trc l gc gia tip tuyn vi vt ca mt trc ti mt im xc nh, v
ng php tuyn cng ti im vi vng trn to thnh khi quay li ct quanh trc
ca mi khoan.
V trong qu trnh gia cng, mi khoan quay quanh v dch chuyn dc trc, nn ti
mt im bt k ca li ct l mt ng xon vt, c bc bng lng chy dao. Chnh
v vy, cn phi xt n gc nghing , v lc ny lm cho thnh v thnh vi
lch l = + .
Trong : : gc gia qu o thc l ng xon vt v qu o qui c l ng
trn.
Ti mt im x bt k ng vi ng knh dx th ta c cng thc tnh gc x nh sau:
tg x =

S
.d x

Trong : S: lng chy dao sau mt vng quay ca mi khoan;


Nhn chung, gc khng nh hng ln n cc gc ct, v vy khi xt cc gc
trong qu trnh ct, ta khng cn tnh n i lng ny.
Xc nh gc trc :

xc nh gc trc, cn bit v tr ca mt phng tip tuyn vi mt trc v mt


ct. Mt phng th 1 c xc nh bi li ct AB ca mi khoan, trong trng hp AB

50

l ng cong th ng thng khi ny l tip tuyn vi li ct cong AB. ng thng


th 2 l xE tip tuyn vi mt xon vt ti im x trn li ct.

ng thng xE nghing mt gc vi trc mi khoan v nm trong mt phng T


tip tuyn vi mt tr ti im x.
Gc c tnh t cng thc: tg =

rx
tg
R

Trong : - gc nghing ca rnh xon vt ti Dmax;


R- bn knh mi khoan;
rx- bn knh vng trn i qua im x.

6.3. Cc kiu mi khoan


6.3.1.

Mi khoan c lm ngui t pha trong

nng cao nng sut v tui bn ca mi khoan th cn c ch lm mt thch


hp, bng cch dn dung dch lm ngui trc tip n vng ct. Nu ch lm lnh
thch hp th nh m mt lng nhit ln c thot ra khi vng ct v cho php
nng cao ch ct ln 40% khi khoan bng mi khoan thp gi.
i vi vic phun trc tip dung dch lm ngui ln phoi s gip cho phoi c
thot ra mt cch d dng, v nh vo lc phun, phoi c th b v vn nn d dng thot
ra theo rnh thot phoi.
i vi vic lm ngui bn trong, thng ti cc me ca mi khoan ngi ta to ra
cc ng xon, dung dch c dn theo l phn chui hoc c mi khoan vo ng
xon.
6.3.2.

Mi khoan gn mnh hp kim cng

Mi khoan gn mnh hp kim c dng rt ph bin gia cng gang, m bo


nng cao nng sut ln gp 2 ln so vi mi khoan bng thp gi. V tnh cht c l ca
hp kim cng nn cn h thng cng ngh c cng vng. Nu khng t c iu
ny, c th lm mnh hp kim cng b m hoc b bt ra khi thn dao.

nng cao cng vng v chng rung ca thn dao, hoc l lm li c ng


knh ln gp 0,25 ln ng knh mi khoan, hoc l chiu di phn lm vic ca mi
khoan ly nh hn kh nhiu so vi chiu di mi khoan.
V d, i vi mi khoan lm vic khng c bc dn l0=l+(1,5-2)d
Trong : l0- chiu di phn lm vic;
l- chiu su khoan;
(1,5-2)d- on d tr mi sc li mi khoan.

51

ng knh li tng dn theo hng chui dao vi dc 1,4-1,8mm trn 100mm


chiu di.

Cc thng s hnh hc phn ct ca mi khoan gia cng gang

cn ngc phn sa ng c ngha quan trng i vi kh nng lm vic ca


mi khoan:
ng knh
khoan, mm

mi 10-150

cn ngc, mm

0,03-0,05

15-20

Ln hn 25

0,05-0,08

0,08-0,12

Nhng tr s trn cho thy cn l kh ln so vi mi khoan thp gi. Nu cn


khng s lm cho mi khoan b kt trong l v lm gy mnh hp kim.

52

VN 7
THIT K MI KHOT
7.1. Cng dng v phn loi
Khot l mt trong nhng nguyn cng gia cng l. Tuy nhin khot c cc tnh
nng nh sau:
-

Tng cng ng knh l sau khi khoan, c, rn dp;

Khot su l tr ng thi kha bng mt y l;

Kha b mt cn hoc mt bch;

Hnh 7.1 Cc kiu mi khot

7.2. Cc yu t kt cu ca mi khot
Nhn chung, mi khot cng tng t nh mi khoan, ch khc l c s rng nhiu
hn v khng c mi ct ngang.
Mi khot c tiu chun ha, kt cu ch yu ca mi khot c th k n:
phn ct v phn sa ng, s rnh, cc gc ct v gc nghing ca rnh thot phoi, gc
nghing ca li ct chnh, bin dng rnh v phn kp cht.

7.2.1. S rnh
Mi khot thng thng c 3-4 rnh. Trong trng hp cn khng gian thot phoi
ln th ch cn 2 rnh; i vi ng knh 10-32mm th thng l 3 rnh; i vi ng
knh ln hn 58mm th nn l 6 rnh.
Mi khot c gn mnh hp kim cng thng l 3-4 rnh.

7.2.2. Phn ct
Phn ct dng ct ton b lng d, do chiu di phn ct l c chn theo
chiu su ct: l=(t+a)cotg
Trong : - gc nghing chnh
a- on ph cho mi khot d dng a vo l khot. a=(0,5-1)t

53

Hnh 7.2 Cc yu t phn ct mi khot


Gc c nh hng ln n hnh dng phoi v s thot phoi. Khi gia cng thp,
thng chn =600. nng cao tui bn th cn lm thm li chuyn tip c gc
1=300 vi di l 3t.
Khi gia cng gang, gc =600 v khng c li chuyn tip.

i vi mi gn mnh hp kim cng ly =600.


7.2.3. Phn sa ng
Phn sa ng nhm m bo nh hng dao trong qu trnh gia cng, cng nh
d tr khi mi li phn ct, trn phn ph c lm cnh vin vi chiu rng 0,8-2mm (hnh
7.4).

ct c d dng v trnh cho mi khot khng b kt trong l, phn sa ng


lm cn ngc, ngha l ng knh pha chui gim dn. i vi mi khot c ng
knh di 18mm th ng knh gim 0,04-0,08mm trn 100mm di, v 0,05-0,1mm trn
100mm di i vi ng knh ln hn 18mm.
Mi khot hp kim cng, cn ngc vo khong 0,05-0,08mm.

7.2.4. Cc gc ct
Tng t nh mi khoan, lng chy dao c nh hng rt nh n thng s mt ct
v cc gc ct. V vy yu t chy dao c th b qua.
Gc sau : l gc to bi tip tuyn ca vt mt sau vi tip tuyn ca ng trn
to thnh khi quay li ct quanh trc dao.
Gc trc : l gc to bi tip tuyn ca vt mt trc vi php tuyn vng trn to
thnh khi quay quanh trc dao.
Gc sau c nh hng ln n tui bn ca dao. Phn sa ng v gc sau thng
ly trong khong 8-100, i khi phn sa ng ly n 5-60. Mt sau s c 2 gc, gc
=8-100 trn on di 0,6-1,5mm v phn cn li c gc 1=15-200.

54

Hnh 7.4 Thng s gc sau v phn sa ng


Gc trc nh hng n qu trnh ct ca dao. Nu tng gc trc th lc ct v
mo6men xon gim. Thng thng gc trc c la chn ty theo vt liu gia cng.
-

Thp cacbon, hp kim cng thng thng: =80-120;

Gang c cng HB<200, =60-100;

Kim loi nh v kim loi mu: =25-300.

7.2.5. Gc nghing ca rnh


Mi khot c ch to vi 3 dng rnh: rnh thng, rnh nghing v rnh xon.
Rnh thng c dng ph bin v d ch to, nht l rnh thng c gn mnh hp
kim nhm gia cng vt liu cng.
Rnh xon thun tin cho vic thot phoi, gc nghing ca rnh ph thuc vo tnh
cht ca vt liu gia cng. i vi vt liu do v mm th cn gc nghing ln hn so
vi vt liu gin v cng. Thng dng nht, gc nghing ca rnh xon trong khong
100-250.
Gia cng gang c th chn =00. Gi tr ca , v tng quan theo cng thc
tg
sau:
tg =
sin

7.2.6. Bin dng rnh


V phoi hnh thnh trong qu trnh khot l kh ln, chnh v vy nn bin dng rnh
ng vai tr quan trng trong qu trnh thot phoi.
Trong thc t c 2 dng ch yu, dng c 3 rnh thot phoi v dng c 4 rnh thot
phoi.
Dng 3 rnh thot phoi: i vi ng knh d=10-32mm c c trng bi cc
thng s sau:
ng knh li:

d0=(0,5-0,45)d;

Chiu rng me:

p=(0,48-0,45)d;

Chiu cao cnh vin:

t=(0,03-0,25)d;

Chiu rng cnh vin:

f=(0,1-0,5)d.
55

Dng 4 rnh thot phoi: i vi ng knh 10-80mm c c trng bi cc thng


s sau:
Chiu su rnh:

h=(0,25-0,1)d;

Bn knh y rnh: l=(1,2-0,7)d;


Khong cch t tm bn knh R1 ti trc dao phay: C1=(0,7-0,4)d;
Lng dch chuyn theo chiu cao ca trc mi khot v trc dao phay:
P=(0,22-0,27)d;
Lng dch chuyn ngang ca hai trc :
Chiu rng cnh vin:

g=0,21d;

f=(0,1-0,3)d.

Hnh 7.6 Bin dng rnh

7.2.7. Dung sai ng knh mi khot


Mi khot c ch to theo 2 loi:
Loi gia cng s b trc khi doa;
Loi gia cng tinh l.
Trong c hai loi trn, dung sai ca ng knh mi khot c tnh ton vi iu
kin gia cng l theo cp chnh xc cp 4 vi cc tr s dung sai nh sau.
ng knh, mm

Mi khot s 1

Mi khot s 2

Trn

Di

Trn

Di

T 10-18

-210

-245

+70

+35

Trn 18-30

-215

-290

+85

+40

56

Trn 30-50

-290

-340

+100

+60

Trn 50-80

-350

-410

+120

+60

Trn 80-120

-420

-490

+140

+70

7.3. Cc kiu mi khot


7.3.1. Mi khot hai rng
Mi khot tiu chun c nhc im l kh nng thot phoi km v khng gian cha
phoi nh. V vy cn phi a mi khot ra lm sch trong qu trnh gia cng.
khc phc nhc im ny c th s dng mi khot 2 rng.
Kiu mi khot 2 rng c ng knh t 28-300mm v chiu di l gia cng c th
ln n 4000mm.

chia phoi thnh tng phn nh, trn mt sau b tr cc rnh chia phoi l cc vng
trn ng tm vi bc lch nhau.
Phn sa ng phi mi vi l cn nh vi gc =20-2030 theo hng mt u.
li ct ph nghing vi trc 1 gc =750-800. c im ca phn sa ng l chiu di
nh v khng c cnh vin trnh cho phoi khi b kt v dnh trn mi khot.
Mt trc l mt phng, nh qu trnh mi sc c thun tin. Gc trc chn
trong phm vi 10-250 ty theo vt liu gia cng.
C th kt hp mi khoan cng mi khot cng mt lc cho mi khot 2 li.

Hnh 8.1 Mi khot 2 rng c lp thm mi khoan

57

7.3.2. Mi khot l tr chm


Dng gia cng l chm ca u hnh tr hoc u vt. V kt cu ch khc nhau
phn nh hng. Tc mi khot c on nh hng trn mt u ca phn ct dng
nh hng mi khot khi lm vic v m bo ng trc ca l chm v l bt vt.

on nh hng c ch to lin vi thn mi khot hoc lm ri thay i


c.

Hnh 8.2 Mi khot l tr chm

7.3.3. Mi khot l cn chm


gia cng l tm ngi ta thng dng mi khot vt mt rng, mi khot vt cn
v xon, mi khot tm, mi khot tm c u cn bo v. Gc nh 2 ph bin l 600,
750, 900, 1200 v ng knh t 12mm m 60mm vi s rng t 4 n 12 rng.

Hnh 8.4 Mi khot l tm

7.3.4. Mi khot kha mt u


c im l ch c rng mt u ca mi khot. Mi khot ch to vi chui lp,
chui lin hoc lp vo mm cp thay nhanh. Loi lp vo mm cp c th c rng c 2
pha mt u.
58

m bo ng tm, mi khot cng c phn nh hng trong gia cng l tr


chm, c th phn nh tm lm lin vi trc g hoc lm ri thay i c.
ng knh ph bin ca mi khot t 14mm n 40mm, vi s rng khong 2 n
6 rng.
gim ti khi gia cng cc b mt ln th cn lm c cu b phoi. Mi khot c
ng knh ln thng lm rng lp.

Hnh 7.8 Mi khot kha mt u

59

VN 8
THIT K MI DOA
8.1. Cng dng v phn loi
Mi doa dng gia cng chnh xc l. Gia cng bng phng php doa c th t
cp chnh xc t 4 n cp 1 v nhn bng b mt t cp 6 n cp 10.
Thng phng php doa c dng sau khi gia cng l bng phng php tin,
khoan, khot. Mi doa gm cc nhm sau:
Mi doa tay chui tr
Mi doa my chui tr lin v chui lp
Mi doa my chui tr lin v chui lp vi rng chp
Mi doa tng doa tay
Mi doa my gn hp kim cng vi chui tr lin v chui chp
Mi doa my chp rng gn hp kim cng
Mi doa cn gia cng l cht cn

8.2. Cc yu t kt cu ca mi doa
8.2.1. Phn ct
c trng ca phn ct l gc nghing ca mi doa, n quyt nh n hnh dng,
kch thc ca phoi, t l thnh phn lc ct, nh hng n iu kin thot phoi,
mn ca mi doa v t nh hng n cht lng b mt gia cng.
Thc nghim ch ra rng, khi gia cng thp 45, nu gc mi doa nh, =50 th mi
doa ch yu b mn theo mt sau. Nu gc mi doa ln, =450 th s mn xut hin theo
cnh vin ca on sa ng trn mt on di 5-8mm k t phn ct. S thay i
mn c gii thch bi s thay i ca thnh phn lc ct hng tm. Cnh vin trn
phn sa ng nm k phn ct bt u tham gia vo qu trnh ct v dn dn va ng
vai tr phn sa ng v va ng vai tr li ct thay th cho phn li chnh b cn. V
vy, nhn bng ca b mt gia cng khi dng mi doa c gc =200, 300 v 400 c
phn no km hn khi dng mi doa c gc =150.

i vi lay rng, cn v ovan th vi gc nghing =150 s m bo cht


lng l tt hn. Qua thc nghim nhn thy khi gia cng vt liu do gc nghing
=150 l tt, khi gia cng gang nn c gc nghing =30-50.
Ti cui phn ct cn cnh vt 450 bo v mi doa khi b m, ch phn ct n
phn sa ng cn v trn.

60

gia cng vt liu do nn vt rng phn ct i mt gc 300 so vi trc, cn rnh


th lm xung to gc 80.

Hnh 8.8 Vt me ca phn ct mi doa

8.2.2. Phn sa ng
Phn ny dng nh hng mi doa trong qu trnh gia cng v d tr khi mi
sc li. Ngoi ra n cn m bo hnh dng ca l, chnh xc v nhn bng b mt
gia cng.
Phn sa ng thng c dng tr ngn v on cn nh dn v pha chui. cn
nhm gim ma st gia mi doa v b mt gia cng, cng nh phng b lay rng l.
i vi mi doa, khi kp cng th cn ly khong 0,04-0,06mm, khi lc c hoc ty
ng th cn khong 0,08-0,1mm.
Nu l c yu cu c bit v chnh xc th cn tng chiu di phn sa ng, khi
ny nn dng mi doa ngn vi chiu di phn sa ng khong 0,25-0,3 ng knh
mi doa.

8.2.3. S rng
S rng thng c ly chn c th o c kch thc mt cch d dng.
Mi doa thp tm c ng knh di 50mm thng lm 4 rng. i vi mi doa
lp rng th cn c s rng nh hn c ch cho phn kp cht.
Bng ng knh mi doa v s rng

ng knh,
mm

3-10

11-19

20-30

32-45

46-50

S rng

10

12

14

8.2.4. Hng ca rng


61

Mi doa cng c 3 dng hng ca rng l thng, nghing v xon. Mi doa rng
xon gip cho tui bn ca dao cao hn v cht lng b mt tt hn. Mi doa rng
thng v nghing th vic mi sc, kim tra, ch to n gin hn nhiu. Hng ca rnh
xon nn ngc vi chiu quay ca dao trnh hin tng kt cng v ng thi gip
cho qu trnh tho dao c d dng.
Gi tr gc nghing ca rnh xon ty thuc vo vt liu gia cng, i vi gang
xm hoc thp cng =70-80, i vi gang rn v thp =120-200, i vi nhm v hp
kim nh =350-450.

i vi mi doa thp tm nn c gc nghing =250-300 trnh b kt mi doa.

Hnh 8.9 Hng v kiu mi doa thp tm

8.2.5. Gc sau v gc trc ca phn ct


Gc sau v gc trc ca phn ct chn theo cng dng ca mi doa v vt liu gia
cng.
Nu tng gc sau s lm iu kin ct d, nhng s lm cho gc sc gim, rng
mng hn, yu hn v qu trnh thot nhit cng b hn ch. Do lm dao chng mn.
Thc t chng t, khi gia cng thp 45, mi doa c gc sau t 150-200 th lm cho b mt
gia cng tt hn so vi mi doa c gc sau =80, nhng lm cho tui bn ca dao gim
n 3 ln.
Vic mi sc li mi doa b mn gp rt nhiu kh khn, i khi khng thc hin
c. V vy, cn chn gc nh khong 50-80. i vi mi doa tinh nn chn gc nh
hn so vi mi doa th.
Mi doa t iu chnh c nn mi sc theo hai gc, =60-80 v 1=150-200.
Gc trc =50-100 dng cho gia cng kim loi do nhm trnh cho phoi khi b
dnh trn li ct. Khi gia cng thp, nu c yu cu c bit c th ly =100, tuy nhin
lc ny tc ct khng vt qu 2m/ph.

62

Gc m s c nguy c lm gim bng v c kh nng xut hin lo dao, kinh


nghim nn ly =00.
Quan h gia gc N trong tit din php tuyn v T trong tit din mt u c
biu th qua cng thc:
tg N=tg T.cos

Hnh 8.9 Hnh dng me ca phn vt v phn sa ng

8.2.6. Cnh vin


Cnh vin m bo vic nh hng mi doa trong l, lm nhn b mt gia cng v
sa ng l theo kch thc. chiu rng cnh vin ly bng 0,05-0,3mm ty theo kch
thc mi doa.
Vic gim chiu rng cnh vin s lm cho nhn b mt gia cng tt hn, tuy
nhin tui bn ca mi doa gim xung nhiu do xut hin cc vt lm trn cnh vin.

i vi mi doa c li m crom, chiu rng cnh vin c th l 0,15-0,18mm. Mi


doa thp tm thng lm cnh vin rng 0,2-0,3mm.
8.2.7. Dng rnh
Dng rnh thot phoi ca mi doa khng quan trng nh mi khoan, c th gia cng
rnh bng dao phay mt gc hoc dao phay hai gc.
Nu dng dao phay mt gc phay mi doa th s lm cho mt trc ca mi doa
khng c nhn, cn mt u ca dao phay chng mn. Nu phay mi doa xon bng
dao phay mt gc s gy hin tng ct rng.
Nu dng dao phay hai gc th s khc phc cc khim khuyt trn. i vi mi doa
c kch thc ln nn phay bng dao phay lng cong m bo khng gian cha phoi
v bn ca mi doa.

trnh hin tng nt y rnh khi ti th nn v trn y rnh vi bn knh 0,30,8mm.

Hnh 8.10 Dng rnh mi doa c phay bi cc dao phay


63

8.2.8. S phn b rng khng ng u


S phn b rng khng u nhm mc ch ngn chn cc li mang tnh chu k.
Chng hn xut hin mt v tr khng ng nht ca vt liu, s lm mi doa b nn li
mang tnh chu k v lm xut hin s khot su vo b mt gia cng v li cc vch
dc.
S khng u ca rng mi doa s gip loi b cc khuyt tt mang tnh chu k nh
trn.
S khng ng u ca rng c th t c bng cch phn b mi na vng trn
l cc bc chia khc nhau, hoc bng cch to ra cc rng c rnh nghing khc nhau,
hoc bng u phn .

Hnh 8.11 S phn b khng u rng theo vng trn

8.2.9. Phn kp cht


Phn kp cht ca mi doa c 3 dng sau:
-

Dng tr, ch dng cho mi doa nh, c ng knh 10-12mm;

Dng cn;

Dng vung, dng ny t c dng.

t c s ng trc ca l cn doa v mi doa th c th dng c cu trc g


ty ng hoc trc lc. Khi , mi doa i vo l v c s t la.
8.3. Cc kiu mi doa
8.3.1. Mi doa tng
Trong kt cu ca mi doa c c cu dng tng ng knh mi doa bng cch x
cc rnh dc theo rng, trong s rng ly ln hn s rnh 2 ln. Phn li mi doa c l
v c cn phn u mi doa. Khi cn tng ng knh mi doa th vn cht y vin
bi trong phn cn dch chuyn, s lm ni rng ng knh mi doa.
Lng iu chnh mi doa theo ng knh khng c nh hn cc tr s sau:

64

ng knh mi
doa, mm

Lng iu chnh

ng knh mi
doa, mm

Lng iu chnh

6-10

+0,15

10-20

+0,25

20-30

+0,40

30-50

+0,50

Hnh 8.12 Mi doa tng

8.3.2. Mi doa hp kim cng


Mi doa gn mnh hp kim cng c chui tr vi ng knh 69mm, chui cn vi
ng knh 1032mm v chui lp vi ng knh 3450mm. Cc kch thc chung cn
li c qui nh theo tiu chun.
S rng ca mi doa t 4-10 rng trong khong ng knh t 650mm. i vi mi
doa lp th t 68 rng trong khong ng knh t 5275mm.
Thng s hnh hc phn ct:
-

Gc trc bng 0, trn nh rng lm cnh vt nh 0,2-0,3mm v c tr s gc m


50 tng bn li ct.

Gc sau trn cnh vin on rng 0,3-0,5mm ly gc 50-60, phn cn li ly 100120. B mt kim loi gn dao ly gc 160-200.

Gc nghing chnh ly 150, mt u cnh vt ly 450.

Thn dao cn lm c chui v pha cn nhm trnh b mn v b m mi ct.


thng l 0,1mm trn chiu di 15mm.

Gia cng l su c ng knh nh 720mm th dng mi doa gn hp kim cng


c 3 rng.

8.3.3. Mi doa lp rng

65

V mt kt cu, mi doa c rng lin l khng hp l v khng c kh nng phc hi


ng knh dao khi b mn. V vy nn chuyn sang mi doa c lp rng.
Mi doa c kt cu iu chnh c, v lng iu chnh trong khong 12mm ty
theo ng knh mi doa.
Thn dao c th lm theo hnh tr hoc hnh a din vi s mt bng s rng. Tuy
nhin hin nay thng s dng hnh tr hn v d kim tra v d ch to.

tng khong khng gian cha phoi, c th khot su tng dn v pha u mi


dao.
Li ct c th lp ng trc hoc nghing gc = 120-150. Hng ca dao thng
ngc vi hng ct.

8.3.4. Mi doa cn
Mi doa cn dng gia cng l trn thnh l cn hoc chnh l cn cn doa.
Mi doa cn thng c ch to theo tng b 2 n 3 chic. Chic th nht c dng
mi khot, c ren vi gc nghing bng gc nghing ca cn, hng ca ren trng vi
hng ct. Dng mi doa ny gia cng l hnh tr thnh l c bc, rng mi doa c ht
lng, s rng t 3 n 8 rng ty theo s hiu ca cn, phn lm vic ging mi dao tin
l.

Hnh 8.13 Mi doa cn th nht


Mi doa th 2 lm ren vung b phoi v to cho l c nhng bc nh hn. Bc
rng S chn trong khong 1,5-3mm, chiu rng rnh b = 0,4.S, chiu su a = 0,2.S. Rng
c cnh nhn vi cnh vin nh f = 12mm. Mt sau mi theo 2 gc = 60 v = 150.

Hnh 8.14 Mi doa cn th hai


Mi doa th 3 c kt cu tng t mi doa hnh tr, tuy nhin khng cn lm bc
rng khng u v l c cn. Cnh vin trong khong 0,120,15mm.

66

Hnh 8.15 Mi doa cn th ba


Mi doa cht xon c hng xon c hng xon ngc vi hng ct v vy mi
doa khng kt trong l, c khng gian cha phoi ln, c tui bn cao hn v cho php tc
ct ln hn.

Hnh 8.16 Mi doa cht xon

67

VN 9
THIT K DAO CHUT
9.1. Cng dng v phn loi
L dng c ct nhiu rng, thc hin qu trnh ct i lp kim loi lng d nh rng
tip theo rng hn hoc cao hn rng k trc m khng dng n chuyn ng chy
dao. Tr s ln hn ny gi l lng nng ca dao chut.

Hnh 9.1 Cc b phn ch yu ca dao chut ko

Hnh 9.2 Cc b phn ch yu ca dao chut nn


1. u dao; 2. C dao; 3. Cn chuyn tip; 4. Phn nh hng trc; 5. Phn ct; 6.
Phn sa ng; 7. Phn nh hng sau; 8. Phn
Dao chut c s dng rng ri nh cc c im sau:
-

Nng sut cao mc d tc lm vic thp, thng thng v=3-8m/ph. iu ny v


tng chiu di li ct tham gia ln; trn dao chut c th b tr nguyn cng ct
th, ct tinh v sa ng nh m c th thay th cc nguyn cng khot, doa
th, doa tinh; trong thi gian ct, cc rng dao lin tc tip xc vi b mt gia
cng.

t c chnh xc v nhn b mt cao m khng yu cu bc th cao.

Tui bn ca dao cao.


C 2 dng dao chut c bn:

Dao chut trong, dng chut cc loi l, li ct l ng bao khp kn;

Dao chut ngoi, dng chut cc b mt h, li ct l ng bao khng khp


kn.
Dao chut c th chuyn ng thng hoc chuyn ng trn. Dao chut ko khi lc

tc dng vo u dao ko dao chut, dao chut nn khi lc tc dng vo chui dao

y dao i.
9.2. Cc b phn ca dao chut
9.2.1. Phn u kp dao
68

Phn kp u dao c tiu chun ha, mi mt kiu u kp dao u c mt tc


dng ring. Dao chut p cng nh dao chut ngoi khng c phn u kp dao.

ng knh u dao thng lm nh hn ng knh l ca chi tit trc khi chut


t nht 0,3mm.
Chiu di phn u dao chut ph thuc vo kch thc u kp dao.

9.2.2. Phn c v phn cn chuyn tip


Phn c v phn cn chuyn tip ni u kp dao vi phn lm vic ca chi tit.
chiu di ca phn c v phn cn ny phi m bo ni c dao chut vi u kp ca
my chut. Chiu di nh nht ca c dao c tnh theo cng thc:

Hnh 9.3 Cc kiu u kp dao


Lmin = l m + l b + l ct (l c + l h )

Trong :

lm- chiu di thnh my;


Lb- chiu di bc ;
Lct- chiu di chi tit;
Lh- chiu di phn nh hng trc.

Chiu di c dao lmin sau khi tnh ton thng c tng thm 5-30mm d dng
thao tc khi kp.

ng knh c dao thng ly nh hn ng knh u kp 0,3-1mm. Vi dung sai


C5 v c gia cng t nhn Ra=2,5m, trn ghi nhm ca dao chut.
Phn cn chuyn tip lc nhm gip cho vic a chi tit vo phn nh hng trc
d dng. Chiu di lc=10-20mm ty theo ng knh ca dao chut.
69

9.2.3. Phn nh hng trc


Phn nh hng trc c tc dng nh v chi tit, lm cho chi tit ng tm vi
dao chut, ngoi ra cn gip kh nghing ca chi tit trnh gy rng dao.
Chiu di phn nh hng trc c tnh t cui cn chuyn tip n rng u
tin ca dao. Thng ly lc bng chiu di l chut nhng khng nh hn 40mm. Nu
chiu di l chut lct ln th c th ly phn nh hng bng 0,75 chiu di l chut.

ng knh phn nh hng trc ly bng ng knh ca l trc khi chut vi


dung sai L.
9.2.4. Phn nh hng sau
Phn nh hng sau m bo cho chi tit khng b nghing thi im cc rng
cui cng ca dao chut ra khi chi tit, nhm m bo nhn b mt gia cng v
trnh gy cc rng dao sa ng.
Bng chiu di phn nh hng sau
Chiu di l chut

n 25

25-30

30-40

40-50

50-70

70-100

>100

Chiu di phn nh hng sau

20

25

30

35

45

50-65

70

9.3. Lc ct khi chut v tnh ton dao chut theo bn


Lc ct tng sinh ra khi chut c th phn thnh cc phn lc:
Pz: lc dc trc dao;
Py: hng thng gc vi trc dao chut, chut trong th lc Py =0, chut ngoi
lc Py tc dng vo thn dao v u chut;
Px: ch c i vi dao chut ngoi rng nghing;
Cc lc Px, Py nh nn c th b qua, ta ch xt lc Pz.
Pz=p.f.Zmax
Trong : p- lc ct n v, N/mm2.
f- din tch lp ct ca 1 rng dao chut, f=b.a (mm2).
b- chiu rng lp ct bng
a- lng nng mt rng
L- chiu di chut khng c rnh khot
t- bc rng dao chut, mm
Zmax- s rng dao chut ln nht c th tip xc vi chi tit gia cng (l
s nguyn), c xc nh theo cng thc:
Zmax = 1+ L/t
70

Ta c biu gia lc ct n v p v chiu dy ct a, trn biu cho thy nu


chn chiu dy ct a cng nh th lc ct n v cng ln. Trong xu hng hin ti nn
chn chiu dy ct a ln.

Hnh 9.4 Biu lc ct n v tnh bng kG/mm2 khi chut ty theo tr s lng nng
cho mt rng i vi cc vt liu khc nhau
1. HB 197; 2. HB198-229; 3. HB > 229 (i vi thp cacbon)
4. HB 197; 5. HB198-229; 6. HB > 229 (i vi thp hp kim)
7. HB 180; 8. HB > 180; 9. Gang rn (i vi gang xm)

9.4. S ct v cc dng dao chut


Hin nay, khi chut thng c 2 s ct ch yu sau:
1.

S ct n: lng nng ca rng sau cao hn rng trc.

2.

S ct nhm: c 2 hay nhiu rng lm thnh mt nhm c cng ng

knh, trong chiu rng rng sau ln hn rng trc trong cng mt nhm.

Hnh 9.5 S lm vic ca dao chut ct n

9.4.1. Dao chut ct n


71

Khi chut, nu khng thc hin rnh chia phoi trn li ct th phoi s lin khi v

dng hnh tr nn rt kh thot phoi. Nu thc hin rnh chia phoi trn li ct th phoi
lc ny dng lt mng c chiu rng b, nn vic thot phoi c d dng hn.
V c rnh chia phoi nn cc rng ca dao chut hnh thnh li ct ph f-e tham
gia vo qu trnh ct. Rnh chia phoi sinh ra cc hin tng khng tt cho dao nh sau:
-

Lp kim loi ly i ti ch c rnh thot phoi s cao hn ch khc, do lm cho


phoi c cnh g cng nn kh cun li.

mn ln nht ca dao ti ch chuyn tip gia li ct chnh v li ct ph.

nng tui th ca dao chut, tr s gc ti ch chuyn tip khng c nh


hn 1000. Khng nn dng rnh chia phoi c dng bn nguyt hay ch nht v nh vy
th gc sau ca li ct ph bng 0 v gc b gim hn.

Hnh 9.6 Kt cu rnh chia phoi


Dao chut c ng knh nh hn 100mm th chiu rng li ct nn l
b=(13) d . i vi dao chut c ng knh ln hn 100mm th b=1012mm. Chiu
rng lp ct c th n b=1,5 d nhng khng qu 1214mm. S rnh chia phoi phi l
s chn c th o c ng knh ngoi.
Tr s lng nng nn dng i vi dao chut ct n

Tn dao chut

Kim loi gia cng


Thp

Gang

Chut trn

0,0150,04

0,030,1

Chut l then hoa, l thn khai, l kha tam gic, chut rnh
ngoi

0,030,01

0,050,12

Chut l vung v l 6 cnh

0,030,15

0,050,2

Chut rnh then

0,050,12

0,050,2

nng cao chnh xc v cht lng b mt th trn dao chut thng b tr mt


hoc hai dao ct tinh cui cng c lng nng nh hn, khong 0,010,005mm v khng
c rnh chia phoi.
9.4.2. Dao chut ct nhm
Dao chut ct nhm c rng phn chia theo tng nhm hai n ba rng hoc nhiu
hn. ng knh trc ca rng th 2 nh hn rng th 1 khong 0,020,04mm nhm
72

trong trng hp vt liu bin dng n hi th khng thc hin ct ton b sinh ra
phoi lin.
Vi cng mt lc chut Pz th dao chut ct nhm c th ct mt din tch ln hn
dao chut ct n. V vy lng nng ca dao chut ct n ti a l 0,04mm th lng
nng ca dao chut ct nhm c th n 0,150,25mm.

Hnh 9.7 S lm vic ca dao chut ct nhm


Dng nhm 1: rng th 1 c vt rnh v ct mt phn chu vi l, rng th 2 khng c
lng nng, li ct dng lin v ct phn cn li ca phoi. Nu trong nhm c nhiu hn
2 rng th rng cui cng vn l lin v cc rng trc c b tr so le.
Dng nhm 2: cng tng t nh vy, nhng cc rng c vt rnh th rng sau c
chiu rng rng ln hn rng trc .
Dng nhm 3: vic vt lm theo hnh trn bng mi, khi ng sinh ca mt
cn lm vi trc dao chut gc = 460, kt cu ny c u im sau:
-

Loi tr c kh nng lm hng cc rng bn cnh khi gia cng cc rnh chia
phoi.

Trn cc li ct ph ca rng c gc sau t yu cu.

Li ct ph ni tip vi li ct chnh di mt gc ln gip thot nhit nhanh


hn, tng tui bn dao.

Phoi c dng hp l nn cun cht hn v yu cu khng gian cha phoi tng i


nh hn.
Ngy nay, dao chut ct nhm c rnh lm trn v c nhiu cnh c xem l

nhng kt cu ph hp nht cho gia cng l trn. Vic s dng dao chut ct n ngy
cng hn ch.
73

Hnh 9.8 Kt cu rng dao chut ct nhm

Hnh 9.9 S phn chia cha tt phoi bng lm ct trn

9.5. Phng php ch yu to b mt bng dao chut


Kt cu dao chut c xc nh bng s ct lp phoi v phng php ch to
b mt khi chut, bao gm: phng php theo lp ng dng, phng php n dn,
phng php t hp.

Hnh 9.10 Cc phng php to b mt bng nguyn cng chut

74

Phng php theo lp ng dng: cc rng dao chut c hnh dng ging prfil b
mt chut, trong cc rng th tham gia bc tch phoi v cc rng sa ng thc hin
vic hnh thnh b mt chut cui cng. Tuy vy, phng php ny tr nn kh khn khi
l chut c hnh dng phc tp khc nhau.
Phng php n dn: cc rng dao chut c hnh dng ging nh prfil ca tng

on chi tit c gia cng xong. Vic ch to dao lc ny tr nn n gim hn. Tuy
nhin c nguy c hnh thnh cc vt dc theo b mt chut l do vic ch to dao khng
chnh xc.
Phng php t hp: cc dao u lm theo phng php n dn, cn khong 2-3
dao sau cng s dng phng php ng dng.

9.6. Phn lm vic ca dao chut


Phn lm vic ca dao chut ngoi cc rng ct th, rng ct tinh v rng sa ng
ra th i khi cn c phn p nhn.

9.6.1. Rng ct th
Nhim v ch yu l ct i lng d, ch li ct tinh mt lng d ti thiu.
S rng ct th c tnh theo cng thc:

Z th =

A Atinh
+1
a

Trong : A- lng d tng cng cho mt bn ca nguyn cng chut, mm.


Atinh- lng d mt bn li cho cc rng ct tinh, mm.
a- lng nng ca mt rng, mm.
1- rng u tin khng c lng nng v bng kch thc vi rang nh
hng.

i vi dao chut nhm, s rng th c tnh theo cng thc:


Z th =

Z r ( A Atinh )
+ 0. 5 Z r
ar

Trong : Zr - s rng trong nhm.


ar- l lng nng ca nhm.

a- Thng s hnh hc phn ct ca rng ct th:


Gc trc : gi tr gc trc c chn theo tnh cht ca vt liu gia cng
Vt liu gia cng
Thp

cng HB

Gc trc ()

<197

16-18

198-229

15

229

12

75

Gang xm

180

> 180

Gang rn

10

Nhm, ng , hp kim babit

25

Thc nghim chng t: khi 50 th l chut ra c hin tng co li tc gim

ng knh so vi rng cui cng ca dao, khi 150 th ng knh l sau chut tng
ln i khi n 0,09mm. Vy, khi tng gc trc ca rng ct th th s lm tng tui bn
ca dao chut.

Hnh 9.11 Mi sc dao chut l


Gc sau : gc sau thng b hn ch do:
-

Nu gc sau chn ln th khi mi sc li dao chng b mt kch thc;

Nu gc sau qu nh s lm tng ma st gia mt sau ca dao vi b mt gia


cng lm nhn gim v lc chut tng; theo kinh nghim th dao chut trong,
= 30; dao chut ngoi = 30-40.

i vi dao chut ngoi, gc sau c th ly ln hn = 100;

Trn mt sau dao ct th c th c cnh vin vi = 00, f 0,05mm; sai lch gc


sau cho php 30.

b- Bc ca rng ct th:
bc rng ca dao chut l khong cch gia 2 nh rng lin k theo chiu dc trc
dao. Nu bc rng dao chut ln th dao di v nh hng n gi thnh, nu bc rng
nh th nh hng n tnh cng ngh gia cng v rnh thot phoi. Ngoi ra yu cu
trong qu trnh gia cng phi c 4-5 rng dao cng tham gia ct cng lc.
Thng thng nn chn bc rng cho dao chut ct n nh sau:
t = (1,25 1,5) L

i vi dao chut ct nhm:


76

t = (1,45 1,9) L

Trong : L- chiu di l chut, mm.


Tiu chun i vi bc rng dao chut: 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 18, 20, 22, 25 mm.
Sau khi tnh bc dao chut v ly trn theo tiu chun th s rng ng thi tham
gia ct c tnh theo
Z=

L
t

Trong : L- chiu di chi tit, mm.


t- bc rng dao c chn, mm.

c- Rnh thot phoi:


Rnh thot phoi phi m bo sao cho phoi c cun cht v cha phoi, nh
vy kch thc rnh thot phoi ph thuc vo bc dao chut v chiu dy phoi ct.

Hnh 9.12 Cc dng rnh thot phoi


Dng rnh thot phoi theo cc thng s sau:
t- bc rng;
C- chiu rng mt sau;

- gc lng rng i vi dao chut rng thng;


r- bn knh cung chuyn tip gia mt trc v lng rng.
Bng kch thc rnh thot phoi thng gp
Bc t

Chiu su rnh h

Chiu rng mt Bn knh


sau C
rnh r

4,5

1,5

2,5

y Bn knh lng R
2,5

1,25

77

2,5

3
10

14

18

20

1,5

2,5

3
4,5

2,5

3,5
6

2,5

3,5
6

3,5

4,5

25

1,5

2,5

22

3,5

4,5

10

16

1,5

1,5

4
12

1,25

10

12

12

14

16

Cc kch thc ny c tnh gn ng theo cng thc:


h = (0,450,38)t
C = (0,350,3)t
R = (0,650,7)t
r = 0,5h
78

Kinh nghim cho thy rnh thot phoi c dng cung trn l tt nht v c s chuyn
tip u gia y rnh v lng rng. Khi chut vt liu gin c th dng rnh thot c
lng thng, i vi dao chut c bc ln nn s dng rnh c y l mt ng thng.
Bng bn knh y rnh tng ng vi lng nng sao cho phoi cun ra bnh thng
Chiu rng Lng nng rng gii hn (mm) ng vi chiu su rnh thot phoi h(mm)
lp ct b
3
4
5
6
7
(mm)
3

0,15

0,2

0,25

0,3

0,4

n 1,2 d

0,1

0,15

0,2

0,3

0,3

n 1,5 d

0,05

0,1

0,15

0,2

0,25

Din tch rnh ch phoi trong tit din chiu trc ly gn ng bng din tch vng
trn Fk vi bn knh r = h/2, do Fk =

h 2
4

Din tch phoi ct ra trong tit din chiu trc: Fc = a.L


Trong : a- chiu dy ct;
L- chiu di ca chi tit chut.
V cc vng ca phoi c khe h nn nu gi K l h s in y ca rnh th
K=

h 2
4aL

0,785h 2
a.L

Nu cho trc K v L th chiu cao ca rnh phoi l h 1,13 K .a.L


Trong : L- chiu di rnh
a- chiu rng rnh
hoc a

0,785h 2
K .L

i vi dao ct n h s in y K ln hn 25% so vi dao chut nhm.


Bng h s in y rnh K ca dao chut ct nhm
Bc rng t(mm)

H s in y rnh K ng vi lng nng a ca rng (mm)


0,5

0,05-0,1

>0,1

4,5-8

3,3

3,0

2,5

10-14

3,0

2,7

2,2

16-25

2,8

2,5

2,0
79

Tuy nhin chiu su rnh khng c vt qu tr s h = 0,17d


Trong d- ng knh l chut.

d- Tnh ton rng ct th ca dao chut:


Cc thng s ban u cn thit cho tnh ton dao chut:
-

Kch thc v hnh dng ca chi tit gia cng, kch thc b mt cn chut;

Lng d chut v hnh dng lng d b tr trn chi tit;

Kch thc, dung sai, cht lng b mt sau khi gia cng;

Lc ko ca my chut, kiu u kp, kch thc l kp chi tit;

i vi dao chut ct n:
-

T chiu di b mt cn chut, tnh bc rng ca dao chut, kim tra s rng ti


thiu ng thi tham gia chut. Khi s rng khng th phi thay i bc rng
cho ph hp.

ng vi kch thc chn, i tm kch thc rnh thot phoi vi chiu su h ln


nht, sau theo cng thc h = 0,17d kim tra cng vng ca dao chut.
Nu khng tha mn th chn kch thc rnh lin k nh hn v kim tra li.

Tra bng chn lng nng ng vi kiu dao chut v vt liu gia cng.

Tra bng chn h s in y rnh K v kim tra kch thc rnh c cha
phoi khng.
(i vi dao chut ct n, h s K trong bng phi tng thm 25%)
Da vo th, xc nh lc ct n v p, t xc nh Pz v so snh vi Pc ca

my v lc bn Pn ca dao.
Bng lc ko danh ngha Pc v chiu di hnh trnh ln nht ca my chut
Kiu my

Lc ko danh ngha Pc, tn

Hnh trnh ln nht mm

My chut ngang
7510M

10

1400

7A510

10

1250

7520,7A520

20

1600

7530M

30

1800

7540

40

2000

7551

70

2000

7552

100

2000

80

My chut ng
7705, 7705A

600

7A705B

800

7710

10

1350

7A710

10

1200

7B710, 7710B

10

1000

7720

20

1600

7B720, 7720B

20

1250

Dao chut ct nhm:


-

Chn s b bc rng v cc kch thc ca rnh thot phoi c thc hin nh

i vi dao chut ct n.
-

Xc nh s rng trong nhm Zr. i vi iu kin chut bnh thng th ly bng


2.

Lng nng rng i vi dao chut c vt lm trn ly ti a trong gii hn 0,10,2mm.


Bng lc ct trn 1mm chiu di li ct dao chut (kG/mm)

Lng
nng
rng
mm

Vt liu gia cng


Thp cacbon
HB197

HB

Thp hp kim
HB>229

HB197

197-229

HB

Gang

HB>229

197-229

Gang xm

Gang
rn

HB<180 HB>180

0,02

9,5

10,5

12,5

12,6

13,6

15,8

8,1

8,9

7,3

0,03

12,3

13,6

16,1

15,7

16,9

18,6

10,4

11,6

9,4

0,04

14,3

15,8

18,7

18,4

19,8

21,8

12,1

13,4

10,9

0,05

16,3

18,1

21,6

20,7

22,2

24,5

14,0

15,5

12,5

0,06

17,7

19,5

23,2

23,8

25,5

15,1

16,6

13,4

0,07

19,6

21,7

25,8

26,0

28,2

31,2

16,7

18,4

14,3

0,08

21,3

23,5

28,0

28,0

30,2

33,5

18,0

20,0

16,4

0,09

23,1

25,5

30,4

30,4

32,8

36,2

19,5

21,6

17,9

0,10

24,7

27,3

32,5

32,8

35,4

39,0

20,7

23,6

19,2

0,11

26,6

29,4

35,0

35,1

38,1

42,0

22,6

25,4

20,6

81

0,12

28,5

31,5

37,5

37,8

40,7

45,0

24,3

26,8

22,0

0,13

30,4

33,6

39,8

40,3

43,4

48,0

25,8

28,5

23,4

0,14

32,4

35,7

42,5

42,3

45,7

50,5

27,3

30,3

25,0

0,15

34,2

37,9

45,0

44,5

48,0

53,0

29,0

32,1

26,1

0,16

36,0

39,8

47,2

47,1

51,0

56,0

30,5

33,6

27,6

0,18

39,5

43,6

52,0

52,5

56,5

62,5

33,4

37,0

30,2

0,20

42,7

47,3

56,2

57,6

60,2

68,5

36,0

40,2

32,6

0,22

45,6

50,3

60,0

62,0

66,7

73,8

38,5

42,7

34,9

0,24

48,0

53,1

63,2

66,2

70,9

78,6

41,0

45,1

36,8

0,25

49,5

54,5

65,0

68,0

73,0

81,0

42,1

46,5

37,6

0,26

51,0

56,1

66,6

70,6

75,3

83,4

42,9

47,7

39,0

0,28

54,0

58,8

70,0

74,4

79,8

88,3

45,5

50,0

41,3

0,30

56,4

61,5

73,0

78,5

84,5

93,3

47,6

52,2

43,1

9.6.2. Rng ct tinh, rng sa ng v chiu di ca dao chut


a- Rng ct tinh
Cc rng ct th, sau khi ct thng li cc khuyt tt trn b mt, v vy gia
cc rng ct th v rng sa ng cn c rng ct tinh ct ht cc khuyt tt b mt do
rng ct th li.

on rng ct tinh ca dao chut nhm c th lm vic theo phng php ct n


hoc ct nhm, cn dao chut n th ch theo phng php ct n.
Lng d mt bn cho cc rng ct tinh v s rng ct tinh hay s nhm rng c
chn theo bng
Lng
nng
phn
on th

n 0,1

Lng
nng
phn
on
bn
tinh

nhn b mt gia cng Ra= 105m


Lng
d hai
bn
cho
phn
tinh,
mm

Dao
trn
S
phn
on
tinh

nhn b
2,51,25m

chut Dao
chut Lng Dao
then hoa
d hai trn
bn
S
S
S
S
cho
rng
phn phn phn
phn
ngoi on on tinh,
on
phn
tinh
tinh
tinh
mm
on
-

0,050,07

mt

gia

cng

Ra=

chut Dao
chut
then hoa
S
rng
ngoi
phn
on

S
phn
on
tinh

S
rng
ngoi
phn
on

1-2

1-2

82

0,110,20

0-2

0-2

0,070,13

1-2

1-2

2-3

0,110,16

0-3

0-2

0,130,2

3-5

2-3

2-3

0,110,16

0-3

2-3

0-2

0,20,32

2-3

3-5

2-3

2-3

0,06-

0,08
(0,40,6)2a

0,210,4
0,410,6

C mt on rng bn tinh trung gian gia on rng ct th v ct tinh, hoc l 1

n 2 nhm rng m c lng nng bng 0,4-0,6 lng nng rng ct th. Lng nng
rng ct tinh c lm thay i gim dn t nhm ny n nhm khc 1,5-2 ln.

gim chiu di dao chut v tng nhn b mt gia cng th bc ca cc rng


sa ng cn lm nh li nu bc 10mm.
Bng tr s bc gim nh ca rng tinh v rng sa ng
Bc rng, mm

Chiu di b
mt chut, mm

Th

Tinh v sa
ng

10

n 45

12

>45

10
14

16

10

65

12

>65

12

Bc rng, mm

Chiu di b
mt chut, mm

Th

Tinh v sa
ng

18

12

n 80

14

Trn 80

20

16

n 110

22

14

Trn 110

16

n 110

16

Trn 110

25

(i vi chi tit gia cng t cp chnh xc 2-3 ly 5 rng sa ng, cp chnh xc


4 ly 3-4 rng v cp chnh xc 5 ly 2-3 rng)
Gc trc ca rng ct tinh v rng sa ng c ly nh rng ct th. Hnh
di y ch cho thy, nu gc trc cng ln th cng lm gim i kch thc ng
knh rng lng R.

Hnh 9.13 Gc trc ca rng ct tr v rng sa ng


83

Gc sau ca rng ct tinh thng c chn theo tr s sau:


-

i vi dao chut trn, then hoa, rnh then v dao chut ngoi khng iu chnh
th =20, rng sa ng th =10.

i vi cc dao chut ngoi khc th rng ct v rng sa ng c gc sau =3-40.

C th c ng vin ti mt sau ca dao sa ng vi chiu rng 0,2-0,3mm.

c th nhn c b mt nhn sng th i khi ngi ta cn lm thm cc rng


c nhn, cc rng ny ch lm nhim v p cht, nhn b mt. Thng thng trong trng
hp ny th ngoi bin dng d cn c bin dng n hi, do ng knh l nhn c
trn chi tit s nh hn ng knh cc rng c nhn.

Hnh 9.14 Prfin rng c nhn

9.6.3. Chiu di ton b dao chut


Chiu di dao chut bao gm chiu di ca cc thnh phn: phn chui, c, cn
chuyn tip, phn nh hng trc, on rng ct th, on rng ct tinh, on rng sa

ng v phn nh hng sau.


Chiu di dao chut phi p ng c cc yu cu sau:
-

Khng c vt qu chiu di hnh trnh ti a ca my chut.

Phi ph hp vi bn my ca my gia cng.

p ng kh nng thun tin khi gia cng cng nh cc mi nguy v n nh,


cng vng.
i vi dao chut p, thng thng chiu di dao khng c vt qu 10d.
Bng chiu di gii hn ca dao chut gia cng c trn cc mi tm

ng knh
dao chut

T 12 -15

T 15-20

T 20-25

T 25-30

T 30-50

50

Chiu di
dao chut

700

800

1000

1200

1300

1500

Bng chiu di gii hn ca dao chut phng v rnh then


84

Kch thc
nh nht ca
tit din
ngang dao
chut

T 5-8

T 8-12

T 12-18

T 18-22

22

Chiu di
dao chut

500

750

1000

1200

1300

1500

Nu kt qu nhn c c chiu di ca dao qu ln th phi tnh ton li chiu


di t c kch thc gii hn cho php. Nu khng c na th phi dng b dao
chut vi 2, 3 hoc nhiu dao hn na.
Tnh ton sao cho dao chut cui cng hoc nhng rng dao cui cng l chnh xc
nht, c gi tr t nht v ngn nht c th.

9.6.4. Dung sai kch thc dao chut


Tiu chun v kch thc c bn ca dao chut c cho nh sau:
-

Sai lch ln nht ca ng knh tnh ton rng th c xc nh ty thuc vo


lng nng ca rng v khng c vt tr s trong bng.

Dung sai ng knh rng sa ng v ng knh rng ct tinh khng c vt


qu cc tr s cho trong bng.

Dung sai chiu di ton b dao chut khng c vt qu 3mm i vi chiu


di dao chut n 1000mm v 5mm i vi chiu di dao chut trn 1000mm.

o hng knh ca rng ct tinh, rng sa ng v phn nh hng sau


khng c vt qu gi tr tuyt i ca dung sai cho ng knh tng ng,
ngoi ra o tt c cc rng ch c th v mt pha.

Dung sai chiu su rnh thot phoi cho php khng vt qu 0,3mm i vi
chiu su rnh n 4mm v +0,5mm i vi chiu su nh ln hn 4mm.
Bng dung sai ng knh tnh ton ca rng ct th

Kch thc danh ngha


dao chut

Dung sai khi lng nng cc rng 2a (theo ng knh, mm)


n 0,05

Trn 0,05 n 0,08

Trn 0,08

n 80

-0,008

-0,010

-0,015

Trn 80

-0,012

-0,015

-0,020

Bng dung sai ng knh rng sa ng Ad ca dao chut tr


ng knh danh ngha
dao chut, mm

Cp chnh xc l
A

A2a

A3

85

Dung sai Ad (m)


n 18

Trn 18 n 30

10

Trn 30-50

10

12

50-80

12

15

80-120

10

14

18

120-150

12

16

20

86

VN 10
THIT K DNG C GIA CNG REN
10.1. Dao tin ren v cc thng s hnh hc
Chi tit ren l v cng quan trng trong vic lin kt cc chi tit my li vi nhau.
C nhiu phng php gia cng ren nh tin ren, tar ren, bn ren, phay ren, mi
ren

Hnh 10. 1 Dao tin ren n v dao tin ren hnh lc

10.1.1. Dao tin ren n


Dao tin ren n cng ging nh dao tin n ct ren trn my tin vn nng.
Prfin dao ph hp vi prfin ren c ct.

a- Gc sau
Dao tin ren n c mt rng ct ren, prfil dao phi thit k ph hp vi prfil
ren c ct. Dao tin ren n c 2 li ct chnh, v khi ct ren c chuyn ng chy
dao dc nn gi tr cc gc sau hai li ct tri v phi thay i khc nhau.
Gc sau li ct tri:

t .c = t

Gc sau li ct phi:

f .c = f +

Trong : t.c- gc sau ca li ct bn tri khi ct.

t- gc sau ca li ct bn tri trng thi tnh.


f.c- gc sau ca li ct bn phi khi ct.
f- gc sau ca li ct bn phi trng thi tnh.
- i lng thay i gc sau.
Gc c th c xc nh nh sau:
tg = tg . cos

Trong : - gc nng ca ren.


87

- gc prfil ren.

Hnh 10.2 Dao tin ren n

b- Gc trc
Gc trc c chn ph thuc vo vt liu gia cng v c th c chn nh
dao tin nh hnh.

Hnh 10.3 S tnh ton prfin dao tin ren


88

Nu chn 0 th prfil dao tin ren phi c tnh li da vo prfin ren ca chi
tit. Cch tnh th ging nh vi dao tin nh hnh.
Thng s hnh hc ca ren v dao tin ren:

- gc prfil ren trong tit din qua trc.


- gc trc.
S- bc ren.
t- chiu su ren trn chi tit.

p- gc prfil dao tin trong tit din vung gc vi mt sau.


n- gc prfil dao tin trong tit din mt trc.
tp- chiu cao prfil dao trong tit din vung gc vi mt sau.

m bo ct c ren c gc profil chnh xc l th cn phi tnh chnh xc gc


profil ca dao tin trong tit din vung gc vi mt sau ca dao nh sau:
tg

p
2

tg

2 r r . sin r1 . cos . cos( + )

n
2

2
o

2
1

S
2
0

2
1

2( r r . sin 2 r1 . cos )

Trong trng hp =0 th:


tg

p
2
tg

n
2

S
2.t. cos
=

S
2.t

Vy dao tin ren n hnh lng tr hoc hnh trn cng c tnh ton nh dao tin

nh hnh hnh lng tr hoc hnh trn. Dao tin hnh rng lc nh c nhiu li ct nn
c th tng nng sut rt nhiu.

10.1.2. Dao tin ren hnh thang


Khi tin ren hnh thang th li ct nh dao thng nm y rnh trng vi tit
din y ca ren hoc vung gc vi ng knh trung bnh.

89

Hnh 10.4 Cc cch g t dao khi tin ren


Trong trng hp th nht, hai li ct bn l ng thng v trng vi tit din
ca b mt ren l ng xon vt Acsimet nn vic ch to l n gin. Tuy nhin, trong
trng hp ny th gi tr gc sau trong trng thi ng ca hai mt bn l khc nhau bi
lng thay i gc sau .
Trong trng hp th hai th iu kin ct ca hai li ct bn l nh nhau, nhng
li ct bn khng phi l ng thng, m l ng cong nn vic ch to dao gp kh
khn. V vy, dao trong trng hp ny ch dng cho gia cng s b, v khng i hi
chnh xc cao. Thng thng, lng d gia cng l 0,4-0,5mm cho nguyn cng cui.

Hnh 10.5 S xc nh gc sau v chiu rng dao tin

90

Gc sau ca dao ph thuc vo gi tr gc nng ca ren, v gc nng ren thay i


theo ng knh nn gi tr gc sau thay i dc theo li ct ca dao.

10.2. Taro ren


10.2.1. Cng dng v phn loi
Ta r c dng ct hoc sa ng ren trong, ty theo cng dng v phn loi c
th c phn thnh:
-

Tar tay c dng ct ren bng tay, c ch to thnh b gm 2 hoc 3


chic.

Tar my c dng ct ren trn my tin, my chuyn dng

Tar dng gia cng ren ng.

Hnh 10.6 Cc loi tar

10.2.2. Cc thnh phn kt cu ca taro


Kt cu v kch thc c bn ca tar c tiu chun ha, bao gm: phn ct,
phn sa ng, s rnh, hng rnh

Hnh 10.7 Thnh phn kt cu ca tar

a) Phn ct
Phn ct l1 l phn quan trng nht ca tar bi v thc hin ch yu ct ren v
c gc cn . Chiu di phn ct c nh hng n nng sut, tui bn v chnh xc
ca ren ct.

91

Hnh 10.8 Phn cn ct ca tar


V gc cn l nh nn nu gi a l chiu dy lp ct theo phng vung gc trc
tar th a =

h
cng chnh l chiu dy thc ca lp ct theo phng gc .
p

Trong : p- s ren ct trn phn ct.


h- chiu cao thc t ren.
Gi tr chiu di phn cn l1 c xc nh nh sau:
h=

d0 dc
;
2

a=

S .tg
;
n

l1 =

d0 dc
2.tg (1 f )

Trong : d0- ng knh ngoi ca ren.


dc- ng knh l khoan trc khi tar.
n- s rng tar.
S- bc ren.
f = 0,30,18 i vi tar t 2 n 30mm

i vi cc loi tar ai c c ng knh t 2 n 30mm th gc c chn l


3 30.
0

Chiu dy ct a khng c nh hn bn knh v trn ca li ct. Tar ai c phn


cn ct c chn bng 12 ln bc ren ct.
Tar my, l khng thng th l1 bng hai ren ct, l thng th l1 bng 6 ren ct.
Trong trng hp b hai tar th tar th ly bng 6 ren ct v tar tinh ly bng hai ren
ct.
Tar tay khi ct bng 1 tar th l1 bng 8 ren ct, bng 2 tar th l1 bng 6 i vi,
bng 2 i vi tinh.
Tar c phn cn ct ngn c dng ph bin hn v:
92

Gim lc ct n v v ct mt tit din lp ct ln;

Gim m men xon trong tt c cc trng hp tr khi ct ai c ngn;

Gim lc ma st v chn phoi trnh b gy v;

Gim thi gian my;

Nhit luyn d hn.


Phn ct ca tar cn c ch to chnh xc nhm m bo dn hng tt khi tar

i vo l ren.
b) Phn sa ng
Phn sa ng l2 nhm sa ng ren v nh hng tar v ng thi cng nhm d
tr khi mi li tar.
Rng u tin s lm nhim v sa ng ren, cc phn ren cn li c tc dng nh
hng khi tar i vo l ren. gim ma st, phn sa ng c ch to cn ngc v
pha cn l 0,050,01mm trn 100mm chiu di.
Trong qu trnh mi li, chiu di phn sa ng phi bo m:
-

i vi ren bc ln l2 0,5.d0.

i vi ren bc nh l2 (1,21).d0.

i vi tar ai c l2 0,6H.
Trong : d0- ng knh ngoi tar;
H- chiu cao ai c.
Chiu di phn sa ng c th chn s b l2 = (612)S.

c) S rnh v dng rnh


S lng rnh ca tar nh hng n chiu dy lp ct v mmen xon khi ct. s
rnh ca tar c chn ph thuc vo ng knh ca tar v vt liu gia cng.
Bng s rnh ca tar chn theo ng knh ngoi
Vt liu gia
cng

ng knh ngoi tar (mm)


2-6

8-14

16-20

22-24

27-30

33-36

39-52

Kim loi en

2-3

4-6

Kim loi mu

2-3

4-6

Cc thng s tit din rnh bao gm: ng knh li d, chiu rng p, gc trc .

93

Hnh 10.9 Prfin rnh tar v cc dng rnh xon


Bng kch thc p v d theo s rnh tar
K hiu

S rnh
2

ng knh li d

(0,360,38)d0

(0,380,4)d0

(0,420,45)d0

(0,50,52)d0

(0,520,55)d0

Chiu rn rng p

(0,40,45)d0

(0,30,32)d0

(0,20,22)d0

(0,170,2)d0

(0,160,18)d0

d0- ng knh ngoi tar

Hng ca rnh:

d ch to th thng lm rnh thng, khi gia cng ren cn chnh xc cao


hoc ren trong l su d thot phoi th lm rnh xon. Gc xon thng t 10-160.
Khi ct kim loi mu c th chn = 25-250. hng phoi v pha u ca dao
th cn vt gc = 7-100.

d) Cc gc phn ct
Gc trc c la chn ph thuc vo vt liu gia cng. Gia cng gang, ng,
thp cng th = 0-50; thp cng va th = 8-100; thp do v dai th = 12-150; hp
kim nh th = 20-300.
Gc sau thng c to thnh phn ct cn l1 bng cch ht lng theo ng
knh ngoi. Tr s gc sau c th c chn ph thuc vo kiu ca tar v vt liu gia
94

cng. i vi tar my v tar ai c = 8-100, tar tay = 6-80, ct hp kim nh = 560 .


Gi tr lng ht lng K theo cng thc:
K=

.d T
n

tg

Trong : n- s rng;
dT- ng knh u nh ca tar.

e) Dung sai cc kch thc ca taro


Theo tiu chun tar c ch to vi cc cp chnh xc C, D, E, H. Cp chnh xc
C, D c p dng cho tar c mi prfin ren, cp E, H i vi tar khng mi prfin
ren.
Dung sai ca tar ren c qui nh cho cc thng s ca ren, bao gm:
-

Gc prfin ren ;

Bc ren S;

ng knh ngoi d0;

ng knh trung bnh dtb;

ng knh trong d1.

a- Dung sai gc prfin ren :


- i vi cp chnh xc C, D:

S=0,75; dung sai gc

- i vi cp chnh xc E:

S=0,25; dung sai gc

= 85' 20'
2

- i vi cp chnh xc H:

S=0,25; dung sai gc

= 35' 15'

= 100' 30'

b- Dung sai bc ren S


- i vi cp chnh xc C:

dung sai S=0,10mm trn 25mm chiu di.

- i vi cp chnh xc D:

dung sai S=0,05mm trn 25mm chiu di.

- i vi cp chnh xc E:

dung sai S=0,05mm trn 25mm chiu di.

- i vi cp chnh xc H:

dung sai S=0,07mm trn 25mm chiu di.

c- Dung sai cc ng knh


Dung sai cc ng knh ngoi v trong c qui nh da theo trng dung sai ca
ren ai c.

95

Hnh 10.10 Phn b dung sai ren tar


Trn s phn b dung sai th:
-

N l dung sai ch to tar.

j l lng d tr cho mn tar khi gia cng v lng gim ng knh khi mi li.

p l lng lay rng khi ct.


Dung sai ng knh trung bnh quyt nh n chnh xc ca rar. Dung sai

ng knh trung bnh cu ai c lun nm trn ng knh danh ngha khi lp vo


bulong khng b kt.
Dung sai ng knh ngoi ca ai c nm trn ng knh danh ngha. Gii hn
trn ca ng knh ngoi tar c chn sao cho chiu rng nh ren thc t bng
khong 0,6 chiu rng nh ren l thuyt.

ng knh trong ca tar khng tham gia ct nn gii hn trn ng knh trong
ca tar phi nh hn gii hn di ng knh trong ca ren ai c.
10.3. BN REN
10.3.1. Cng dng v phn loi
Bn ren dng ct ren ngoi, bn ren c nhiu loi nh bn ren trn, bn ren
vung, bn ren ng, bn ren iu chnh

96

Hnh 10.11 Cc loi bn ren

10.3.2. Kt cu bn ren trn


Kch thc bn ren trn c tiu chun ha. Bn ren trn l loi dng c ct ren
khng chnh xc v sau khi nhit luyn khng mi li c prfin ren.

Hnh 10.12 Kt cu bn ren trn

a- ng knh ngoi D
ng knh ngoi c chn ph thuc vo kch thc ca ren v l thot phoi.
ng knh ren d0 (mm)

ng knh ngoi D

ng knh ren d0 (mm)

ng knh ngoi D

97

(mm)

(mm)

1-2,6

16

20-25

55

3-5

20

27-36

65

6-9

25

39-42

75

10-11

30

45-52

90

12-14

38

56-60

105

16-20

45

62

120

b- Chiu rng bn ren


Chiu rng bn ren B c b nh hng bi bin dng khi ti v kh nng nh
hng ca bn ren khi lm vic. Chiu rng bn ren c chn sao cho s vng ren
trn phn ct v phn sa ng. Thng thng chiu rng B chn sao cho c c 6-9
vng ren, trong 3-4 vng ren cho phn ct v 3-5 vng ren cho phn sa ng.

i vi ren bc nh th phi bo m t 12 n 16 vng ren, mt u ca bn ren


phi c khot lm.
c- S l thot phoi
S l thot phoi n c chn theo ng knh ren nh trong bng
ng knh ren

1-5

5,5-16

18-27

30-33

36-48

52-64

S l thot phoi n

d- Phn ct l1 ca bn ren
Bn ren c ch to c phn ct c hai pha tng tui th v thun tin trong
s dng.
Gc nghing ca phn ct c chn ph thuc vo bc ren, gc nghing cng
nh th cng c nhiu rng tham gia vo qu trnh ct v cng d dng ct vo chi tit gia
cng. Bc ren cng ln th nn chn gc cng nh.
S<2 th 2=500;
S=2-3 th 2=400;
S>2 th 2=300;

e- Chiu rng rng b v chiu rng l thot phoi c


Chiu rng b v c c nh hng n sc bn v cng vng ca bn ren. Khi
chiu rng b tng th bn ren c nh hng v nh tm tt, nhng lc ma st li tng.
Nu b ln th l thot phoi c gim v nh hng n kh nng thot phoi.

98

Mi quan h gia b v c theo

b
= 0,65 0,7 , trong trng hp c bit c th ly
c

n 0,8 nhng khng c bng 1.


f- Kch thc v v tr l thot phoi
L thot phoi c th hin qua ng knh ca l thot d v ng knh D ca tm
ca l thot phoi. Chng ph thuc vo ng knh ngoi d0, ng knh trong d1 v gc
trc .

i vi mt trc cong
D1=d1[cos+sin.cotg(-)]

i vi mt trc phng
d1
+ x. sin( + )
d 2. sin
=
2
cos( + )
D1 d 1
d
= cos + x. cos( + ) + sin( + )
2
2
2

x = (1,21,3)S
Sau khi tnh d v D1 cn kim tra li sc bn bn ren qua gi tr l
l=

D D1 d

2
2 2

Gi tr l phi ln hn (0,15-0,12)D i vi bn ren c 3-5 l thot phoi v ln hn


(0,1-0,09)D i vi bn ren c 6-8 l thot phoi.

99

Hnh 10.13 Cc dng mt trc ca bn ren

10.3.3. Cc gc phn ct
Gc trc c chn ph thuc vo vt liu gia cng. Khi ct vt liu cng =100

12 , vt liu cng trung bnh =25-300, vt liu mm =20-250.


Gc trc phn ct v phn sa ng thng c chn nh nhau, tuy nhin
vic ct c d dng hn th gc trc phn ct c th c chn ln hn.
Gc sau c gi tr khong 6-90. Gc sau phn ct c to thnh do ht lng,
lng ht lng K sau mt rng c th c xc nh:
K=

.d 1
n

tg

phn sa ng gc sau thng bng 0 v rt kh to ra gc sau ti phn sa ng.


10.3.4. Dung sai kch thc ren
Vic kim tra trc tip chnh xc ca ren l rt kh do thng kim tra qua
mu th c ct bi bn ren. Sai lch kch thc ca bn ren c chn vi cp chnh
xc cp 2.
Sai lch bc ren S=0,01mm trn chiu di 10 vng ren.
Bng sai lch na gc ph thuc vo bc ren
Bc ren
S(mm)
/2 (pht)

0,35

0,5

0,75

1,0

1,25-1,5

1,75

55

35

27

27

20

100

10.4. GIA CNG REN BNG PHNG PHP BIN DNG DO


10.4.1. Qu trnh cn ren
Cn ren l phng php gia cng ren bng bin dng do c dng trong sn xut
hng lot ln. B mt gia cng ren bng phng php ny c cng v bn cao do
cu trc ca th kim loi c lin tc.
Hai phng php cn ren thng gp l cn ren bng bn cn ren phng v bng
con ln cn.

Hnh 10.14 Cu trc kim loi bn trong ren v cc phng php cn ren

10.4.2. Dng c cn ren


a- Bn cn ren
Kt cu bn cn ren gm c:
-

Phn ct l1.

Phn thot l3.

Phn sa ng l2.
Phn ct l1 thng c chn l1=1,1..dtb. Trong dtb- ng knh trung bnh ca

ren cn.
101

Hng ren ca bn cn c nh v di ng ngc nhau, cc ng ren trn bn cn


c gc nghing bng gc nghing ca ren.
tg =

S
.d tb

Trong S l bc ren. Sai lch ca gc nghing khng vt qu 10. Chiu di L


ca bn cn di ng ln hn chiu di ca bn cn c nh khong 15-25mm chi tit
d ri khi bn cn sau khi gia cng. Khi cn th ren ca hai bn cn lch nhau bc S/2.

Hnh 10.15 Bn cn ren phng


Chiu rng bn cn B=2.l0 + (23)S. Trong l0 l chiu di phn ren cn cn ca
chi tit.

b- Con ln cn
Cn ren bng con ln c nhiu u im hn bn cn v p lc ln chi tit cn nh
hn nn c th cn cc chi tit thnh mng, vic g t v iu chnh c d dng hn.
Cn ren bng con ln c hai phng php chnh: cn ren bng chy dao tip tuyn
v hng knh.

Hnh 10.16 Cn ren bng con ln chy dao hng knh


102

trnh hin tng t trt ca phi, tc ca hai con ln phi bng nhau.
trnh vic phi b y ln khi cn th tm ca phi c t cao hn tm ca chi tit
lng (0,1-0,5)mm.

Hnh 10.17 Cn ren bng con ln chy dao tip tuyn

iu kin phi i qua c gia hai con ln cn l:


V1
= 1,1 1,25
V2

Trong : V1- tc di im tip xc phi vi con ln 1.


V2- tc di im tip xc ca phi vi con ln 2.

iu kin c bn gia cng ng ren chi tit l gc nng ca ren con ln v ca


chi tit phi bng nhau.

103

VN 11
THIT K DNG C GIA CNG RNG BNG PHNG PHP NH HNH
11.1. Dao phay vu m un
Dao phay vu mun dng ct bnh rng c mun ln m>50mm. Cc bnh
rng ny thng kh c th gia cng bng cc loi dng c ct khc.
Prfil ca dao phay vu mun trng vi profil ca rnh bnh rng gia cng. Dao
phay vu c th dng gia cng bnh rng nghing, trong trng hp ny dao phay vu
lm vic theo phng php bao hnh khng tm tch, mun c chn l mun trong
tit din php tuyn vi bnh rng.

Hnh 11.1 Dao phay vu mun v dao phay a mun

11.2. Dao phay a m un


Dao phay a mun l dao phay nh hnh ht lng c gc trc =0. Do profil
li ct trng vi profil rnh rng bnh rng.
Prfil ca rnh bnh rng c xc nh theo s liu ban u l mun m, s rng Z
v gc n khp , trn c s , cc thng s ca bnh rng tiu chun c xc nh:
-

Bc rng: t = .m

Bn knh vng chia: rc =

Chiu dy rng: S =

m.Z
2

.m
2

11.3. Tnh ton profil dao phay a m un


S tnh ton prfin dao phay a mun trong h ta cc nh sau:
104

r0- bn knh vng c s.

rc- bn knh vng chia.

rx- bn knh ng vi im M bt k trn prfin.

Re- bn knh nh rng.

Ri- bn knh chn rng.

Hnh 11.2 Prfin thn khai dao phay a mun

im M(x,y) bt k trn on thn khai c bn knh rx c xc nh nh sau:


x = rx . sin x = rx . sin( 0 + x )

y = rx . cos x = rx . cos( 0 + x )

i vi bnh rng hiu chnh dng hoc m th vn p dng cng thc trn,
khi :
c =

2.Z

th c' =

2.Z

2. .tg S c
+
Z
m.Z

Trong : - h s dch chnh dng hoc m

Sc- lng gim chiu dy rng trn vng chia to nn khe h sn


rng khi n khp.
Khi gia cng bnh rng tr thn khai xon th c th dng dao phay a mun nh
khi phay bnh rng thng, tuy nhin s rng lc ny l:
Z t =

Z
cos 3

Trong : Z- s rng ca bnh rng xon c gia cng.

- gc nghing ca rnh xon.


m- mun php tuyn.

11.4. B dao phay a mun


105

Trong tnh ton prfin dao phay a mun th ta im prfin ph thuc vo


mun m, gc n khp v s rng Z ca bnh rng gia cng. iu ny c ngha l nu
s rng Z l khc nhau th prfin rng s khc nhau. Nh vy, nu cn gia cng cc bnh
rng c s rng khc nhau th i hi phi c s dao l khc nhau. iu ny l khng
thc t, kh thc hin. Vy i hi mt dao phay c cng mun m v gc n khp th
c th gia cng cc bnh rng c s rng l khc nhau trong mt khong nht nh.
Thng thng th thit k mt b dao 8 dao hoc 15 dao, mi dao c s rng nht nh.
S hiu dao N

S rng bnh rng gia cng


B 15 dao

B 8 dao

12

1213

112

13

14

212

15,16

17,18

312

19,20

21,22

412

2325

2629

512

3034

3541

612

4254

5579

712

79134

135

1416

1720

2125

2634

3554

53134

135

106

VN 12
THIT K DNG C GIA CNG RNG BNG PHNG PHP BAO HNH
12.1. Khi nim c bn
Nguyn l c bn khi gia cng cc chi tit rng theo phng php bao hnh c tm
tch l chi tit trong qu trnh gia cng c cho c chuyn ng n khp vi dng c.
Khi s c mt im tip xc chung m c cng tip tuyn v php tuyn chung. im
tip xc chung s c vn tc tng i V quanh mt tm quay tc thi P no . Tp hp
tm quay tc thi P c gi l tm tch ca hai chi tit phi v dng c. V cng t tp
hp cc im tip xc chung s cho ra ng n khp, cn gi l ng to hnh.
Trong qu trnh gia cng chi tit lun c s quay trn nn tm tch ca chi tit l
vng trn tm tch. Dng c c th quay trn hoc tnh tin, v khi gi l ng thng
tm tch hay vng trn tm tch.

Hnh 12.1 Nguyn l gia cng theo phng php bao hnh

12.2. Thit k cc dng c ct rng theo nguyn l bao hnh c tm tch gia cng
bnh rng tr thn khai
12.2.1. Cc loi mt xon vt dng trong thit k dng c ct
Dng mt xon vt thng c dng khi thit k dng c ct rng theo phng
php bao hnh c tm tch. Mt xon vt k l mt xon vt m ng sinh l mt ng
thng chuyn ng to thnh.

107

Hnh 12.2 Dng c ct rng theo nguyn l bao hnh v


S mt xon vt k
Xt h ta Oxyz, xt mt tr trn xoay c trc Oz v bn knh ro l mt tr c s.
C ng thng AB to vi trc Oz gc khng i v tip tuyn vi mt tr ti im N,
chuyn ng xon vt to nn ng GL c bc xon h, khi :
h = 2. .ro . cot g

Chuyn ng ca ng thng AB theo trc Z c vn tc V v vn tc trn , th


khi :
V
h
=
=P
2.

P c gi l thng s ca mt xon vt. im M(x,y,z) trn ng thng AB c


phng trnh tham s nh sau:
x = ro . cos t. sin . sin

y = ro . cos + t. sin . cos


z = P. + t. cos

y l phng trnh tng qut ca mt xon vt k.


a- Mt vt Convoluyt
Phng trnh tng qut trn cng l phng trnh mt xon vt h Convoluyt. Mt
xon vt Convoluyt c c im l giao tuyn ca mt xon vt vi mt phng vung gc
trc Oz l ng thn khai c phng trnh:

108

= r02 + P 2 .tg 2 . 2

b- Mt xon vt Acsimet
T phng trnh tng qut trn. Nu cho r0=0 th phng trnh lc ny tr thnh
dng mt xon vt Acsimet:
x = t. sin . sin

y = t. sin . cos
z = P. + t. cos

Giao tuyn ca mt xon vt Acsimet vi mt phng vung gc vi trc Oz l

ng cong Acsimet:

= P.tg .

Trong trng hp gc = 0 th ta c dng xon vt Helicoit vi ng thng AB


vung gc vi trc Oz.

c- Mt xon vt thn khai


Ta c phng trnh mt xon vt thn khai c dng:
x = ro . cos t. sin . sin

y = ro . cos + t. sin . cos


z = P. + t. cos

Trong c xc nh theo cng thc h = 2. .ro . cot g


Mt phng vung gc vi trc Oz ct mt thn khai theo ng thn khai c dng
=

r0
;
cos

2 = x2 + y2

Hnh 12. 3 Mt xon vt Convoluyt v mt xon vt Acsimet


109

Hnh 12.4 Mt xon vt Hlicoit v mt xon vt thn khai

12.3. Thit k dao phay ln rng


12.3.1. Nguyn l lm vic
Dao phay ln rng c thit k da theo nguyn l n khp ca trc vt vi bnh
vt trong qu trnh lm vic, trong trc vt l dng c, bnh vt l bnh rng cn gia
cng. Chuyn ng quay ca trc vt v bnh vt c quan h l trc vt quay mt vng th
bnh vt quay 1/Z1 vng, trong Z1 l s rng ca bnh cn gia cng.
Chuyn ng quay ca dao quanh trc cng ng thi l chuyn ng ct chnh.
c th n khp ng th cc kch thc c bn ca rng bnh vt v trc vt trong tit din
php tuyn vi hng rng phi bng nhau.
tn = t1;
to =

d = 1;

tn
cos

md = m1

tg =

to
.Dtb

Trong : - gc nng ca ng vt ng vi hnh tr chia trung bnh c ng


knh Dtb.
=>

tg =

tn
.Dtv . cos

sin =

tn
m
=
.Dtb Dtb

12.3.2. Kt cu dao phay ln rng


Dao phay c ng knh ngoi cng ln th cng gia tng chnh xc prfin rng
v nng sut ct gt, ci thin c iu kin ct. Tuy nhin s gia tng chi ph.

ng knh dao phay c tiu chun ha, do vy dao phi c chn li theo
tiu chun.
110

Cc iu kin i vi ng knh dao Dc:


D e 2. H k + 2. p + d

De 2(t1

d
+ p + Hk )
2

Trong : t1- kch thc rnh then.


d- ng knh l g. Thng thng d = (0,20,45)De.

Hnh 12.5 Kt cu dao phay ln rng

Hnh 12.6 S n khp ca dao phay ln rng vi bnh rng


Chiu di dao L v chiu di phn lm vic l sau khi tnh ton cng c chn theo
tiu chun.
Khi gia cng n khp, cc im tip xc ca hai prfin phi nm trn ng to
hnh, v tr gii hn ca cc im to hnh c xc nh bi giao im ca ng to
hnh vi vng nh rng. Chiu di lm vic l c xc nh:
111

l = Rel2 ro2

r . sin 2 h
. cos
sin

Trong : Rel- bn knh ngoi ca bnh rng gia cng.


ro- bn knh vng trn c s bnh rng gia cng.
r1 - bn knh vng trn chia bnh rng.

Hd- chiu cao u rng ca thanh rng khi thy ca dng c.


- gc prfin rng.

12.3.3. Thit k prfin dao phay ln rng


a- Trc vt c bn
Bnh rng thn khai ch n khp ng v chnh xc vi trc vt thn khai, cc dng
trc vt khc khng n khp c vi bnh rng thn khai. Trc vt m dng thit k
dao phay ln rng gi l trc vt c bn. Trc vt c bn c mt vt c bn 1, li ct 3,
mt trc 2 v mt sau 4. V cn phi c gc sau nn mt sau 4 c hnh thnh di
dng ht lng hng knh. Chnh v vy khi mi sc li mt 2 th li ct 3 s khng cn

ng gi tr ban u, tc khng nm ti v tr thn khai na. V vy, c th ni trc vt


thn khai l kh ch to, cho nn dao phai ln rng khng thit k ng nh dng trc vt
thn khai, m c thit k theo dng gn ng.

Hnh 12.7 Trc vt c bn v rng dao phay ln rng

b- Cc phng php gn ng khi thit k dao phay ln rng


Phng php 1: prfin thng trong tit din qua trc

phng php ny, prfin cong ca tit din i qua trc vt thn khai c thay
bng prfin thng.
Giao tuyn ca trc vt thn khai vi mt phng i qua trc l ng cong. Ta

im bt k trn ng cong giao tuyn c xc nh theo hm inv() nh sau:


x k = p.inv k

Trong : cosk = r0/yk.


p = t0 / 2. = m/2.cos : l thng s ca mt vt.
Phng php 2: prfin thng trong tit din php tuyn vi rnh rng
112

Phng php ny thc hin bng cch thay th trc vt thn khai c bn bng trc
vt c prfin thng trong tit din php tuyn vi rnh ca trc vt. Prfin ca trc vt

c xc nh theo hai phng php: prfin thng tit din php tuyn c chn bng
vi prfin dng sinh ca bnh rng gia cng; gc prfin ca rng dao phay trong tit din
php tuyn c chn khc vi gc prfin dng sinh ca bnh rng gia cng mt lng

.
12.4. Thit k dao xc rng thn khai
Dao xc rng thn khai dng ct bnh rng tr rng thng, rng nghing, bnh
rng bc, bnh rng ch V, bao gm dao xc rng hnh a, dao xc rng hnh cc, dao
xc rng cn lin, dao xc rng nghing ct rng nghing v rng ch V.

12.4.1. Nguyn l lm vic v kt cu


Cng tng t nh trong qu trnh n khp ca hai bnh rng, trong mt bn l
chi tit cn gia cng v mt bn l dao xc.

to thnh gc sau li ct nh v gc sau b hai li ct bn th prfin


rng dao trong tit din vung gc vi trc dao phi c lng dch chnh x = m.

Hnh 12.8 Kt cu xc rng cho mt bn l mt vt thn khai


Ti tit din BB th khong dch chnh ca dao bng 0, bnh rng tng ng tit
din BB l bnh rng tiu chun khng dch chnh. Ti tit din AA l mt trc ca dao
c lng dch chnh ln nht x = + m, v ti tit din CC c lng dch chnh nh nht x
= - m. Vy, lng dch chnh ca thanh rng khi thy gim dn t mt AA n mt CC
v chnh s gim dn ny to nn gc sau ca rng dao xc.
113

Mt sau nh rng ca dao xc l mt cn, mt bn tri v mt bn phi l mt


xon vt thn khai. Vic gia cng rng dao xc c th thc hin c bng cch phay ln
rng trn my phay ln rng vi s kt hp ca chy dao theo phng thng ng v
chy dao theo phng ngang, sao cho phng chy dao tng hp to vi trc dao xc gc

d.
a- Ti tit din khi thy BB
Ti tit din ny, kch thc ca rng dao xc bng kch thc ca thanh rng khi
thy ca dao xc, v c:
Bc rng: t = .m;
ng knh vng chia: dc = m.Zd;
ng knh vng c s:

d0 = dc.cosd.

Chiu dy Sc o theo cung vng chia: S c =

t .m
=
2
2

Chiu cao u rng hd1 = 1,25m


Chiu cao chn rng hh = 1,25m
Trong : d gc prfin rng dao xc
Zd s rng dao xc

b- Ti tit din AA
tit din ny tng ng vi bnh rng dch chnh dng.
Lng dch chnh x = +d m.
Khong cch khi thy a =

x
tg d

d .m
tg

Chiu dy rng trn vng chia Sc= Sc + 2.a.tgb

b gc sau li ct bn ti giao im ca mt tr chia vi li ct nm trn mt


bn ca dao xc, tgb = tg . tgd

+ 2. d .tg d
2

=> S c = m

Chiu cao rng hd = m(f + c) + a.tg


Chiu cao chn rng hd2 = m(f+c)-a.tg
Trong f v c l h s chiu cao u rng v khe h hng knh.

12.4.2. Cc gc ct ca rng
a- Gc prfin ca rng dao xc
Nu tng s rng dao xc ln v cng th dao xc tr thnh thanh rng.
114

Nu dao xc c gc trc v gc sau bng 0 th gc prfin dao xc trong tit din


vung gc vi trc dao bng gc prfin ca bnh rng c ct bi dao xc.
V gc trc v gc sau khc 0 nn cn phi xc nh li gc prfin gia cng

ng bnh rng c gc prfin rng l dx.


Nu dao xc c 0 th hnh chiu ca li ct ln mt u khng trng vi prfin
dao trong tit din vung gc vi trc, hay ni cch khc bin dng rng khi gia cng s
khc.

Hnh 12.9 Xc nh gc prfin dao xc


Ta c tg d =

e
e
=
hN h(1 tg .tg )

e
= tg dx
h

=>

tg d =

tg dx
1 tg .tg

Vy, ct bnh rng c gc prfin cho l dx th dao xc phi c ch to vi


gc prfin trong tit din vung gc vi trc phi l d.

ng knh hnh tr rng c s ca dao xc c th c tnh theo cng thc:


d0 = ddx.cosd = m.Zd.cosd
Trong : ddx- ng knh hnh tr chia ca dao xc.

b- Gc ct ca rng dao xc
Mi rng ca dao xc c mt li ct nh v hai li ct bn, v vy cn phn bit
gc trc v gc sau ti li ct nh v li ct bn.
Theo tiu chun, gim sai s prfin th li ct trc gc nh v gc sau nn
l d = 50 v d = 60 o trong tit din i qua trc dao.

115

Gc sau li ct bn c xc nh ti giao im ca hnh tr chia vi li ct


dao xc.

12.4.3. Khong cch khi thy a ca dao xc


T cng thc a =

d max .m
, xc nh khong cch khi thy a cn phi xc nh
tg

h s dch dao ln nht ca dao xc dmax. Nu chn a qu ln th lm cho b rng ca

nh dao qu hp, do cn chn dmax theo chiu rng nh dao nh nht cho php [Sed]:
S ed = 0,2594m 0,0375

116

VN 13
NG DNG TIN HC TRONG THIT K V CH TO DNG C CT
13.1. M u
Ngy nay, vic ng dng tin hc tr nn ph bin cho tt c cc ngnh v lnh
vc. i vi vic thit k dng c ct th vic ng dng tin hc s gii quyt nhiu vn
k thut phc tp cng nh gip cho vic thit k, ch to tr nn linh hot hn.

13.2. M hnh khung dy


M hnh khung dy l m hnh n gin nht, bao gm: im, ng thng, cung
trn, ng cong cc thc th trn c chia lm 2 loi l ng cong phn tch v

ng cong t hp. Cc ng cong cng c th biu din bng 2 dng phng trnh
ton hc l phng trnh tham s v phng trnh tng minh.
u im:
-

Vic xy dng m hnh kh n gin.

Khng tn nhiu thi gian v b nh tnh ton.

Nhc im:
-

Thi gian chun b d liu u vo l kh nhiu.

M hnh ch nu cc cnh to nn cc mt m khng cha ng thng tin v bn


thn cc mt v bn trong lng ca vt th.

Khi i tng phc tp th d liu tr nn rt ln.

13.2.1. Biu din cc ng cong phn tch


a- ng thng

Hnh 13.1 Biu din on thng


Xt ng thng c to bi hai im AC. Phng trnh vct c th vit nh sau:
P = P1 + AB = P1 + (P-P1)

117

Vi nh ngha rng tham s u c gi tr 0 ti im A v gi tr 1 ti im C th


phng trnh vit di dng tham s:
P P1 = u(P2 P1)
Thay vo ta c phng trnh ng thng i qua hai im AC:
P = P1 + u ( P2 P1 )

0 u 1

Di dng khai trin


x = x1 + u ( x 2 x1 )

y = y1 + u ( y 2 y1 )
z = z + u( z z )
1
2
1

0u1

b- ng trn

Hnh 13.2 Biu din ng trn


Phng trnh tham s c bn ca ng trn (ng trn nm trong mt phng
song song vi mt ta Oxy):
x = xc + R. cos u

y = y c + R. sin u
z = z
c

0u1

c- ng elp

118

Hnh 13.3 Biu din ng elip


Nu trc ln ca elp song song vi trc Ox th phng trnh tham s ca elp c
biu din:
x = xc + R. cos u

y = y c + R. sin u
z = z
c

Nu trc ln ca elp nghing mt gc so vi trc Ox th:


x = xc + A. cos u. cos B. sin u. sin

y = y c + A. cos u. sin + B. sin u. cos


z = z
c

13.2.2. Biu din cc ng cong t hp


i vi cc ng cong phn tch th khng biu din cc b mt phc tp.
Chnh v vy m cn c cc ng cong phc tp hn, l ng cong t hp. Trong
ton hc, ng cong c hiu l tp hp cc im to thnh. Trong ni dung ny ch
xt ng cong dng a thc bc 3 vi phng trnh tham s:
3

P(t ) = a i .t i
i =0

Trong : 0 t 1.
P(t) l im trn ng cong.
a l cc h s.

a thc bc 3 l dng thp nht biu din ng cong nhng li mang li hiu
qu ng k v n cho php tc tnh ton rt nhanh. Chnh v vy, n c s dng
ph bin trong CAD/CAM.
a- ng cong Hermite

119

ng cong Hermite l ng cong trn tham s bc 3 c nh ngha bi ta


v vct tip tuyn ti hai u mt.

Hnh 13.4 Biu din ng cong Hermite


Phng trnh tng qut:
H(t) = (2t3 3t2 + 1).P(0) + (-2t3 + 3t2).P(1) + (t3 2t2 + t).P(0) + (t3 t2).P(1)
Phng trnh tip tuyn ca ng cong Hermite:
H(t) = (6t2 6t).P(0) + (-6t2 + 6t).P(1) + (3t2 4t + 1).P(0) + (3t2 2t).P(1)
Vit di dng ma trn:
H(t) = T.MH.GH
Trong : Ma trn tham s T=[t3 t2 t 1]

Ma trn c trng ca ng cong Hermite M H

1
2 2 1
3 3 2 1

=
0
0
1
0

0
0
0
1

P ( 0)
P(1)

Ma trn hnh hc G H =
P ' ( 0)

P' (1)

c tnh iu khin ca ng cong mang tnh ton cc, c ngha l khi thay i v
tr ca mt im iu khin th s lm thay i ton b hnh dng ca ng cong.
tng tnh mm do trong thit k th c th tng s im ca ng cong, tuy nhin bc
ca ng cong vn l bc 3.
b- ng cong Bezier
ng cong Bezier nhn cc im iu khin c sp t theo mt trt t nht
nh, chng c th iu khin hnh dng ca ng cong theo mun.

120

Hnh 13.5 ng cong Bezier bc 3 v cc cch iu chnh

ng cong Bezier da trn nn tng l cc hm a thc dng biu din cc


ng t do. ng cong Bezier c bc n c nh ngha bng n+1 im iu khin v
l hm tham s dng:
n

B(t ) = Pi .Bin (t )
i =0

n-1

Trong : Bin(t) = C(n,i).t .(1-t) , vi 0 t 1 l hm trn cc im biu din Pi.

c- ng cong B-Spline
ng cong B-Spline l dng ng cong trn c tnh linh hot hn ng cong
Bezier. Bc ca ng cong khng ph thuc vo s im iu khin, chng hn vi 4
im iu khin c th to ra ng cong bc 4, bc 3, bc 2, bc 1. ng cong BSpline nh ngha bi (n+1) im iu khin nh sau:
n

P(t ) = Pi .N i ,k (t )

vi 0 t tmax

i =0

Trong : Pi- l cc im iu khin.


Ni,k(t)- l cc hm trn c s ca ng cong B-Spline.
k- l tham s xc nh bc (k-1) ca ng cong B-Spline.

Hnh 13.6 nh hng ca cc bc ng cong n hnh dng ca n

121

ng cong B-Spline rt hiu qu cho thit k m hnh khung dy bi chng c cc


c im nh sau:
-

Phng cch iu khin mang tnh cc b, tc l nu iu khin 1 im s khng

nh hng n ton b ng cong, m ch nh hng n mt s im ln cn.


-

Bc ca ng cong cng thp th cng gn vi im iu khin.

Nu k = n+1 th ng cong B-Spline s suy bin thnh ng cong Bezier.

13.3. M hnh b mt
M hnh b mt c to bi cc dng b mt c bn nh mt phng, mt tr, mt
cu, mt nn cc b mt ny c th biu din di dng ton hc.
Vi mt b mt phc tp hn th c th tch chng thnh v s cc b mt nh c
bn nh trn v c th hiu l li ca cc mt.

a- Mt phng
Trng hp 1: Xt mt phng i qua 3 im A, B, C tng ng vi vct ta P0,
P2, P1.

Hnh 13.7 Biu din mt phng qua 3 im


Vct AB xc nh hng tham s u, vct AC xc nh hng tham s v. Khi ,
v tr ca mt im bt k trn mt phng P(u,v) c vit nh sau:
P(u,v) = P0 + u(P1 P0) + v(P2 P0)

vi 0u1

0v1

Vct tip tuyn ti im P bt k xc nh theo 2 hng u v v:


Pu(u,v) = P1 P0;
Pv(u,v) = P2 P0
Vct php tuyn ca mt phng ti im P:

122

n(u, v) =

( P1 P0 ) x ( P2 P0 )
( P1 P0 ) x ( P2 P0 )

Trng hp 2: mt phng c to bi 1 im v 2 vct nh hng r v s


P(u ,v ) = P0 + u.Lu .r + v.Lv .s

vi 0u1

0v 1

Hnh 13.8 Biu din mt phng qua 1 im v 2 vct nh hng


Trng hp 3: mt phng i qua im P0 v vung gc vi vct n , khi tch hai
vct s bng khng: ( P P0 ).n = 0 .

Hnh 13.9 Biu din mt phng qua 1 im v vung gc vi vct n

b- Mt trn xoay
B mt trn xoay c to ra khi quay mt ng cong phng xung quanh mt trc.
Khi ng cong phng v trc quay to thnh mt phng gc ti gc quay ban u
bng 0. Nu gn h trc ta c ZL trng vi trc quay ca mt trn xoay, XL v Y L
theo qui tc bn tay phi th im P(u,v) bt k trn mt trn xoay c xc nh:
P(u , v) = rz (u ). cos v.n1 + rz (u ). sin v.n 2 + Z L (u ).n3
0 u 1

0 v 2

123

Hnh 13.10 B mt trn xoay

13.4.

M hnh khi rn
M hnh khi rn (solid) l m hnh biu din y nht cc thuc tnh ca vt th

nh khi lng, mmen qun tnh, mt li t ng. M hnh solid cha ng c d liu
hnh hc v thng tin.
D liu hnh hc l cc kch thc, dng hnh hc b mt. D liu thng tin bao
gm cc c tnh v s lin kt ca cc phn t.
C 4 phng php to ra m hnh khi rn gm:
-

Phng php hnh hc khi c hp thnh CSG (c trnh by c th).

Phng php qut. Vi mt tit din 2D, nu ta nng vung gc vi chnh n th


gi l qut thng; nu xoay quanh mt trc no c khi c th gi l qut
trn; nu nng theo mt gc nghing vi chnh n th l qut nghing; nu di
chuyn theo mt ng dn no th l qut theo ng dn.

Phng php phi hp gia phng php qut v phng php CSG

Phng php tng hp khc.


Hai s ph bin nht biu din m hnh solid l CSG v B-rep.

13.4.1. M hnh CSG (constructive solid geometry)


M hnh solid ca vt th c nh ngha di dng ton hc nh l tp hp im
trong khng gian clit
ks = is bs

124

Trong : ks- tp im
is- tp im bn trong
bs- tp im b mt
M hnh CSG c th c chia thnh mt tp cc phn t c bn gi l primitive v
chng c th kt hp vi nhau theo mt th t no nh ton t Boolean.

a- Cc phn t c s ca m hnh CSG


Cc phn t c bn (primitive) cng c xem nh l cc solid tham s c xc

nh bi 2 tp d liu hnh hc, bao gm cc tham s cu hnh v cc tham s chuyn


ng.
Cc primitive c s bao gm:
Hnh hp: c xc nh bi d liu hnh hc l gc P v cc gi tr ca 3 chiu l
W, H, D. 0 x W

0 yH

0zD

Hnh tr: d liu hnh hc l bn knh R v chiu di H.


x2 + y2 R2

0 zH

Hnh nn: xc nh bi bn knh y R v chiu cao H.


x 2 + y 2 [(

R 2
) z]
H

0 zH

Hnh cu: xc nh bi bn knh y R v tm gc ta .


x2 + y2 + z 2 R2

Hnh nm: xc nh bi chiu cao h, chiu rng W, chiu su y D.


Hnh vnh khn: xc nh bi bn knh R1, R2 v bn knh ngoi R0.

b- Cc ton t Boolean v cu trc d liu cy CSG


Ba ton t Boolean c bn l: php hp ( ), php tr (-), php giao ( ).

Hnh 13.11 Biu Venn


Cu trc d liu CSG thng c biu din di dng cy nh phn, trong mi
nt l mt primitive km theo mt ton t Boolean.

125

Hnh 13.12 Cy CSG

13.4.2. M hnh biu din bin B-rep


M hnh ny c xc nh trn c s mt vt th c bao kn bi mt tp hp cc
b mt. Cc b mt l cc mt hnh hc kn v c nh hng. Mt hnh hc kn l mt
hnh hc lin tc v khng b t. Mt hnh hc c nh hng l mt hnh hc m c th
phn bit l mt trong hay mt ngoi ca m hnh solid khi xy dng. Mi b mt c
xc nh bi cc cnh, v mi cnh c xc nh bi cc nh.
C s d liu ca m hnh B-rep cng bao gm cc thng tin v hnh hc v thng
tin v lin kt. Thng tin hnh hc cng bao gm ta cc im, ng, mt, cc gc,
th tch dng lin kt c to ra nh ton t Euler.

a- Cc phn t c s
Cc vt th k thut c phn thnh 2 loi l: a din v vt th c b mt cong.

Cc nh ngha c s:
Mt nh (vertex): l mt im duy nht trong khng gian.
Mt cnh (edge): l mt ng trong khng gian gii hn bi 2 nh, 2 nh ny c
th trng nhau.
Mt mt (face): l mt vng b mt c nh hng, kn, gii hn bi mt hay nhiu
loop.
Mt nt (loop): l mt ng cong trong khng gian kn, gm cc nh v cc cnh
k tip nhau.
Mt handle: l mt l xuyn qua vt th, s lng cc handle c gi l genus.
Vt th (body): l tp hp cc im, ng, mt cha ng nn mt th tch.
Lut Euler:

F + E + V + L = 2(B + G)

Trong : F- s faces;
L- loop;

E- s edges;

V- s vertices;

B- s body;

G- s handle
126

b- Cc ton t Euler v cu trc d liu


Cu trc d liu: object body genus face loop edges vertex
Mt s ton t Euler: MBFV to body, face, vertex;
MEV to edge, vertex
MEF to edge, face
KHFV loi b body, face, vertex
KEV loi b edge, vertex
KEF loi b edge, face

13.4.3. Biu din qut (sweep representation)


1
2

Phng php ny to ra cc i tng 2 D . Qut y c th l dng tuyn


tnh hoc phi tuyn tnh.

a- Qut tuyn tnh


Dch chuyn tnh tin: tp hp im hoc ng bin kn dch chuyn vung gc
vi chnh n.
Quay: mt ng cong kn quay quanh trc no .

b- Qut phi tuyn


Tp hp im c ng bin kn di chuyn theo ng dn phi tuyn tnh bc 2, 3
hoc cao hn.

Ti liu tham kho:


1- GS.TSKH Bnh Tin Long-PGS.TS Trn Th Lc-PGS.TS Trn S Ty, Thit k
dng c cng nghip, Nh xut bn Khoa hc v K thut, nm 2005, 383 tr.
2- GS.TSKH Bnh Tin Long-PGS.TS Trn Th Lc-ThS. Nguyn Ch Quang,
Cng ngh to hnh cc b mt dng c cng nghip, Nh xut bn Khoa hc v K
thut, nm 2005, 136 tr.
3- G.V Philipp, Dng c ct gt, Nh xut bn Hi Phng, nm 2004, 495 tr.
4- Bi Song Cu-L Minh Ngc, Gio trnh thit k dng c ct kim loi, Trng

o to Gio dc TP.HCM, nm 1980, 419 tr.

127

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