Professional Documents
Culture Documents
KHOA C KH
NG QUANG TRNG
BI GING
THIT K DNG C CT
Mc lc
Mc lc .....................................................................................................................................1
VN 1.................................................................................................................................6
C S L THUYT THIT K DNG C CT ..............................................................6
1.1
C s l thuyt to hnh b mt: ..............................................................................6
1.2
ng hc to hnh b mt chi tit ............................................................................7
1.2.1
Nhm bc 0 ........................................................................................................8
1.2.2
Nhm bc 1 ........................................................................................................8
1.2.3
Nhm bc 2 ........................................................................................................9
1.2.4
Nhm 3...............................................................................................................9
1.3
Mt khi thy K ca dng c ct ...........................................................................10
1.4.1
Phng php xc nh mt khi thy K ca dng c bng mt bao ca h
mt chi tit C. ..................................................................................................................10
1.4.2
Phng php gii tch xc nh mt khi thy K ..........................................11
1.4.3
Phng php ng hc xc nh mt khi thy K ........................................11
1.4
Nhng iu kin to hnh ng b mt chi tit ................................................13
1.4.1
iu kin cn ...................................................................................................13
1.4.2
iu kin .....................................................................................................14
VN 2...............................................................................................................................16
DNG C CT N V DNG C CT TIU CHUN ............................................16
2.1 Cng dng v phn loi ...............................................................................................16
2.2 Thng s hnh hc phn ct ca dng c ....................................................................17
2.2.1 Cc chuyn ng khi ct .......................................................................................17
2.2.2 Cc mt phng ta v cc tit din ..................................................................17
2.2.3 Cc gc phn ct ca dng c ..............................................................................18
2.3 Xc nh kch thc thn dao tin...............................................................................19
VN 3...............................................................................................................................21
THIT K DAO TIN NH HNH GIA CNG B MT TRN XOAY TRN MY
TIN ........................................................................................................................................21
3.1. Cng dng, phn loi v phm vi s dng ............................................................21
3.2. Mt trc, mt sau v kt cu dao tin ..................................................................22
3.3. Thit k dao tin nh hnh hng knh .................................................................24
3.3.1. Gc trc, gc sau ti cc im ct nhau trn li ct dao tin nh hnh ..24
3.3.2. Xc nh profin li ct dao tin nh hnh hng knh g thng ...............26
3.4. Sai s khi gia cng bng dao tin nh hnh ..........................................................30
3.4.1. Kho st sai s khi gia cng chi tit bng dao tin nh hnh hnh lng tr:
30
3.4.2. Kho st sai s khi gia cng chi tit bng dao tin nh hnh hnh trn: .....30
3.5. Chiu rng B ca dao tin nh hnh: ....................................................................31
3.6. Hnh dng v kch thc kt cu dao tin nh hnh: ...........................................32
VN 4...............................................................................................................................33
THIT K DAO PHAY RNG NHN ..............................................................................33
4.1. Cc yu t kt cu chung ca dao phay: ................................................................33
4.1.1. ng knh dao phay: .....................................................................................33
4.1.2. Kch thc lp ghp: .......................................................................................34
4.1.3. S rng: ............................................................................................................35
4.1.4. Cc gc rng v rnh rng: ..........................................................................36
4.1.5. Dng rng v rnh: ..........................................................................................36
2
11.4.
B dao phay a mun ....................................................................................105
VN 12 ..........................................................................................................................107
THIT K DNG C GIA CNG RNG BNG PHNG PHP BAO HNH ......107
12.1.
Khi nim c bn ..............................................................................................107
12.2.
Thit k cc dng c ct rng theo nguyn l bao hnh c tm tch gia cng
bnh rng tr thn khai .....................................................................................................107
12.2.1. Cc loi mt xon vt dng trong thit k dng c ct................................107
12.3.
Thit k dao phay ln rng ...............................................................................110
12.3.1. Nguyn l lm vic .......................................................................................110
12.3.2. Kt cu dao phay ln rng.............................................................................110
12.3.3. Thit k prfin dao phay ln rng ................................................................112
12.4.
Thit k dao xc rng thn khai .......................................................................113
12.4.1. Nguyn l lm vic v kt cu .....................................................................113
12.4.2. Cc gc ct ca rng .....................................................................................114
12.4.3. Khong cch khi thy a ca dao xc .........................................................116
VN 13 ..........................................................................................................................117
NG DNG TIN HC TRONG THIT K V CH TO DNG C CT .............117
13.1.
M u ...............................................................................................................117
13.2.
M hnh khung dy ...........................................................................................117
13.2.1. Biu din cc ng cong phn tch ............................................................117
13.2.2. Biu din cc ng cong t hp .................................................................119
13.3.
M hnh b mt..................................................................................................122
13.4.
M hnh khi rn ...............................................................................................124
13.4.1. M hnh CSG (constructive solid geometry) ...............................................124
13.4.2. M hnh biu din bin B-rep .......................................................................126
13.4.3. Biu din qut (sweep representation) .........................................................127
Ti liu tham kho: ...............................................................................................................127
VN 1
C S L THUYT THIT K DNG C CT
1.1 C s l thuyt to hnh b mt:
Mt b mt s c hnh thnh do mt ng sinh no chuyn ng theo mt qui
lut nht nh. Cc chuyn ng l ng hc hnh thnh b mt.
Dng c ct c th ct gt cc chi tit khc nhau th li ct ca dng c ct phi
n su vo vt liu ca phi v ct, tch cc phn kim loi d ra khi chi tit di dng
phoi ct. Do , th hnh dng ca chi tit l yu t quyt nh n hnh dng ca li ct
ca dng c ct, cng nh quyt nh n cc chuyn ng tng i ca dng c v chi
tit.
Khi li ct ca dng c hnh thnh c b mt gia cng, c ngha l li ct phi
nm trn mt tip tuyn v tip xc vi b mt chi tit trong sut qu trnh gia cng. Mt
tip xc c gi l mt khi thy ca dng c. Qu o chuyn ng tng i ti mi
im ca li ct so vi phi l kt qu chuyn ng tng hp do dng c v chi tit thc
hin trn my.
Vy, cng c th ni rng, tp hp cc chuyn ng ca b mt dng c v chi tit
trong qu trnh ct chnh l s ng hc to hnh ca qu trnh ct. S ng hc to
hnh khi ct ni chung khc vi s ng hc ca my.
V d: khi tin mt tr ngoi, s ng hc to hnh ch gm chuyn ng quay
trn ca chi tit, chuyn ng tnh tin dc trc ca dao. Trong khi , s ng hc
ca my th cn phi m bo chuyn ng chy dao ngang l chuyn ng a dng
c vo v tr cn thit t c ng knh cho ca chi tit.
Vic nghin cu s ng hc to hnh c ngha rt quan trng trong vic gia
cng kim loi v cc thng s hnh hc phn ct ca dng c, ch ct, nng sut lao
ng, s mi mn, tui bn ca dng c ng vi phng php gia cng chn ph
thuc rt nhiu vo n.
n gin cc chuyn ng ca my ct, ngi ta thng dng s ng hc to
hnh da trn t hp hai chuyn ng c bn ca phi v dng c l: chuyn ng tnh
tin v chuyn ng quay trn.
phc tp ca s ng hc to hnh ph thuc vo s lng cc chuyn ng
thnh phn v c trng t hp ca n. Ta c cc nhm nh sau:
Nhm c 1 chuyn ng: - mt chuyn ng thng
- mt chuyn ng quay
Nhm c 2 chuyn ng: - hai chuyn ng thng
- hai chuyn ng quay
6
II
Kiu
s
Cc chuyn ng thnh
phn ca chi tit gia
cng v dng c khi to
hnh
Tnh tin
Chuyn
ng
tng
hp tc
thi
Chuyn ng
tng i vi s
tr gip ca cp
b mt
Cp b mt
S v tr tng h
ca cp b mt
Dng
c
Vt gia
cng
Tnh
tin
ng
thng
ng
thng
Quay
Quay
Xon vt
Xon
vt
Quay
S dch chuyn
ca tr theo mt
phng
Mt
phng
Tr
Quay
S dch chuyn
ca tr theo tr
Tr
Tr
2 chuyn ng quay
quanh trc ct nhau
Quay
S dch chuyn
ca mt cn theo
mt phng
Mt
phng
Mt
cn
III
2 chuyn ng quay
quanh trc ct nhau
Quay
S dch chuyn
ca mt cn theo
mt cn
Cn
Cn
B i quay
Tnh
tin
S trt ca vng
theo vng
Vng
Vng
Xon
vt
S dch chuyn
vi s trt ca
tr theo mt
phng
Mt
phng
tr
Tr
Mt
phng
2
2 chuyn ng quay
quanh trc cho nhau
(gc hp thnh vi trc
quay v trc ca ng
vt. Trc ca vt tc
thi v trc quay th 2
l 2 ng cho nhau
Xon
vt
2 chuyn ng quay
quanh trc cho nhau
Xon
vt
S dch chuyn
v s trt ca
mt cn theo mt
phng
S dch chuyn
v s trt ca
mt
hypecbolit
vi
mt
hypecboloit
Cn
Mt
phng
Mt
phng
Cn
Hypecb
oloit
hypecb
oloit
1.2.1 Nhm bc 0
Tp hp cc s ng hc to hnh khi b mt khi thy ca dng c trng vi b
mt nguyn gc chi tit.
V d: khi ct ren bng tar, khi chut, khi t l, lc ny chuyn ng tng h gi
l chuyn ng t trt v xc nh b mt khi thy th khng cn quan tm n
chuyn ng ny.
1.2.2 Nhm bc 1
Nhm s to hnh m chuyn ng tng h ca dng c i vi chi tit l
chuyn ng tnh tin, xoay hoc xon vt.
S c c trng ch l khi cc cp b mt ca phn t quay v ng yn
trng nhau v to thnh ng thng.
Tr - phng;
Tr - tr;
Cn phng;
Cn cn.
V d: gia cng bnh rng bng dao xc rng hoc dao rng lc cc s ng
hc ny, cc cp b mt gia dng c v chi tit c th i ch cho nhau. chng hn nh
s tr - mt phng, dng c c th l dao xc rng hnh a, chi tit l thanh rng v
ngc li.
nhm hai cha kiu s khi m chuyn ng tc thi l kt qu ca hai chuyn
ng quay quanh cc trc song song nhau hay ngoi nhau. Chuyn ng tnh tin c th
coi l trng hp c bit ca chuyn ng quay v c th xem mt phng l hnh tr c
bn knh v cng ln.
1.2.4 Nhm 3
Nhm cha cc s m cc chuyn ng tng h l chuyn ng xon vt tc
thi.
Trong nhm ny th cc b mt t ln theo nhau c s trt. Cc b mt gm:
-
Tr - phng;
Cn phng;
Hai mt hypecboloit.
9
Dng c quay quanh trc O2 vung gc vi trc O1. Mt khi thy K l mt bao ca
h mt chi tit C khi n chuyn ng tng i so vi dng c. Mt K s l mt cong
lm, c hnh thnh bng cch quay ng c tnh E quanh trc O2. Nu dng b mt
khi thy nh th lm b mt dng c th vi s ct nh hnh 1.1 s gia cng c b
mt tr trn xoay ca chi tit C.
10
F ( x, y, z, t )
=0
y = f 2 (u , v, t )
z = f (u , v, t )
3
z = f 3 (u , v, t )
x . y . z
u u u
x . y . z = 0
v v v
x y z
. .
t t t
11
mt phng P c phn tch thnh hai chuyn ng: chuyn ng tnh tin vi vn tc V
v chuyn ng quay vi vn tc gc .
V 1 = V .tg
12
gc .
Khong cch gia chng l: r =
V1
V .tg
= h.tg
mt s m bo N . V =0.
V d, kho st s gia cng mt phng P, nu cho mt C quay quanh trc c nh
nm trn mt phng P th khi tc quay ca mt im bt k ca mt ct C quanh
13
15
VN 2
DNG C CT N V DNG C CT TIU CHUN
2.1 Cng dng v phn loi
Dng c ct hay cn gi l dao l b phn ca h thng cng ngh c nhim v trc
tip tch phoi hnh thnh b mt gia cng. Dao c nh hng rt ln n qu trnh ct
gt. N khng nhng tc ng trc tip ti cht lng chi tit m cn chi phi khng nh
ti vn nng sut v gi thnh ch to sn phm.
Dng c ct n c dng ph bin trong qu trnh gia cng ct gt trn my tin
vn nng, my tin t ng, my bo, my xc v c th dng trn cc my chuyn dng
khc.
Do , dng c ct n c nhiu hnh dng v kt cu khc nhau ty theo cng dng
ca chng, v c tiu chun ha, thng c chia thnh cc loi sau:
-
Theo dng gia cng: dao tin ngoi, dao xn mt u, dao ct t, dao tin l, dao
tin ren
Theo hng chy dao: dao chy phi, dao chy tri
Theo loi vt liu dng c: dao thp gi, dao hp kim cng
Theo phng php ch to dao: dao u lin, dao hn mnh, dao kp mnh
Dng c ct n c th coi nh mt vt th hnh hc bao gm hai phn:
Phn thn dao: dng kp cht dao v ng thi kp cht dao vo bn dao.
Chnh v vy i hi phi cng vng. Hnh dng v kch thc phn thn
dao c ch to theo tiu chun.
Phn u dao: thc hin ct gt. Trong phn u dao c cc mt trc, mt sau
chnh, mt sau ph, li ct chnh, li ct ph, mi dao.
chuyn ng ct chnh Vc ( Ve = Vc ).
2.2.2 Cc mt phng ta v cc tit din
Mt phng y Pr: ti mt im trn li ct M l mt phng i qua im v
r
tip tuyn vi mt ang gia cng ca chi tit, tc l mt phng cha vect tc ct Vc
v tip tuyn vi li ct ti im M. Do mt ct v mt y lun vung gc vi nhau.
Tit din chnh N-N: l mt phng ct i qua mt im ca li ct chnh v vung
gc vi hnh chiu li ct chnh trn mt y.
Tit din ph N1-N1: l mt phng ct i qua mt im trn li ct ph v vung
gc vi hnh chiu ca li ct ph trn mt y.
Tit din dc Y-Y: l mt phng ct qua mt im trn li ct chnh v vung gc
vi phng chy dao dc.
17
18
Trong : p- lc ct n v, N/mm2
f- din tch ct, mm2
m bo sc bn thn dao, mmen un do lc PZ gy ra phi nh hn mmen
un cho php ca tit din thn dao:
Mu [Mu]
Pz.l W.[u]
W: mmen chng un ca tit din thn dao,
o Thn dao hnh ch nht BxH: W=B.H2/6
Ch nht
Vung
Din tch ct
ln nht,
mm
Chiu su
ct ln nht,
mm
Din tch ct
ln nht,
mm
Chiu su
ct ln nht,
mm
10x16
12
1,5
12x20
16
2,5
16x25
20
20x30
25
10
25x40
30
18
13
30x45
40
25
18
16
40x60
50
40
25
25
12
50x80
65
60
36
S liu c p dng cho vt liu chi tit c cng trung bnh vi tb=750N/mm2, bng
dao tin ngoi c gc =450
20
VN 3
THIT K DAO TIN NH HNH GIA CNG B MT TRN XOAY TRN
MY TIN
3.1. Cng dng, phn loi v phm vi s dng
Dao tin nh hnh dng gia cng cc b mt trn xoay nh hnh. Gia cng bng
dao tin nh hnh c nhng u nhc im so vi cc dao tin n nh sau:
-
m bo ng nht prfin chi tit trong qu trnh gia cng v khng ph thuc
vo tay ngh cng nhn m ch ph thuc vo chnh xc dao tin nh hnh.
Nng sut cao v gim c thi gian my, thi gian ph.
S lng ph phm t.
d- Theo v tr mt trc:
-
Dao tin nh hnh lng tr: c kp cht bng mang c v vt gi dng tin cc
b mt ngoi nh hnh trn xoay. C kh nng cng vng hn dao tin hnh trn, gc
sau c th ln, gia cng chi tit t chnh xc cao hn so vi dao hnh trn.
Dao tin nh hnh trn: c dng gia cng cc b mt nh hnh trn xoay
ngoi v trong, c lp vo trc g v chng xoay bng cc kha mt u hoc bng
cht. D ch to hn dao tin hnh lng tr.
Dao tin nh hnh hng knh: c g sao cho nh dao nm ngang tm chi tit
m bo chy hng knh. Dao c phn li ct tham gia ct ln nn lc ct ln, v vy
cn gim ch ct khi gia cng.
Dao tin nh hnh tip tuyn: c g sao cho mt sau tip xc vi ng trn nh
nht ca chi tit, hng chy dao tip tuyn vi b mt ca chi tit. Thng c dng
gia cng cc chi tit c ng knh nh v di (chu un km) vi chiu su ct nh.
Dao tin nh hnh g nghing: c dng khi chi tit gia cng c phn prfin c
bit v g nng khi chi tit c phn prfin yu cu chnh xc cao, c ch tnh ton
c bit khi thit k.
30
40-50
60-75
90
d0
13
16
22
27
23
lp dao tin nh hnh hnh trn c d dng v nng cao cng vng kp cht
th trn mt u ca dao c ch to c cc rng kha mt u, s rng kha Z thng
ly z=34 rng v theo phng hng knh.
vi
dao
tin
hnh
trn,
x = x + x ,
tg x =
x . sin
,
R x . cos
Gc trc :
Quan h gia gc trc ti im c s v gc trc x ti im bt k nh sau:
rx.sin x = r.sin
x = arcsin sin
rx
Vy:
-
Gc trc ph thuc ch yu vo vt liu gia cng, i vi gia cng nhm =250300; i vi gia cng ng thau, ng =00-50; i vi gia cng gang =00-100.
25
26
2 = r2 . cos 2 r1 . cos
r
r2
2 = arcsin( 1 sin )
Tng ng vi im x bt k ti bn knh rx:
hdx = x . cos( + )
x = rx . cos x r1 . cos
r
rx
x = arcsin( 1 sin )
Vy, ta s c c tit din vung gc vi mt sau nh sau:
27
28
Ri =
H
R. sin( + )
=
sin i
sin i
tg i =
H
E i
E = R. cos( + )
i = ri cos i ri cos
H
sin i
H = R sin( + )
tg i =
H
Bi
Bi = B i
i = r1 cos ri cos i
B = R cos( + )
Hnh 3.11 S tnh profin dao tin nh hnh hnh trn tin trong
29
3.4.1. Kho st sai s khi gia cng chi tit bng dao tin nh hnh hnh lng tr:
B mt chi tit cn c l nn ct vi ng sinh l on 1-2. Li ct dao tin nh
hnh s l on 1-2.
Khi gia cng, chi tit quay quanh trc ca n v li ct 1-2 s to ra b mt chi tit.
V dao c gc trc to bi mt trc T-T khng i qua trc chi tit, nn tit din ca
on 1-2 s l on hypecbol v s ct chi tit thnh hnh hypecboloit vi sai s ca chiu
cao hypecbol l on 1. Tr s 1 ph thuc vo kch thc chi tit v gc trc .
3.4.2. Kho st sai s khi gia cng chi tit bng dao tin nh hnh hnh trn:
Khi thit k, prfin dao tin nh hnh c xc nh trong tit din hng knh, li
ct 1-2 l on thng v chiu cao prfin trong tit din hng knh l hd2=R-R2.
30
31
i vi dao tin nh hnh hnh trn th mt trc c mi sao cho lun tip xc
vi ng trn c bn knh H khng i l chiu cao mi dao, lc ny s m bo gc
trc v gc sau ti im c s.
VN 4
THIT K DAO PHAY RNG NHN
4.1.
Dao phay rng nhn l nhm dao c nhiu loi v c cng dng khc nhau nh: dao
phay hnh tr, dao phay mt u, dao phay a, dao phay gc, li ca
Cc yu t kt cu chung ca dao phay rng nhn bao gm:
- ng knh dao;
- Kch thc phn lp ghp (l, rnh then );
- S rng;
- Cc gc thn v chn rng;
- B phn b phoi;
- Cc gc phn ct ca rng dao.
d- ng knh l, mm.
Nu D1 khng ln th thn dao thng b nt ch rnh then. Gi tr ca D1
thng chn theo bng sau:
d
13
16
22
27
32
40
D1
24
28
35
40
50
60
Hin nay, ng knh tiu chun c chn theo dy s: 40, 50, 60, 75, 90, 110,
130, 150, 175, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400.
Tuy nhin cng c ngh thay dy kch thc trn bng: Dz = D1z-1, Vi l
cng bi. C khong 75% =1,26, khong 15% =1,41 v 10% =1,58. V 1,58 = 1,262
v 1,263 = 1,412 nn chn cng bi =1,26 l ph hp nht.
Bng kch thc ng knh dao phay vi =1,26 v =1,58
1,26
10
12
16
20
25
32
40
50
62
80
100
1,58
10
16
25
40
62
100
1,26
125
160
200
250
320
400
500
630
800
1000
1,58
160
250
400
630
1000
Dy trn dng cho: dao phay tr, dao phay mt u, dao phay a, dao phay rnh v
dao phay tr ng.
Dy di dng cho: dao phay ct rnh, ct t trong phm vi ng knh n
160mm.
Dy kch thc mi trn c u im:
- Gim c s kch thc n 30%.
- Sai lch ca tc nhn c v tc ct hp l l khng ng k (10-12%).
16
22
27
32
40
50
60
ng
knh
dao phay D
40
5062
62
80100
100125
125160
160200
34
360 0.
Trong :
D.S z
sin .d
2.sin
D.S z
(sin 1 cos 2 )
2.sin
35
F = fi
F=
i =1
D.S z z0
(cos 1 cos 2 )
2.sin i =1
z0
(cos
cos 2 ) .
i =1
= 3600/Z
Ta c = - , trong
m bo bn ca rng;
4.2.
4.2.1. Gc sau :
Gc sau c tc dng lm gim ma st gia mt sau ca dao v mt gia cng.
Khi khng yu cu nhn v chnh xc b mt cao th gc sau c th chn nh
sau:
-
4.2.2. Gc trc :
L ni thot phoi, vic chn gc trc ty thuc vo c l tnh ca vt liu gia
cng, ch ct, c tnh ca vt liu lm dao. Thng thng gc trc c chn nh
sau:
Gi tr ca gc trc trong tit din php tuyn
b 60kG/mm2
200
150
b = 60-100kG/mm2
150
50-(-50)
b > 60kG/mm2
120-100
(-100)-(-150)
50-150
50-(-50)
4.2.4. Gc nghing ph 1:
Nu gim gc nghing ph th s lm tng bng b mt.
sin = sin +
cos 2 .tg N
1 + tg 2 + tg 2 N
Gc nghing ca
rng
Khi N=5
Khi N=10
Khi N=15
50
50
100
150
39
100
6030
11020
16010
200
110
15010
19020
300
17050
21020
24050
400
270
29030
320
500
37030
39015
410
600
49030
50030
51030
Kt lun:
-
40
VN 5
THIT K DAO PHAY LNG
5.1. Cc yu t kt cu chung ca dao phay:
Dao phay ht lng c dng rt ph bin, nht l khi gia cng cc chi tit nh
hnh. Mt s loi dao phay c tiu chun ha: dao phay rnh li-lm, dao phay a
mun, dao phay ln rng, dao phay ln trc then hoa
Dao phay ht lng c chia thnh 2 nhm:
Nhm khng mi ht lng: c prfin khng mi nh dao phay a
mdun
-
c im chung v kt cu:
m bo prfin li ct khng i v ng nht trong qu trnh s dng
sau khi mi sc li theo mt trc, do c dng ch yu cho gia cng nh
hnh.
i vi dao khng mi prfin th o tm nh ln (0,04-0,12mm)
do khng c nguyn cng mi trn nh dao. S lng rng t nn khi phay khng
cn bng, cng thm o tm ln nn cht lng b mt thp hn nhiu so vi
dao phay rng nhn.
ng cong ht lng dao phay phi m bo sao cho chiu cao prfin dao v gc
sau khng i sau mi ln mi sc li theo mt trc. chnh l ng cong logarit,
c phng trnh trong h ta cc l:
= Re .e m
Trong : Re- bn knh tng ng vi nh rng;
Cotg=m, l hng s;
41
- gc quay c cc;
- bn knh c cc.
Tuy nhin vic s dng ng cong ht lng l khng kh thi v kh ch to v mi
mt ng knh dao cn c mt cam ring. Do trong thc t ng cong lgarit c
thay th bng ng cong Acsimet.
5.2.2.
d = R
5.2.3.
d- gc sau nh rng;
K- lng ht lng. Trong thc t K=0,5-12mm v c ghi r trn cc
cam ht lng.
ng knh l d
ng knh dao phay D
16
22
27
32
40
50
40-50
55-65
65-70
70-130
130-195
195-230
Chiu di dao phay ht lng: c chn ph thuc vo chiu rng profin chi tit.
43
d) S rng Z: chn sao cho m bo sc bn rng dao, khng gian thot phoi v
kh nng mi sc li nhiu ln.
Bng s rng dao phay a modun
Modun m
Chiu cao
profin h,
mm
Chiu cao
rng H,
mm
ng
knh dao
phay D,
mm
S rng Z
T s D/h
T s D/H
2,25
6,5
50
14
22,7
7,7
16
36
38
170
10
4,7
4,5
18
16
14
12
11
10
ng
knh dao
phay,
mm
40
40-45
50-55
60-75
80-105
110-125
130-140
150-230
=+
44
45
VN 6
THIT K MI KHOAN
6.1. Cng dng v phn loi
a- Cng dng: mi khoan thng dng
- To l trn chi tit;
- M rng l c sn;
- To nhng l c b mt nh hnh nh l tm
b- Phn loi:
Cc loi mi khoan thng gp l: mi khoan xon vt, mi khoan tm, mi khoan l
su, u khoan vnh. Trong mi khoan xon thng dng rng ri hn c. N c
dng khoan cc l c ng knh n 80mm, t cp chnh xc cp 4, cp 5, nhn
b mt t Ra=12,5-0,8m vi cc trng hp sau:
- Khng yu cu gia cng thm sau khi khoan;
- Cn m rng sau khi khoan, khot, doa;
- Cn to ren sau khi khoan.
Theo tiu chun, mi khoan xon c chia ra cc nhm sau:
- Mi khoan di chui tr;
- Mi khoan ngn chui tr;
- Mi khoan tri chui tr dng trn my t ng;
- Mi khoan chui cn;
- Mi khoan chui cn 4 cnh.
Gc nh 2
Khi tng th lc chiu trc P0, Px tng, cn m men xon Pz gim. Khi gim t
70 n 450 th lc chiu trc P0 gim 40-50%, cn mmen xon Pz tng ln 25-30%.
0
Gi tr ()
58-60
62
Thp khng r
58-60
58-60
Gang HB=130-220
58-60
ng
58-60
ng thau, ng thanh mm
65
65-70
50-55
Cc hp kim nh
58-65
58-60
47
. D
Sk
0,25-1
1-1,4
1,45-1,5
1,55-3
3,1-4
4,2-6
6,2-8,2
Gc ()
19
22
23
24
25
26
27
48
ng knh
mi khoan
(mm)
8,5-11,5
11,6-16,5
16,5-22
22,5-33
33,5-44
44,5-80
Gc ()
28
29
30
31
32
33
6.2.3.
Cc gc ca li ct
49
Hnh 6.3 Gc ca li ct
Gc trc l gc gia tip tuyn vi vt ca mt trc ti mt im xc nh, v
ng php tuyn cng ti im vi vng trn to thnh khi quay li ct quanh trc
ca mi khoan.
V trong qu trnh gia cng, mi khoan quay quanh v dch chuyn dc trc, nn ti
mt im bt k ca li ct l mt ng xon vt, c bc bng lng chy dao. Chnh
v vy, cn phi xt n gc nghing , v lc ny lm cho thnh v thnh vi
lch l = + .
Trong : : gc gia qu o thc l ng xon vt v qu o qui c l ng
trn.
Ti mt im x bt k ng vi ng knh dx th ta c cng thc tnh gc x nh sau:
tg x =
S
.d x
50
rx
tg
R
51
mi 10-150
cn ngc, mm
0,03-0,05
15-20
Ln hn 25
0,05-0,08
0,08-0,12
52
VN 7
THIT K MI KHOT
7.1. Cng dng v phn loi
Khot l mt trong nhng nguyn cng gia cng l. Tuy nhin khot c cc tnh
nng nh sau:
-
7.2. Cc yu t kt cu ca mi khot
Nhn chung, mi khot cng tng t nh mi khoan, ch khc l c s rng nhiu
hn v khng c mi ct ngang.
Mi khot c tiu chun ha, kt cu ch yu ca mi khot c th k n:
phn ct v phn sa ng, s rnh, cc gc ct v gc nghing ca rnh thot phoi, gc
nghing ca li ct chnh, bin dng rnh v phn kp cht.
7.2.1. S rnh
Mi khot thng thng c 3-4 rnh. Trong trng hp cn khng gian thot phoi
ln th ch cn 2 rnh; i vi ng knh 10-32mm th thng l 3 rnh; i vi ng
knh ln hn 58mm th nn l 6 rnh.
Mi khot c gn mnh hp kim cng thng l 3-4 rnh.
7.2.2. Phn ct
Phn ct dng ct ton b lng d, do chiu di phn ct l c chn theo
chiu su ct: l=(t+a)cotg
Trong : - gc nghing chnh
a- on ph cho mi khot d dng a vo l khot. a=(0,5-1)t
53
7.2.4. Cc gc ct
Tng t nh mi khoan, lng chy dao c nh hng rt nh n thng s mt ct
v cc gc ct. V vy yu t chy dao c th b qua.
Gc sau : l gc to bi tip tuyn ca vt mt sau vi tip tuyn ca ng trn
to thnh khi quay li ct quanh trc dao.
Gc trc : l gc to bi tip tuyn ca vt mt trc vi php tuyn vng trn to
thnh khi quay quanh trc dao.
Gc sau c nh hng ln n tui bn ca dao. Phn sa ng v gc sau thng
ly trong khong 8-100, i khi phn sa ng ly n 5-60. Mt sau s c 2 gc, gc
=8-100 trn on di 0,6-1,5mm v phn cn li c gc 1=15-200.
54
d0=(0,5-0,45)d;
p=(0,48-0,45)d;
t=(0,03-0,25)d;
f=(0,1-0,5)d.
55
h=(0,25-0,1)d;
g=0,21d;
f=(0,1-0,3)d.
Mi khot s 1
Mi khot s 2
Trn
Di
Trn
Di
T 10-18
-210
-245
+70
+35
Trn 18-30
-215
-290
+85
+40
56
Trn 30-50
-290
-340
+100
+60
Trn 50-80
-350
-410
+120
+60
Trn 80-120
-420
-490
+140
+70
chia phoi thnh tng phn nh, trn mt sau b tr cc rnh chia phoi l cc vng
trn ng tm vi bc lch nhau.
Phn sa ng phi mi vi l cn nh vi gc =20-2030 theo hng mt u.
li ct ph nghing vi trc 1 gc =750-800. c im ca phn sa ng l chiu di
nh v khng c cnh vin trnh cho phoi khi b kt v dnh trn mi khot.
Mt trc l mt phng, nh qu trnh mi sc c thun tin. Gc trc chn
trong phm vi 10-250 ty theo vt liu gia cng.
C th kt hp mi khoan cng mi khot cng mt lc cho mi khot 2 li.
57
59
VN 8
THIT K MI DOA
8.1. Cng dng v phn loi
Mi doa dng gia cng chnh xc l. Gia cng bng phng php doa c th t
cp chnh xc t 4 n cp 1 v nhn bng b mt t cp 6 n cp 10.
Thng phng php doa c dng sau khi gia cng l bng phng php tin,
khoan, khot. Mi doa gm cc nhm sau:
Mi doa tay chui tr
Mi doa my chui tr lin v chui lp
Mi doa my chui tr lin v chui lp vi rng chp
Mi doa tng doa tay
Mi doa my gn hp kim cng vi chui tr lin v chui chp
Mi doa my chp rng gn hp kim cng
Mi doa cn gia cng l cht cn
8.2. Cc yu t kt cu ca mi doa
8.2.1. Phn ct
c trng ca phn ct l gc nghing ca mi doa, n quyt nh n hnh dng,
kch thc ca phoi, t l thnh phn lc ct, nh hng n iu kin thot phoi,
mn ca mi doa v t nh hng n cht lng b mt gia cng.
Thc nghim ch ra rng, khi gia cng thp 45, nu gc mi doa nh, =50 th mi
doa ch yu b mn theo mt sau. Nu gc mi doa ln, =450 th s mn xut hin theo
cnh vin ca on sa ng trn mt on di 5-8mm k t phn ct. S thay i
mn c gii thch bi s thay i ca thnh phn lc ct hng tm. Cnh vin trn
phn sa ng nm k phn ct bt u tham gia vo qu trnh ct v dn dn va ng
vai tr phn sa ng v va ng vai tr li ct thay th cho phn li chnh b cn. V
vy, nhn bng ca b mt gia cng khi dng mi doa c gc =200, 300 v 400 c
phn no km hn khi dng mi doa c gc =150.
60
8.2.2. Phn sa ng
Phn ny dng nh hng mi doa trong qu trnh gia cng v d tr khi mi
sc li. Ngoi ra n cn m bo hnh dng ca l, chnh xc v nhn bng b mt
gia cng.
Phn sa ng thng c dng tr ngn v on cn nh dn v pha chui. cn
nhm gim ma st gia mi doa v b mt gia cng, cng nh phng b lay rng l.
i vi mi doa, khi kp cng th cn ly khong 0,04-0,06mm, khi lc c hoc ty
ng th cn khong 0,08-0,1mm.
Nu l c yu cu c bit v chnh xc th cn tng chiu di phn sa ng, khi
ny nn dng mi doa ngn vi chiu di phn sa ng khong 0,25-0,3 ng knh
mi doa.
8.2.3. S rng
S rng thng c ly chn c th o c kch thc mt cch d dng.
Mi doa thp tm c ng knh di 50mm thng lm 4 rng. i vi mi doa
lp rng th cn c s rng nh hn c ch cho phn kp cht.
Bng ng knh mi doa v s rng
ng knh,
mm
3-10
11-19
20-30
32-45
46-50
S rng
10
12
14
Mi doa cng c 3 dng hng ca rng l thng, nghing v xon. Mi doa rng
xon gip cho tui bn ca dao cao hn v cht lng b mt tt hn. Mi doa rng
thng v nghing th vic mi sc, kim tra, ch to n gin hn nhiu. Hng ca rnh
xon nn ngc vi chiu quay ca dao trnh hin tng kt cng v ng thi gip
cho qu trnh tho dao c d dng.
Gi tr gc nghing ca rnh xon ty thuc vo vt liu gia cng, i vi gang
xm hoc thp cng =70-80, i vi gang rn v thp =120-200, i vi nhm v hp
kim nh =350-450.
62
Dng cn;
64
ng knh mi
doa, mm
Lng iu chnh
ng knh mi
doa, mm
Lng iu chnh
6-10
+0,15
10-20
+0,25
20-30
+0,40
30-50
+0,50
Gc sau trn cnh vin on rng 0,3-0,5mm ly gc 50-60, phn cn li ly 100120. B mt kim loi gn dao ly gc 160-200.
65
8.3.4. Mi doa cn
Mi doa cn dng gia cng l trn thnh l cn hoc chnh l cn cn doa.
Mi doa cn thng c ch to theo tng b 2 n 3 chic. Chic th nht c dng
mi khot, c ren vi gc nghing bng gc nghing ca cn, hng ca ren trng vi
hng ct. Dng mi doa ny gia cng l hnh tr thnh l c bc, rng mi doa c ht
lng, s rng t 3 n 8 rng ty theo s hiu ca cn, phn lm vic ging mi dao tin
l.
66
67
VN 9
THIT K DAO CHUT
9.1. Cng dng v phn loi
L dng c ct nhiu rng, thc hin qu trnh ct i lp kim loi lng d nh rng
tip theo rng hn hoc cao hn rng k trc m khng dng n chuyn ng chy
dao. Tr s ln hn ny gi l lng nng ca dao chut.
tc dng vo u dao ko dao chut, dao chut nn khi lc tc dng vo chui dao
y dao i.
9.2. Cc b phn ca dao chut
9.2.1. Phn u kp dao
68
Trong :
Chiu di c dao lmin sau khi tnh ton thng c tng thm 5-30mm d dng
thao tc khi kp.
n 25
25-30
30-40
40-50
50-70
70-100
>100
20
25
30
35
45
50-65
70
Hnh 9.4 Biu lc ct n v tnh bng kG/mm2 khi chut ty theo tr s lng nng
cho mt rng i vi cc vt liu khc nhau
1. HB 197; 2. HB198-229; 3. HB > 229 (i vi thp cacbon)
4. HB 197; 5. HB198-229; 6. HB > 229 (i vi thp hp kim)
7. HB 180; 8. HB > 180; 9. Gang rn (i vi gang xm)
2.
knh, trong chiu rng rng sau ln hn rng trc trong cng mt nhm.
Khi chut, nu khng thc hin rnh chia phoi trn li ct th phoi s lin khi v
dng hnh tr nn rt kh thot phoi. Nu thc hin rnh chia phoi trn li ct th phoi
lc ny dng lt mng c chiu rng b, nn vic thot phoi c d dng hn.
V c rnh chia phoi nn cc rng ca dao chut hnh thnh li ct ph f-e tham
gia vo qu trnh ct. Rnh chia phoi sinh ra cc hin tng khng tt cho dao nh sau:
-
Tn dao chut
Gang
Chut trn
0,0150,04
0,030,1
Chut l then hoa, l thn khai, l kha tam gic, chut rnh
ngoi
0,030,01
0,050,12
0,030,15
0,050,2
0,050,12
0,050,2
trong trng hp vt liu bin dng n hi th khng thc hin ct ton b sinh ra
phoi lin.
Vi cng mt lc chut Pz th dao chut ct nhm c th ct mt din tch ln hn
dao chut ct n. V vy lng nng ca dao chut ct n ti a l 0,04mm th lng
nng ca dao chut ct nhm c th n 0,150,25mm.
Loi tr c kh nng lm hng cc rng bn cnh khi gia cng cc rnh chia
phoi.
nhng kt cu ph hp nht cho gia cng l trn. Vic s dng dao chut ct n ngy
cng hn ch.
73
74
Phng php theo lp ng dng: cc rng dao chut c hnh dng ging prfil b
mt chut, trong cc rng th tham gia bc tch phoi v cc rng sa ng thc hin
vic hnh thnh b mt chut cui cng. Tuy vy, phng php ny tr nn kh khn khi
l chut c hnh dng phc tp khc nhau.
Phng php n dn: cc rng dao chut c hnh dng ging nh prfil ca tng
on chi tit c gia cng xong. Vic ch to dao lc ny tr nn n gim hn. Tuy
nhin c nguy c hnh thnh cc vt dc theo b mt chut l do vic ch to dao khng
chnh xc.
Phng php t hp: cc dao u lm theo phng php n dn, cn khong 2-3
dao sau cng s dng phng php ng dng.
9.6.1. Rng ct th
Nhim v ch yu l ct i lng d, ch li ct tinh mt lng d ti thiu.
S rng ct th c tnh theo cng thc:
Z th =
A Atinh
+1
a
Z r ( A Atinh )
+ 0. 5 Z r
ar
cng HB
Gc trc ()
<197
16-18
198-229
15
229
12
75
Gang xm
180
> 180
Gang rn
10
25
ng knh so vi rng cui cng ca dao, khi 150 th ng knh l sau chut tng
ln i khi n 0,09mm. Vy, khi tng gc trc ca rng ct th th s lm tng tui bn
ca dao chut.
b- Bc ca rng ct th:
bc rng ca dao chut l khong cch gia 2 nh rng lin k theo chiu dc trc
dao. Nu bc rng dao chut ln th dao di v nh hng n gi thnh, nu bc rng
nh th nh hng n tnh cng ngh gia cng v rnh thot phoi. Ngoi ra yu cu
trong qu trnh gia cng phi c 4-5 rng dao cng tham gia ct cng lc.
Thng thng nn chn bc rng cho dao chut ct n nh sau:
t = (1,25 1,5) L
t = (1,45 1,9) L
L
t
Chiu su rnh h
4,5
1,5
2,5
y Bn knh lng R
2,5
1,25
77
2,5
3
10
14
18
20
1,5
2,5
3
4,5
2,5
3,5
6
2,5
3,5
6
3,5
4,5
25
1,5
2,5
22
3,5
4,5
10
16
1,5
1,5
4
12
1,25
10
12
12
14
16
Kinh nghim cho thy rnh thot phoi c dng cung trn l tt nht v c s chuyn
tip u gia y rnh v lng rng. Khi chut vt liu gin c th dng rnh thot c
lng thng, i vi dao chut c bc ln nn s dng rnh c y l mt ng thng.
Bng bn knh y rnh tng ng vi lng nng sao cho phoi cun ra bnh thng
Chiu rng Lng nng rng gii hn (mm) ng vi chiu su rnh thot phoi h(mm)
lp ct b
3
4
5
6
7
(mm)
3
0,15
0,2
0,25
0,3
0,4
n 1,2 d
0,1
0,15
0,2
0,3
0,3
n 1,5 d
0,05
0,1
0,15
0,2
0,25
Din tch rnh ch phoi trong tit din chiu trc ly gn ng bng din tch vng
trn Fk vi bn knh r = h/2, do Fk =
h 2
4
h 2
4aL
0,785h 2
a.L
0,785h 2
K .L
0,05-0,1
>0,1
4,5-8
3,3
3,0
2,5
10-14
3,0
2,7
2,2
16-25
2,8
2,5
2,0
79
Kch thc v hnh dng ca chi tit gia cng, kch thc b mt cn chut;
Kch thc, dung sai, cht lng b mt sau khi gia cng;
i vi dao chut ct n:
-
Tra bng chn lng nng ng vi kiu dao chut v vt liu gia cng.
Tra bng chn h s in y rnh K v kim tra kch thc rnh c cha
phoi khng.
(i vi dao chut ct n, h s K trong bng phi tng thm 25%)
Da vo th, xc nh lc ct n v p, t xc nh Pz v so snh vi Pc ca
my v lc bn Pn ca dao.
Bng lc ko danh ngha Pc v chiu di hnh trnh ln nht ca my chut
Kiu my
My chut ngang
7510M
10
1400
7A510
10
1250
7520,7A520
20
1600
7530M
30
1800
7540
40
2000
7551
70
2000
7552
100
2000
80
My chut ng
7705, 7705A
600
7A705B
800
7710
10
1350
7A710
10
1200
7B710, 7710B
10
1000
7720
20
1600
7B720, 7720B
20
1250
i vi dao chut ct n.
-
Lng
nng
rng
mm
HB
Thp hp kim
HB>229
HB197
197-229
HB
Gang
HB>229
197-229
Gang xm
Gang
rn
HB<180 HB>180
0,02
9,5
10,5
12,5
12,6
13,6
15,8
8,1
8,9
7,3
0,03
12,3
13,6
16,1
15,7
16,9
18,6
10,4
11,6
9,4
0,04
14,3
15,8
18,7
18,4
19,8
21,8
12,1
13,4
10,9
0,05
16,3
18,1
21,6
20,7
22,2
24,5
14,0
15,5
12,5
0,06
17,7
19,5
23,2
23,8
25,5
15,1
16,6
13,4
0,07
19,6
21,7
25,8
26,0
28,2
31,2
16,7
18,4
14,3
0,08
21,3
23,5
28,0
28,0
30,2
33,5
18,0
20,0
16,4
0,09
23,1
25,5
30,4
30,4
32,8
36,2
19,5
21,6
17,9
0,10
24,7
27,3
32,5
32,8
35,4
39,0
20,7
23,6
19,2
0,11
26,6
29,4
35,0
35,1
38,1
42,0
22,6
25,4
20,6
81
0,12
28,5
31,5
37,5
37,8
40,7
45,0
24,3
26,8
22,0
0,13
30,4
33,6
39,8
40,3
43,4
48,0
25,8
28,5
23,4
0,14
32,4
35,7
42,5
42,3
45,7
50,5
27,3
30,3
25,0
0,15
34,2
37,9
45,0
44,5
48,0
53,0
29,0
32,1
26,1
0,16
36,0
39,8
47,2
47,1
51,0
56,0
30,5
33,6
27,6
0,18
39,5
43,6
52,0
52,5
56,5
62,5
33,4
37,0
30,2
0,20
42,7
47,3
56,2
57,6
60,2
68,5
36,0
40,2
32,6
0,22
45,6
50,3
60,0
62,0
66,7
73,8
38,5
42,7
34,9
0,24
48,0
53,1
63,2
66,2
70,9
78,6
41,0
45,1
36,8
0,25
49,5
54,5
65,0
68,0
73,0
81,0
42,1
46,5
37,6
0,26
51,0
56,1
66,6
70,6
75,3
83,4
42,9
47,7
39,0
0,28
54,0
58,8
70,0
74,4
79,8
88,3
45,5
50,0
41,3
0,30
56,4
61,5
73,0
78,5
84,5
93,3
47,6
52,2
43,1
n 0,1
Lng
nng
phn
on
bn
tinh
Dao
trn
S
phn
on
tinh
nhn b
2,51,25m
chut Dao
chut Lng Dao
then hoa
d hai trn
bn
S
S
S
S
cho
rng
phn phn phn
phn
ngoi on on tinh,
on
phn
tinh
tinh
tinh
mm
on
-
0,050,07
mt
gia
cng
Ra=
chut Dao
chut
then hoa
S
rng
ngoi
phn
on
S
phn
on
tinh
S
rng
ngoi
phn
on
1-2
1-2
82
0,110,20
0-2
0-2
0,070,13
1-2
1-2
2-3
0,110,16
0-3
0-2
0,130,2
3-5
2-3
2-3
0,110,16
0-3
2-3
0-2
0,20,32
2-3
3-5
2-3
2-3
0,06-
0,08
(0,40,6)2a
0,210,4
0,410,6
n 2 nhm rng m c lng nng bng 0,4-0,6 lng nng rng ct th. Lng nng
rng ct tinh c lm thay i gim dn t nhm ny n nhm khc 1,5-2 ln.
Chiu di b
mt chut, mm
Th
Tinh v sa
ng
10
n 45
12
>45
10
14
16
10
65
12
>65
12
Bc rng, mm
Chiu di b
mt chut, mm
Th
Tinh v sa
ng
18
12
n 80
14
Trn 80
20
16
n 110
22
14
Trn 110
16
n 110
16
Trn 110
25
i vi dao chut trn, then hoa, rnh then v dao chut ngoi khng iu chnh
th =20, rng sa ng th =10.
ng knh
dao chut
T 12 -15
T 15-20
T 20-25
T 25-30
T 30-50
50
Chiu di
dao chut
700
800
1000
1200
1300
1500
Kch thc
nh nht ca
tit din
ngang dao
chut
T 5-8
T 8-12
T 12-18
T 18-22
22
Chiu di
dao chut
500
750
1000
1200
1300
1500
Dung sai chiu su rnh thot phoi cho php khng vt qu 0,3mm i vi
chiu su rnh n 4mm v +0,5mm i vi chiu su nh ln hn 4mm.
Bng dung sai ng knh tnh ton ca rng ct th
Trn 0,08
n 80
-0,008
-0,010
-0,015
Trn 80
-0,012
-0,015
-0,020
Cp chnh xc l
A
A2a
A3
85
Trn 18 n 30
10
Trn 30-50
10
12
50-80
12
15
80-120
10
14
18
120-150
12
16
20
86
VN 10
THIT K DNG C GIA CNG REN
10.1. Dao tin ren v cc thng s hnh hc
Chi tit ren l v cng quan trng trong vic lin kt cc chi tit my li vi nhau.
C nhiu phng php gia cng ren nh tin ren, tar ren, bn ren, phay ren, mi
ren
a- Gc sau
Dao tin ren n c mt rng ct ren, prfil dao phi thit k ph hp vi prfil
ren c ct. Dao tin ren n c 2 li ct chnh, v khi ct ren c chuyn ng chy
dao dc nn gi tr cc gc sau hai li ct tri v phi thay i khc nhau.
Gc sau li ct tri:
t .c = t
Gc sau li ct phi:
f .c = f +
- gc prfil ren.
b- Gc trc
Gc trc c chn ph thuc vo vt liu gia cng v c th c chn nh
dao tin nh hnh.
Nu chn 0 th prfil dao tin ren phi c tnh li da vo prfin ren ca chi
tit. Cch tnh th ging nh vi dao tin nh hnh.
Thng s hnh hc ca ren v dao tin ren:
p
2
tg
n
2
2
o
2
1
S
2
0
2
1
2( r r . sin 2 r1 . cos )
p
2
tg
n
2
S
2.t. cos
=
S
2.t
Vy dao tin ren n hnh lng tr hoc hnh trn cng c tnh ton nh dao tin
nh hnh hnh lng tr hoc hnh trn. Dao tin hnh rng lc nh c nhiu li ct nn
c th tng nng sut rt nhiu.
89
90
a) Phn ct
Phn ct l1 l phn quan trng nht ca tar bi v thc hin ch yu ct ren v
c gc cn . Chiu di phn ct c nh hng n nng sut, tui bn v chnh xc
ca ren ct.
91
h
cng chnh l chiu dy thc ca lp ct theo phng gc .
p
d0 dc
;
2
a=
S .tg
;
n
l1 =
d0 dc
2.tg (1 f )
i vo l ren.
b) Phn sa ng
Phn sa ng l2 nhm sa ng ren v nh hng tar v ng thi cng nhm d
tr khi mi li tar.
Rng u tin s lm nhim v sa ng ren, cc phn ren cn li c tc dng nh
hng khi tar i vo l ren. gim ma st, phn sa ng c ch to cn ngc v
pha cn l 0,050,01mm trn 100mm chiu di.
Trong qu trnh mi li, chiu di phn sa ng phi bo m:
-
i vi ren bc ln l2 0,5.d0.
i vi ren bc nh l2 (1,21).d0.
i vi tar ai c l2 0,6H.
Trong : d0- ng knh ngoi tar;
H- chiu cao ai c.
Chiu di phn sa ng c th chn s b l2 = (612)S.
8-14
16-20
22-24
27-30
33-36
39-52
Kim loi en
2-3
4-6
Kim loi mu
2-3
4-6
Cc thng s tit din rnh bao gm: ng knh li d, chiu rng p, gc trc .
93
S rnh
2
ng knh li d
(0,360,38)d0
(0,380,4)d0
(0,420,45)d0
(0,50,52)d0
(0,520,55)d0
Chiu rn rng p
(0,40,45)d0
(0,30,32)d0
(0,20,22)d0
(0,170,2)d0
(0,160,18)d0
Hng ca rnh:
d) Cc gc phn ct
Gc trc c la chn ph thuc vo vt liu gia cng. Gia cng gang, ng,
thp cng th = 0-50; thp cng va th = 8-100; thp do v dai th = 12-150; hp
kim nh th = 20-300.
Gc sau thng c to thnh phn ct cn l1 bng cch ht lng theo ng
knh ngoi. Tr s gc sau c th c chn ph thuc vo kiu ca tar v vt liu gia
94
.d T
n
tg
Trong : n- s rng;
dT- ng knh u nh ca tar.
Gc prfin ren ;
Bc ren S;
- i vi cp chnh xc E:
= 85' 20'
2
- i vi cp chnh xc H:
= 35' 15'
= 100' 30'
- i vi cp chnh xc D:
- i vi cp chnh xc E:
- i vi cp chnh xc H:
95
j l lng d tr cho mn tar khi gia cng v lng gim ng knh khi mi li.
ng knh trong ca tar khng tham gia ct nn gii hn trn ng knh trong
ca tar phi nh hn gii hn di ng knh trong ca ren ai c.
10.3. BN REN
10.3.1. Cng dng v phn loi
Bn ren dng ct ren ngoi, bn ren c nhiu loi nh bn ren trn, bn ren
vung, bn ren ng, bn ren iu chnh
96
a- ng knh ngoi D
ng knh ngoi c chn ph thuc vo kch thc ca ren v l thot phoi.
ng knh ren d0 (mm)
ng knh ngoi D
ng knh ngoi D
97
(mm)
(mm)
1-2,6
16
20-25
55
3-5
20
27-36
65
6-9
25
39-42
75
10-11
30
45-52
90
12-14
38
56-60
105
16-20
45
62
120
1-5
5,5-16
18-27
30-33
36-48
52-64
S l thot phoi n
d- Phn ct l1 ca bn ren
Bn ren c ch to c phn ct c hai pha tng tui th v thun tin trong
s dng.
Gc nghing ca phn ct c chn ph thuc vo bc ren, gc nghing cng
nh th cng c nhiu rng tham gia vo qu trnh ct v cng d dng ct vo chi tit gia
cng. Bc ren cng ln th nn chn gc cng nh.
S<2 th 2=500;
S=2-3 th 2=400;
S>2 th 2=300;
98
b
= 0,65 0,7 , trong trng hp c bit c th ly
c
i vi mt trc cong
D1=d1[cos+sin.cotg(-)]
i vi mt trc phng
d1
+ x. sin( + )
d 2. sin
=
2
cos( + )
D1 d 1
d
= cos + x. cos( + ) + sin( + )
2
2
2
x = (1,21,3)S
Sau khi tnh d v D1 cn kim tra li sc bn bn ren qua gi tr l
l=
D D1 d
2
2 2
99
10.3.3. Cc gc phn ct
Gc trc c chn ph thuc vo vt liu gia cng. Khi ct vt liu cng =100
.d 1
n
tg
0,35
0,5
0,75
1,0
1,25-1,5
1,75
55
35
27
27
20
100
Hnh 10.14 Cu trc kim loi bn trong ren v cc phng php cn ren
Phn ct l1.
Phn sa ng l2.
Phn ct l1 thng c chn l1=1,1..dtb. Trong dtb- ng knh trung bnh ca
ren cn.
101
S
.d tb
b- Con ln cn
Cn ren bng con ln c nhiu u im hn bn cn v p lc ln chi tit cn nh
hn nn c th cn cc chi tit thnh mng, vic g t v iu chnh c d dng hn.
Cn ren bng con ln c hai phng php chnh: cn ren bng chy dao tip tuyn
v hng knh.
trnh hin tng t trt ca phi, tc ca hai con ln phi bng nhau.
trnh vic phi b y ln khi cn th tm ca phi c t cao hn tm ca chi tit
lng (0,1-0,5)mm.
103
VN 11
THIT K DNG C GIA CNG RNG BNG PHNG PHP NH HNH
11.1. Dao phay vu m un
Dao phay vu mun dng ct bnh rng c mun ln m>50mm. Cc bnh
rng ny thng kh c th gia cng bng cc loi dng c ct khc.
Prfil ca dao phay vu mun trng vi profil ca rnh bnh rng gia cng. Dao
phay vu c th dng gia cng bnh rng nghing, trong trng hp ny dao phay vu
lm vic theo phng php bao hnh khng tm tch, mun c chn l mun trong
tit din php tuyn vi bnh rng.
Bc rng: t = .m
Chiu dy rng: S =
m.Z
2
.m
2
y = rx . cos x = rx . cos( 0 + x )
i vi bnh rng hiu chnh dng hoc m th vn p dng cng thc trn,
khi :
c =
2.Z
th c' =
2.Z
2. .tg S c
+
Z
m.Z
Z
cos 3
B 8 dao
12
1213
112
13
14
212
15,16
17,18
312
19,20
21,22
412
2325
2629
512
3034
3541
612
4254
5579
712
79134
135
1416
1720
2125
2634
3554
53134
135
106
VN 12
THIT K DNG C GIA CNG RNG BNG PHNG PHP BAO HNH
12.1. Khi nim c bn
Nguyn l c bn khi gia cng cc chi tit rng theo phng php bao hnh c tm
tch l chi tit trong qu trnh gia cng c cho c chuyn ng n khp vi dng c.
Khi s c mt im tip xc chung m c cng tip tuyn v php tuyn chung. im
tip xc chung s c vn tc tng i V quanh mt tm quay tc thi P no . Tp hp
tm quay tc thi P c gi l tm tch ca hai chi tit phi v dng c. V cng t tp
hp cc im tip xc chung s cho ra ng n khp, cn gi l ng to hnh.
Trong qu trnh gia cng chi tit lun c s quay trn nn tm tch ca chi tit l
vng trn tm tch. Dng c c th quay trn hoc tnh tin, v khi gi l ng thng
tm tch hay vng trn tm tch.
Hnh 12.1 Nguyn l gia cng theo phng php bao hnh
12.2. Thit k cc dng c ct rng theo nguyn l bao hnh c tm tch gia cng
bnh rng tr thn khai
12.2.1. Cc loi mt xon vt dng trong thit k dng c ct
Dng mt xon vt thng c dng khi thit k dng c ct rng theo phng
php bao hnh c tm tch. Mt xon vt k l mt xon vt m ng sinh l mt ng
thng chuyn ng to thnh.
107
108
= r02 + P 2 .tg 2 . 2
b- Mt xon vt Acsimet
T phng trnh tng qut trn. Nu cho r0=0 th phng trnh lc ny tr thnh
dng mt xon vt Acsimet:
x = t. sin . sin
y = t. sin . cos
z = P. + t. cos
ng cong Acsimet:
= P.tg .
r0
;
cos
2 = x2 + y2
d = 1;
tn
cos
md = m1
tg =
to
.Dtb
tg =
tn
.Dtv . cos
sin =
tn
m
=
.Dtb Dtb
ng knh dao phay c tiu chun ha, do vy dao phi c chn li theo
tiu chun.
110
De 2(t1
d
+ p + Hk )
2
l = Rel2 ro2
r . sin 2 h
. cos
sin
phng php ny, prfin cong ca tit din i qua trc vt thn khai c thay
bng prfin thng.
Giao tuyn ca trc vt thn khai vi mt phng i qua trc l ng cong. Ta
Phng php ny thc hin bng cch thay th trc vt thn khai c bn bng trc
vt c prfin thng trong tit din php tuyn vi rnh ca trc vt. Prfin ca trc vt
c xc nh theo hai phng php: prfin thng tit din php tuyn c chn bng
vi prfin dng sinh ca bnh rng gia cng; gc prfin ca rng dao phay trong tit din
php tuyn c chn khc vi gc prfin dng sinh ca bnh rng gia cng mt lng
.
12.4. Thit k dao xc rng thn khai
Dao xc rng thn khai dng ct bnh rng tr rng thng, rng nghing, bnh
rng bc, bnh rng ch V, bao gm dao xc rng hnh a, dao xc rng hnh cc, dao
xc rng cn lin, dao xc rng nghing ct rng nghing v rng ch V.
d.
a- Ti tit din khi thy BB
Ti tit din ny, kch thc ca rng dao xc bng kch thc ca thanh rng khi
thy ca dao xc, v c:
Bc rng: t = .m;
ng knh vng chia: dc = m.Zd;
ng knh vng c s:
d0 = dc.cosd.
t .m
=
2
2
b- Ti tit din AA
tit din ny tng ng vi bnh rng dch chnh dng.
Lng dch chnh x = +d m.
Khong cch khi thy a =
x
tg d
d .m
tg
+ 2. d .tg d
2
=> S c = m
12.4.2. Cc gc ct ca rng
a- Gc prfin ca rng dao xc
Nu tng s rng dao xc ln v cng th dao xc tr thnh thanh rng.
114
e
e
=
hN h(1 tg .tg )
e
= tg dx
h
=>
tg d =
tg dx
1 tg .tg
b- Gc ct ca rng dao xc
Mi rng ca dao xc c mt li ct nh v hai li ct bn, v vy cn phn bit
gc trc v gc sau ti li ct nh v li ct bn.
Theo tiu chun, gim sai s prfin th li ct trc gc nh v gc sau nn
l d = 50 v d = 60 o trong tit din i qua trc dao.
115
d max .m
, xc nh khong cch khi thy a cn phi xc nh
tg
nh dao qu hp, do cn chn dmax theo chiu rng nh dao nh nht cho php [Sed]:
S ed = 0,2594m 0,0375
116
VN 13
NG DNG TIN HC TRONG THIT K V CH TO DNG C CT
13.1. M u
Ngy nay, vic ng dng tin hc tr nn ph bin cho tt c cc ngnh v lnh
vc. i vi vic thit k dng c ct th vic ng dng tin hc s gii quyt nhiu vn
k thut phc tp cng nh gip cho vic thit k, ch to tr nn linh hot hn.
ng cong t hp. Cc ng cong cng c th biu din bng 2 dng phng trnh
ton hc l phng trnh tham s v phng trnh tng minh.
u im:
-
Nhc im:
-
117
0 u 1
y = y1 + u ( y 2 y1 )
z = z + u( z z )
1
2
1
0u1
b- ng trn
y = y c + R. sin u
z = z
c
0u1
c- ng elp
118
y = y c + R. sin u
z = z
c
P(t ) = a i .t i
i =0
Trong : 0 t 1.
P(t) l im trn ng cong.
a l cc h s.
a thc bc 3 l dng thp nht biu din ng cong nhng li mang li hiu
qu ng k v n cho php tc tnh ton rt nhanh. Chnh v vy, n c s dng
ph bin trong CAD/CAM.
a- ng cong Hermite
119
1
2 2 1
3 3 2 1
=
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
P ( 0)
P(1)
Ma trn hnh hc G H =
P ' ( 0)
P' (1)
c tnh iu khin ca ng cong mang tnh ton cc, c ngha l khi thay i v
tr ca mt im iu khin th s lm thay i ton b hnh dng ca ng cong.
tng tnh mm do trong thit k th c th tng s im ca ng cong, tuy nhin bc
ca ng cong vn l bc 3.
b- ng cong Bezier
ng cong Bezier nhn cc im iu khin c sp t theo mt trt t nht
nh, chng c th iu khin hnh dng ca ng cong theo mun.
120
B(t ) = Pi .Bin (t )
i =0
n-1
c- ng cong B-Spline
ng cong B-Spline l dng ng cong trn c tnh linh hot hn ng cong
Bezier. Bc ca ng cong khng ph thuc vo s im iu khin, chng hn vi 4
im iu khin c th to ra ng cong bc 4, bc 3, bc 2, bc 1. ng cong BSpline nh ngha bi (n+1) im iu khin nh sau:
n
P(t ) = Pi .N i ,k (t )
vi 0 t tmax
i =0
121
13.3. M hnh b mt
M hnh b mt c to bi cc dng b mt c bn nh mt phng, mt tr, mt
cu, mt nn cc b mt ny c th biu din di dng ton hc.
Vi mt b mt phc tp hn th c th tch chng thnh v s cc b mt nh c
bn nh trn v c th hiu l li ca cc mt.
a- Mt phng
Trng hp 1: Xt mt phng i qua 3 im A, B, C tng ng vi vct ta P0,
P2, P1.
vi 0u1
0v1
122
n(u, v) =
( P1 P0 ) x ( P2 P0 )
( P1 P0 ) x ( P2 P0 )
vi 0u1
0v 1
b- Mt trn xoay
B mt trn xoay c to ra khi quay mt ng cong phng xung quanh mt trc.
Khi ng cong phng v trc quay to thnh mt phng gc ti gc quay ban u
bng 0. Nu gn h trc ta c ZL trng vi trc quay ca mt trn xoay, XL v Y L
theo qui tc bn tay phi th im P(u,v) bt k trn mt trn xoay c xc nh:
P(u , v) = rz (u ). cos v.n1 + rz (u ). sin v.n 2 + Z L (u ).n3
0 u 1
0 v 2
123
13.4.
M hnh khi rn
M hnh khi rn (solid) l m hnh biu din y nht cc thuc tnh ca vt th
nh khi lng, mmen qun tnh, mt li t ng. M hnh solid cha ng c d liu
hnh hc v thng tin.
D liu hnh hc l cc kch thc, dng hnh hc b mt. D liu thng tin bao
gm cc c tnh v s lin kt ca cc phn t.
C 4 phng php to ra m hnh khi rn gm:
-
Phng php phi hp gia phng php qut v phng php CSG
124
Trong : ks- tp im
is- tp im bn trong
bs- tp im b mt
M hnh CSG c th c chia thnh mt tp cc phn t c bn gi l primitive v
chng c th kt hp vi nhau theo mt th t no nh ton t Boolean.
0 yH
0zD
0 zH
R 2
) z]
H
0 zH
125
a- Cc phn t c s
Cc vt th k thut c phn thnh 2 loi l: a din v vt th c b mt cong.
Cc nh ngha c s:
Mt nh (vertex): l mt im duy nht trong khng gian.
Mt cnh (edge): l mt ng trong khng gian gii hn bi 2 nh, 2 nh ny c
th trng nhau.
Mt mt (face): l mt vng b mt c nh hng, kn, gii hn bi mt hay nhiu
loop.
Mt nt (loop): l mt ng cong trong khng gian kn, gm cc nh v cc cnh
k tip nhau.
Mt handle: l mt l xuyn qua vt th, s lng cc handle c gi l genus.
Vt th (body): l tp hp cc im, ng, mt cha ng nn mt th tch.
Lut Euler:
F + E + V + L = 2(B + G)
Trong : F- s faces;
L- loop;
E- s edges;
V- s vertices;
B- s body;
G- s handle
126
127