Tailieukithuat 1506

1.
PHNG PHP PHN TCH TING NI THEO

CC C TRNG
1.1. Cc phng php trch chn c tnh
Phn ny s gii thiu hai phng php c s dng rng ri trong cc
h thng nhn dng hin ti tnh ton cc h s MFCC (Mel Scale
Frequency Cepstral Coefficients) v h s PLP (Perceptual Linear Prediction).
Hai k thut x l ting ni RASTA (RelAtive SpecTral) v CMS (Cepstral
Mean Subtraction) cng c gii thiu. y l hai k thut loi b nhiu hay
c s dng c bit l trong pht m c nhiu nhiu nh cc cu thu m
qua in thoi.
1.1.1. Phng php tnh h s MFCC
Hnh 2.1 miu t cc bc tnh ton h s MFCC.
Nhn mnh tn hiu (pre-emphasis). Trong bc x l u tin ny, tn
hiu c a qua mt b lc s:
1
( ) 1
pre pre
H z a z
+
Trong
pre
a
l h s nhn mnh, thng c gi tr l 0,9700002861. B
lc c tc dng tng cng tn hiu ti tn s cao (trn 1KHz) vi hai l do
chnh:
Ging ni c s suy gim khong 20dB/decade khi ln tn s cao do
c im sinh l ca h thng pht m ca con ngi. Bc x l ny
s tng cng tn hiu ln mt gi tr gn 20dB/decade khc phc s
suy gim ny,
H thng thnh gic ca con ngi nhy cm hn vi vng tn s cao,
bc x l ny nhn mnh vng tn s cao, tr gip cho qu trnh m
hnh ho m thanh sau ny ca h thng nhn dng.
1
Hnh 1- 1. Cc bc x l ca phng php tnh ton h s MFCC.
To khung tn hiu (framing). Tn hiu ting ni lun lun bin thin theo
thi gian, tuy nhin, trong khong thi gian khong 10-20ms, tn hiu ting
ni c coi l tng i n nh. Do , tn hiu thng c chia thnh cc
khung kch thc 20-30 ms vi vng gi ln nhau khong 10-15 ms.
Lm ca s (frame windowing). Ca s Hamming thng c p dng
cho mi khung tn hiu gim s tc ng ca vic chia khung tn hiu:
'
2 ( 1)
{0.54 0.46cos( )}
1
n n
n
s s
N

Trong , N l s mu d liu (sample) ca ca s.

DFT (Discrete Fourier Transform). Ti bc ny, vi mi khung tn
hiu, bin i Fourier c p dng chuyn tn hiu v min tn s. Cng
vic tnh ton c thc hin bng thut ton FFT (Fast Fourier Transform).
Lc theo thang tn s Mel (Mel-frequency bandpass filter). Cc b lc s
c p dng lc cc tn hiu theo cc gii tn s khc nhau.
Phn ng ca tai ngi vi cc thnh phn ca tn s l khng tuyn
tnh. S khc nhau v tn s vng tn s thp (<1KHz) d c nhn bit
bi con ngi hn l vng tn s cao. Lc theo thang tn s Mel m phng
tnh cht ny bng cch dng cc b lc c phn b theo mt hm phi
tuyn trong khong khng gian tn s, thng thng l hm Mel:
2
10
( ) 2595log (1 )
700
f
Mel f +
Logarit gi tr nng lng (logarit of filter energies). Cc gi tr nng
lng thu c ti mi knh lc c ly logarit nn cc gi tr ny vo
mt min gi tr hp hn.
DCT (Discrete Cosin Transform). Ging ni ca con ngi c ph kh
trn (smooth) trn min tn s, do vy, cc gi tr nng lng ca cc b lc
gn nhau c s tng quan (correlated) kh gn. Bc x l ny bin i cc
gi tr nng lng thnh cc h s t tng quan vi nhau hn, cc h s ny
c gi l h s cepstral.
1
cos( ( 0.5))
N
i j
j
i
c m j
N
Trong , N l s knh lc, m

j
l gi tr logarit nng lng ca mch lc
th j, i l bc ca h s cepstral.
Chnh cc gi tr cepstral. Gi tr cepstral bc cao thng c gi tr rt
thp, so vi cc gi tr cepstral bc thp. S khc bit ny gy kh khn cho
vic m hnh ho d liu, v d nh khi s dng cc hm mt xc sut
Gauss. Do cc h s cepstral c iu chnh li (re-scaled) theo cng
thc:
exp( * )
n n
c n k c
Sau bc hiu chnh ny ta thu c cc gi tr MFCC.
Tnh gi tr delta MFCC. Cc gi tr delta ca cc h s MFCC c tnh
ton nhm phn nh s bin thin ting ni theo thi gian. Cc gi tr delta
c tnh ton da trn cc gi tr MFCC ca cc khung tn hiu ln cn:
1
2
1
( )
2
t t
t
c c
d

Trong ,
l s khung tn hiu ln cn c dng (thng thng l 2).

Ngoi ra, gi tr delta ca delta (hay cn gi l acceleration) cng c th
c tnh ton t cc gi tr delta dng cng mt cng thc nh trn.
3
1.1.2. Phng php tnh h s PLP
Phng php PLP (Perceptual Linear Predition) c pht trin da trn
phng php m d bo tuyn tnh LPC (Linear Prediction Coding).
Phng php LPC hay cn gi l m hnh ho t hi quy (autoregression
modeling) l phng php m hnh ho tn hiu bng s kt hp tuyn tnh
cc mu tn hiu trc :
1
( ) ( ) ( 1) ( )
N
i
s n a i s n e n
Trong , N l s h s hay l bc ca d bo, cc a(i) l cc h s d

bo tuyn tnh (linear prediction coefficients), e(n) l hm li.
Cc h s a(i) c chn lm cc tiu hm li d bo trung bnh bnh
phng. C mt vi phng php tnh cc h s ny: phng php dng
ma trn hip phng sai (covariance matrix), phng php t tng quan
(auto-correlation method), phng php li hay cn gi l phng php iu
ho (lattice or harmonic). Phng php thng c p dng nht trong nhn
dng ting ni l phng php t tng quan dng thut ton quy
Levinson-Durbin.
Thut ton Levinson-Durbin c trnh by nh sau:
Tnh p+1 cc h s t tng quan u tin (p l bc ca d bo tuyn
tnh) bng cng thc sau:
1
N i
i j j i
j
r s s
Trong , s(n) l tn hiu trong ca s, N l s lng mu trong ca s.

Cc h s sau c tnh ton quy nh sau:
0
(0)
E r
1
( 1)
( 1)
[ ]
i
i
i j i j
j
i i
r a r
k
E
trong
1 i p
( ) i
i i
a k
1 1
*
i i
j j i i j
a a k a

, vi
1 1 j i
( ) 2 ( 1)
(1 )
i i
i
E k E

4
Cc bc trn c tnh ton lp vi i=1,2,...p. Cui cng, ta thu c
cc h s:
( ) p
j j
a a
vi
1 j p
Phng php tnh cc h s PLP da vo phng php LPC. Hnh 2.2
miu t cc bc x l tnh ton h s PLP:
Hnh 1-2. Cc bc x l ca phng php tnh ton h s PLP.
FFT. Tng t nh phng php MFCC, tn hiu ting ni c chia
thnh cc khung tn hiu v c bin i Fourier sang min tn s bng thut
ton FFT.
Lc theo thang tn s Bark. Tng t nh phng php tnh MFCC, tn
hiu ting ni c lc qua cc b lc phn b theo thang tn s phi tuyn,
trong trng hp ny l thang tn s Bark:
} ] 1 )
1200
[(
1200
ln{ 6 ) (
5 . 0 2
+ +
f f
f Bark
Nhn mnh tn hiu dng hm equal-loudness. Bc x l ny tng t
nh bc nhn mnh pre-emphasis ca phng php MFCC. Hm ny m
phng ng cong cn bng n (equal-loudness curve).
2 6 4
2 6 2 9 6 26
( 56,8*10 )
( )
( 6,3*10 )( 0,38*10 )( 9,58*10 )
E

+ + +
5
Dng lut cng nghe (power law of hearing). Bc x l ny ging
nh bc ly gi tr logarit trong phng php MFCC. Hm cn lp phng
c s dng nn cc gi tr nng lng.
0,33
( ) ( ) f f
Bin i Fourier ngc (inverse DFT). Cc h s t tng quan c
bin i Fourier ngc sau dng lm gi tr u vo cho phng php
LPC.
Thut ton Durbin c s dng tnh ton cc h s d bo tuyn tnh
ging nh trong phng php LPC.
Tnh cc gi tr delta. Phng php tnh tng t nh phng php tnh
h s MFCC.
1.1.3. Cc k thut kh nhiu
1.1.3.1 K thut CMS
y l mt k thut thng dng kh nhiu trong cc h thng nhn
dng, c dng kt hp trong qu trnh tnh ton cc c tnh ph ca ting
ni. Phng php ny da trn gi thit l cc c tnh tn s ca mi trng
l thng xuyn c nh hoc bin i chm. Cc tham s cepstral ca mt
pht m c tr i gi tr trung bnh ca cc tham s trong mt khong thi
gian no v lm cho cc gi tr ny t b nh hng bi mi trng:
1
1
( ) ( ) ( )
T
t
O O O t
T

Trong , T l di ca vng ly gi tr trung bnh, thng l di
ca c pht m.
1.1.3.2 K thut RASTA
RASTA l k thut lc da trn gi thit rng cc tnh cht thi gian ca
cc nhiu l khc so vi cc tnh cht thi gian ca ging ni. Tc thay i
ca cc thnh phn khng phi ting ni thng xuyn nm ngoi tc hot
ng ca b my pht m con ngi. Bng cch dng b lc s, k thut
RASTA c th loi b c mt phn cc nhiu ca mi trng v cc nhiu
b sung bt thng khc. B lc dng trong RASTA l:
1 2 3
1
0, 2 0,1 0, 2 0,1
( )
1 0,94
z z z
H z
z

6
Cc k thut kh nhiu thng yu cu mt on ting ni ln phn
tch, thng k. V vy, khi p dng cc k thut kh nhiu vo nhn dng ting
ni, cn lu n tc x l v bo tn cc c trng m hc ca ph m,
c bit l cc ph m v thanh. m bo thc hin c trong thi gian
thc, hin nay, ngi ta thng p dng m hnh tham s thch nghi vi nhiu.
C th nh sau: Khi hun luyn tham s, ngi ta ly mt mu sch, khng b
nhiu, hun luyn, sau , ngi ta ly cc mu sch ny trn vi cc loi
nhiu sinh bi cc m hnh ton hc khc nhau v tham s m hnh s c
bin i bi mu nhiu nh cc cng c m hnh nh mng Nron. Do ,
trong giai on nhn dng, khi tn hiu thc c a vo h thng, ngi ta s
tnh thng cc c trng v quyt nh t chnh tn hiu ch khng cn lc.
1.2. Cc n v x l ting ni
1.2.1. Tn s ly mu
Qu trnh ly mu to ra tn hiu ri rc hoc tn hiu s t tn hiu tn
hiu tng t. Tn s ly mu l s ln ly mu c tnh trong mt n v
thi gian, thng thng l giy. Tn s ly mu k hiu l F
s
.
Khong thi gian m qu trnh ly mu c lp li gi l chu k ly
mu.
V d: F
s
= 11025Hz
1s thu c 11025 mu
1ms thu c 11025/1000 11 mu.
S bit lu mt mu c th l 8 hoc 16 bit.
+ 8 bit/ 1 mu: ( ) ( ) 1 2 , 0
8
n x
Ngng lng tuyt i l 128
+ 16 bit/ 1 mu:
( ) ( )
1 15 15
2 , 2

n x
Ngng lng tuyt i l 0
1.2.2. Nhiu
Nhiu i vi h thng l loi m thanh khng phi ting ni sinh ra
trong mi trng xung quanh ta. Ngay c b pht m ca con ngi cng sinh
7
ra nhiu, chng hn nh ting th, ting bt li, ting chp ming c khi mi
chm vo micro Khng d g c th lc c mi th nhiu, ta ch tm cch
ti thiu ho chng c th nng cao cht lng ca h thng nhn dng.
Vi tn hiu ting ni l
n
s
, tn hiu nhn c sau qu trnh thu s c
k hiu l
n
s
~
. Nh vy:
n n
s s
~
chnh l tn hiu nn.
nhiu ca tn hiu c xc nh thng qua nng lng o c ca
tn hiu:
( )

,
_
,
_
,
_
N
n
n n
N
n
n
s s
s
E
0
2
0
2
10
~
log 10
(n v nng lng tnh bng dB)
Nh vy, nu nng lng E cng ln th
n
s
~
cng gn vi
n
s
, tn hiu nn
c gi tr gn v 0. Nu
E
th tn hiu thu c l tn hiu sch, khng
c nhiu.
1.2.3. Tn s c bn
Mt m thanh c th l t hp ca nhiu tn s, tn s chnh bao trm
trong m c gi l tn s c bn. Trong ting ni, tn s c bn l p ng
ca s rung ng cc dy thanh m, tn s c bn thng c k hiu l F
0
.
Tn s c bn c gi tr ph thuc vo tn s ly mu v khong cch a,
l khong cch gia hai nh ca cc sng m tun hon.
n v ca tn s l Hertz, k hiu l Hz. Mi Hz bng 1 dao ng/1s.
V 1 KHz s bng 1000 Hz. (Xem biu din ng F
0
ca mt s thanh iu
phn ph lc).
1.2.4. Formant
Formant l di tn s c tng cng do hin tng cng hng trong
ng dn thanh, c trng cho m sc ca mi nguyn m. Trong mi di tn
nh th c mt tn s c tng cng hn c gi l nh formant.
Mt nguyn m do mt ngi pht ra c nhiu formant:
F1: ng vi cng hng vng yt hu
F2: ng vi cng hng khoang ming
8
Khi ta ni, cc m mi s c s xut hin ca formant F3, cc formant
khc F4, F5,lin quan n cc c trng ging ni ring ca mi c nhn.
Mi ln mi, li, hm nhng v tr khc nhau l mt ln hp cng hng
ming v yt hu thay i hnh dng, th tch, li thot ca khng kh lm
bin i m sc ca m thanh i qua chng. Chnh v vy, hai khoang ming
v yt hu l hai hp cng hng quan trng nht, chng to nn hai formant
chnh formant F1 v F2 c trng ca mi nguyn m.
1.3. nh dng m thanh
C nhiu chun lu tr m thanh s (AU, VOC, WAVE, AIFF, AIFF-C
v IFF/8VX), nhng kt qu thc t cho thy rng tp on ca Microsoft s
dng cc file wave trong h thng iu hnh windows, chng tr thnh
chun s dng ph bin nht.
m thanh c x l dng PCM, tp tin c lu li trn b nh di
dng file WAVE.
Thng thng, cc file WAVE PCM c cu trc nh sau:
Cc khi d liu ring bit (cn gi l cc chunk), c th hin bng
cu trc hnh cy c bn.
Mi chunk bao gm hai phn c bn l header v data.
Khi u tin, cng l phn chnh ca bt k file RIFF no l khi RIFF,
n ging nh gc ca mt cy.
File bt u vi phn header RIFF, sau n l hai khi con c nh
ngha FMT v DATA. RIFF bao gm ba phn t: RIFF_ID, RIFF_SIZE v
RIFF_FORMAT.
struct RIFF
9
{
_TCHAR riffID[4]; // Ch a nh n d ng RIFF
DWORD riffSIZE; // Kch th c file tr 8 byte
_TCHAR riffFORMAT[4]; //Ch a nh n d ng WAVE
};
Sau header RIFF, c mt khi miu t cc nh dng (FMT)
struct FMT
{
_TCHAR fmtID [4]; //ch a nh n d ng FMT v
cc kho ng tr ng.
DWORD fmtSIZE; //ch a kch th c c a kh i
(cho WAVE PCM 16)
WAVEFORM fmtFORMAT; //c u trc c a
WAVEFORMATEX
// nh ng khng bao g m
file cbSize.
};
Cu trc ca WAVEFORMAT l cha kho ca s hiu bit v cc
WAVE. N cha nhiu thng tin m chng ta cn khi lm vic vi mt
WAVE.
struct WAVEFORM
{
WORD wFormatTag; // nh d ng m thanh s
WORD nchannels; //s knh (1 cho mono v
2 cho stereo)
DWORD nSamplesPerSec; //S m u trong m t giy
DWORD nAvgBytesPerSec; //Trung bnh s byte c a
d li u trong m t giy
WORD nBlockAlign; //Kch th c t i thi u c a d
li u khi pht
WORD wBitsPerSample; // S bit l u m t m u (8
ho c 16)
};
10
V cui cng l khi d liu:
struct DATA
{
_TCHAR dataID[4]; //Ch a nh n d ng d li u
DWORD dataSIZE; //Kch th c dl
};
nh dng d liu v gi tr ln nht, nh nht ca cc mu waveform
PCM nhiu kch thc c cho nh sau:
Kch thc mu nh dng d liu Gi tr ln nht Gi tr nh nht
T 1 n 8 bit S nguyn khng du 255 (0xFF) 0
Ln hn hoc
bng 9 bit
S nguyn c du i Gi tr nh v ln
nht ca i
i c gi tr m
Gi tr ln nht, gi tr nh nht v gi tr im gia ca 8 bit v 16 bit
d liu waveform PCM nh sau:
1.4. Thu tn hiu m thanh trong thi gian thc
Tn hiu ting ni trc khi tr thnh d liu ting ni phi tri qua mt
qu trnh x l, qu trnh ny c gi l tin x l tn hiu.
H thng my tnh hin ti ch h tr cho ta thu tnh. Mi ln ch thu
c trong mt khong thi gian kh nh (v dy tn hiu s pht sinh qu ln
s nhanh chng lp y phn khng gian lu tr). Nu ngi s dng ni vo
thi im hm thu kt thc th d liu s b mt mt, do c trng ca tn hiu
ting ni cc h thng thit k tt cng c th khng pht hin c, vn thc
hin v cho ra kt qu khi d liu u vo sai.
Cch gii quyt ch yu da vo mt s th thut lp trnh, c ch hot
ng ca h iu hnh v c ch ca hm thu tn hiu m thanh. T tng
chnh l lm mt hng i vng, x l kp thi khng bao gi b ht khng
gian lu tr, kt hp vi vic s dng c ch a lung ca h iu hnh
11
vn c th thc hin c ng thi cc ng dng khc. Cch thc hin c
th nh sau:
Xin cp pht M vng m (buffer), mi vng m c kch thc 3N v
a vo hng i (N l kch thc ca mt frame). To mt lung (thread)
lm nhng vic chnh sau:
1. Kim tra c iu khin (semaphore), nu c tt th dng (return).
2. Gi hm thu v ch thu ht vng m (hin hnh) (Khi ny vng m
b loi ra khi hng i).
3. Tnh nng lng ca ba frame trn vng m, nu nng lng frame
u ln hn ngng d liu th quay li bc mt (trng thi ang c
m thanh khi gi hm thu khng thu c trn vn d liu).
4. a vng m vo hng i.
5. Tng ch s vng m hin hnh ln mt.
6. Ch thu ht vng m.
7. Vi mi frame ca vng m tnh tng nng lng ca n v hai frame
k trc (c th l ca vng m trc- m bo tnh lin tc).
8. Nu tng nng lng va tnh ln hn ngng im lng th chp frame
vo vng m chnh, cp nht li kch thc vng m chnh v bt
c c d liu.Ngc li, nu c c d liu bt: cp nht li kch thc
on im lng.
9. Nu kch thc on im lng nh hn thi gian ngng ti a gia hai
ting: Quay li bc 5.
Ta c th chn kch thc frame l 220 ms, thi gian ngng ti a gia
hai ting l 750 ms.
1.5. Xc nh gi tr hng ngng theo mi trng tn hiu
1.5.1. Thng s ngng zero
Bn cht m thanh l s dao ng, khi s ho cc mu d liu m thanh
v min gi tr 0N-1 th mu m thanh im lng (khng c m thanh) s c
gi tr l N/2, gi tr ny gi l ngng zero. V d nu kch thc mi mu
12
tn hiu s l 8 bit th gi tr ca ngng zero l 128, cc mu tn hiu m
thanh s s c gi tr dao ng xung quanh ngng ny.
Trn thc t cc thit b s ho m thanh ca my tnh (sound card) c
th b sai ngng zero (sound card m ngi vit ang dng c ngng zero
l 112-mu 8 bit). Nu h thng chng trnh s dng ngng zero tng ng
ca thit b th d liu nhn c vn l d liu tt. Cn nu vn dng
ngng nh trn th kt qu nhn dng c th sai trm trng.
Thut ton phng php xc nh ngng zero:
- Ly thu ca sound card.
- t mc thu gi tr thp nht (tn hiu thu c l nh nht).
- Thu mt on d liu ngn (khong 3 giy).
- Tnh "histogram" H (H[k] l s mu c gi tr bin k).
- Tm trong dy H phn t H[max] c gi tr ln nht. Ngng zero
chnh l max.
- Phc hi li mc thu ban u.
1.5.2. Thng s n nhiu
Cch xc nh: Thng bo yu cu ngi s dng ng ni g trong ba
giy v thu tn hiu trong thi gian ly ting n nhiu ca mi trng
xung quanh. Ngng im lng c xc nh l nng lng cao nht ca cc
frame. Ngoi ra c th dng bin i Fourier tnh ra cc tn s nhiu phc
v cho vic lc nhiu.
1.6. Lc nhiu
Hin ti, vic lc nhiu ca h thng c thc hin theo phng php
kinh in l dng php bin i Fourier vi thut ton FFT. Dng bin i
Fourier thun xc nh c cc tn s tham gia v loi i tt c tn s khng
thuc phm vi ting ni (nu bit c phm vi tn s ca ng ngi s
dng th kt qu lc s cng cao hn) bng cch cho cc h s tng ng gi
tr zero sau bin i ngc li.
13
1.7. Xc nh dy tn hiu s c cha d liu ting ni v xc nh
cc im u - cui ca ting ni
D liu thu c khng phi lc no cng l ting ni, nht l khi thu
ng d liu s thng xuyn l khong lng v nhiu. V h thng nhn dng
c thit k theo hnh thc so khp tm ra mu ging nht nn d d liu thu
c khng phi l ting ni m c a vo th h thng vn gn l mt
trong cc ting hc mu dn n sai hon ton.
Trong mi on tn hiu, d c ting ni hoc khng c ting ni, th
lun lun c m nn. Khc bit ch yu khi c ting ni l m thanh ting ni
s l m thanh chnh. Ta c th a ra phng php sau:
1. Chia u dy tn hiu s thnh cc frame vi kch thc t 5-10 ms (c
th cn c vo tn s c bn trung bnh ca ngi ang ni chn gi
tr ph hp nht).
2. Sau kim tra tnh cha ting ni ca cc frame bng cch m s
im zero hoc tnh nng lng ngn hn ca frame c vt qua
ngng.
3. Nu tng kch thc cc frame lin tip c xc nh c tnh cha
ting ni ln hn 150 ms th c th xem l c cha ting ni.
Frame i Frame i=+1
Ca si
Ca si+1
Dl chia s
Dl m i
Hnh 1-3. Phn chia tn hiu thnh cc Frame
Nu ngi ni ni ri rc tng ting mt v mi trng khng b n th
bc xc nh dy tn hiu s c cha d liu ting ni hay khng ta cng
xc nh c cc im bin ca ting v ti s c cc khong lng. Nhng
ngi ta c th ni hi chm ch khng quen ni nht gng tng ting mt v
14
mi trng xung quanh cng hon ton c th c nhiu. Khi gia hai ting
c th khng c khong lng - Tc chng b dnh nhau (thng hin tng
ny ch xy ra gia hai ting ch t c ba ting dnh nhau). Lc ny, bc trn
s cho kt qu ch l mt ting m ta a lun cho h thng nhn dng th
trc mt s c mt ting b nhn sai (khng c kt qu), v ting cn li
cng nhiu kh nng sai. Nh vy, bc ny cng l cn thit nu mun h
thng hot ng cho chnh xc.
Nu cc ting c ni r rng th chiu di ca mi ting khng dao
ng nhiu. Do ta c th yu cu ngi ni ri rc mt s ting ri o
chiu di nh nht L
1
v ln nht L
S
cc ting ca ngi . Khi nhn c
on d liu c chiu di ln hn L
S
, tc ang c hai ting dnh nhau, ta s
tm frame trong on [L
1
..L
S
] c nng lng nh nht v im bin gia hai
ting c chn l im gia ca frame.
1.8. Chun ho bin
D liu ting ni khi thu c c bin rt bin ng. Ngay c khi
ngi s dng ni vi mt m lng rt chun khng h thay i th bin
ca d liu thu c cng vn c th khng n nh. iu ny d dng xy ra
khi ngi ni hi xoay mt i, nhch micro n gn ming hn hoc ko ra xa
hn ch vi cm. S bin ng ny nh hng n kt qu nhn dng.
Vic chun ho l cn nhng khng nht thit phi tht tt, ch cn bin
ng nh qu lm mt mt c trng. Nh vy, ta c th thc hin n
gin bng cch nhn mi im vi mt h s k thch hp.
V d:
( )
( ) ( ) n s
k
max
100 2 / 32767
Nhn dng ting ni l m hnh phc tp theo nhiu mc khc nhau. Tn

hiu ting ni c phn tch ra thnh t, cc cm t hay cu. Tip theo
chng c phn tch da vo c php ca ngn ng cn nhn dng, c
bin i v nn li n gin cho vic x l tip theo.
Khi x l tn hiu ting ni ta phi ri rc ho n theo thi gian, s dng
bin i FFT c lng cc thnh phn tn s ca tn hiu ri rc, tch lc
cc thnh phn cn thit trc khi nhn dng.
15
1.8.1. Bin i FFT
Php bin i nhanh FFT khng phi l mt php bin i mi n thc
cht l DFT nhng c thc hin vi mt thut ton nhanh, gn. y l
thut ton ng vai tr ht sc quan trng trong vic phn tch, thit k v x
l tn hiu.
Thut ton bin i nhanh FFT cho N mu {x(n)} l:
Php bin i thun:
( ) ( )
1
0
/ 2
N
k
N kn j
e n x k x

Php bin i ngc:
( ) ( )
N kn j
e k X
N
n x
/ 2
1

Vi n = 0, 1, , N-1
Trong : ( ) ( ) ( ) 1 + n b n a n x
Php bin i FFT bo ton tnh tuyn tnh bt bin, tun hon v tnh
tr.
Php bin i tn hiu thi gian ri rc z c nh ngha l:
( ) ( )
n
z n x z X

( ) ( ) dz z z X
j
n x
C
n
1
2
1
Php bin i Fourier ca x (n) c th c tnh t bin i z khi:

( ) ( ) ( )

n
n j
e z
e n x z X X
j

Php bin i Fourier c th xem nh l php bin i z c c

lng.
Php bin i Fourier ri rc (DFT) nh ngha nh l mu di y:
( ) ( )
1
0
2
N
n
kn j
N
e k X k X

, 1 ,... 2 , 1 , 0 N k
Php bin i ngc DFT l:
( ) ( )
1
0
2
N
n
kn j
N
e k X n x

,
1 ,..., 2 , 1 , 0 N n
Php bin i Fourier nhanh (FFT) n gin l tnh h s ca DFT.
Php bin i cosin ri rc (DCT) l DFT ca tn hiu.
( ) ( ) ( )
+
1
1
2 cos 2 0
N
n
N
kn n x x k X
,
1 ,..., 2 , 1 , 0 N k
16
Trnh by thut ton trn ngn ng C
void ScrAmble(long numPoints, struct _complex *f)
{
long i,j,m;
double temp;
j=0;
for(i=0; i < numPoints;i++)
{
if(i < j)
{
// swap f[i] & f[j]
temp=f[i].x;
f[i].x=f[j].x;
f[j].x=temp;
temp=f[i].y;
f[i].y=f[j].y;
f[j].y=temp;
} // if
m=numPoints >> 1;
while( (j >= m) && (m >= 2) )
{
j-=m;
m>>=1;
} // while
j+=m;
} // for
} // ScrAmble
//**************************************************
void ButterFlies(long numPoints,int logN,int dir, struct
_complex *f)
{
double angle;
17
_complex w,wp,temp;
long i,j,k,offset;
long N, halfN;
double wtemp;
N=1;
for(k=0;k < logN;k++)
{
halfN=N;
N<<=1;
angle=-2.0*(M_PI/(double)N)*(double)dir;
wp.x=cos(angle);
wp.y=sin(angle);
w.x=1.0;
w.y=0.0;
for(offset=0; offset < halfN; offset++)
{
for(i=offset; i < numPoints;i+=N)
{
j=i+halfN;
// temp=w*f[j]
temp.x=(w.x*f[j].x) - (w.y*f[j].y);
temp.y=(w.x*f[j].y) + (w.y*f[j].x);
// f[j]=f[i]-temp
f[j].x=f[i].x - temp.x;
f[j].y=f[i].y - temp.y;
// f[i]=f[i]+temp
f[i].x+=temp.x;
f[i].y+=temp.y;
} // for
wtemp=w.x;
// w=w*wp
w.x=wtemp*wp.x - w.y*wp.y ;
w.y= w.y*wp.x + wtemp*wp.y ;
18
} // for
} // for
if(dir!=-1)
return;
for(i=0; i < numPoints; i++)
{
f[i].x/=(double)numPoints;
f[i].y/=(double)numPoints;
} // for
} // ButterFlies
void FFT(struct _complex *f, int logN,long numPoints,int
dir)
{
ScrAmble(numPoints,f);
ButterFlies(numPoints,logN,dir,f);
} // FFT
#endif // _FFT
Sau khi qua qu trnh bin i FFT chng ta thu c ph ca cc tn
hiu ting ni. (Biu din ph ca mt s thanh iu xem ph lc).
1.8.2. Lm r tn hiu v ca s ho
Nhm lm ni bt c trng ph ca tn hiu. Thng thng b lm r
tn hiu l mt b lc thng cao vi phng trnh sai phn l:
( ) ( ) ( ) 1
~
n as n s n s
Trong , 0.9 a 1. C th chn a = 0.95
Bc tip theo trong x l l ca s ho mi frame lm gim thiu s
gin on tn hiu u v cui mi frame. Tp {x(n)} l cc gi tr hn ch
ca cc trng on ca tn hiu, nu chng ta nh ngha ca s l w(n), N l
s mu cho mi khung th kt qu ca s ho tn hiu s l:
( ) ( ) ( ) n w n x n x .
~
1 0 N n
Trong tn hiu ting ni, ngi ta thng dng ca s Hamming
19
,
_

1
2
cos 46 . 0 54 . 0 ) (
N
n
n w

, 1 0 N n
Hm Hamming suy rng:
( ) ( ) ( ) 1 0
2
cos 1 <
1
]
1
,
_
k
N
k w k w
H
Ca s Hamming:
54 . 0
1.8.3. nh l ly mu
Nu tn s cao nht c cha ng trong mt tn hiu tng t, ( ) t a
x
, l
m
F
th tn hiu l mu trong khong
B F F
s
2 2
max
>
khi , ( ) t a
x
c th c
tnh bng nhng gi tr mu ca n theo hm sau:
( )
( )
Bt
Bt
t g
2
2 sin
,
( ) t a
x
c tnh nh sau:
( )

,
_
,
_

s
n
a a
F
n
t g
F
n
x t x
ti
( ) ( ) n x nT x
F
n
x
a
s
a

,
_
Cho trc mt tn hiu lin tc:

( ) ( ), 0 2 cos + f A t x
Mt tn hiu hnh sin ti mt thi im nht nh c tnh nh sau:
( ) , 0 2 cos

,
_
,
_
s
f
n
f A n x
Rt gn cng thc trn, ta c:
( ) ( ), 0 cos + n A n x
ti
, 2

,
_
s
f
f

cn c gi l tn s radian tiu chun v biu hin thi
gian tiu chun.
1.8.4. Ph dt ca ting ni
Chn
( ) { } n x
biu th mt on tn hiu ko di trong khong thi gian xc
nh:
( ) ( ) ( ) n w n x n x
on ny gii thiu vng tn s c tn gi l hiu ng hng ro
20
Hnh 1-4. M hnh ph dt ca ting ni
Mi frame sau khi c ly ca s s c a qua bc phn tch t
tng quan v cho ra (p + 1) h s t tng quan:
( ) ( ) ( ) m n x n x m r
m n
n
+

1
1
0
1 1
~ ~
m = 0, 1, 2, p
Trong gi tr t tng quan cao nht, p, c gi l cp ca phn tch
LPC. Ngi ta thng s dng cc gi tr p t 8 n 16.
Hnh 1- 5. S phn tch ting ni
21
1.8.5. Biu din ting ni theo m hnh LPC v cc h s d bo tuyn tnh
M hnh LPC c s dng trch lc cc thng tin c trng ca tn
hiu, kt qu ca qu trnh phn tch tn hiu thu c mt chui cc khung
ting ni, cc khung ny c th c gia cng thm v mc ch s dng cho
vic phn tch m hc.
1.8.5.1 M hnh LPC
Cc tn hiu c trch rt theo hnh thc x l tn hiu s bnh thng,
ton dy d liu c chia thnh cc frame v dng LPC phn tch thnh cc
vector vi s phn t t hn hn.
Hnh di y l s chi tit ca b x l LPC dng trch c trng
m tit ting ni. Cc bc c bn trong tin trnh x l nh sau:
Lm r
tn hiu
Phn on
frame
Ly ca
s
Phn tch t
t ng quan
Ly o
hm
t trng
s
Chuyn sang
cepstral
Phn tch
LPC
( ) n s ( ) n s
~
( ) n x
1
( ) n x
1
~
( ) t a
m
( ) t c
m
( ) t c
m
~
( ) t c
m
( ) t r
m
Hnh 1- 6. S b x l LPC dng cho trch c trng ting ni.
1.8.5.2 D bo tuyn tnh
Phn tch d bo tuyn tnh c ngha l mt mu ting ni c th c
xp x nh l t hp tuyn tnh ca cc mu trc . Bng vic ti thiu ho
tng ca cc bnh phng sai s gia cc mu hin ti v cc mu d on
tuyn tnh ta c th xc nh c mt tp duy nht cc h s d bo. Cc h
s d bo ny chnh l cc trng s c s dng trong t hp tuyn tnh.
Chng ta nh ngha dy tn hiu ting ni bng hm s(n), gi tr d bo:
( ) ( )

P
k
k
k n s n s
1
~

Cc h s
k
c trng cho h thng.

22
Li d bo c tnh theo cng thc:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

P
k
k
k n s n s n s n s n e
1
~

Mun cc tiu ho cc li xy ra cn phi chn gi tr ph hp nht, ti
u nht i vi tp gi tr
{ }
k
. Chnh v tn hiu ting ni thay i theo thi

gian nn cc h s d bo phi c c lng t mt on ngn tn hiu.
Phng php tip cn c bn l tm mt tp cc h s d bo ti thiu ho
sai s trung bnh trn mt on ngn tn hiu ting ni.
Cng thc tnh li d bo trong mt thi gian ngn:
( )
m
n n
n e E
2
( ) ( )
2
1

,
_

m
P
k
n k n
k m s m s
(*)
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
1 1
2
2

'
'

m m
P
k
n k
P
k
n k n
m
n
k m s k m s m s m s
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
1 1
2
2

'
'

m m m
P
k
n k
P
k
n n k n
k m s k m s m s m s
Trong s
n
(m) l mt on tn hiu ting ni c chn ln cn ca
mu th n, ngha l:
( ) ) ( m n s m s
n
+
Chng ta c th tm c cc gi tr
k
ti thiu ho E
n
trong phng
trnh bng cch t
0
i n
E
, vi i = 1, 2, , P.
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) i m s k m s i m s m s
E
n
m
P
k
n k
m
n n
i

'

1
2 2 0
T nhn c phng trnh:

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

m
n n
m
P
k
k n n
k m s i m s m s i m s
1
P i 1 (**)
Nu chng ta t:
( ) ( ) ( )

m
n n n
k m s i m s k i,
(***)
23
Th phng trnh (**) c th c vit gn hn:
( ) ( )
P
k
n k n
k i i
1
, 0 , P i , , 2 , 1
(****)
Gii h P phng trnh ny ta s tm c P n
{ }
k
. Tp cc h s
{ }
k
s ti thiu sai s trung bnh bnh phng d on cho on tn hiu S

n
(m).
S dng phng trnh (*) v (**) sai s d on trung bnh bnh phng ti
thiu s l:
( ) ( ) ( )

P
k m
n n k
m
n n
k m s m s m s E
1
2

S dng phng trnh (****) ta c th biu din E
n
nh sau:
( ) ( ) k E
n
P
k
k n n
, 0 0 , 0
1

(*****)
V nguyn tc phn tch d on tuyn tnh rt d hiu. Nhng vic tnh
ton
( ) k i
n
,
v nghim ca h phng trnh l kh rc ri. Phng php
thng dng p dng gii cc phng trnh l phng php t tng quan.
Chng ta gi s on tn hiu s
n
(m) = 0 ngoi khong
1 0 N m
. iu
ny c th c biu din nh sau:
( ) ( ) ( ) m w n m s m s
n
+
Trong , w(m) l ca s c chiu di hu hn (thng hay dng ca s
Hamming. w(m) khc khng trong khong
1 0 N m
. Do sai s d
on e
n
(m) cho b d on bc p s khc khng trong khong
p N m + 1 0
. V vy E
n
c dng sau:
( )
1
0
2
p N
m
n n
m e E
T cng thc (***) tr thnh:
( ) ( ) ( )

1
0
,
p N
m
n n n
k m s i m s k i
p k
p i

0
1
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
+
k i N
m
n n n
k i m s m s k i
1
0
,
p k
p i

0
1

24
Gi R
n
(k) l hm t tng quan c dng:
( ) ( ) ( )
+
k N
m
n n n
k m s m s k R
1
0
Th ta c:
( ) ( ) k i R k i
n n
,
V R
n
(k) l hm chn nn ta c th vit:
( ) ( ) k i R k i
n n
,
p k
p i
,..., 2 , 1 , 0
,..., 2 , 1
Do phng trnh (****) c th c vit thnh:

( ) ( )

p
k
n n k
i R k i R
1
H phng trnh ny cn c th c vit di dng ma trn nh sau:

r R
1

:
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
1
1
1
1
]
1
1
1
1
1
]
1
1
1
1
1
]
1
P r
r
r
r
r
p r
p r
p r
r
r
p r
r
r
R
P

2
1
0
2
1
2
0
1
1
1
0
2
1
Ch rng
R
l ma trn i xng, tt c cc phn t thuc ng cho
ca ma trn ny u c gi tr bng nhau, iu c ngha l: (1) Nghch o
ca n lun tn ti; (2) cc nghim ca n nm pha tri ca phng trnh.
Tng t nh vy sai s trung bnh bnh phng ti thiu ca phng
trnh (*****) s c dng:
( ) ( )

p
k
n k n n
k R R E
1
0
Trnh by thut ton trn ngn ng C:
void ComputeCorrelation(double*sample,int nSample,
double *coeffCorrelation, int nLPC_AUTO)
{
int i,k,nk;
for (k = 0; k <= nLPC_AUTO; k++)
25
{
nk = nSample - k;
coeffCorrelation[k] = 0.0;
for (i = 0; i < nk; i++)
coeffCorrelation[k] += sample[i] * sample[i + k];
} // for
} // ComputeCorrelation
//*****************************************************
void Durbin_RC(int nLPC,double *coeffCorrelation,double *coeffRC,
double &beta)
{
int i, j;
double a[MAX_LPC_ORDER + 1], at[MAX_LPC_ORDER + 1], e;
for (i = 0; i <= nLPC; i++)
a[i] = at[i] = 0.0;
e = coeffCorrelation[0];
for (i = 1; i <= nLPC; i++)
{
coeffRC[i] = -coeffCorrelation[i];
for (j = 1; j < i; j++)
{
at[j] = a[j];
coeffRC[i] -= a[j] * coeffCorrelation[i - j];
} // for
coeffRC[i] /= e;
a[i] = coeffRC[i];
for (j = 1; j < i; j++)
a[j] = at[j] + coeffRC[i] * at[i - j];
e *= 1.0f - coeffRC[i] * coeffRC[i];
} // for
if (e < 0)
e = 0;
26
beta=sqrt(e);
} // Durbin_RC
// He so a[] duo xac dinh boi
// x[n] ~= e[n]+ a[1]*x[n-1] + ...+ a[p]*x[n-p]
//***************************************************
void Durbin_LPC_RC(int nLPC,double *coeffCorrelation,double
*coeffRC, double *a, double &beta)
{
int i, j;
double at[MAX_LPC_ORDER + 1], e;
for (i = 0; i <= nLPC; i++)
a[i] = at[i] = 0.0;
e = coeffCorrelation[0];
a[0]=1.0;
for (i = 1; i <= nLPC; i++)
{
coeffRC[i] = -coeffCorrelation[i];
for (j = 1; j < i; j++)
{
at[j] = a[j];
coeffRC[i] -= a[j] * coeffCorrelation[i - j];
} // for
coeffRC[i] /= e;
a[i] = coeffRC[i];
for (j = 1; j < i; j++)
a[j] = at[j] + coeffRC[i] * at[i - j];
e *= 1.0f - coeffRC[i] * coeffRC[i];
} // for
if (e < 0)
e = 0;
beta=sqrt(e);
} // Durbin_LPC_RC
27
2. CC M HNH NG DNG CHO NHN DNG
TING NI
2.1. Phng php VQ
2.1.1. Khi nim php lng t ho
VQ l mt b xp x ha.
Hnh 2- 7. V d VQ 1 chiu.
hnh trn, mi s nh hn -2 u c xp x thnh -3. Mi s nm
gia -2 v 0 c xp x thnh -1. Mi s nm gia 0 v 2 c xp x thnh
1. Mi s ln hn 2 c xp x thnh 3.
Hnh 2-8. V d VQ 2 chiu.
28
hnh trn mi im nm trong 1 phn vng c xp x bng im
hnh * tng ng vi phn vng .
Theo nh ngha ton hc, vic lng t ho vector k chiu hay VQ bao
gm hai nh x: qu trnh m ho thc hin bng hm y, vi mi vector u
vo x = {x
0
,x
1
,,x
k-1
} ta c hm m ho l y(x), M l k hiu ca mt tp cc
knh, v mt b gii m gn cho mi k hiu knh v trong M mt gi tr
trong bng ch ci. V d: M c th l mt tp 2
R
(h nh phn) vector R
chiu. Bng ch ci pht li c tng t khong trng ca cc vector u vo,
c bit n c th c mt vector thc vi mt chiu khc nhau.
Nu M c M phn t, nu s lng R = log
2
M th c gi l t l s bit
cho mi vector trong b lng t ho v r = R/k l t l s bit cho mt biu
tng, khi u vo l dng sng c ly mu th l s bit cho mt
mu.
2.1.2. bin dng
bin dng d k hiu
( ) x x d ,
gia vector u vo x v vector x
. Cho
mt gi tr ca bin dng, chng ta c th xc nh cht lng thc hin
ca h thng bng bin dng trung bnh ( ) X X Ed
, gia vector u vo v
vector c pht: Mt h thng c nh gi tt nu nh gi tr trung bnh
bin dng nh. Trn thc t, gi tr trung bnh c quan tm l gi tr
trung bnh gii hn di mu hoc trung bnh thi gian thc hin, d nhin
iu ny c nh gi bng trc gic.
( ) ( )

1
0
2
2
,
k
i
i i
x x x x x x d
k: S chiu ca VQ
2.1.3. Tnh cht
Tnh cht 1:
Vi mc ch cc tiu ho trung bnh bin dng, cho mt b gii m
, khng c b m ho lng t no tt hn chn cc t m v trong M, n s
cung cp bin dng nh nht c th u ra, gi tr cc tiu trn knh v l:
( ) [ ] { } ( ) [ ] ( ) y x d v x d x y x d
C y M v
, min , min ,

29
B gii m cho qu trnh lng t ho vector tt nht khi b m ho c
bin dng nh nht.
( ) ( ) [ ] v x d x y
M v
, min
1
Ngc li bit v chng ta s tm ra c gi tr cc tiu cng thc trn.

Tnh cht 2:
i vi b m ho y, khng c b gii m no tt hn vic gn mi knh
v mt ceintroid chung ca tt c cc vector ngun m ho thnh v, l:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) v X y x X d E v cent v
A x

| , min
1
Thng l:
( )
( )
( )
v x y x
i
i i
x
v i
v cent
|
1
: i(v) l s ca ch s i sao cho y(x
i
) = v.
2.1.4. Thit k codebook theo phng php LBG
Vn thit k
Tm hiu v cch thit k VQ c th c bt u nh sau. Cho mt
vector ngun vi cc thuc tnh bit, cho mt khong cch ( sai lch), v
cho s lng codevector, tm mt codebook (tp gm cc du hoa th) v cch
phn chia (tp cc ng k) codebook phi tm l codebook c ra khong
cch trung bnh b nht
Chng ta gi thit rng chui hun luyn gm c M vector ngun:
T = {x
1
, x
2
,,x
M
}
Chui hun luyn ny thu c t mt c s d liu kh ln. V d nh
nu ngun l mt tn hiu ting ni, khi chui hun luyn c th thu c
bi c s d liu l mt vi cuc hi thoi kh di c ghi m qua in
thoi. Gi thit M c y cc thuc tnh thng k ca ngun thu c trong
vic hun luyn chui. Chng ta cng gi thit rng cc vector ngun l k
chiu, v d:
x
m
= (x
m,1
, x
m,2
, , x
m,k
), m =1, 2, , M
Cho N l s lng codevector v biu din codebook :
C = {c
1
, c
2
, , c
N
},
Mi codebook c k chiu, v d:
30
c
n
= (c
n,1
, c
n,2
, , c
n,k
), n = 1, 2, , N
S
n
l min m ho vi codevector c
n
v ch r vic phn chia cc khong
trng.
P = { S
1
, S
2
,, S
N
},
Nu vector ngun x
m
trong min S
n
, khi gi tr tng ng ca n
(ngha l Q(x
m
)) s l c
n
.
Q(x
m
) = c
n
, if x
m
S
N
o bnh phng khong cch li, lch trung bnh c tnh bng:
( )
2
1
1

M
m
m m ove
x Q x
Mk
D
:
2 2
2
2
1
2
...
k
e e e e + + +
Nh vy, vn thit k thut ton ny c th c ni ngn gn nh
sau: Cho T v N, tm C v P sao cho D
ove
l nh nht.
Tiu chun ti u ho
Nu C v P l mt gii php ca vn cc tiu ho, khi n phi tho
mn hai tiu chun sau:
iu kin ca thut ton ngi lng ging gn nht:
{ } N n c x c x x S
n n n
,..., 2 , 1 :
2 2

iu kin ny yu cu min m ho S
n
phi bao gm tt c cc vector,
cc vector gn vi C
n
hn bt k mt codevector no khc.
iu kin ca trng tm:
n m
n m
S x
S x
m
n
X
c
1
n = 1, 2, , N
iu kin ny cho rng codevector C
n
l trung bnh ca tt c cc vector
hun luyn, cc vector trong min m ho S
n
. Thm vo c mt iu
chc chn l c t nht mt vector hun luyn thuc vo mi min (mu s
cng thc trn phi khc 0).
Thit k thut ton LBG
31
Thut ton LBG l thut ton quy, vic gii quyt da vo s la
chn hai tiu chun ti u trn. Thut ton yu cu mt codebook ban u
C
(0)
. y l codebook khi to, thu c qua qu trnh phn tch. Trong
phng thc ny, mt codebook c t l gi tr trung bnh ca ton b dy
hun luyn. Codevector ny c phn tch thnh hai. Thut ton lp c
chy vi hai vector c khi to cho codebook. Hai codebook sau c
phn thnh bn v qu trnh x l c lp li cho n khi thu c s lng
codebook mong mun. Thut ton ny c tng kt nh sau:
Thit k thut ton LBG:
1. Cho T. >0 l s lng nh nht c gi tr c nh
2. t N=1 v
M
m
m
x
M
c
1
*
1
1
Tnh
2
1
*
1
*
1

M
m
m ove
c x
Mk
D
1. Phn tch: Cho i = 1, 2, , N, khi :
( )
( )
( )
( )
* 0
1
* 0
1
1
i
N
i i
c c
c c

+
+
t N = 2N
2. Lp li thut ton: t
( ) * 0
ove ove
D D . t ch s lp i = 0.
i. Cho m = 1, 2, , M, Tm gi tr nh nht :
( )
2
i
n m
c x
vi n = 1, 2, , N. Vi n
*
l ch s nh nht thu c. Khi :
( )
( ) i
n
m
c x Q
*
ii. Cho n = 1, 2, ,N, Cp nht li codevector

( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
i
n
i
n m
c
c x Q
i
n
c
m
x Q
m
1
1
X
iii. t i = i+1
32
iv. Tnh
( )
( )

M
m
m m
i
ove
x Q x
Mk
D
1
2
1
v. Nu
( ) ( ) ( )
>
1 1 i
ove
i
ove
i
ove
D D D , Quay li bc (i).
vi. t
( ) i
ove ove
D D
*
. Cho n = 1, 2, , N, t
( ) i
n n
c c
*
Vi cc codevector cui.
3. Lp li bc 3 v 4 cho n khi thu c s lng codebook
mong mun.
2.1.5. ng dng VQ trong x l tn hiu ting ni
Kt qu ca vic trch trn c trng ting ni l mt dy cc vector c
trng ca chui cc c trng ph ca tn hiu ting ni. Chng ta c th nh
x cc vector ny thnh mt tp cc vector ri rc.
Hnh 2- 9. S khi chung ca qu trnh hun luyn v phn lp tn hiu ting ni s
dng VQ.
Cc u im ca phng php ny l:
1. Gim khng gian lu tr cc c trng ph.
2. Gim thi gian tnh ton trong vic quyt nh cc s ging nhau
ga cc vector ph.
3. Biu din tn hiu m thanh di dng ri rc.
Cc nhc im ca phng php ny:
1. Bp mo tn hiu ph trong qu trnh phn tch cc tn hiu m
thanh thc.
33
2. Phi tnh n khng gian lu tr cc codebook. Codebook cng
ln th cng lm gim cc li lng t ha nhng khng gian lu
tr cng tng ln. Phi cn bng gia 2 vn v khng gian lu
tr codebook v li lng t ha.
Hnh 2-10. th ca chui cc vector ph c m ha bng VQ ca pht m t 8
ting Anh.
2.2. Phng php cn chnh thi gian ng
2.2.1. Khi qut v tip cn i snh mu v k thut cn chnh thi gian
ng
i snh mu l mt trong nhng cch tip cn c bn gii quyt bi
ton nhn dng. Trong lnh vc nhn dng ting ni, cch tip cn ny cng
c p dng v c hiu qu. Ti pha Trch chn c trng, chng ta
thng s dng cc k thut c bn nh: m ha d bo tuyn tnh (Linear
Predictive Coding - LPC), cc h s cepstral tn s Mel (Mel Frequency
Cepstral Coefficients - MFCC), ... trch cc c trng m thanh thnh b s
liu. Pha Pht hin ting ni c nhim v tch b cc thnh phn m thanh
khng cn thit v pht hin ting ni trong b s liu a vo. Mt s k
thut c dng pha ny c th k n l: k thut phn tch ph nng
lng, phn tch ph, ...
34
Hnh 2- 11. S cch tip cn i snh mu.
Nhim v ca pha i snh mu l so khp tn hiu a vo nhn
dng vi b tn hiu c lu sn trong chng trnh tm ra khong
cch gia cc mu. Cc k thut c th dng l: cn chnh thi gian ng
(Dynamic Time Warping - DTW), m hnh Markov n (Hidden Markov
Model - HMM), ... Cui cng Lut quyt nh l pha tr gip my tnh a
ra kt qu nhn dng mu tn hiu no gn ging nht. Trong s rt nhiu cc
lut c ngh cho cc h nhn dng, c hai lut c s dng rng ri l:
lut ln cn gn nht (Nearest Neighbour Rule - NN) v lut k-ln cn gn
nht KNN.
i snh mu ng vai tr rt quan trng trong cc h nhn dng ting
ni. i snh mu tc l xc nh s tng ng gia cc mu khc nhau,
hay ni cch khc l o lng khong cch gia cc mu. Ty theo c t ca
tng h thng m chng ta c nhng k thut so khp mu khc nhau.
DTW c p dng nhn dng cc t n l (IWR - Isolated Word
Recognition). iu ny c ngha l cc t c ni ra ri rc tng t mt v
vi khong thi gian tr va . Vi nhng yu cu nh vy, c th d dng
nhn bit c lc no bt u mt t v lc no kt thc mt t. iu ny s
thc s rt kh khn i vi nhng h thng nhn dng cu lin tc (CSR -
Continuous Speech Recognition) khi m ngi ni pht m mt cch bnh
thng v khng c ranh gii r rng gia cc t. Khi cc t c ni bi
mt ngi v mc tiu ca h nhn dng ting ni l nhn dng cc t c
pht m bi ngi th h c gi l h nhn dng ph thuc vo ngi
ni (speaker-dependent recognition). Mt h phc tp hn l h nhn dng
c lp vi ngi ni (speaker-independent recognition).
Sau y l u v nhc im ca k thut DTW.
u im Nhc im
Khng s dng cc c trng ngn
ng nn khng ph thuc vo ngn
chnh xc ca h ph thuc vo
s lng mu hc. Cc mu tham
35
ng c nhn dng. Tiu hao ti
nguyn h thng t.
kho s b nh hng bi mi trng
lc to mu nh: ting n, thit b,
tm l,...
C th s dng cho mt t n hoc
mt nhm t m khng cn thay i
thut ton nhiu.
Thi gian tnh ton ph thuc nhiu
vo s lng mu hc v s lng t
cn nhn dng. Do khng th s
dng trong cc h nhn dng vi s
lng t ln.
D ci t v trin khai vi s lng
t gii hn (<100 t), chnh xc
trong trng hp ny c th t n
99,5%.
Khng s dng nhiu cc yu t ng
ngha, c php, t,...
2.2.2. K thut cn chnh thi gian ng
2.2.2.1 Cn chnh thi gian ng
Do s khc nhau v ng iu, v cch pht m ca tng ngi ni, v
thi gian ni,... nn dng sng ca mt t trong cc ln ni khc nhau c th
c rt nhiu s khc bit. Thm ch khi mt t c ni bi mt ngi th s
khc nhau vn tn ti bi tc ni, ni to/nh, tm l khi ni. Mt s mu c
th c thi gian ni di hn v ni to hn, mt s khc c th ni nh hn v
ngn hn. V d nh hnh 4.7 l hai ln ni khc nhau ca cng mt t
speech. So snh gia hai tn hiu ta thy, m s,p v ch ca tn hiu 1 ngn
hn, v m iy th di hn (cc ng nt t l tn hiu 1, nt lin l tn hiu
2). Bi ton so snh hai tn hiu y chnh l ch di cc tn hiu
khng ging nhau.
Mu tn hiu ting sau khi thu vo my tnh l mt dy tn hiu s.
Chng ta s chia mu ting ni c a vo nhn dng thnh cc frame lin
tc gi ln nhau. Gi s mi frame c chn vi di l t
f
=512 mu tn
hiu v phn gi ln nhau gia hai frame lin tip l t
0
=100 mu tn hiu nh
biu din trong hnh 4.6.
36
Hnh 2-12- Cc frame ln lt gi ln nhau.
Hnh 2-13- So snh s khc nhau v thi gian trn t speech
Mi frame ny qua php phn tch LPC pha trch chn c trng s
c biu din bng mt vector p chiu v ta gi vector ny l vector c
trng. Gi tr p l mt gi tr khng c nh thng c la chn theo kinh
nghim. iu c ngha l t vic lu gi mt frame vi t
f
mu ta ch cn
lu mt vector vi p chiu. Nh vy mt mu nhn dng s l mt chui cc
vector c trng. Chui vector c trng ny s c dng so khp vi
37
chui vector c trng chun c lu trong chng trnh tm khong
cch, khong cch ny l c s chng ta quyt nh kt qu nhn dng.
Gi a = {a
1
, a
2
, ... , a
I
} v r = {r
1
, r
2
, ... , r
J
} ln lt l chui vector c
trng ca tn hiu 1 v tn hiu 2. y j
r
v a
i
l cc vector c trng (hay
cn gi l cc frame) p chiu vi i=1,...,I, j=1,...,J. Ni chung, do bn cht
bin thin v thi gian ca ting ni nn di ca hai chui vector a v r
khc nhau nn IJ. S chun ha v thi gian gia a v r l s m rng mt
cch tuyn tnh mu tn hiu ngn hn t ti di ca mu tn hiu di hn.
Ngha l ta phi thc hin vic so khp hai vector c chiu di khc nhau. Ta
c mt k thut n gin gii quyt vn trn l k thut cn chnh thi
gian tuyn tnh.
Gi s J<I. K hiu D(r,a) l khong cch gia hai mu tn hiu r v a v
c tnh nh sau:
I
i
i j f
a r d a r D
1
'
) , ( ) , (

1
]
1
i
I
J
j * '
vi
) , (
' i j f
a r d
l khong cch gia hai frame ' j
r
v a
i
.
Kt qu ca s cn chnh thi gian tuyn tnh c th hin hnh 4.7(d)
tuy vy vic cn chnh nh hnh (d) l cha ti u v mt khong cch. Mt
lc chun ha tt phi thay i khong thi gian ca mt mu theo c
tnh ca mu kia t c s so khp hp l gia chng, do vy m
khong cch D(r,a) c th c cc tiu ha. Hnh (e) th hin s cn chnh
thi gian ng (hay cn gi l cn chnh thi gian phi tuyn), ngha l cn
chnh trn tng on con ri khp chng li. Chng ta c th thy cc phn
ca m s, p v ch ca tn hiu 1 c m rng, cn m iy th c nn.
2.2.2.2 Quy hoch ng trong k thut cn chnh thi gian ng
S so khp phi tuyn gia cc mu a v r nh ni phn trc c
biu din trn li im hnh 4.8. Trn li ny tn hiu a nm dc theo trc i,
tn hiu r nm dc theo trc j. Mi giao im trn li c nh ngha nh l
mt nt, nt (i,j) c ngha l so khp frame i ca tn hiu a vi frame j ca tn
hiu r. Nt (0,0) c gi l nt gc ni m tt c cc ng u xut pht t
y.
38
d
f
(i,j) l khong cch gia vector c trng a
i
vi j
r
, khong cch ny
cn c gi l khong cch cc b. Ta nh ngha gi ti nt (0,0) l:
d
f
(0,0) = 0
Mt ng i y c nh ngha bi cc cp nt (i
k-1
, j
k-1
) -> (i
k
, j
k
).
Mt ng i xut pht t nt (0,0) n nt (i
k
, j
k
) c mt gi ton cc l gi
tch ly t im bt u ca ng i cho n khi gp nt (i
k
, j
k
). Ta gi gi
ny l D(i
k
, j
k
) v c nh ngha :
) , ( ) , ( ) , (
1 1 k k f k k k k
j i d j i D j i D +

V nt (0,0) l nt khi u ca tt c cc ng i nn ta c:
0 ) 0 , 0 ( D

Khi cho k chy v ti k=1 ta c:
k
m
m m f k k
j i d j i D
0
) , ( ) , (

Hnh 2- 14- Li minh ha quy hoch ng.
R rng l trn li quy hoch ng c nhiu ng i xut pht t nt
(0,0) n nt (i
k
,j
k
) vi cc gi ton cc khc nhau. Nh vy bi ton c th
c vit nh l vic tm kim mt ng i y t nt (0,0) ti nt ch
(I,J) sao cho gi ton cc l nh nht. K hiu D*(i
k
,j
k
) l gi ton cc nh
nht. Khi ta c:
39
{ } ) , ( ) , ( min ) , ( *
1 1 k k f k k k k
j i d j i D j i D +

'
k
m
m m f
j i d
0
) , ( min
trong biu thc ny (i
k
, j
k
) = (I,J), min ly ti mi ng i c th t nt (0,0)
n nt (i
k
,j
k
). tin cho vic k hiu, sau ny ta s dng k hiu D thay cho D*.
2.2.2.3 Phng php o khong cch cc b
Trong phn trc ta cp d
f
(i,j) l khong cch gia vector c
trng a
i
v j
r
. Ta c th vit y l
) , (
j i f
r a d
vi cc vector a
i
v r
j
nhn
c qua php phn tch LPC c dng sau :
a
i
= [1 , a
i2
, a
i3
, . . . , a
ip
]
T
v j
r
= [1 , r
j2
, r
j3
, . . . , r
jp
]
T
Do
) , (
j i f
r a d
l khong cch nn phi tha mn 3 iu kin :
1.
) , (
j i f
r a d
0 v =0 khi a
i
= j
r
,
2.
) , (
j i f
r a d
=
) , (
i j f
a r d
,
3.
) , (
j i f
r a d

) , ( b a d
i f +
) , (
j f
r b d
.
Bt c hm no p ng c ba tnh cht trn u l metric hp l ca
khng gian vector. Do vy s c nhiu metric v mi ci s c nhng im
mnh v yu ca ring n. Chng ta thng s dng nhng trng hp c
bit ca metric Minkowski trong cc tnh ton k thut. Metric Minkowski bc
s gia a
i
v j
r
l :
s
s
p
k
j i j i s
k k
r a r a d

1
) , (
Tng ng vi s=1 v s=2 ta ln lt c:
City block metric:

p
k
j i j i
k k
r a r a d
1
) , (
Euclidian metric:
40
2
1
2
) , (

p
k
j i j i
k k
r a r a d
Ngoi metric Minkowski cn c nhiu metric khc nh: LPC, Itakura,
Mahalanobis,...
2.2.3. Cc rng buc
Phng php i snh mu trong nhn dng ting ni o khong cch
gia mu kim tra vi tt c cc mu sn c ri chn ra mu c khong cch
nh nht v mu c coi l kt qu nhn dng. Do vy bi ton nhn
dng c th quy v vic tm khong cch gia hai tn hiu. Ta bit rng
thch thc ca bi ton chnh l s a dng trong hnh vi ni ca con ngi.
Cc yu t nh tc ni, kiu ng iu, phi khng lm nh hng n
kt qu nhn dng. Ta ch ra rng quy hoch ng c th c s dng
tm ng i so khp phi tuyn gia tn hiu kim tra v cc tn hiu mu do
vy m khong cch gia chng c cc tiu. ng dng ny ca quy hoch
ng trong nhn dng ting ni c gi l Cn chnh thi gian ng
(Dynamic Time Warping - DTW).
DTW cng s dng li nh hnh 4.8 nh ngha khng gian tm
kim trong a l mu tn hiu cn kim tra, r l mu tn hiu c lu
sn. Chng ta s tm kim ng i tt nht dc theo ch s ca mu kim tra.
Do l ng dng c th ca quy hoch ng trong nhn dng ting ni nn
DTW p dng mt s loi rng buc.
2.2.3.1 Cc rng buc im u cui (Endpoint Constraints)
Rng buc im bt u: frame u tin ca mu kim tra phi c so
khp vi frame u tin ca mu sn c:
(i
1
, j
1
) = (1 , 1)
Rng buc im kt thc: frame cui ca mu kim tra phi c so
khp vi frame cui cng ca mu sn c:
(i
k
, j
k
) = (I , J)
41
Hnh 2-15- Cc rng buc im u cui (Endpoint Constraints)
Theo iu kin rng buc ny ta c mt ng i so khp thng thng
c dng nh hnh 4.9.
2.2.3.2 Cc rng buc u n v lin tc (Continuity and Monotonicity
Constraints)
Rng buc u n yu cu cc vector ca mt t phi c duyt theo
th t tng dn, ngha l:
j
k
- j
k-1
0
Rng buc lin tc c ngha l khng c im gy trn ng i, ngha l:
i
k
- i
k-1
= 1
Ni cch khc vic so khp phi tin hnh dc theo trc ca mu kim
tra ln lt tng frame mt.
Hnh 2-16- Minh ha v so khp khng u n.
42
Hnh 4.10 l mt v d v so khp khng u n. T pest chy dc
theo trc x v pets dc theo trc y. Tp m v ca c hai t pest v pets
l {p, eh, s, t}. Nu khng c rng buc u n hai tn hiu ny c th so
khp nh ng nt lin v nh vy a ra thng tin nhn dng sai l hai mu
ny trng nhau.
Hnh 4.11 l mt v d v so khp khng lin tc. T speak chy dc
theo trc x v spaek dc theo trc y. Tp m v ca c hai t speak v
spaek l {s, p, eh, a, k}. Nu khng c rng buc lin tc hai tn hiu ny c
th so khp nh ng nt lin v nh vy a ra thng tin nhn dng sai l
hai mu ny trng nhau.
Hnh 2- 17- Minh ha v so khp khng lin tc.
2.2.3.3 Cc rng buc ng i cc b (Local Constraints)
Cc rng buc ng i cc b c s dng nh ra ng i hp l
gia hai nt li bt k. Ni cch khc, rng buc ny s l iu kin kim
tra gia hai nt (m,n) v (k,l) ca li c tn ti ng i hay khng. Hnh
di y minh ha bn kiu rng buc cc b c Sakoe v Chiba xut.
43
Hnh 2-18- Cc rng buc ng i cc b.
loi (I) ng i tun t din ra, vi loi (II) ng i ngang ch c
thc hin nu trc c ng i cho, cng tng t nh vy vi loi
(IV) nhng ng i ngang ch thc hin nu trc c hai ng i cho.
Trong loi (III) sau hai ng i ngang mi c php c ng i cho.
Itakura xut ra mt rng buc ng cc b khc ng ch hai im:
khng c hai ng i ngang lin tc v tn ti ng i gia hai nt (i-1,j-2)
v (i,j). Hnh di y minh ha rng buc Itakura.
Hnh 2- 19- Rng buc ng i cc b Itakura.
44
2.2.3.4 Cc rng buc ng i ton cc (Global Constraints)
Rng buc ny c s dng gii hn phm vi ca nn hoc m rng
mu tn hiu dc theo chiu di ca trc thi gian. S bin thin v tc ni
ca ngi c cn nhc gii hn trong mt khong hp l, iu ny c
ngha l chng ta c th gii hn vic tm kim trong vng tm kim hp l.
Thay v phi tm kim trn ton b li, ta ch cn tm kim cc nt trn hnh
vng hp l. Rng buc ng i ton cc thng dng c m t trong
hnh 4.14. y vng tm kim hp l c gii hn bi bn ng thng c
nghing (slope) l s hoc 1/s.
Hnh 2-20- Cc rng buc ng i ton cc.
Qua nghin cu, ng vi tng loi rng buc cc b m s c th nhn
nhng gi tr sau:
Loi rng buc cc b Gi tr s Gi tr 1/s
I 0
II 2
III 3 1/3
IV 3/2 2/3
45
2.2.4. Thut ton cn chnh thi gian ng
2.2.4.1 Thut ton DTW i xng (Symmetric DTW - SDTW)
Thut ton c minh ha bng v d hnh di y, ta s dng mt
ma trn thi gian - thi gian m t trc quan cch cn chnh. Theo quy c
th trc tung s biu din mu chun SPEECH, trc honh biu din mu
nhn dng SsPEEhH. Trong v d ny, mu nhn dng SsPEEhH l mu
c nhiu. tng y l mu nhn dng s c so vi tt c cc mu
chun thuc cng mt lp. Mu nhn dng ph hp nht l mu c khong
cch ng cn chnh vi mu chun ngn nht.
Hnh 2- 21- Minh ha v cn chnh thi gian ng gia mu chun SPEECH v
mu nhn dng c nhiu SsPEEhH.
Trong thut ton ny ta cn phi tun th cc rng buc sau:
Cc ng so khp khng th quay ngc chiu thi gian (ngha
l ch c tin ln)
Tt c cc frame phi c s dng trong ng so khp.
Khong cch ton cc c tnh bng cch cng dn tt c cc
khong cch cc b.
Mt quan trng thut ton ny l ta ch c th i n (i,j) t cc
(i-1,j-1), (i-1,j), (i,j-1) trong i l ct, j l hng.
Biu thc quy hoch ng ca DTW i xng l :
{ } ) , ( ) 1 , ( ), , 1 ( ), 1 , 1 ( min ) , ( j i d j i D j i D j i D j i D +

46
vi d(i,j) l khong cch cc b ti (i,j), D(i,j) l khong cch ton cc ti (i,j).
Ta c th nu mt cch ci t hiu qu v b nh v kh nhanh trong
tnh ton ca DTW i xng. Ci tin y l ta dng hai mng lu cc
ct lin tip. Ta quy c cc hng, ct bt u nh s t 0.
Hnh 2-22- Cc hng i c th ca SDTW
(i,j) v (i,0) c s khc nhau v cc xut pht. ng n (i,0) ch c
th t (i-1,0), cn ng n (i,j) c th c 3 ng.
Thut ton m t nh sau:
u vo: Hai chui vector c trng ca mu chun v mu nhn dng
u ra: Gi ton cc nh nht.
1. Tnh ct 0, thp nht. Gi ton cc ny chnh l gi cc b. Sau
gi ton cc ca mi tip theo l gi cc b ca cng vi gi
ton cc ca trc, ct ny c gi l predCol (predecessor Column).
Bc ny c gi l bc khi to.
2. Tnh gi ton cc u tin ca ct tip theo (ta gi ct ny l curCol -
current Column). Gi tr ny bng gi cc b ca cng vi gi ton
cc ca thp nht ct trc.
3. Tnh gi ton cc ca cc cn li ca curCol. V d, ti (i,j) l
khong cch cc b (hay gi cc b) ca (i,j) cng vi gi ton cc nh
nht ti mt trong cc (i-1,j-1), (i-1,j), hoc (i,j-1).
4. curCol c gn bng predCol v lp li t bc 2 cho n khi tt c cc
ct c tnh.
47
5. Gi tr ton cc nh nht cui cng l gi tr lu gi trn cng ca
ct cui cng.
Thut ton c th c din t bng ngn ng ta Pascal nh sau:
1. Tnh ct 0 (predCol)
2. FOR i:=1 To S vector c trng ca mu nhn dng DO
3. Begin
4. curCol[0] := Gi cc b ti (i,0) + Gi ton cc ti (i-1,0)
5. FOR j:=1 TO S vector c trng ca mu chun DO
6. curCol[j] := Gi cc b ti (i,j) + MIN Gi ton cc ti((i-1,j-
1), (i-1,j),(i,j-1))
7. predCol := curCol
8. End
9. Gi ton cc nh nht l curCol[S vector c trng ca mu chun]
Trong , predCol v curCol l hai ma trn mt chiu c kch thc l
S vector c trng ca mu chun. Hm tnh gi cc b gia 2 vector x v y
l hm d(x,y).
M t bng ngn ng C thut ton DTW i xng
predCol = (float *)malloc(sizeof(float)*templateframes);
curCol = (float *)malloc(sizeof(float)*templateframes);
predCol[0]=d(0,0);
for(p=1;p<templateframes;p++)
predCol[p]=predCol[p-1]+d(0,p);
for(i=1;i<patternframes;i++)
{
curCol[0]=predCol[0]+d(i,0);
for(j=1;j<templateframes;j++)
curCol[j]=(min(predCol[j],predCol[j-1],curCol[j-1])+d(i,j));
free(predCol);
predCol=curCol;
}
lowestGlobal=predCol[templateframes-1];
48
2.2.4.2 Thut ton DTW phn i xng (Asymmetric DTW - ASDTW)
Thut ton DTW phn i xng l mt ci tin ca DTW i xng. Biu
thc quy hoch ng nh sau:
{ } v h d j i d j i D d j i d j i D j i d j i D j i D + + + + + ) , ( ) 1 , ( , ) , ( ) , 1 ( ), , ( 2 ) 1 , 1 ( min ) , (
trong , cc gi tr d
h
v d
v
ph hp c th tm c qua thc nghim. Ta c
th hiu d
h
v d
v
l nhng trng s u tin, d
h
l trng s u tin ng i
ngang (horizontal), d
v
l trng s u tin ng i dc (vertical), cc trng s
ny c th nhn gi tr 0.
Nu chng ta hn ch cc ng i cho php l:
(i-1,j-2 ) ti (i,j) hng i cho m rng (b qua mt frame mu
chun, nghing cho l 2)
(i-1,j-1) ti (i,j) hng i cho chun
(i-1,j) ti (i,j) hng i ngang (lp li mt frame mu chun,
nghing 0)
th chng ta gi s rng mi frame ca mu nhn dng c s dng mt v
ch mt ln. iu c ngha rng chng ta c th b qua khng cn n s
chun ha di mu v n khng i hi cng hai ln khong cch cc b
vo cc hng i cho chun ( nghing 1). Cch tip cn ny c gi l
Quy hoch ng phn i xng (asymmetric dynamic programming).
Hnh 2-23- Ba cch i c th t (i, j) n mt khc trong DTW phn i xng
49
Hnh 2-24- Cc hng i c th ca DTW phn i xng.
C th ti cc (i,j), (i,0) v (i,1) bng cc hng khc nhau. ng i
ti (i,0) ch c th xut pht t (i-1,0). ng i ti (i,1) ch c th xut
pht t (i-1,0) v (i-1,1). ng i ti (i,j) c th xut pht t 3 (i-1,j), (i-
1,j-1) v (i-1,j-2).
Mc d vy chng ta cn lu l s c nhng trng hp c bit xy
ra. Hy xem xt ng i xut pht t (0,0). Do ng i s phi ti ct 1
nn cc hng 1,2,... ct 0 s tr nn v ngha bi v chng chc chn s
khng c i qua. Hnh di minh ha cho trng hp c bit.
Hnh 2-25- ng i qua vng hp l.
ng i khng bao gi i qua vng gch cho. Cc ch nht m cho
thy nhng trng hp c bit ca ng i. Theo DTW i xng, hng 0 l
50
trng hp c bit nh bnh thng. Cn trong DTW phn i xng, hng 1
cng l c bit.
ng so khp ch c th n c nhng c bit t mt s v tr gii
hn. Cc trng hp c bit c j=2i-1 hoc 2i. Tng gi cho mi trng hp
l:
2i-1 : Gi cc b + tng khong cch nh nht ti predCol[j-1] v
predCol[j-2]
2i : Gi cc b + tng gi ti predCol[j-2]
Thut gii tm gi ton cc t nht by gi s phc tp hn i cht so
vi trng hp i xng. Do vy, d hiu, ta trnh by thut gii ta Pascal
nh sau:
predCol[0] = Gi cc b ti (0,0)
For i:=1 to s vector c trng ca mu nhn dng DO
Begin
curCol[0] = Gi cc b ti (0,0) + Gi ton cc ti (i-1,0)
For j=1 to (MIN ca S vector c trng ca mu chun v 2i+1)
begin
highestJ = j
If (i,j) l trng hp c bit Then
If (i,j) c hng l 1 Then
curCol[j] = Gi cc b ti (i,j) + Gi ton cc ti (i-1,j-1)
Else
If (j mod 2 =1) then
curCol[j] = Gi cc b ti (i,j) +
MIN Gi ton cc ti((i-1,j-1), (i-1,j-2))
Else
curCol[j] = Gi cc b ti (i,j) + Gi ton cc ti(i-1,j-2)
Else
If (i,j) c hng l 1 Then
curCol[j] = Gi cc b ti (i,j) +
MIN Gi ton cc ti((i-1,j), (i-1,j-1))
Else
curCol[j] := Gi cc b ti (i,j) +
MIN Gi ton cc ti((i-1,j-1), (i-1,j),(i-1,j-2))
end
predCol = curCol
End
Gi ton cc nh nht l gi tr curCol[highestJ]
Trong , predCol v curCol l hai ma trn mt chiu c kch thc l s
vector c trng ca mu chun. Hm tnh gi cc b gia 2 vector x v y l
51
hm d(x,y). Hm isSpecial(col,row) kim tra mt c l c bit hay
khng.
M t bng ngn ng C thut ton DTW phn i xng
predCol = (float *)malloc(sizeof(float)*templateframes);
predCol[0]=d(0,0,coeffs,tdata,pdata);
for(i=1;i<patternframes;i++)
{ curCol[0]=d(i,0,coeffs,tdata,pdata)+predCol[0];
for(j=1;((j<((2*i)+1))&&(j<templateframes));j++)
{ highestJ=j;
if (isSpecial(i,j))
{ if (j==1)
curCol[j]=predCol[j-1]+d(i,j,coeffs,tdata,pdata);
else
{ if (fmod(j,2)==1)
curCol[j]=min2(predCol[j-1],
predCol[j-2])+d(i,j,coeffs,tdata,pdata);
else
curCol[j]=predCol[j-2]+d(i,j,coeffs,tdata,pdata);
}
}
else
{ if (j==1)
curCol[j]=min2(predCol[j],predCol[j-
1])+d(i,j,coeffs,tdata,pdata);
else
curCol[j]=(min3(predCol[j],predCol[j-1],predCol[j-
2])+d(i,j,coeffs,tdata,pdata));
}
}
free(predCol);
predCol=curCol;
}
lowestGlobal=predCol[highestJ];
2.3. M hnh Markov n
2.3.1. Qu trnh Markov
Xt s tin trin theo thi gian ca mt h thng no (c th l mt h
vt l hay h sinh thi, ...), k hiu q
t
l v tr ca h ti thi im t. Cc v tr
c th c c ca h c gi l khng gian trng thi, k hiu l S= {S
1
, S
2
,
S
3
, ...}. Gi s thi im s h trng thi S
i
, nu xc sut h trng thi
52
S
j
thi im t trong tng lai ch ph thuc vo s, t, S
i
, S
j
th c ngha l s
tin trin ca h ch ph thuc vo hin ti v c lp vi qu kh. Ta gi
l tnh Markov v h c tnh cht ny c gi l qu trnh Markov.
Nu khng gian trng thi S ca h l m c th ta gi h l xch
Markov. Nu thi gian t l ri rc t=0,1,2,... th ta c xch Markov ri rc. Ta
c th biu din tnh Markov ca h bng biu thc sau :
P(q
t
= S
j
| q
t-1
= S
i
, q
t-2
= S
k
,...) = P(q
t
= S
j
| q
t-1
= S
i
)
t P(s,i,t,j) = P(q
t
= S
j
| q
s
= S
i
) l xc sut h ti thi im s
trng thi i, n thi im t chuyn sang trng thi j. Ta gi P(s,i,t,j) l xc
sut chuyn ca h. Nu xc sut chuyn ch ph thuc vo (t-s) tc l
P(s,i,t,j)= P(s+h,i,t+h,j)
th ta ni h l thun nht theo thi gian. Bt u t y ta ch xt xch
Markov ri rc v thun nht.
Hnh 2-26- Xch Markov vi 5 trng thi S
1
, S
2
, ..., S
5
v cc xc sut chuyn trng thi
Hnh 4.20 cho ta thy mt v d v mt m hnh xch Markov ri rc v
thun nht, trong h c th mt trong nm trng thi S
1
, S
2
, ..., S
N
(trong
v d trn N=5). Ti mi thi im t = 0,1,2,... h chuyn trng thi theo xc
sut chuyn trng thi a
ij
tng ng vi mi trng thi.
1
( | )
ij t j t i
a P q S q S
+

53
1
1; 1,
0; , 1,
N
ij
j
ij
a i N
a i j N
'

Ngoi ra ta nh ngha xc sut trng thi khi u (initial state

distribution) = {
1
,
2
, ...,
N
}, trong
i
l xc sut trng thi i c
chn ti thi im khi u t=1:
i
=P(q
1
=S
i
).
1
1
0; 1,
N
i
i
i
i N
'

Qu trnh Markov miu t trn c gi l mt m hnh Markov quan

st c (observable Markov model). u ra ca qu trnh l mt tp cc
trng thi ti cc thi im ri rc lin tip nhau, trong mi trng thi
tng ng vi mt s kin vt l c th quan st c (observation event).
V d: Ta xt mt m hnh Markov ba trng thi miu t thi tit: S
1
, S
2
,
S
3
. Trong mt ngy thi tit c th l mt trong ba trng thi:
S
1
: ma
S
2
: my
S
3
: nng
ma trn xc sut chuyn l
A= {a
ij
} =
0.4 0.3 0.3
0.2 0.6 0.2
0.1 0.1 0.8
1
1
1
1
]
Gi thit l thi tit ti ngy t=1 l nng. Ta s tm xc sut trong 5
ngy lin tip c thi tit nh sau: nng, nng, ma, ma, my. Tc l ta c
mt dy cc quan st (observation) O= S
3
, S
3
, S
1
, S
1
, S
2
,

tng ng vi cc thi
im t=1,2,3,4,5.
P(O|M hnh = P(S
3
, S
3
, S
1
, S
1
, S
2
| M hnh)
= P(S
3
).P(S
3
|S
3
).P(S
1
|S
3
).P(S
1
|S
1
). P(S
2
|S
1
)
=
3
.a
33
.a
33
.a
31
.a
11
.a
12
54
= 1. (0.8). (0.8). (0.1).(0.4). (0.3)
= 768. 10
-4

2.3.2. M hnh Markov n
M hnh Markov n HMM (Hidden Markov Model) c m rng
khi nim t m hnh Markov bng cch mi trng thi c gn vi mt
hm pht x quan st (observation distribution). Ngoi qu trnh ngu nhin
chuyn gia cc trng thi, ti mi trng thi cn c mt qu trnh ngu nhin
sinh ra mt quan st. Nh vy, trong M hnh Markov n c mt qu trnh
ngu nhin kp, trong c mt qu trnh ngu nhin khng quan st c.
Tp cc quan st O c sinh ra bi dy cc trng thi S
1
, S
2
, ..., S
N
ca m
hnh, m dy cc trng thi ny l khng thy c, chnh l l do m hnh
c gi l m hnh Markov n (hidden).
Mt m hnh Markov n c c trng bi cc thnh phn c bn sau:
N, s trng thi (state) trong m hnh Markov. Cc trng thi thng
c k hiu bng S= {S
1
, S
2
, S
3
, ...} v trng thi ca m hnh ti thi im t
c k hiu l q
t
.
M, s k hiu quan st (observation symbol), y l kch thc ca bng
t vng ca m hnh. Cc k hiu quan st c biu din bng V= {v
1
,
v
2
, ...}.
A = {a
ij
}, xc sut chuyn trng thi (state transition probability
distribution). Trong a
ij
l xc sut trng thi j xut hin ti thi im
t+1 khi trng thi i xut hin ti thi im t.
a
ij
= P(q
t+1
= S
j
| q
t
= S
i
)
1
1; 1,
0; , 1,
N
ij
j
ij
a i N
a i j N
'

B={b
j
(k)} xc sut pht x quan st trong mi trng thi (observation
symbol probability distribution in state). b
j
(k) l xc sut ca quan st v
k
ti
trng thi j ti thi im t.
55
b
j
(k) = P(v
k
ti thi im t | q
t
= S
j
),
1
( ) 1; 1,
( ) 0; 1, ; 1,
M
j
k
j
b k j N
b k j N k M
'

= {
1
,
2
, ...,
N
} xc sut trng thi khi u (initial state distribution).
i
l xc sut trng thi i c chn ti thi im khi u t=1:
i
=P(q
1
=S
i
)
1
1
0; 1,
N
i
i
i
i N
'

Vi cc gi tr thch hp A, B, , M, N, mt m hnh Markov n c

dng sinh ra mt dy cc quan st:
O= {O
1
, O
2
, O
3
, ...}
Trong O
i
ly mt trong cc gi tr trong V. Hot ng ca HMM c
m t nh sau:
Chn mt trng thi khi u q
1
tng ng vi xc sut trng thi khi
u .
Gn t=1.
Chn O
i
= v
k
tng ng vi xc sut quan st ti trng thi S
i
: b
i
(k).
Chuyn sang trng thi mi q
t+1
= S
j
tng ng vi xc sut chuyn trng
thi a
ij
.
Gn t=t+1 v quay li li bc 3) nu t<T, nu khng kt thc.
Ngi ta thng dng b ba =(A, B, ) c coi l b k php gn
biu din mt m hnh Markov n. A, B v c gi l cc tham s
(parameters) ca m hnh .
56
Hnh 2- 27-V d mt m hnh Markov n vi su trng thi
Hnh 4.21 cho ta mt v d v mt m hnh Markov n gm c su trng
thi, trong c mt trng thi khi u v mt trng thi kt thc. Su quan
st {O
1
, O
2
, ..., O
6
} c sinh ra t bn trng thi t 2 n 5. Mi trng thi c
th chuyn sang trng thi bn phi ca n, hoc chuyn sang chnh n. Ring
trng thi khi u ch c mt kh nng duy nht chuyn sang trng thi th
2, tc l a
12
=1.
2.3.3. Ba bi ton c bn ca m hnh Markov n
C ba bi ton c bn ca m hnh Markov n c t ra trong ng
dng nhn dng ting ni.
Bi ton 1: Vi dy quan st O= {O
1
, O
2
, O
3
, ...} v m hnh Markov n
=(A, B, ) c hun luyn, chng ta cn tnh xc sut P(O|).
Bi ton 2: Vi dy quan st O= {O
1
, O
2
, O
3
=(A, B, ) lm th no chng ta c th tm c dy trng thi tng ng
q={q
1
, q
2
, q
3
, ...} ti u nht theo mt tiu chun no .
Bi ton 3: Lm th no chng ta iu chnh cc tham s A, B, c
c xc sut P(O|) ln nht.
Bi ton 1: y l bi ton nhn dng khi c mt dy cc quan st cho
trc v mt tp cc m hnh Markov n, vic tnh ton cc P(O|) s cho
chng ta tm ra c m hnh Markov n c xc sut P(O|) tng ng ln
nht.
57
Bi ton 2: y l bi ton tm phn n ca m hnh Markov, tc l dy
trng thi q. Bi ton ny hay c s dng trong qu trnh gn nhn cng
bc d liu hun luyn.
Bi ton 3: trong bi ton ny chng ta iu chnh tham s ca m hnh
Markov n n miu t mt cch chnh xc nht cc quan st c bit
trc . Dy quan st dng iu chnh cc tham s c gi l tp d liu
hun luyn (training data). y l khu c bn trong mt bi ton nhn dng,
n cho php iu chnh cc tham s hc cc d liu t cc hin tng thc
nh ting ni.
Cc gii php ton hc cho ba bi ton c bn
Bi ton 1
Chng ta c dy quan st O= {O
1
, O
2
, O
3
=(A, B, ), chng ta cn tnh xc sut P(O|).
Gi s dy quan st c di l T, vy ta c mt dy cc trng thi
tng ng ca m hnh Markov n sinh ra n : q=q
1
, q
2
, q
3
, ... q
T
. Ta c xc
sut dy quan st O c sinh ra bi vi dy trng thi q l:
P(O|q, ) =
1
( | , )
T
t t
t
P O q
vi gi thit cc O
i
l c lp ta c
P(O|q, ) = b
q1
(O
1
) b
q2
(O
2
)... b
qT
(O
T
)
Mt khc ta xc sut ca dy trng thi q i vi m hnh l:
P(q
|
) =
q1
a
q1q2
a
q2q3
... a
qT-1qT

T ta c xc sut ca dy quan st O, i vi m hnh v dy trng
thi q l:
P(O, q|) = P(O|q, ) P(q|)
=
q1
b
q1
(O
1
) a
q1q2
b
q2
(O
2
) a
q2q3
... a
qT-1qT
b
qT
(O
T
)
Xc sut ca dy quan st O i vi m hnh s l tng ca tt c cc
xc sut dy quan st O i vi m hnh vi mi dy dy trng thi q c th
c :
1 1 1 2 2 1
1 2
( | ) ( , ) ( ) ( )... ( )
T T T
q q q q q q q q T
q Q
P O P O q b O a b O a b O

(2*)
58
phc tp tnh ton ca cng thc (2*) l 2T. N
T
, bi v ti mi thi
im t, c N kh nng chuyn trng thi, trong mi trng thi c (2T-1).N
T
php tnh nhn, N
T
-1 php tnh cng. Trong thc t, cng thc ny khng th
thc hin c do phc tp qu ln. khc phc vn ny, thut ton
tin - li (forward-backward algorithms) c dng tnh xc sut dy quan
st O i vi m hnh .
Ta nh ngha bin tin
t
(i) forward l xc sut ca dy quan st O ti
thi im t: O= O
1
, O
2
, ..., O
t
ti trng thi S
i
c sinh bi m hnh .

t
(i)=P(O
1
, O
2
, ..., O
t
, q
t
=S
i
|)
vi gi tr khi to
1
(i)=
i
b
i
(O
1
), 1 i N
Cc
t
(i) c tnh bng thut ton quy c miu t nh sau:
1) Khi to
1
(i)=
i
b
i
(O
1
) 1
N
2) Tnh cc
t+1
(j) bng phng php quy
t+1
(j) = 1
1
( ) ( )
N
t ij j t
i
i a b O
+
1
1
]
(3*)
1 1 t T
,
1 j N
3) Kt thc
P(O|) =
1
( )
N
T
i
i
Bc 1) khi to cc
1
(i) tng ng vi cc trng thi i khc nhau. Ti
bc 2 cc
t+1
(j) c tnh theo phng php quy da vo cc
t
(j) c
tnh trc . Hnh 4.21 miu t cc php ton cn thit tnh cc
t
(j).
Trng thi ca m hnh ti thi im t+1 l S
j
v c tt c N kh nng dn
ti trng thi S
j
t

cc trng thi S
i
vi xc sut l
t
(i). Xc sut ny nhn vi
xc sut chuyn trng thi a
ij
s cho ta xc sut m hnh trng thi S
j
ti thi
im t+1 vi iu kin m hnh trng thi S
i
ti thi im t. Tng cc xc
sut ny vi cc i t 1 n N cho ta xc sut m hnh trng S
j
ti thi
im t+1, xc sut ny nhn vi xc sut b
j
(O
t+1
) s cho ta xc sut dy quan
st O ti thi im t +1 trng thi S
j
v chnh l
t+1
(j).
59
Thut ton quy np s dng bc 3) khi m t =T. Khi tng ca cc
t
(i) vi i t 1 n N s cho ta xc sut ca dy quan st O i vi m hnh :
P(O|).
phc tp tnh ton vi cch tnh theo cc bin forward
t
(i) l N
2
T,
thp hn so vi phc tp 2T. N
T
ca bc trc.
Hnh 2- 28- Miu t cc dy php ton c thc hin tnh bin
t
(i).
Bin li (backward)
t
(j) c nh ngha l xc sut ca dy O t thi
im t+1 n T : O= O
t+1
, O
t+2
, ..., O
T
, vi iu kin l m hnh trng thi S
i
ti thi im t.
t
(i) = P(O
t+1
, O
t+2
, ..., O
T
|
q
t
=S
i
,
), 1
T
Thut ton tnh bin li
t
(i) cng da trn phng php quy ging
nh trng hp ca bin tin
t
(i):
1) Khi to
T
(i) = 1, 1
N
2) Tnh cc
t
(j) bng phng php quy

1 1
1
( ) ( ) ( )
N
t ij j t t
i
j a b O j
+ +

t= T-1, T-2, ..., 1, 1
T
Bc 1) khi to cc
T
(i) bng 1 cho tt c cc i. Cc tnh ton ca bc
2) c m t trong hnh 4.23, trong
t
(i) c tnh da vo cc
t+1
(j)
c tnh trc . Trng thi ca m hnh ti thi im t l S
i
v c tt c N
kh nng dn ti trng thi S
i
t

cc trng thi S
j
ti thi im t+1 vi xc
60
sut l
t+1
(j). Xc sut ny nhn vi xc sut chuyn trng thi a
ij
, kt hp vi
xc sut quan st O
t+1
ti trng thi j s cho ta xc sut m hnh trng thi S
i
ti thi im t vi iu kin m hnh trng thi S
j
ti thi im t+1. Tng
cc xc sut ny vi cc j t 1 n N cho ta xc sut m hnh trng S
i
ti
thi im t v l
t
(i).
Hnh 2-29- Miu t cc dy php ton c thc hin tnh bin
t
(i)
Bng thut ton tin - li ta c th tnh xc sut P(O|) nh sau:
P(O|) =
1
( )
N
T
i
i
= 1 1
1 1
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
N N
i i t t
i i
b O i i i

Bi ton 2
Trong bi ton ny, ta phi tm dy trng thi q=(q
1
, q
2
, ..., q
T
) ti u
tng ng vi mt dy quan st O=(O
1
, O
2
, ..., O
T
) v m hnh =(A, B, )
cho trc, cho P(O, S|) l ln nht.
Mt phng php thng dng hay c dng gii quyt bi ton ny
l dng thut ton tm kim Viterbi. y l thut ton da trn phng php
lp trnh ng (Dynamic Programing Method) tm ra mt dy cc trng
thi ti u duy nht.
Thut ton Viterbi:
Ta nh ngha bin d
t
(i) =
1 2 1
1 2 1 2
, ,... ,
max ( , ,..., , , ,..., )
t
t t
q q q
P q q q i O O O
l bin c
im cao nht (best score) ti thi im t tng ng vi dy trng thi q
1
,
q
2
, ..., q
t-1
, kt thc ti trng thi S
i
.
Cc bin d
t
(i) c tnh bng phng php quy da trn cc tnh ton
trc
61
d
t+1
(i)=
1
[max( ( ) ] ( )
t ij j k
i N
i a b O

lu vt cc cc trng thi ca dy ta dng mng y
t
(i), khi thut ton
kt thc cc phn t trong mng chnh l cc trng thi ca dy q cn tm. Sau
y l chi tit thut ton Viterbi
1) Khi to
d
t
(i) =
i
b
i
(O
1
), 1
N
y
1
(i)=0
2) Tnh ton quy
1
1
( ) [max( ( ). ]. ( )
t t ij j k
i N
i i a b O
+

, 2
, 1
N (4*)
1 1
1
( ) arg max[ ( ). ]
t ij
i N
i i a

2
T, 1
N
3) Kt thc
1
* max[ ( )]
T
i N
P i

1
* arg max[ ( ). ]
T T ij
i N
q i a

Truy hi cc trng thi
q*
T
=y
t+1
(q*
t+1
), t = T-1, T-2, ... ,1
Kt thc thut ton cc q*
t
chnh l cc trng thi ca dy cn tm.
Thut ton Viterbi gn ging nh thut ton tnh bin tin
t
(i). im
khc nhau c bn gia hai thut ton ny l cng thc tnh max (4*) c
dng thay cho cng thc tnh tng (3*).
Bi ton 3
y l bi ton kh khn nht ca m hnh Markov n, chng ta phi
iu chnh b ba cc tham s (A, B, ) xc sut P(O|) l ln nht. Trn
thc t khng tn ti mt phng php thc s ti u P(O|) l ln nht.
Gii php cho bi ton ny thng la chn cc th tc hun luyn lp
Baum.
miu t thut ton iu chnh tham s (re-estimation) Baum-Welch,
ta nh ngha bin
t
(i) = P(q
t
= S
i
|O, ) l xc sut m hnh trng thi S
i
62
vo thi im t vi dy quan st O v m hnh cho. Vi nh ngha trn,
bin
t
(i) c biu din thng qua hai bin tin v li nh sau:
t
(i)=
1
( ,)
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
() ( )
( ) ( )
t i
t t t t
N
t t
i
P q S O
i i i i
P O P O
i i
(5*)
Trong cng thc trn
t
(i) l xc sut ca dy qua st O
1
, O
2
, ..., O
t
v
t
(i) l xc sut ca dy O
t+1
, O
t+2
, ..., O
T
vi m hnh trng thi S
i
vo thi
im t.
T cng thc (5*) ta rt ra c:

1 ) i (
N
1 i
t

Vi
t
(i) ta c th tm c ti thi im t xc sut ln nht ca dy O
1
,
O
2
, ..., O
t
l:
q
t
=argmax[
t
(i)], 1 i N, 1 t T
Ta nh ngha bin
t
(i, j) l xc sut m hnh trng thi S
i
ti thi
im t v trng thi S
j
ti thi im t+1 vi m hnh v dy quan st O
cho trc.
t
(i, j) = P(q
t
= S
i
, q
t+1
= S
j
|
O,
)
Hnh 4.23 miu t mi quan h chuyn dch gia cc trng thi S
i
v

S
j
.
T nh ngha cc bin tin li
t
(i) v
t
(i) ta c
t
(i, j) =
1
( , ,)
()
t i t j
P q S q S O
P O
+

=
1 1
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
t ij j t t
i a b O j
P O

+ +
t
(i, j) =
1 1
1 1
1 1
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
t ij j t t
N N
t ij j t t
i j
i a b O j
i a b O j

+ +
+ +

t
(i) = P(q
t
= S
i
|O, ) =
( , )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
t i
t t
P q S O
i i
P O P O
Vi cc nh ngha trn ta c
t
(i)=
1
( , )
N
t
j
i j

63
Hnh 2- 30- Miu t cc php tnh cn thit tnh
t
(i, j).
T nh ngha cng thc trn ta c th nhn thy:
1 T
1 t
t
) j , i (
= l kh nng m hnh chuyn trng thi t S
i
sang S
j
1 T
1 t
t
) i (
= l kh nng m hnh chuyn trng thi t S
i
T cc quan st trn ta c tp cc cng thc dng iu chnh (re-
estimation) cc tham s ca m hnh Markov n nh sau:
i kh nng m hnh trng thi S
i
ti thi im (t=1)
) i (
1

(6*)
ij a kh nng chuyn t trng thi S
i
sang trng thi S
j
/ kh nng chuyn
t trng thi S
i

1
1
1
1
( , )
( )
T
t
t
T
t
t
i j
i
(7*)
) v ( b
k
j kh nng ti trng thi S
i
vi k hiu quan st v
k
/ kh nng
ti trng thi S
i

1,
1
( )
( )
t k
T
t
t O v
T
t
t
j
j

(8*)
Vi mt m hnh =(A, B, ) u tin chng ta dng cc cng thc (6*),
(7*), (8*) tnh ton b tham s mi ( , , ) A B . Ngi ta chng minh
c rng:
Hoc l m hnh khi im c nh ngha chnh xc l m hnh hi
t v do = .
Hoc l m hnh mi c P(O| ) > P(O|)
64
Da vo chng minh ny chng ta dng
thay th cho l lp li cc
tnh ton (6*), (7*), (8*) ta s ci thin c xc sut P(O|) cho ti thi
im thut ton hi t.
Trong qu trnh tnh ton, sau mi ln lp cc biu thc sau y lun
c tho mn:
1
1
N
i
i

1
1
N
ij
j
a
1 i N
1
( ) 1
N
j
k
b k
1 j N
Chng minh cng thc Baum-Welch.
B 1
Cho cc h s
0
i
c >
, i = 0,1,..., C v mt iu kin rng buc
1
1
C
i
i
x

65
Khi hm:
1
( ) log
C
i i
i
f x c x
s t cc tr ti:
1
i
i C
i
i
c
x
c
Chng minh
chng minh b ta xt hm sau:
( )
C
a i
i
f f x x +

Ly cc o hm ring ca hm ny theo cc x
i
v cho cc o hm ny
bng khng ta c:

0
i
i
c
x

tc l
i i
c x
v
i
i
c
x
vi iu kin rng buc

1
1
C
i
i
x
ta nhn c:
C
i
i
c
v do vy ta c iu phi chng minh:

1
i
i C
i
i
c
x
c

Chng minh cng thc Baum-Welch
Cng thc hiu chnh li tham s m hnh Markov n Baum-Welch c
chng minh bng thut ton EM. D liu khng quan st c Y trong thut
ton EM l cc dy trng thi n S ca m hnh Markov n. Chng minh s
dng hm Q c nh ngha nh sau:
1
( , ) Pr( , | ) log Pr( , | )
Pr( , )
allS
Q O S O S
O

(9*)
66
Hm
( , ) Q
s c xem nh l hm ca bin . Do vy gi tr
1
Pr( , ) O
c th c xem nh l hng s. Vi hm Q nh vy ta c nh l sau:
nh l 1: Nu
( , ) ( , ) Q Q
th
Pr( | ) Pr( , ) O O
Chng minh:
T tnh cht ca hm logarit ta c:

Pr( | ) Pr( , | ) Pr( , | )
log log( )
Pr( , ) Pr( , ) Pr( , | )
all S
O O S O S
O O O S

Pr( | ) Pr( , | ) Pr( , | )
log log( )
Pr( , ) Pr( , ) Pr( , | )
all S
O O S O S
O O O S

Pr( | )
log ( , ) ( , )
Pr( , )
O
Q Q
O

(10*)
Nh vy nu m hnh c th tm c v phi ca (10*) l dng
th c ngha l thut ton hiu chnh li tham s Baum-Welch c th m bo
tng gi tr ca
Pr( , ) O
bng cch lm tng hm Q(.), ta c iu phi chng
minh.
T phng trnh (2*) ta c
1 1 1 2 2 1
1 2
( , | ) ( ) ( )... ( )
T T T
q q q q q q q q T
S
P O S b O a b O a b O
(11*)
1 1
1
1 1
log Pr( , | ) log log log ( )
t t t
T T
q q q q t
t t
O S a b O
+

+ +

(12*)
Thay phng trnh (12*) vo phng trnh (9*) ta c:
1
( , ) log log ( ) log
L
i ij jk j i i j
i j j k i
Q c a d b k e
+ +

Trong
1
1
1
Pr( , , | )
Pr( | )
T
t t
t
i j
q i q j O
c
O

1
1
( , )
T
t
t
i j
1

Pr( , , | )
Pr( | )
t k
t t
t O v
i j
q i q j O
d
O
67

( )
t k
t
t O v
j

1
Pr( , | )

Pr( | )
i
q i O
e
O

1
( ) i
Nh vy theo b 1 ta thy hm
( , ) Q
s cc i vi cc iu kin
sau:
i
i
1
( )
i
i
e
i
e
(13*)
ij a
1
1
1
1
j
( , )
( )
T
i t j
t
T
ij
t
t
j
c i j
c
i

(14*)
) v ( b
k
j

( )
( )
t k
t
t O v jk
jk t
k t
j
d
d j

(15*)
Cc phng trnh (13*), (14*), (15*) chnh l cng thc hiu chnh li
tham s Baum-Welch.
2.3.4. Cc loi m hnh Markov n
C nhiu cch phn loi cc m hnh Markov n, trong ngi ta
thng phn bit cc m hnh Markov n theo tnh cht ca hm pht x quan
st. C ba loi m hnh Markov n: m hnh Markov n ri rc, m hnh
Markov n lin tc v m hnh Markov n bn lin tc.
M hnh HMM ri rc
Trong m hnh ny khng gian cc c tnh ph c chia thnh mt s
hu hn cc vng (cluster) bng phng php lng t ho vector VQ
(Vector Quantization). Trng tm ca mi vng c biu din bng mt t
m (codeword) m thc cht l mt ch s ch ti mt sch m (codebook).
Mt khung tn hiu c bin i thnh mt t m bng cch tm mt vector
gn vi n nht trong sch m. Nhc im ca m hnh dng ny l c sai s
trong qu trnh lng t ho nht l nu kch thc ca sch m l nh, ngc
li nu kch thc ca sch m ln th s phi tr gi bng s lng tnh ton
s tng ln.
68
M hnh HMM lin tc
Nhc im ca phng php trn c th c khc phc bng cch
dng m hnh HMM lin tc CD-HMM (Continuous DensityHMM). Trong
phng php ny khng gian cc c tnh ph c m hnh ho bng cc
hm mt xc sut, thng thng l hm trn ca cc hm Gauss.
1
( ) ( ; ; )
K
j jk jk jk
k
b y c y
N
Trong K l s thnh phn trn (mixture) ti trng thi j, c
jk
l trng s
ca thnh phn th k v
(.; ; ) N
l hm mt xc sut Gauss. Trong qu
trnh hun luyn vic hiu chnh cc xc sut hm b() c thay bng hiu
chnh cc tham s
,
. Nhc im ca phng php ny l mi trng thi
u c cc tham s ca ring chng, do s lng cc tham s l rt ln v
do vy khng th trnh khi cc trng hp khng d liu hun luyn cho
cc trng thi. Ngoi ra m hnh lin tc s c thi gian tnh ton kh lu.
M hnh HMM bn lin tc
M hnh HMM bn lin tc (semi-continuous) l m hnh kt hp gia
hai m hnh trn. Ging nh trong m hnh ri rc, trong m hnh bn lin tc
cng c mt sch m miu t cc vng c dng chung cho tt c cc trng
thi. Tuy nhin thay v biu din cc vng bng mt trng tm (centroid),
trong cc vector ln cn s c nhm vo lm mt, cc vng c biu
din bi cc hm mt xc sut lin tc Gauss trong vng khng gian ln
cn trnh cc li ca lng t ho. Nh vy
1
( ) ( ; ; )
L
j jk jk jk
k
b y c y
N
Trong L l kch thc ca sch m. Trong qu trnh hun luyn ging
nh trong m hnh lin tc cc tham s Gauss c tnh ton. Vic dng m
hnh ny s gip ci thin thi gian tnh ton ca m hnh lin tc.
Trong khi c ba m hnh u c s dng rng ri trong cc h thng
nhn dng, m hnh lin tc cho thy kh nng nhn dng tt nht mc d tc
hot ng ca h thng ny chm hn cc h thng khc.
69
2.3.5. Gii hn ca m hnh Markov n
Mc d m hnh Markov n c s dng rng ri trong cc h thng
nhn dng, tuy nhin m hnh Markov n cng c mt s nhc im xut
pht t cc gi thit ca n nh sau:
Gi thit v bc. Trong m hnh Markov n ta gi thit rng cc xc sut
ch ph thuc vo trng thi hin thi m c lp vi qu kh. iu ny
khng ng trong cc ng dng ting ni. Hu qu ca nhc im ny l m
hnh Markov n kh khn trong m hnh ho hin tng ng pht m
(coarticulation) do cc xc sut pht x quan st b nh hng bi cc trng
tri trong qu kh.
Gi thit v tnh c lp. Gi thit ny cho rng khng c mi lin h
gia cc khung tn hiu ln cn nhau, iu ny khng ng trong ging ni.
HMM ch lm vic vi mt khung tn hiu ti mt thi im. ly thm
thng tin cc khung tn hiu xung quanh, HMM phi ly thm c tnh ph
ca cc khung tn hiu ln cn lm d liu hun luyn.
Cc m hnh Markov n lin tc, ri rc v bn lin tc kh t c
trng thi ti u. Vi m hnh ri rc, mt t l li lng t ho l khng trnh
khi. Vi m hnh lin tc v bn lin tc c mt t l nht nh khng hon
ton chnh xc ca m hnh thng k.
2.4. Mng Nron
2.4.1. Cc kh nng ca mng nron
Kh nng hc:
Mng nron c kh nng tip thu s hun luyn v mi quan h gia u
vo v u ra ca cc mu, nu ta ch cho n u vo x tng ng vi u ra
y th mng c th nh li c iu .
Kh nng chun ho:
Mng nron hc cc mu d liu c s nn c kh nng nhn dng c
d liu mi, nhng d liu m n cho rng gn ging vi d liu c hc.
Chnh kh nng ny ca mng nron rt thun li khi ng dng n cho nhn
dng ting ni v cc mu m hc khng bao gi ging nhau mt cch tuyt
i.
70
Kh nng tnh ton:
Mng nron c kh nng tnh ton song song rt cao, p ng yu cu
ca cc gii thut. Trong nhn dng ting ni khi lng tnh ton l rt ln.
V kt qu cn phi c a ra nhanh chng th h thng mi nng cao c
gi tr s dng.
Nh nhng kh nng ca mng nron m con ngi c gng m
phng to ra mng nron nhn to, kt qu m chng ta t c l rt kh
quan v hin nay c ng dng rng ri trong nhiu bi ton c quan trng,
c bit l trong nhn dng ting ni.
2.4.2. Cu trc mng nron nhn to
Mng nron nhn to l mt h thng bao gm nhiu nron hot ng
song song. Cc nron c ni vi nhau nh cc lin kt, mi lin kt km
theo mt trng s c trng cho tnh kch hot hay c ch gia cc nron.
Mt nhm nron c t chc theo mt cch sao cho tt c chng u nhn
cng mt vector vo X x l ti cng mt thi im. Vic sn sinh ra tn
hiu ca mng xut hin cng mt lc v mi nron c mt tp trng s khc
nhau nn c bao nhiu nron s sn sinh ra by nhiu tn hiu khc nhau. Mt
nhm nron nh vy c gi l mt lp mng, Mt mng nron bao gm
nhiu lp mng (hay cn gi l tng mng), cc nron trong mt lp ch c
ni vi cc nron lp tip theo, khng cho php cc lin kt gia cc nron
cng mt lp. Lp nhn cc vector tn hiu u vo x gi l lp vo, lp cha
cc tn hiu ra ca mng c gi l lp ra, bt k cc lp no nm gia hai
lp trn c gi l lp n, lp n l thnh phn ni ti ca mng khng c
tip xc vi mi trng bn ngoi. S lng lp n c th t 0 n vi lp.
71
Tng vo
Mt hay nhiu tng n
Tng u ra
Hnh 2-31- M hnh nhiu tng ca mng nron
Mng nron nhn to gm c ba thnh phn c bn:
+ Tp trng s lin kt c trng cho cc khp thn kinh
+ B cng thc hin php tnh tng cc tch ca tn hiu vo vi trng
s lin kt tng ng.
+ Hm kch hot hay hm chuyn i quy nh gii hn u vo ca
nron.
Tng
Hm
truyn
Vector u ra
X l cc phn t
u

v
o
2
w
0
x
1
x
2
x
n
x
Hnh 2- 32- Cc thnh phn c s mng nron.
72
Mi nron trong m hnh nron nhn to c ni vi cc nron khc v
nhn c tn hiu x
i
t chng vi cc trng s w
i
. Tng thng tin u vo c
trng s l:
j j
x w Net
Gi s mng c N nt vo: x = (x
0
, x
1
, x
2
,x
N-1
) vi cc vector trng s
w
0
= (w
00,
w
01
,,w
0N-1
), w
1
= (w
01
, w
02
, w
0M-1
),w
M-1
= (w
m-10,
w
M-1N-1
), v M
u ra phi tuyn ca mng l y = (y
0
, y
1
, , y
M-1
) c biu din bi:
+
1
0
N
i
i i ij j
b x w Net

1 0 M j

) (
j j
Net f y
x
i
, y
i
, w
ij
, b
i
l cc s thc, cc b
i
gi l lch bisa.
Hm f l mt hm phi tuyn, gi l hm truyn, n c th c dng sau:
Hm tuyn tnh tng on:
( )
'
<

1 1
1 1
1 : 1
x
x x
x
x f
Hm sigmoid:
( ) + <
+
,
1
1
x
e
x f
Hm hyperbol: ( ) + < <
+
x
e
e
x f
x
x
,
1
1
Hm tang-hyperbol: ( ) < <
+
x
e e
e e
x f
x x
x x
,
Ni chung cc hm truyn nn tho mn cc tnh cht sau:
+ B chn
( ) x M x f
+ n iu tng:
( ) ( )
2 1 2 1
x x x f x f > >
+ Kh vi lin tc:
( ) x f
c o hm
( ) x f
v
( ) x f
l hm lin tc
Vi cc hm truyn thng dng ta c Hm sigmoid:
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) x f x f x f
x f

< <
1
1 0
73
2.4.3. Phn loi mng nron
C nhiu phng php phn loi mng nron: phn loi mng nron
da vo kiu lin kt hoc s lp. Ngi ta nghin cu v a ra s dng
cc loi mng nron sau:
+ Mng nron truyn thng: Trong mng nron truyn thng cc lin kt
nron i theo mt hng nht nh, khng to thnh chu trnh.
+ Mng nron hi quy: Cc mng hi quy cho php cc nron to thnh
chu trnh.
+ Mng Hopfield: C mt lp ra, vi s nron bng s tn hiu vo. Cc
lin kt nron l y . Mng Hopfield c hm kch hot l hm du.
+ Mng kiu b nh hai chiu kt hp thch nghi ABAM, c mt lp
mng v c s tn hiu ra c th t hn nhiu so vi s tn hiu vo.
+ Mng Kohonen: Thuc vo nhm mng mt lp, cc nron c phn
b trong mt phng hai chiu theo kiu li vung hay lc gic.
+ Mng Perceptron: L mng truyn thng mt lp c mt hay nhiu u
ra.
+ Mng nron nhiu lp lan truyn ngc sai s:
+ Mng nron c tch hp cc h m.
2.4.4. ng dng mng n ron lan truyn ngc cho nhn dng ting ni
Thut ton lan truyn ngc:
Cho trc hai vector u vo:
( )
1 1 0
,..., ,

N
x x x x
, vector u ra
( )
1 1 0
,..., ,

m
y y y y
, tng n gm H nt, vi cc vector trng s ni N nt u
vo vi H nt tng n,
( )
1 0 00 0
,...,

N
wh wh wh
,
( )
1 0 01 1
,...,

H
wh wh wh
,,
( )
1 1 10 1
,...,

N
whH whH whH
, v cc vector trng s ni H nt tng n vo
vi M nt u ra,
( )
1 0 00 0
,...,

H
wo wo wo
,
( )
1 0 01 1
,...,

H
wo wo wo
, ...,
( )
1 1 10 1
,...,

H
woM woM woM
, xi, yj, whih, wojh

l cc s thc.
Chy m hnh
Vi u vo
( )
1 1 0
,..., ,

N
x x x x
c chun ho (cc gi tr x
i
nm
gia 0 v 1- l min gi tr ca hm Sigmoid)
Ta c
( )
1 1 0
,..., ,

outM out out out
74
Tnh vector sai s v chun lch
( )
1 1 0
,..., ,

eM e e e
VI
( ) 1 ,..., 1 , 0 , M j outj yj ei

( )
2
1
2
1
2
0
2
... 2 1

+ + + eM e e e
Hiu chnh trng s lin kt whih, whjh
Mng hiu chnh li trng s wih, wjh sao cho
2
e |c nhiu kh nng
gim i sau php hiu chnh.
Dng vic hc, lu cc trng s mng
Xt vi hm truyn l Sigmoid, ngi ta chng minh c nu dng
php gim theo hng gradient vi php t l l tha s
> 0, nh gi
l h s hc) ca hm li e (gradient l hng ca vector o hm ring bc
mt ca hm li e xt theo tt c cc bin trng s), th cng thc chnh trng
s mng lan truyn ngc l:
( ) ( )
in
h
out
h
out
h
old
jh
new
jh
net net net outj yj wo wo * 1 * * +
( ) ( )
+
1
0
0 * * 1 * *
M
j
jh jh
in
h
in
h
old
ih
new
ih
w net net xi wh wh

( ) ( )
out
h
out
h
def
net net outj yj djh 1 *
Trong thc nghim c th chn
= 0.2, 0.5, .., 1.0.

75
3. HUN LUYN V NHN DNG TING NI
3.1. Hun luyn v nhn dng theo m hnh Markov
3.1.1. Gii thiu v HTK
B cng c HTK (Hidden Markov Model Toolkit) l b cng c dng
xy dng v nghin cu thao tc trn cc m hnh Markov n. N bao gm
cc m dun, cc cng c c vit bng ngn ng C. Cc cng c cung cp
phng tin cho php phn tch ging ni, hun luyn HMM, kim tra v
phn tch kt qu nhn dng. Cc phn mm dng c cc hm mt xc sut
lin tc v ri rc v c th xy dng cc h thng HMM phc tp.
HTK u tin c pht trin ti nhm Speech Vision and Robotics ca
Phng Cng ngh i hc Cambridge CUED (Cambridge University
Engineering Department) v c dng xy dng h thng nhn dng t
vng kch thc ln ca CUED. Vo nm 1993, phng th nghim nghin cu
Entropic ginh c quyn bn HTK v s pht trin ca HTK hon ton
c chuyn cho phng th nghim ny vo nm 1995 khi phng th nghim
nghin cu Cambridge Entropic ra i. Nm 1999, Microsoft mua li Entropic
v hin nay, Microsoft c bn quyn ca HTK. Trong khi Microsoft gi bn
quyn ca m ngun HTK, tt c mi ngi u c khuyn khch tham gia
vo pht trin m ngun v HTK c cung cp min ph v c th ti xung
t trn mng ti a ch: http://htk.eng.cam.ac.uk/download.shtml. Phin bn
mi nht ca HTK l 3.1 [Steve 2002] v cng ng nhng ngi nghin cu
s dng HTK ln ti 12.000 ngi.
3.1.2. Hun luyn h thng nhn dng
3.1.2.1 Chun b d liu
nh ngha ng php
HTK cho php nh ngha mt quy tc ng php ca mt h thng nhn
dng di dng mt tp vn bn. Cc quy tc ng php ny s c s dng
trong giai on decoding dng thut ton Viterbi. Tu theo h thng nhn
dng m ta xy dng ng php cho h thng . V d sau l mt quy tc ng
php ca mt h thng nhn dng quay s bng ging ni, ngi dng c th
c s in thoi cn gi hoc c tn ca ngi b gi.
76
$digit = ONE | TWO | THREE | FOUR | FIVE |
SIX | SEVEN | EIGHT | NINE | OH | ZERO;
$name = [ JOOP ] JANSEN |
[ JULIAN ] ODELL |
[ DAVE ] OLLASON |
[ PHIL ] WOODLAND |
[ STEVE ] YOUNG;
( SENT-START ( DIAL <$digit> | (PHONE|CALL) $name) SENT-
END )
nh ngha t in
T in c nh ngha trong mt tp vn bn bao gm cc t m h
thng c th nhn dng c v cc phin m ca cc t ny thnh cc n v
nhn dng ca h thng. i vi cc h thng nhn dng c s t vng ln,
cc n v nhn dng ny thng l m v. Mt t in bao gm nhiu dng,
mi dng tng ng vi mt t v phin m ca n. Mt t c th c nhiu
phin m khc nhau. C hai m v c bit l sil v sp. sil l n v nhn
dng biu th mt khong yn lng, sp l n v nhn dng biu th mt ngt
ging (short pause). C hai n v u biu th mt khong yn lng, sil c
khai bo u v cui mi pht m, sp c t gia hai t trong mt cu.
M hnh Markov n ca sp c xy dng da trn m hnh Markov n ca
sil. Khc nhau c bn ca hai n v nhn dng l vai tr ca n trong xy
dng ng cnh cho cc m v. V d v mt tp nh ngha t in nh sau:
soo s oo sp
soo s oo sil
ddieen dd ie n sp
ddieen dd ie n sil
thoai th w aw i sp
thoai th w aw i sil
quen k w e n sp
quen k w e n sil
....
77
C s d liu
C s d liu bao gm cc tp m thanh lu dng .wav, v cc tp vn
bn cha phin m chnh t ca cc tp m thanh. Mi tp m thanh c mt
tp vn bn tng ng cha phin m chnh t ca pht m. Cc phin m
mc m v c lu trong cc tp c ui .phn. Cc phin m mc m v
bao gm nhiu dng, mi dng cha tn m v cng vi nhn thi gian ca
m v trong tp m thanh.
Trch chn cc c im
Cng vic tnh ton trch chn cc c tnh ph ca cc tp m thanh
c thc hin bi cng c Hcopy. HTK h tr tnh ton nhiu loi tham s
khc nhau, trong c cc loi thng dng l MFCC v PLP. Cc h s
MFCC v PLP c tnh ton v lu vo mt tp tng ng vi tp m thanh
vi phn ui l .mfc. Cc gi tr delta ca cc h s trn c tnh ton trong
qu trnh hun luyn v nhn dng (on-the-fly). Hcopy s c mt tp cu
hnh, trong khai bo cc tham s dng trong qu trnh tnh ton cc gi tr
c tnh ph ca tp m thanh. V d tp cu hnh nh sau:
SOURCEKIND = WAVEFORM
SOURCEFORMAT = WAV
TARKETRATE = 100000
ENORMALISE = T
NUMCEPS = 12
CELPLIFTER = 22
PREEMCOEF = 0.970000
USEPOWER = T
USEHAMMING = T
WINDOWSIZE = 250000.000000
SAVEWITHCRC = T
SAVECOMPRESSED = T
TARGETRATE = 100000.000000
TARGETKIND = PLP_E_D_A_Z
78
Trong khai bo trn phng php trch trn c im PLP c p dng,
kch thc ca s Hamming l 25sm, s mch lc l 22, h s dng nhn
mnh (preemphasis) l 0.97, cc tham s c dng bao gm 12 h s PLP
cng vi gi tr nng lng. Gi tr delta v delta+delta c s dng to
thnh vector 39 c tnh. Phng php CMS c p dng lc b nhiu.
3.1.2.2 Khai bo cu trc m hnh Markov
Mi m hnh Markov cha nhiu trng thi, trong c mt trng thi
khi u v mt trng thi kt thc l cc trng thi c bit khng pht sinh
quan st (nonemitting), ngha l khng c xc sut pht x quan st b
j
(o
t
) kt
hp vi cc trng thi ny.
i vi cc trng thi khng phi l trng thi u v trng thi cui, xc
sut pht x quan st l mt hm mt xc sut c xy dng trn c s
cc hm mt xc sut Gaussian. Hm ny bao gm mt hoc nhiu cc
dng (stream), mi dng c th c mt hoc nhiu thnh phn trn bao gm
cc hm mt xc sut Gaussian. Cu trc nhiu dng cho php h thng
m hnh ho nhiu dng thng tin khc nhau. Thng thng s lng dng
ti a l 4 dng. Cng thc tng qut ca hm pht x quan st ot ti trng
thi j c biu din nh sau:

1
]
1
S
s
M
m
jsm
jsm st jsm t j
s
js
o N c o b
1 1
) ; ; ( ) (

Cu trc v cc tham s ca m hnh Markov n c nh ngha trong

mt tp vn bn. V d v mt tp nh ngha mt m hnh Markov n c nm
trng thi, trong c mt trng thi khi u v mt trng thi kt thc nh
sau:
1. ~o <VecSize> 39 <PLP_E_D_A_Z>
2. ~h "proto"
3. <BeginHMM>
4. <NumStates> 5
5. <State> 2
6. <Mean> 39
7. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
8. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
9. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
79
10. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
11. <Variance> 39
12. 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
13. 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
14. 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
15. 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
16. <State> 3
17. <Mean> 39
18. ...
19. <TransP> 5
20. 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
21. 0.0 0.6 0.4 0.0 0.0
57
22. 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.4 0.0
23. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.3
24. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
25. <EndHMM>
Dng 1 cho bit vector c tnh c s dng l 12 h s PLP, mt gi
tr nng lng (E), cc gi tr delta bc mt v bc 2 c s dng (D_A) to
thnh mt vector gm 39 c tnh. Phng php x l ting ni CMS c s
dng loi b nh hng ca nhiu (_Z). Dng 4 cho bit s lng trng
thi trong m hnh l 5 trng thi. Vi mi trng thi, cc gi tr v c
khai bo t dng 6 ti dng 15. S lng cc gi tr ny bng s lng cc
c tnh ph c dng. Ma trn hip phng sai thng l ma trn i xng
c th c khai bo bng cc gi tr phn t ca ma trn hoc c khai bo
bng cc gi tr trn ng cho ca ma trn nh l v d trn (khi cc
phn t cn li c gi tr 0).
3.1.2.3 Khi to cc tham s
Sau khi c khai bo vi cu trc v cc gi tr tham s ban u, cc
m hnh Markov n c th c khi to (initialised) theo hai cch: dng
Hinit hoc dung Hcompv.
80
Dng cng c Hinit
Hnh 3-33- Thut ton ca Hinit
Hnh 6.1 miu t hot ng ca Hinit. Hinit c dng hun luyn m
hnh Markov n i vi tng m v. D liu vo ca Hinit l tp nh ngha cu
trc v cc tham s khai bo bng tay ca m v, v d m v /m/ c tp tng
ng m.1. D liu vo th hai l dy cc vector c tnh ph tng ng vi
m v /m/ c ly trong tp d liu hun luyn l cc tp .mfc. Thng tin v
cc nhn thi gian c dng lc ra cc vector ph tng ng vi m v /m/
trong s cc m v khc trong d liu hun luyn. Kt qu hun luyn ca Hinit
l cc tham s ca m hnh Markov n ca m v /m/ c khi to. Vi
mi dy vector cc c tnh ph, u tin thut ton Viterbi c dng tm
dy trng thi tt nht vi mi dy vector hun luyn, sau cc tham s c
tnh ton. Mt h qu ca thut ton Viterbi l xc sut ging nhau likelihook
81
ca d liu hun luyn vi m hnh s c tnh ton v qu trnh s tip tc
lp li cho n khi vic tng xc sut ti gn im hi t.
Tuy nhin, vng lp u tin, thut ton Viterbi khng c dng
phn on bi v cc tham s ca m hnh lc ny mi ch l cc tham s
c khai bo bng tay cha chnh xc tin hnh phn on. gii
quyt trng hp ny, cc dy vector pht m c chia thnh cc on thi
gian bng nhau v gn cho cc on ny cc trng thi tng ng vi m
hnh. Cch lm ny ch p dng c vi m hnh Markov n c cu trc tri
- phi (left - right). i vi m hnh Markov n c cu trc ergodic, Hinit
khng p dng c.
Nu trng thi ca m hnh c nhiu thnh phn trn, vector hun luyn
s c kt hp vi thnh phn c xc sut ging nhau likelihood ln nht. S
lng vector kt hp vi mi thnh phn trn sau ny s c dng tnh
ton gi tr trng s ca thnh phn trn. Trong bc u khi pht m c
phn on thnh cc on thi gian bng nhau, thut ton K-mean c p
dng chia cc vector thnh cc nhm tng ng vi mi thnh phn trn
trong mi trng thi.
Hnh 3-34- Cc hot ng ca Hnit.
Dng cng c Hcompv
Mt gii hn ca cng c Hinit l cc d liu hun luyn cn phi
c gn nhn. Vi cc thng tin v nhn thi gian ca cc n v nhn dng,
Hinit s tnh ton cc tham s ca m hnh Markov n tng ng vi tng m
82
v da trn cc thng tin nhn thi gian ca mi m v trong tp d liu hun
luyn.
Vi Hcompv, khi cc nhn thi gian ni trn khng c cung cp th
Hcompv s khi to cc tham s ca tt c cc m hnh Markov n vi cng
mt gi tr. Cch lm ny gi l khi to phng (flat start). Trn thc t,
Hcompv lm vic ging nh Hinit bc khi u, tc l cc vector ca mt
pht m s c chia thnh cc on u nhau u cho tt cc m v. Tuy
nhin khc vi Hinit, cc m v u chung nhau mt m hnh v cc tham s
ca m hnh ny s c tnh ton v khi to ging nhau. Hnh di y
miu t hot ng ca Hcompv.
Hnh 3-35- M hnh hot ng ca Hcompv
3.1.2.4 Hun luyn cc n v nhn dng n
Bc u tin trong qu trnh hun luyn l hun luyn cc m hnh
tng ng vi mi n v nhn dng n (monophone). y l n v nhn
dng c bn c lp vi ng cnh xung quanh. Qu trnh nhn dng c
thc hin bng hun luyn nhng (embedded) dng cng c Herest.
Qu trnh hun luyn c chia lm hai giai on, giai on u cc m
hnh c hun luyn vi n v nhn dng sil ti hai u pht m m khng
c s tham gia ca n v nhn dng sp.
83
Hnh 3-36- S buc hai m v sil v sp.
Giai on hai, m hnh ca n v nhn dng sil c iu chnh bng b
sung thm hai cung chuyn trng thi t trng thi 2 sang trng thi 4 v
ngc li. Mc ch ca vic lm ny l nhm cho php m hnh c th chu
c cc nhiu ca d liu hun luyn. Trong giai on ny, m hnh sp mi
c to gm mt trng thi pht x quan st v trng thi ny c buc
(tied) vi trng thi gia ca m hnh sil. Cu trc ca hai m hnh sil v sp
c miu t trong hnh 6.4.
Cng vic to chuyn dch trng thi mi ca m hnh sil, to m hnh
sp c thc hin bi cng c Hhed. Cc bc hun luyn nhng c thc
hin vi cng c Herest.
Hun luyn nhng bng Herest
y l cng c hun luyn chnh thc hin hun luyn bng phng thc
nhng (embedded trainning), tnh ton v cp nht cc tham s ca nhiu m
hnh cng mt lc. y l cng c quan trng nht v c coi l tri tim ca
h thng hun luyn.
Hnh 3- 37- Hot ng ca Herest.
84
Vi mi mt pht m, Herest s tm tp cha phin m chnh t ca pht
m , sau n s tra cu trong t in pht m ca mi t tm ra c
dy cc m v tng ng vi pht m. Mt m hnh Markov n ln s c
xy dng bng cch ni cc m hnh Markov n ca cc m v vo vi nhau.
Sau thut ton hun luyn forward-backward s c p dng vi m hnh
Markov n ny. Herest s kt thc khi tt c cc pht m trong tp d liu
hun luyn c x l.
Gn nhn cng bc d liu hun luyn
Vic hun luyn cc m hnh Markov n ca cc n v nhn dng c
lp ng cnh kt thc bi hun luyn d liu c gn nhn cng bc
(forced-alignment). Trong t in, mt t c th c phin m thnh cc m
v theo nhiu cch khc nhau. Trong cc bc hun luyn trc, h thng ly
phin m u tin gp trong t in ca mt t phn tch mt pht m
thnh dy cc m v. Ti bc ny, sau khi cc m hnh c hun luyn,
cc tham s c tnh ton, chng c s dng gn nhn cng bc
li d liu hun luyn. y l qu trnh phn tch mt pht m l cc t thnh
dy cc m v ph hp nht, trong cc phin m khc nhau ca mt t s
c chn tm ra phin m thch hp. Qu trnh gn nhn cng bc thc
cht gn ging vi qu trnh nhn dng, c thc hin bi thut ton Viterbi.
Sau khi d liu hun luyn c gn nhn cng bc, th tc Herest
li c dng hun luyn li cc m hnh trn c s cc dy phin m tm
c ca qu trnh gn nhn cng bc.
3.1.2.5 Hun luyn cc m ba
Sau khi qu trnh hun luyn cc n v nhn dng c lp ng cnh kt
thc. H thng sn sng tin hnh nhn dng. Tuy nhin, mt m v
lun chu nh hng ca ng cnh xung quanh v h thng nhn dng ch lm
vic tt nu nh chng c hun luyn bi cc n v nhn dng ph thuc
ng cnh. Trong HTK n v ph thuc ng cnh c gi l cc m ba
(triphone) phn bit vi cc m n, n v c lp ng cnh.
To cc m ba t cc m n
m ba (triphone) l n v nhn dng m v ph thuc ng cnh c k
hiu l ab+c, trong /b/ l m n, /a/ l m v bn tri m v /b/ v /c/ l m
v bn phi m v /b/.
85
Cc m ba c to bng cch ly cc m n tng ng, b xung thm
ng cnh tri v ng cnh phi. Cc n v nhn dng sil v sp khng c
chuyn i sang m ba v chng ch l mt khong yn lng, khng ph thuc
ng cnh xung quanh. C hai cch sinh ra cc m ba: m ba vi ng cnh gii
ni t (word internal) v m ba vi ng cnh lin t (cross-word).
Trong trng hp u cc m v chu nh hng ca ng cnh trong mt
t, cc t c coi l cch nhau mt khong yn lng v cc m v ca cc t
khc khng nh hng n nhau. Cc m v u v cui mt t trong thc t
l cc m hai (biphone) thay v m ba, ch c m v gia t mi l m ba. V
d sau y l mt dy cc m n ca mt pht m v cc m ba tng ng:
m n: sil ea ngz sp n o i sp t ie ngz sil v ietc sp h a sp sil
m ba: sil ea+ngz ea-ngz sp n+o n-o+i o-i sp t+ie t-ie+ngz ie-ngz sp
v+ietc v-ietc sp h+a h-a sp sil
Trong trng hp th hai, cc m v khng nhng chu nh hng ca
cc m v trong t m cn ca cc m v ca cc t xung quanh. C s
khc nhau gia vai tr ca n v nhn dng sp v sil. Nu nh s c mt ca
sp khng nh hng n s nh hng ca ng cnh n cc m ba, ngc li
m v sil c coi nh l khong lng chia tch ng cnh v cc m v ng
cnh sil th s khng b nh hng bi ng cnh.
V d sau y l mt dy cc m n ca mt pht m v cc m ba
tng ng:
m n: sil ea ngz sp n o i sp t ie ngz sil v ietc sp h a sp sil
m ba: sil sil-ea+ngz ea-ngz+n sp ngz-n+o n-o+i o-i+t sp i-t+ie t-ie+ngz
ie-ngz+sil sil sil-v+ietc v-ietc+h sp ietc-h+a h-a+sil sp sil
Vic chuyn i t cc m n sang cc m ba c thc hin bi cng
c Hhed, nh c miu t trong Hnh 6.6. Cc tham s ca cc m ba c
sao chp t cc m n tng ng bao gm: cc xc sut chuyn trng thi a
ij
,
cc tham s ca hm Gaussian ca xc sut pht x quan st b
j
(o
k
).
86
Hnh 3-38- Dng Hhed chuyn m n sang m ba.
Sau tp phin m cc m n cng c chuyn i sang tp phin
m cc m ba tng ng bng cng c Hled. Cc m ba sau c hun
luyn bng cng c hun luyn nhng Herest. Cc tham s ca cc m ba
c sao chp t cc m n tng ng s c iu chnh li theo phin m
ca cc m ba to bi Hled. Vi cc m ba c cng mt m n tng ng,
trc khi c hun luyn bi Herest, cc xc sut chuyn trng thi a
ij
c
buc vo nhau (tied).
iu ny c thc hin do xc sut chuyn trng thi ca mt n v
nhn dng t nh hng ca ng cnh xung quanh so vi xc sut pht x
quan st. Trong qu trnh hun luyn bi Herest cc xc sut chuyn trng
thi b buc vo nhau s c cng gi tr v c tnh ton cng vi nhau.
3.1.2.6 Buc cc m ba
Cc tham s c th c buc vo nhau. Khi mt nhm cc tham s
c buc vo nhau, cc gi tr ca cc tham s ny c dng chung bi tt
c cc thnh vin v c biu din bi chung mt macro trong tp nh
ngha cu hnh ca m hnh Markov n. Trong qu trnh hun luyn d liu
tng ng vi mi thnh vin ca mt nhm s c dng chung tnh ton
cc tham s cho c nhm. Chnh v vy vic buc cc tham s s c ch vi
87
cc m hnh ca cc m v m s ln xut hin ca chng trong tp d liu
khng . Khi vic buc cc m hnh ny vi nhau s cung cp d liu
hun luyn v lm qu trnh hun luyn tr nn hiu qu hn. Trong hu
ht cc h thng nhn dng s lng t vng ln, phng php buc tham s
u c p dng hiu qu.
Hnh 3- 39- Qu trnh buc cc m ba bng Hhed.
Nh trnh by phn trn, cc m hnh ca cc m ba (triphone) c
to bng cch sao php t cc m hnh ca cc m n tng ng. Sau cc
m ba c hun luyn li bng Herest. S lng cc m ba c sinh t cc
m n l rt ln (t vi chc n vi trm m ba ng vi mi m n), v do
d liu dng hun luyn cc m ba cng b nhanh chng gim. Mt s
m ba s khng cn d liu dng hun luyn. Mt phng php khc
phc vn ny l dng phng php buc. Thng thng cc trng thi
gia ca cc m hnh s c buc vo nhau do cc trng thi gia l trng
thi t b nh hng nht ca ng cnh xung quanh. V d cu lnh buc
cc trng thi ny l:
TI "ieS3" {*-ie+*.state[3]}
88
TI "aS3" {*-a+*.state[3]}
Cu lnh u buc tt c cc trng thi gia (trng thi 3, trong m hnh
c 5 trng thi) ca cc m ba c sao chp t m n l nguyn m i /ie/.
Cu lnh sau buc tt c cc trng thi gia ca cc m ba tng ng vi m
v /a/.
Tuy nhin vic nh ngha r rng cc trng thi buc trn khng thng
xuyn hiu qu v cc trng thi bn tri v bn phi vn thiu d liu
hun luyn. Mt gii php tt hn hay c s dng l dng phng php
nhm vng (clustering). C hai c ch c s dng: li d liu (data driven)
v cy quyt nh (decision tree-based).
Li d liu
Hnh 3-40- Buc cc trng thi.
Thut ton li d liu (data driven) c khi ng bng cho tt c cc
trng thi, mi trng thi vo mt nhm (cluster). Sau cp nhm m khi
chng kt hp li vi nhau s to thnh nhm mi c kch thc nh nht s
c ghp li vi nhau. Qu trnh ny tip tc cho n khi kch thc ca
nhm ln nht vt qua ngng c nh ngha bi cu lnh TC, hoc l
tng s cc nhm nh hn ngng c nh ngha bi cu lnh NC. Kch
89
thc ca mt nhm c hiu l khong cch ln nht ca mt cp trng
thi bt k trong nhm. i vi trng hp hm pht x quan st ca trng
thi l hm Gaussian th khong cch l khong cch Euclidean gia cc tham
s ca cc hm mt xc sut.
Hnh 6.8 miu t hot ng ca mt trng hp dng li d liu nh sau:
TC 100.0 oa {*-a+*.state[2]}
Phn nhm bng cy
Mt trong cc nhc im ca phng php li d liu l khng thc
hin c vi cc m ba m khng c d liu hun luyn. Khi xy dng h
thng nhn dng vi cc m ba gii ni t, vn ny c th trnh c bi
la chn d liu hun luyn cho tt c cc m ba u c d liu hun luyn
tng ng. Tuy nhin nu cc m ba lin t c s dng th s lng cc m
ba s rt ln, c th ln n hng chc nghn m ba, s tn ti ca cc m ba
m khng c d liu hun luyn l iu kh trnh khi. Phng php dng
cy (tree-based) l gii php thay th v hay c s dng trong cc h thng
nhn dng khc phc vn ny. miu t hot ng ca thut ton, ta
s xt mt v d:
1. RO 100.0 stats
2. TR 0
3. QS "L_Class_stop" {b-*,t-*,ch-*,tr-*,th-*,k-*,dd-*}
4. QS "R_Class_stop" {*+b,*+t,*+ch,*+tr,*+th,*+k,*+dd}
5. QS "L_Class_nasal" {n-*,m-*,ng-*,nh-*}
6. QS "R_Class_nasal" {*+n,*+m,*+ng,*+nh}
7. QS "L_Class_fricate" {h-*,s-*,kh-*,ph-*,v-*,x-*,g-*,r-*,dz-*}
8. QS "R_Class_fricate" {*+h,*+s,*+kh,*+ph,*+v,*+x,*+g,*+r,*+dz}
9. TR 2
10.
11. TB 350.0 "ST_b_2" {(b,*-b,*-b+*,b+*).state[2]}
12. TB 350.0 "ST_b_3" {(b,*-b,*-b+*,b+*).state[3]}
13. TB 350.0 "ST_b_4" {(b,*-b,*-b+*,b+*).state[4]}
14. TB 350.0 "ST_a_2" {(a,*-a,*-a+*,a+*).state[2]}
90
15. ....
16.
17. TR 1
18.
19. AU "fulllist"
20. CO "tiedlist"
21.
22. ST "trees"
Dng 3 n dng 8 cho nh ngha cc cu hi, thc cht l nh ngha
cc nhm m v c tnh cht gn ging nhau dng phn lp cc m ba. Cc
ng cnh c phn bit l ng cnh tri v ng cnh phi tu theo nh
hng ca n n cc m v xung quanh. T dng 11 n dng 15 l nh
ngha cc nhm m ba bng cu lnh TB.
Cu lnh ny hot ng nh sau: u tin nhm cc m ba c nh
ngha bng lnh TB tp hp li thnh mt cluster. Sau mi cu hi c
dng chia cluster ny lm hai phn. Do vic phn chia ny m xc sut
likelihood ca d liu hun luyn s tng ln v cu hi no lm cho xc sut
ny tng nhiu nht s c chn tch nhnh u tin trong cy. Qu trnh
lp li cho n khi gi tr tng xc sut ca cc cu hi khng vt qua c
ngng c xc nh bi cu lnh TB (trong trng hp ny l 350.0). Gi tr
ngng ng vai tr quan trng trong iu khin phn chia cy, nu gi tr ny
ln cy s t b phn nhnh v cc m ba c buc vo vi nhau nhiu hn.
Ngc li nu gi tr ny nh th s lng cc trng thi m ba b buc
s t i. Chn gi tr ngng ph thuc nhiu vo kinh nghim ca ngi
nghin cu v ph thuc vo d liu dng hun luyn. Chn gi tr ngng
chnh xc l mt yu t gip tng chnh xc nhn dng ca h thng.
Tp cc m ba c xem xt ti thi im ny ch bao gm cc m ba
nm trong tp d liu hun luyn. Cu lnh AU cha sanh sch cc m ba m
bao gm tt c cc m ba nm trong c s d liu. Vi cc m ba nm trong
c s d liu m khng c mt trong tp d liu hun luyn th h thng s
tng hp m hnh ca m ba trn c s cc m ba c hun luyn.
y l mt u im ca phng php phn nhm bng cy. Tuy nhin iu
91
kin ti thiu cho m ba ny c th c tng hp l phi tn ti cc m ba
c hun luyn m c cng ngun gc m n vi m ba c tng hp.
3.1.3. Nhn dng
n y h thng sn sng c dng tin hnh nhn dng. Qu
trnh nhn dng c thc hin bng cng c Hvite.
3.1.3.1 Xy dng mng t nhn dng
Mt mng t (word network) c nh ngha dng ngn ng SLF
(Standard Lattice Format). l mt tp vn bn v c th son bng tay.
Tuy nhin cng vic nh ngha bng tay kh di dng v mt nhiu cng sc.
HTK c hai cng c h tr c th sinh t ng tp ny, l HBuild v
HParse. HParse cho php sinh t ng SLF t mt tp vn bn nh ngha
ng php ca h thng nhn dng di dng BNF. D cng c no c dng
nh ngha mng t th mng t u c dng nh ngha mt ng
php, mi lin h ng php gia cc t c nhn dng bi h thng.
Mt tp SLF cha mt danh sch cc nt biu din cc t v mt danh
sch cc cung biu din chuyn dch gia cc t. Cc chuyn dch ny c th
c cc xc sut gn lin vi n, v d cc xc sut ca m hnh ngn ng
bigram. V d di y l mt mng t ca mt h thng nhn dng mi ch
s lin tc v nh ngha ng php ca n.
$chuso = mootj | hai | ba | boons | nawm | saus | baayr |
tams | chins | khoong ;
(
[sil] < $chuso > [sil]
)
Hnh 3- 41- S ng php ca h thng nhn dng mi ch s lin tc.
92
i vi cc h thng nhn dng c s lng t vng ln v trung bnh,
nh ngha ng php ca h thng thng ch n thun l cu trc vng t
(wordloop), c ngha l bt k mt t no trong b t in ca h thng u
c th theo sau t bt k khc trong t in.
3.1.3.2 M hnh ngn ng bigram
Hin nay HTK mi ch h tr m hnh ngn ng ti mc 2-gram, tc l
bigram. M hnh ngn ng bigram c sinh ra trong HTK bi cng c
HStats. Sau y l mt v d v mt tp cha thng tin m hnh ngn ng
bigram.
\data\
ngram 1=530
ngram 2=2790
\1-grams:
-99.999 !ENTER -0.7008
-2.6186 aam -0.5829
-4.0658 an -0.3000
-2.3176 anh -0.8285
......
\2-grams:
-2.4372 !ENTER awn
-1.5921 !ENTER ba
-1.5195 !ENTER baay
...
-1.9912 hai cai
mt
hai
sil
chn
sil
76
-1.7694 hai hai
93
-1.9912 hai khoong
\end\
Hnh 3- 42- S mng word-loop vi cc xc sut bigram.
Phn u 1-gram nh ngha xc sut xut hin ca t trong b t in
P(w
i
). Trong phn th hai (P(w
i
/w
j
) nh ngha xc sut ca mt cp t. Cc
thng tin ca m hnh ngn ng c tch hp vo mng t bng cng c
HBuild. V d v mt mng t ca mt h thng nhn dng s dng dng ph
bin ca mng nhn dng l cu trc vng t word-loop, trong cc t c
t song song vi nhau v cc ng u vng loop-back cho php bt k
mt t no cng c th ng sau t kia. Cu trc ny c dng ph bin
trong nhiu h thng nhn dng nh h thng nhn dng c chnh t. Cng
c Hbuild c dng b sung cc xc sut bigram vo mi cung ni gia
hai t. Trong Hnh 6.10 l s mt mng word-loop gm bn t, cc xc
sut bigram P(w
i
/w
j
) c gn vo mi cung loop-back gia cc t, ngha l
gia mt cp t bt k u cn c mt xc sut bigram tng ng.
3.1.3.3 S dng mng t trong h thng nhn dng
Khi mng t c np vo trong h thng nhn dng, mt t in phin
m ca h thng s c dng to ra mt mng tng ng bao gm cc
n v nhn dng c bn ca h thng, cc m n hoc cc m ba. Tu thuc
vo cu hnh ca h thng m cc m ba c th l cc m ba gii ni t hay
m ba lin t. Mt t c th c nhiu phin m, khi s c nhiu nhnh ca
mng mi nhnh tng ng vi mi phin m ca t. Mng ny c gi l
94
mng HMM. Nh vy ta c th thy mt cu trc ba mc ca mt mng
dng nhn dng: mc t, mc m hnh v mc trng thi. Hnh 6.11 m t
cu trc ny ca h thng nhn dng. Trong hnh ny cc hnh ovan biu th
cc t, hnh vung biu din mt nhn kt thc mt t (word end).
Hnh 3-43- Cu trc ba lp ca mng t nhn dng.
Mng dng nhn dng cui cng bao gm cc trng thi v cc cung
ni chng vi nhau. Cc cung trong mt m hnh HMM chnh l xc sut
chuyn trng thi c xc nh bi cc tham s ca HMM. Cc cung gia
cc m hnh c xc sut tng ng nhau, cc cung gia cc t c xc sut
c xc nh bi m hnh ngn ng.
3.1.3.4 Gii m
Nhim v ca qu trnh gii m l tm ra mt ng i trong mng
HMM c xc sut ln nht. thc hin cng vic ny mt thut ton tng
t thut ton Viterbi c dng, gi l thut ton chuyn th bi (Token
Passing).
Mt mng ln m c nhiu nt th cng vic tm kim s rt lu v tn
thi gian. Mt gii php nhm gim c hiu qu vic tnh ton l ch cho
php cc th bi m c c hi l mt trong cc th bi tt nht mi c tn
ti. C ch ny gi l ct ta (pruning). Ti mi bc cc th bi m c gi tr
xc sut nm ngoi khong gi tr cho php so vi th bi c xc sut cao nht
95
s b xo i. Khong gi tr cho php (beamwidth) c iu chnh bi dung
ho gia yu t tc v hiu qu ca thut ton tm kim.
Kt thc qu trnh tm kim vi mi pht m ta nhn c mt dy cc
t vi xc sut cao nht l kt qu nhn dng.
3.1.4. Tng kt
3.1.4.1 Cc yu t quyt nh trong h nhn dng li ni lin tc, b t vng
ln s dng HMM
T in pht m
T in pht m xc nh tp cc t cn c nhn dng, tp m n v
cn c m hnh ho. S lng t cng nhiu, phc tp h nhn dng
cng cao. Phin m cng chnh xc, m n v ph hp s lm tng chnh
xc ca h nhn dng cng cao.
M hnh HMM cho cc m n v c bn
Khi la chn tp m n v m hnh ho. Cng vic tip theo l
xc nh cu trc ca HMM cho cc m n v . Khng nht thit cc
HMM phi ging nhau vi mi m n v. Vic la chn cu trc HMM ph
hp cho tng m n v phi cn c vo d liu hun luyn, xem xt cc mu
pht m ca m n v di hay ngn, c n nh hay khng....
M hnh m n v ph thuc ng cnh
V trong ng lu lin tc c hin tng lin cu m, khc vi li ni tch
bit nn vic m hnh ho cc m n v trong ng cnh xut hin ca chng
lm tng chnh xc trong nhn dng. M hnh thng c s dng l m
i (biphone), m ba (triphone).... v c xy dng t cc m hnh ca tp
m n v c bn.
Dng chung cc tham s
V d liu hun luyn c hn, v s lng m n v ph thuc ng cnh
l rt ln nn cn phi dng chung tham s. Trong HMM, vic dng chung
cc tham s rt a dng. C th dng chung xc sut chuyn trng thi, xc
sut pht sinh, dng chung cc thnh phn trn Gaussian....
Vic dng chung cc tham s lm gim s lng cc tham s cn phi
c lng nn lm tng hiu qu hun luyn. Tuy nhin vic xc nh cc
96
tham s dng chung rt kh, hai m hnh HMM phi c im ging nhau th
vic dng chung tham s mi c hiu qu. Kt qu ch c th nh gi c
thng qua thc nghim
M hnh ngn ng
M hnh ngn ng thng c s dng trong cc h nhn dng l n-
gram, ph bin nht l trigram (n=3). M hnh ngn ng n-gram c xy
dng t text corpus ca ngn ng cn c nhn dng. M hnh ngn ng
a ra cc gi thuyt ph hp v xc sut u tin cho cc gi thuyt . Nu
thiu m hnh ngn ng kt qu nhn dng rt ti (xem bng tm tt kt qu
nhn dng).
3.1.4.2 Nhn xt v b cng c HTK
u im
B cng c HTK rt mm do, nguyn tc pht trin mt h nhn dng
li ni s dng HTK l t thp n cao. H nhn dng c pht trin qua
nhiu bc, ti mi bc u c th s dng v nh gi ngay c. Trong
thc nghim vi TIMIT, u tin, h nhn dng gm 45 HMM ca cc n
m, sau pht trin thnh tp m ba, ri xc nh trng thi dng chung gia
cc m ba , cui cng tng s lng cc thnh phn trn ln. Qua mi
bc, chnh xc ca h nhn dng u tng ng k.
HTK c th xy dng c mi cu trc ca m hnh HMM chun, cho
php dng chung tt c cc tham s. Cc m n v khng nht thit phi c
cu trc HMM ging nhau...
HTK, cng nh nhiu h nhn dng li ni lin tc da trn HMM khc,
c th s dng d liu cha c gn nhn ng m hun luyn. L do
chnh l phng php hun luyn cc HMM trong nhn dng li ni lin tc
l phng php hun luyn nhng (embeded training), ngha cc HMM c
kt ni theo th t tng ng vi dy n v m ca mt cu ni trong d liu
hun luyn ri vic c lng tham s c tin hnh cho HMM ln ny.
Trong nhn dng li ni lin tc, b t vng ln, nhn ng m ch c
s dng duy nht mt ln khi to cc tham s cho cc HMM. Sau qu
trnh hun luyn nhng c lp li nhiu ln, ln hn rt nhiu so vi ch
mt ln hun luyn s dng nhn ng m. Do , vic khi to HMM s
97
dng nhn ng m khng l yu t quyt nh trong vic ci thin hiu qu
hot ng ca h nhn dng, chnh xc tng khng ng k. Trong phng
php hun luyn nhng vic xc nh cu trc HMM ph hp quan trng hn
rt nhiu, nu cu ni chm th HMM nn c nhiu trng thi v ngc li,
nu gia cc t trong cu ni c khong ngh th cho thm m sp vo gia cc
t m hnh ho khong ngh ny... V l do trn v mt s kh khn trong
vic tin x l nhn ng m nn thc nghim ny cha s dng nhn khi
to HMM. Nhng trong nhng ng dng thc t, nu c s d liu c nhn
ng m th rt nn s dng nng cao chnh cc.
Nhc im
B gii m ca HTK rt chm. Phin bn HTK hin ti ch h tr m
hnh ngn ng bigram (2-gram). Theo cc nh pht trin th cc phin bn
HTK tip theo s cung cp b gii m tt hn, v h tr m hnh ngn ng n-
gram (n >= 3).
3.1.4.3 Kh nng p dng HTK cho ting Vit
Trong vic gn nhn ng m
V HTK c th hun luyn cc HMM khng cn nhn ng m nn vi
nhng corpus d liu ting ni cha c gn nhn c th dng HTK tin
x l vic gn nhn. C th l:
Xc nh cc tp m t gn nhn
Xy dng transcription cho cc cu ni
Xy dng t in pht m t tp cc m t
Xy dng h nhn dng li ni lin tc
S dng h nhn dng v cc transcription gn nhn
cho cc cu ni trong corpus (force alignment) m bo chnh xc
v s lng m t v th t trc sau ca tng m t.
Chnh li khong thi gian pht m ca cc m t c
xc nh bc trc bng tay cho chun xc.
Nhn ng m rt quan trng trong nghin cu nhn dng li ni. Vic
nghin cu cc c trng ca m t, ca thanh iu trong ng m lin tc u
cn n nhn ng m. y l mt cng vic vt v, i hi chnh xc cao.
Nu c cng c tin x l th s tit kim thi gian, mt nhiu cng sc.
98
ng dng trong cc h nhn dng li ni lin tc, b t vng nh
Vi b t vng nh, c th dng HTK xy dng h nhn dng li ni
vi chnh xc cao, thi gian gii m khng ng k nn c th p dng
trong thc t.
3.2. M hnh lai ghp ANN/HMM
3.2.1. H thng nhn dng dng HMM lin tc
Trong h thng nhn dng dng HMM lin tc, xc sut pht x quan
st b
j
(o
t
) l mt hm mt xc sut c xy dng trn c s cc hm mt
xc sut Gauss. Hm ny bao gm mt hoc nhiu cc dng (stream), mi
dng c th c mt hoc nhiu thnh phn trn bao gm cc hm mt xc
sut Gauss. Cu trc nhiu dng cho php h thng m hnh ho nhiu dng
thng tin khc nhau. Thng thng s lng dng ti a l 4 dng.
Cng thc tng qut ca hm pht x quan st o
t
ti trng thi j c
biu din nh sau:
1 1
( ) ( ; ; )
s
js
M
S
j t jsm st jsm jsm
m s
b o c o

1

1
]

N
Trong M
js
l s thnh phn trn (mixture) ti trng thi j ca dng
(stream) s, c
jsm
l trng s ca thnh phn th m v
(.; ; ) N
l hm xc sut
Gauss vi cc tham s
.
1
1
( ) ( )
2
1
( ; ; )
(2 )
o o
n
o e

N
Trong , n l kch thc ca quan st o, s
l trng s ca dng stream s

cho php h thng tp trung hn vo mt dng d liu no v thng c
gi tr l 1.
Mi mt m hnh Markov n tng ng vi mt n v nhn dng ca
c bn ca h thng. n v nhn dng c bn c th l t, m v hay bn m
tit. Mi m hnh gm nhiu trng thi, trong c mt trng thi khi u
v mt trng thi kt thc l cc trng thi c bit khng pht sinh quan st
(non-emitting).
Qu trnh hun luyn c thc hin bng phng thc hun luyn
nhng (embedded). Vi mi mt pht m, h thng s tm tp cha phin m
99
chnh t ca pht m , sau n s tra cu trong t in pht m ca mi t
tm ra c dy cc m v tng ng vi pht m. Mt m hnh Markov n
ln s c xy dng bng cch ni cc m hnh Markov n ca cc m v
vo vi nhau. Sau thut ton hun luyn forward-backward s c p
dng vi m hnh Markov n ny.
Vi thut ton hun luyn nhng, cc m hnh c ghp li vi nhau
to thnh mt m hnh Markov n ln, trong vi mi m hnh nh ca cc
m v c hai trng thi c bit l trng thi khi u v trng thi kt thc.
Hai trng thi ny khng sinh cc quan st. Cng thc tnh cc xc sut tin
v li khc so vi cc cng thc tnh ton c trnh by trong phn trc.
Trong cc cng thc di y, k hiu (q) trn k t biu th m hnh
Markov n th q trong m hnh ln. Cc xc sut tin
( )
j
t
l xc sut ca dy
quan st o
1
... o
t
ti thi im t trng thi j c c khi to nh sau:
Vi trng thi u tin (Enter) trong m hnh:
) 1 (
) (
1
q
1, nu q=1
) 1 (
1
) 1 (
1
1
) 1 (

q
N
q
q
a
trng hp cn li
Vi cc trng thi c sinh ra quan st
( ) ( ) ( )
1 1
(1) ( )
q q q
j j j
a b o
Vi trng thi cui (Exit) trong m hnh
1
( ) ( ) ( )
2
(1) (1)
q
q q
N
q q q
N i iN
i
a
Nh vy m hnh HMM ln s lun bt u bng m hnh u tin. Cc

gi tr khc ngoi cc gi tr trn c khi to bng 0. Vi t > 1 ta c cc
cng thc tnh ton quy nh sau:
Vi trng thi khi u trong m hnh
, nu q=1 (do m hnh lun bt u bng trng thi u tin
ca m hnh u tin trong m hnh ln)
, trng hp cn li
Vi cc trng thi sinh quan st
( )
1
( )
q
t
1
( 1) ( 1) ( 1)
1 1 1
( 1) ( )
q q
q q q
N N
t t a
+
0
100
1
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 1
2
( ) ( ) ( 1) ( )
q
N
q q q q q q
j j i ij j t
i
t t a t a b o
1
+
1
]
Vi trng thi cui trong m hnh

1
( ) ( ) ( )
2
( ) ( )
q
q q
N
q q q
N i iN
i
t t a
i vi trng hp ca xc sut li backward

( )
i
t
l xc sut ca dy quan
st o
T
... o
t
ti thi im t trng thi i c khi to nh sau:
Vi trng thi cui trong m hnh
) (
) (
T
q
N
q
1, nu q=Q

1 1
( 1) ( 1)
( )
q q
q q
N iN
T a
+ +
+ +
, trng hp cn li
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
q q
q q q
i iN N
T a T
Vi trng thi u
1
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 1
2
( ) ( ) ( )
q
N
q q q q
j j t j
j
T a b o T
Cc gi tr khc ngoi cc gi tr trn c khi to bng 0. Vi t<T ta c

cc cng thc quy nh sau:
101
1 1
( 1) ( 1) ( 1)
1 1
( 1) ( )
q q
q q q
N N
t t a
+ +
+ + +
+ +
Vi trng thi cui:

) (
) (
t
q
N
q
0 , nu q=Q
, trng hp cn li
1
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1
2
( ) ( ) ( ) ( 1)
q
q q
N
q q q q q q
i iN N ij j t j
j
t a t a b o t
+ +
Vi trng thi u
1
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 1
2
( ) ( ) ( )
q
N
q q q q
j j t j
j
t a b o t
xc sut tng
Pr( | ) O
c tnh bng:
1
( ) ( )
N
P T t
Vi cc xc sut tin v li c tnh nh trn cng thc tnh ton cc
tham s ca m hnh Markov n nh sau:
1
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1
1 1
( ) r
( ) ( )
1 1
r
1
( ) ( ) ( 1)
P
1
( ) ( )
P
r
r
R T
q r q q r q r
i ij j t j
r t
q
ij
R T
q r q r
i i
r t
t a b o t
a
t t

+

+

Xc sut chuyn trng thi t trng thi khi u l:
1
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 1
1 1
( ) r
1
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( 1)
1 1 1 1 1
1 1
r
1
( ) ( ) ( )
P
1
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
P
r
r
q
R T
q r q q r q r
j j t j
r t
q
j
R T
q r q r q r q q r
N
r t
t a b o t
a
t t t a t

+

xc sut chuyn trng thi ti trng thi kt thc l:
1
( ) ( ) ( )
1 1
( ) r
( ) ( )
1 1
r
1
( ) ( )
P
1
( ) ( )
P
r
q q
q
r
R T
q r q q r
i iN N
r t
q
iN
R T
q r q r
i i
r t
t a t
a
t t

xc sut chuyn trng thi t trng thi u ti trng thi kt thc l:
1
( ) ( ) ( 1)
1 1 1
1 1
( ) r
1
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( 1)
1 1 1
1 1
r
1
( ) ( )
P
1
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
P
r
q
q
r
q
R T
q r q q r
N
r t
q
N
R T
q r q r q r q q r
i i N
r t
t a t
a
t t t a t

+

+

+

Trong
( )
r
jsm
L t
xc sut chim gi ca thnh phn trn th m ca dng
vo s ti thi im t ca quan st th r:
102
*
1
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
Pr
r r r r r
jsm j jsm jsm st j js t
L t U t c b o t o
Vi
) (
) (
t U
r q
j

( ) ( )
1 1
( )
q r q
j
t a
nu t=1

1
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 1
2
( ) ( 1)
q
N
q r q q r q
j i ij
i
t a t a
, trng hp cn li
v
*
( ) ( )
r r
js t jk kt
k s
b o b o
3.2.2. Hun luyn h thng nhn dng dng ANN

Trong t in pht m, mi t c phin m thnh cc m v v mt t
c th bao gm mt vi nh ngha khc nhau. xy dng cc n v nhn
dng ph thuc ng cnh, cc m v c chia thnh mt, hai hoc ba phn,
mi phn nh vy c gi l category v l n v nhn dng c bn ca h
thng nhn dng. Mi category ph thuc vo ng cnh bn tri hoc bn
phi ca n. V d m v /kh/ c chia thnh hai phn, phn bn tri ph
thuc vo cc m v ng bn tri m v /kh/ v phn bn phi ph thuc vo
cc m v ng bn phi m v /kh/. Do /kh/ l ph m ng u cu v ch
xut hin duy nht trong t khng nn phn bn phi ca /kh/ ch c th l
m v /oo/, t ta c mt category /kh>oo/. Phn bn tri ca /kh/ s cho ta
category /.pau>kh/ khi t khng ng u cu hoc sau mt khong ngh
pause. Khi khng ng sau cc t khc ta c cc category tng ng
/oong>kh/, /oot>kh/, /ai>kh/, /a>kh/, /oon>kh/, ...
Nu m v c chia lm ba phn, phn gia s khng ph thuc vo
ng cnh hai bn, ch c hai phn hai bn s ph thuc vo cc m v ng
cnh n. Mi m v s c xc nh kiu ph thuc ng cnh thng qua nh
ngha s phn phn chia ca m v .
Mng nron dng c hun luyn gm nhiu lp, thng thng l ba
lp. S lng nt u vo ph thuc vo kch thc vector c tnh ph ca
mi khung tn hiu. V d vector c tnh ph gm 12 h t MFCC cng vi
gi tr nng lng v gi tr delta ca cc gi tr trn to thnh 26 gi tr i
vi mi khung tn hiu. Ngoi ra bn khung tn hiu ln cn khung tn hiu
chnh: -60, -30, +30, +60ms cng c dng to thnh mt vector 130 c
103
tnh ph ng vi mi khung tn hiu. Nu vy mng ANN s c 130 nt u
vo. S lng nt thuc lp n thng c chn l 200 nt. Tuy nhin cha
c ti liu no xut phng php dng xc nh s lng nt n
mng ANN hot ng tt nht. S lng nt thuc lp n cng ln th qu
trnh hc ca mng ANN cng lu. Thng thng s lng nt thuc lp n
c chn gn vi s lng nt u ra ca mng ANN. S lng nt ra ca
mng ANN ph thuc vo s lng category ca h thng.
Qu trnh hun luyn mng nron c thc hin vi tng pht m dng
th tc truyn ngc sai s. Vi mi pht m, thng tin nhn thi gian trong
c s d liu ting ni cho ta cc khong thi gian thuc v m v cn hun
luyn. Nh vy vi mi category cc khong thi gian dnh cho chng c
xc nh trong mi pht m. Cc thng tin ny c dng hun luyn cho
mng ANN.
Qu trnh hun luyn mng ANN c tin hnh trn nhiu vng lp.
Ph thuc vo s lng category, s lng cc category c buc, cu trc
mng nron, kch thc d liu hun luyn, h s hc m mng nron c th
hi t sau mt s ln lp.
Mt tham s quan trng trong qu trnh hun luyn mng ANN l h s
hc (learning rate). Tuy nhin gi tr ny c th iu chnh tu theo tng
mng ANN v tu theo kch thc d liu hun luyn. Nu h s hc ln, h
thng s nhanh chng tin ti im cc tr, tuy nhin ngc li mng kh tip
cn gn nht c n im cc tr. Nu h s hc nh, qu trnh hun luyn
s lu mi ti c im cc tr nhng ngc li h thng c th tin gn ti
im cc tr nhiu hn.
3.2.3. H thng nhn dng dng HMM/ANN
Mng ANN c u im ni bt l kh nng phn lp. Tuy nhin khi
p dng vo h thng nhn dng ting ni, mng ANN c mt nhc im l
khng thch hp vi cc tn hiu ting ni di, bin thin theo thi gian. Do
vy cc nh nghin cu th nghim h thng nhn dng lai ghp gia
mng nron v m hnh Markov n (HMM/ANN) vi mc ch hn ch
nhc im ca hai phng php ANN v HMM, ng thi tn dng hai u
im ca hai phng php ny: kh nng phn lp ca mng nron v kh
nng m hnh ho thng tin thi gian ca m hnh Markov n.
104
C kh nhiu kin trc mng lai ghp HMM/ANN c xut,
trong thng dng nht l kin trc dng mng MLP lm xc sut pht x
quan st trong cc h thng mng lai ghp. Phn sau y s trnh by v kin
trc mng lai ghp ny.
3.2.3.1 Cu trc mng lai ghp
im khc bit chnh ca mng lai ghp HMM/ANN so vi cc m hnh
Markov thng thng l hm b
j
(k) khng phi hm mt xc sut m l gi
tr xc sut u ra ca mng ANN.
Hnh di y miu t quan h gia cc m hnh HMM v mng nron
ANN. Mi nt ra ca mng ANN tng ng vi mt trng thi ca m hnh
HMM. Trng thi ca m v /oo/ trong hai t bn v mt c chung nhau
mt nt ra ca mng ANN.
Hnh 3-44- M hnh mng lai ghp HMM/ANN
3.2.3.2 Hun luyn mng HMM/ANN
Mng lai ghp HMM/ANN c hun luyn bng hun luyn nhng
(embedded). Tng ng vi mi pht m, cc m hnh Markov n ca cc
n v nhn dng trong pht m c ni ghp li vi nhau to thnh mt
m hnh HMM ln. Thut ton forward-backward c p dng iu
chnh cc tham s ca cc m hnh ln ny. Cc gi tr output ca mng ANN
c dng lm xc sut pht x quan st ca mi trng thi trong m hnh.
105
Trong mi vng lp ca hun luyn forward-backward, thut ton
Viterbi c p dng tm ra dy cc trng thi tt nht trong m hnh
HMM ln tng ng vi pht m dng hun luyn. T dy trng thi ny,
ti mi thi im tng ng vi mt khung thi gian tn hiu ting ni, ta s
c gi tr output ca mng ANN. Nt output tng ng vi trng thi hin ti
c gi tr l 1, cc nt output khc c gi tr 0. T cc gi tr output ny, mng
ANN c hun luyn li bng th tc truyn ngc sai s. Hnh sau m t
qu trnh hun luyn mng HMM/ANN.
Hnh 3-45-Hun luyn mng lai ghp HMM/ANN.
Phng php hun luyn nh trn, c th c p dng hiu qu hun
luyn mng lai ghp HMM/ANN nu d liu dng hun luyn l ln. Phng
php trn c nhc im l ti mi thi im, chng ta phi chn mt category
106
c xc sut l 1, cc category cn li c xc sut l 0. iu ny khng hon ton
chnh xc v mt khung tn hiu, do nh hng ca ng cnh xung quanh, c th
mang mt phn c tnh ph ca cc khung tn hiu ln cn. Mt phng php
hn ch nhc im ny l dng xc sut xut hin ti trng thi hin thi lm
gi tr output ca mng ANN. Cc gi tr output ny c dng hun luyn
mng ANN bng th tc truyn ngc sai s. Cc gi tr ny mm (soft) hn
l gi tr 0 v 1. Kt qu thc nghim cho thy phng php ny tng chnh
xc nhn dng ca h thng.
Cc xc sut dng lm gi tr output ca mng ANN l
t
(i) = P(q
t
= S
i
|O,
) l xc sut m hnh trng thi S
i
vo thi im t. Cng thc tnh xc sut
ny chnh l cng thc c s dng trong thut ton forward-backward:
t
(i)=
1
( ,)
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
() ( )
( ) ( )
t i
t t t t
N
t t
i
P q S O
i i i i
P O P O
i i
1 i N, 1 t T
3.2.4. Nhn dng
3.2.4.1 Xy dng mng t
Mng t (word network) c dng nh ngha mt ng php, mi lin
h th t gia cc t c nhn dng bi h thng. Mt tp nh ngha mng t
cha mt danh sch cc nt biu din cc t v mt danh sch cc cung biu
din chuyn dch gia cc t. Cc chuyn dch ny c th c cc xc sut gn
lin vi n, v d cc xc sut ca m hnh ngn ng bigram. V d di y l
mt mng t ca mt h thng nhn dng mi ch s lin tc v nh ngha
ng php ca n.
Hnh 6.14 - S ng php ca h thng nhn dng mi ch s lin tc
i vi cc h thng nhn dng c s lng t vng ln v trung bnh,
nh ngha ng php ca h thng thng ch n thun l cu trc vng t
mt
hai
sil
chn
sil
107
(wordloop), c ngha l bt k mt t no trong b t in ca h thng u
c th theo sau t bt k khc trong t in.
3.2.4.2 M hnh ngn ng N-gram
Hnh 3- 46- S mng word-loop vi cc xc sut bigram.
Sau khi mng t c xy dng xong, cc thng tin ca m hnh ngn
ng c tch hp vo mng t. Mt mng t ca mt h thng nhn dng
lin tc l cu trc vng t word-loop, trong cc t c t song song vi
nhau v cc ng u vng loop-back cho php bt k mt t no cng
c th ng sau t kia. Cu trc ny c dng ph bin trong nhiu h thng
nhn dng nh h thng nhn dng c chnh t. Cc xc sut bigram vo mi
cung ni gia hai t. Trong Hnh 2.13 l s mt mng word-loop gm bn
t, cc xc sut bigram P(w
i
/w
j
) c gn vo mi cung loop-back gia cc
t, ngha l gia mt cp t bt k u cn c mt xc sut bigram tng ng.
3.2.4.3 S dng mng t trong h thng nhn dng
Khi mng t c np vo trong h thng nhn dng, mt t in phin
m ca h thng s c dng to ra mt mng tng ng bao gm cc
n v nhn dng c bn ca h thng, cc m n hoc cc m ba. Tu thuc
vo cu hnh ca h thng m cc m ba c th l cc m ba gii ni t hay
m ba lin t. Mt t c th c nhiu phin m, khi s c nhiu nhnh ca
mng mi nhnh tng ng vi mi phin m ca t. Mng ny c gi l
mng HMM. Nh vy ta c th thy mt cu trc ba mc ca mt mng
dng nhn dng: mc t, mc m hnh v mc trng thi. Hnh 6.16 m t
108
cu trc ny ca h thng nhn dng. Trong hnh ny cc hnh ovan biu th
cc t, hnh vung biu din mt nhn kt thc mt t (word end).
Hnh 3-47- Cu trc ba lp ca mng t nhn dng
Mng dng nhn dng cui cng bao gm cc trng thi v cc cung
ni chng vi nhau. Cc cung trong mt m hnh HMM chnh l xc sut
chuyn trng thi c xc nh bi cc tham s ca HMM. Cc cung gia
cc m hnh c xc sut tng ng nhau, cc cung gia cc t c xc sut
c xc nh bi m hnh ngn ng.
3.2.4.4 Gii m
Nhim v ca qu trnh gii m l tm ra mt ng i trong mng
HMM c xc sut ln nht. thc hin cng vic ny mt thut ton tng
t thut ton Viterbi c dng, gi l thut ton chuyn th bi (Token
Passing).
Gi thit mi trng thi j ca mt m hnh HMM ti thi im t gi mt
th bi cha xc sut bn phn
( )
j
t
. Xc sut ny l xc sut ca quan st t
o
1
ti o
t
vi m hnh ti trng thi j v thi im t. Ti mi trng thi i c
nhiu r nhnh, thut ton s lm nh sau:
Chuyn mt bn sao ca th bi ti trng thi i ti tt c cc trng
thi j m c lin kt vi trng thi i, tng log xc sut ca bn sao:
log[ ] log[( ( )]
ij j t
a b o +
Tnh ton tt c cc th bi v s xo ht cc th bi, ch gi li th
bi tt nht.
109
Mi mt th bi di chuyn trong mng u duy tr mt vt trn ng i
ca n. S lng thng tin lu trn vt ph thuc vo yu cu ca h thng,
thng thng ch dy cc t l c lu li.
Thut ton chuyn th bi
//Khi ng
<Mt th bi c gi tr bng 0 c gn cho tt c
cc trng thi khi u trong mng>
// Chuyn th bi
For t=1 to T do // T l s khung tn hiu ca pht m
For all trng thi i do
<Chuyn mt th bi ca trng thi i ti tt
c cc trng thi j m c ni kt vi trng
thi i, ng thi cp nht gi tr ca th
bi + log[ ] log[( ( )]
ij j t
a b o >;
For all trng thi i do
<Tm th bi c gi tr log xc sut l tt
nht. Xo tt c cc th bi khc >;
End for
// Dng
<Tm tt c cc trng thi kt thc, trng thi no c
th bi tt nht s ng vi ng i tt nht cn tm>
Trong hnh di y ta thy trng thi 3 c nhn nhiu th bi t cc
trng thi 1 v 2 v t chnh bn thn n. Sau ch c mt th bi duy nht
c gi li.
3
2
1
+ p 2 3
+ p 3 3
+ p 1 3
Hnh 3-48- Minh ha thut ton chuyn th bi.
Mt mng ln c nhiu nt th cng vic tm kim s rt lu v tn thi
gian. Mt gii php nhm gim c hiu qu vic tnh ton l ch cho php
110
cc th bi m c c hi l mt trong cc th bi tt nht mi c tn ti. C
ch ny gi l ct ta (pruning). Ti mi bc cc th bi m c gi tr xc
sut nm ngoi khong gi tr cho php so vi th bi c xc sut cao nht s
b xo i. Khong gi tr cho php (beam-width) c iu chnh bi dung
ho gia yu t tc v hiu qu ca thut ton tm kim.
Kt thc qu trnh tm kim vi mi pht m ta nhn c mt dy cc
t vi xc sut cao nht l kt qu nhn dng.
3.3. So snh hai phng php nhn dng CD-HMM v
HMM/ANN
Phng php nhn dng dng HMM hin l phng php ph bin nht
dng trong nhn dng ting ni. Cng vi HMM, mng nron nhn to ANN
cng c p dng vo trong nhn dng ting ni kt hp vi HMM thnh
mng lai ghp HMM/ANN. Phn ny trnh by so snh gia hai phng php
nhn dng: phng php dng HMM lin tc CD-HMM (Continuous
Density Hidden Markov Model) v phng php dng mng lai ghp
HMM/ANN.
C s d liu
Qu trnh hun luyn mng lai ghp HMM/ANN c bt u bng
hun luyn mng ANN. Trong qu trnh hun luyn mng ANN, d liu
tng ng vi tng n v nhn dng c a vo hun luyn. Do cc
thng tin v nhn thi gian l bt buc phi sn c trong c s d liu h
thng tm ra cc khung tn hiu tng ng vi cc n v nhn dng, t
tnh ton cc vector c tnh ph. V l do ny, c s d liu dng hun
luyn mng HMM/ANN cn phi c cc thng tin v nhn thi gian, hay ni
cch khc d liu dng hun luyn mng HMM/ANN phi c gn nhn.
Khc vi phng php trc, hun luyn h thng dng CD-HMM c
bt u bng cch khi to cc tham s ca cc m hnh Markov n. Nu cc
thng tin nhn thi gian sn c, h thng s khi to cc tham s ca m hnh
Markov n theo d liu ng vi tng m hnh. Cn nu cc nhn thi gian l
khng sn c, cc m hnh Markov n ca c h thng s c khi to vi
cng mt tham s, cch khi to ny gi l khi to phng (flat start). Hun
luyn nhng sau ny s iu chnh cc tham s ca ca tng m hnh. V l
111
do ny m h thng dng CD-HMM khng bt buc cc pht m trong c s
d liu cn phi c gn nhn bng tay.
n v nhn dng c bn
Trong h thng nhn dng dng mng lai ghp HMM/ANN n v nhn
dng c bn lun l category, l mt phn ca m v. Do c tnh bin thin
ting ni theo thi gian, trong khong thi gian tn ti ca mt m v, cc c
tnh ph ca m v bin thin t lc bt u ti khi kt thc mt m v.
Khong thi gian m cc c tnh ph tng i tnh, tc l c th dng c
cho hun luyn mng ANN ch l mt phn ca m v: phn bn tri ca m
v, ni m v chu nh hng ca ng cnh phi, phn gia ca m v khng
chu nh hng ca ng cnh v phn bn phi ca m v, chu nh hng ca
ng cnh phi. Nu n v nhn dng c di ln hn c s dng, mng
ANN s c hun luyn vi d liu c khc nhau nhiu vi cng mt n
v nhn dng v do vy hiu qu hot ng s b hn ch.
Vi h thng nhn dng dng CD-HMM, n v nhn dng c bn kh
linh hot: c th l m tit, bn m tit hoc m v. Vi cc h thng nhn
dng nh, n v nhn dng c bn c th l cc t. Khi s lng cc trng
thi trong m hnh c th c th c iu chnh nhiu hn, thng thng l
ln 6 hoc 8 trng thi. Vi h thng nhn dng c kch thc t in ln,
n v nhn dng c bn thng l m v hoc bn m tit, s trng thi trong
m hnh khi c iu chnh nh hn, khong t 3-5 trng thi.
m ng
Trong h thng HMM/ANN, m ng, k hiu l /uc/ (unvoiced
clousure) c coi l mt n v nhn dng ring. Tuy nhin v nh hng
ca n n ng cnh cc m v khc th chng li c xp chung vi n v
nhn dng khong lng sil.
V mt cc c tnh ph, khong yn lng sil v m ng l tng t
nhau bi v chng cng biu din mt khong yn lng. Hnh nh ca hai loi
n v nhn dng ny trn biu ph ging nhau, u l mt khong trng nng
lng. S khc nhau ch yu ca hai n v nhn dng ny l di. Trong
m ng thng c di khong 30ms th khong yn lng c di thng
xuyn ln hn 30ms. Hn na trong qu trnh trch chn c tnh ph ca mt
112
khung tn hiu, cc khung tn hiu lng ging ca khung tn hiu chnh
(thng trong khong 60ms) cng tham gia vo vector c tnh ph. V vy
c tnh ph ca hai n v nhn dng khi a vo mng ANN l c khc
nhau do ng cnh xung quanh.
Vi h thng dng CD-HMM, cc m ng khng c mt trong cc n
v nhn dng c bn, chng c ghp vo cng vi m tc ng trc hoc
ng sau n, tu thuc m tc l ph m u hay ph m cui. Thng thng
vi n v nhn dng c bn l m v, m hnh Markov n ca mi m v gm
ba trng thi. m ng c m hnh ho bi trng thi u v hai trng thi
sau s m hnh ho m tc hoc l hai trng thi u s m hnh ho m tc v
trng thi cui s m hnh ho m ng trong trng hp m ng ng sau
m tc.
V d sau y l cc n v nhn dng c bn ca t ba mt tng ng
vi hai trng hp:
o H thng HMM/ANN, m ng /uc/ c tch ra ring vi
m tc: /uc/ /b/ /a/ /m/ /oo/ /t/ /uc/
o H thng CD-HMM: m ng /uc/ c gp vo vi m
tc: /uc/ /b/ -> /bb/, /t/ /uc/ -> /tt/: /bb/ /a/ /m/ /oo/ /tt/
Ph thuc ng cnh
CD-HMM: Do c tnh ca ting ni, tt c cc h thng nhn dng u
dng n v nhn dng l ph thuc ng cnh. tnh n ng cnh tri v
ng cnh phi ca m v, CD-HMM dng m ba (triphone), trong mt m
v c b sung thm ng cnh t m v c lp ng cnh tng ng. V d
nh m v /a/ s c chuyn thnh m ba /b-a+n/ trong t bn, v khi
y l n v nhn dng khc vi m v /a/ trong t n: /dd-a+n/. C hai
loi m ba c phn bit: m ba gii ni t (word internal) v m ba lin t
(cross-word). Trong m ba gii ni t, nh hng ca ng cnh c coi l
ch c tc dng trong t , gia cc t vi nhau c coi l c ngn cch
bi khong lng. Vi m ba lin t, nh hng ca ng cnh tnh n cc m
v ca cc t lng ging. Loi m ba ny phn nh chnh xc nh hng ca
ng cnh n cc m v, tuy nhin vi cch ny s lng cc m ba c th l
rt ln. Vi ting Vit s lng cc m ba lin t c th ln ti hn 16 nghn
113
m ba. Vi s lng ln nh vy, d liu hun luyn cn c l rt ln v vn
thiu ht d liu hun luyn l kh trnh khi. V d sau y l cc m n
v cc m ba ca pht m anh ni ting Vit h:
Phin m chnh t: anh noi tieeng vieet ha
m v: sil ea ngz sil n o i t ie ngz v ietc h a sil
m ba gii ni t: sil sil-ea+ngz ea-ngz+n ngz-n+o
n-o+i o-i+t i-t+ie t-ie+ngz ie-ngz+sil sil-v+ietc v-
ietc+h ietc-h+a h-a+sil sil
m ba lin t: sil ea+ngz ea-ngz sil n+o n-o+i o-i
sil t+ie t-ie+ngz ie-ngz sil v+ietc v-ietc sil h+a h-a
sil sil
Trong h thng nhn dng HMM/ANN, mng ANN ch c th tin hnh
phn lp vi mt phn ca m v, ni cc c tnh ph khng thay i nhiu.
tnh n nh hng ca ng cnh n cc n v nhn dng m v c
chia thnh nhiu n v nhn dng c bn hay gi l category. Mt m v c
th c chia thnh 2 hoc 3 hoc hoc c khai bo l mt category ph
thuc phi. Nh vy n v nhn dng c bn ph thuc ng cnh ca
HMM/ANN thc cht l m i (biphone) ch khng phi l m ba. Vi cch
lm ny th s lng cc n v nhn dng c bn ca HMM/ANN khng ln
nh trong trng hp ca CD-HMM. Vi ting Vit, nu b t in bao gm
tt c cc t, th s lng category l khong 2147 category. Sau y l cc
n v nhn dng ca h thng HMM/ANN tng ng vi pht m trn:
m v: sil ea ngz sil n o i t ie ngz v ietc h a sil
category: sil<ea <ea> ea>ngz ea<ngz ngz>sil sil
sil<n n>o n<o <o> o>i i<t t>ie t<ie <ie> ie>ngz ngz<v
v<ietc <ietc> ietc<h h<a <a> h<a a>sil
Do s lng m v ph thuc ng cnh ca mng HMM/ANN khng ln
nh trong trng hp h thng dng CD-HMM, kch thc cn thit ca d
liu dng hun luyn i vi mng HMM/ANN cng khng ln so vi h
thng dng CD-HMM.
Hun luyn
114
C hai h thng HMM/ANN v CD-HMM, ging nh cc h thng nhn
dng dng HMM, u dng hun luyn nhng hun luyn cc m hnh
Markov n. Cc HMM ca cc n v nhn dng c ni vo nhau to thnh
mt m hnh HMM ln. Sau cc tham s ca c m hnh ln ny c
iu chnh theo d liu hun luyn.
Vi h thng CD-HMM, sau mi ln hun luyn, cc tham s ca m
hnh Markov n c iu chnh li theo cng thc Baum-Welch. iu chnh
xc sut pht x quan st b
j
(k) c phn nh bi iu chnh cc tham s ca
cc hm Gauss. Vi trng hp ca mng HMM/ANN, cc xc sut pht x
quan st b
j
(k) chnh l gi tr ra ca mng ANN, do vy vic iu chnh xc
sut ny thc hin bng iu chnh cc trng s ca mng ANN. Thut ton
Viterbi c thc hin tm ra dy trng thi tng ng vi tng pht m v
th t cc trng thi ny dng hun luyn li mng ANN trong mi ln lp.
Trong qu trnh hun luyn mng ANN s c nhiu tp gi tr trng s
tng ng vi mi vng lp hun luyn (iteration). Cn phi tm ra c vng
lp no cho chnh xc cao nht v xc nh iu ny h thng s th
nhn dng trn mt tp d liu gi l tp d liu pht trin vi cc tp trong
s ca cc ln lp khc nhau. Kch thc tp d liu ny cn ln m
bo rng vng lp cho kt qu chnh xc nht cng s cho kt qu chnh xc
nht vi d liu kim tra. Nh vy vi HMM/ANN mt tp d liu pht trin
cn c b sung vo tp d liu hun luyn v d liu kim tra.
Gn nhn cng bc
Trong c hai h thng nhn dng, qu trnh hun luyn bao gm hai giai
on. Vi mng HMM/ANN giai on u l hun luyn mng ANN vi cc
nhn c gn bng tay. Vi mng CD-HMM, cc tham s ca cc m hnh
Markov n c khi to (bng khi to phng flat-start nu khng c cc
thng tin nhn thi gian hoc bng khi to vi tng m hnh nu c cc
thng tin nhn thi gian trong c s d liu). Cc pht m s c phn tch
thnh cc n v nhn dng c bn da vo t in phin m. Nu mt t c
nhiu phin m th phin m u tin c s dng. Dy phin m ca mi
pht m c s dng tin hnh hun luyn nhng.
Sau giai on hun luyn u tin cc h thng u tin hnh gn nhn
cng bc bi h thng c hun luyn trong bc mt. Vi mng
115
HMM/ANN gn nhn cng bc c thc hin nhm xc nh li ranh gii
ca cc m v trong mt pht m v c bit xc nh ranh gii ca cc
category. Trong bc hun luyn u ranh gii cc category c xc nh t
cc m v bng cch chia u di ca m v tng ng. Vi gn nhn
cng bc, h thng c hun luyn s tm ra ranh gii ca cc category
trong mi m v chnh xc hn so vi vic chia u di ca m v nh
bc u. Sau khi cc ranh gii c xc nh, mng ANN c hun luyn
li t u da vo cc nhn thi gian mi c xc nh trong qu trnh gn
nhn cng bc. Thng thng bc hun luyn ny s ci thin chnh
xc nhn dng ca h thng do cc nhn thi gian ca category c xc nh
chnh xc hn.
Vi h thng CD-HMM, bc gn nhn cng bc nhm xc nh ra
phin m no trong s cc phin m ca mt t trong t in ph hp nht.
Kt qu ca qu trnh gn nhn cng bc l dy cc n v nhn dng c bn
tng ng vi mi pht m. T cc phin m ca cc pht m ny, h thng
c hun luyn nhng li mt ln na k tha cc tham s c trong bc
hun luyn trc.
Kh nng chng nhiu
Mt nhc im ca HMM l kh nng m hnh ho m thanh. Yu
im ny lm cho h thng dng mng CD-HMM d nhn dng nhm cc
nhiu chn (additional noise) trong qu trnh nhn dng. T l li nhn dng
chn trong h thng nhn dng dng CD-HMM kh cao khi chng phi lm
vic vi cc pht m c nhiu nhiu. chnh xc nhn dng mc cu
thng thp.
Ngc li, ANN c kh nng phn lp mnh v c kh nng m hnh m
thanh tt. Cc nhiu chn c th c pht hin v khng b nhn dng nhm
l cc m v. T l li nhn dng nhm do li chn ca h thng HMM/ANN
thp, h thng chu c nh hng ca nhiu v cc m thanh an xen vo
trong ting ni v c th nhn dng c vi pht m c nhiu nhiu.
chnh xc nhn dng mc cu cao hn so vi h thng CD-HMM.
116
Ngoi ra mng ANN cn c c ch hiu qu l dng mt n v nhn
dng c bit l .garbage loi b nh hng ca nhiu, m thanh khng
phi ting ni v loi b cc pht m khng c trong t in. C ch ny nh
ngha hai loi m v l m v mi trng (background): /sil/ v /garbage/. m
v /sil/ biu th cc khong yn lng, v c hun luyn trong tp d liu
hun luyn. /garbage/ biu th cc nhiu khng mong i nh ting xen vo
ca ci t, ting ci, ting ho... Trong mng ANN, /sil/ a ra trc tip kt
qu, ngc li /garbage/ c tnh ton da vo cc kt qu ca cc n v
nhn dng khc. N c tnh l gi tr trung bnh ca N gi tr xc sut ln
nht, trong N l hm ca s nt u ra ca mng ANN. m thanh mi
trng c nh ngha l gi tr cao nht ca mt trong hai m v /sil/ v
/garbage/. Vi cch nh ngha ny, /garbage/ s c gi tr cao nht vi cc
khung tn hiu nm vng nhiu v s c gi tr thp hn cc category khc
khi khung tn hiu nm vng c ting ni. Vic p dng gi tr /.garbage/
gp phn lm gim ng k nhn dng nhm, c bit l cc li do chn do
cc tp m.
Kch thc b t in
Phng php mng lai ghp HMM/ANN c mt yu im l kh
nng xy dng h thng nhn dng kch thc ln. Vi b t in kch thc
ln, s lng n v c bn s tng v do vy ko theo kch thc ca mng
ANN s tng. Mng ANN c hun luyn bi th tc truyn ngc sai s c
tc hc rt chm. Do vy tc hun luyn v tc nhn dng ca h
thng s b chm i nhiu.
Vi phng php HMM, kh nng xy dng h thng nhn dng kch
thc ln khng b hn ch nhiu nh phng php dng mng nron. Tc
hun luyn v tc nhn dng ca h thng dng HMM lin tc nhanh hn
h thng dng HMM/ANN.
Kt lun
Mi h thng nhn dng u c nhng u im v nhc im ring.
Phng php xy dng h thng nhn dng bng HMM/ANN c u im l
thch hp cho cc h thng nhn dng c kch thc nh, khng i hi d
liu hun luyn ln. H thng cng c kh nng m hnh ho m thanh cao,
117
c kh nng chu nhiu v cc m thanh xen ln tt. Tuy nhin nhc im
ca h thng ny l c s d liu dng hun luyn cn phi c gn nhn
trc v qu trnh hun luyn v nhn dng kh lu do tc hc v phn lp
ca mng ANN chm. V l do ny nn xy dng h thng HMM/ANN vi
t in kch thc ln b hn ch
Phng php nhn dng ca CD-HMM c u im l d liu hun luyn
khng cn phi gn nhn trc, c th c s dng cho cc h thng nhn
dng kch thc ln, thi gian hun luyn khng nhiu v tc nhn dng
nhanh hn so vi dng HMM/ANN. Tuy nhin kh nng m hnh ho m
thnh v kh nng chu nhiu ca h thng ny khng bng h thng mng lai
ghp HMM/ANN.
118
4. MI TRNG TN HIU TING NI TRN
IN THOI
4.1. Gii thiu v card Dialogic
Card Dialogic l loi card x l m thanh do cng ty Dialogic cung cp.
Card ny c nhiu loi v bao gm nhiu tnh nng: x l, thu, pht, nn m
thanh cng nh cc chc nng khi ng/nhn mt cuc gi. N c kh tip
nhn nhiu cuc gi n trong cng mt thi im. N cn bao gm c chc
nng pht/pht hin cc tn hiu ng dy in thoi bng cc phng php
khc nhau (DTMF,MF,R2...). lm c iu ny, cng ty cung cp cho
ngi s dng cc hm th vin c th thit k cc ng dng chuyn bit.
Cc cng c ny c thit k c th lp trnh trn nhiu mi trng
khc nhau: Windows 16/32, Unix...
Hn th, cc hm cn c thit k c th lp nn cc ng dng ng
b, bt ng b, hoc c hai trong mi trng h tr MultiTasking bng cc
tham s v c ch truy xut ring bit.
Card Dialogic JCT120LS cung cp cho ta 12 knh ring bit vi cc kh
nng sau:
Thu, m ha v nn m thanh trong thi gian thc
Pht nhng files m thanh
Pht hin cc Tones nh DTMF, MF
Khi ng v nhn cc cuc gi giao din in thoi khi ng lp
vng (the loop start telephone interface)
Thc thi vic phn tch tin trnh cuc gi
Cc line trong 12 line nhn c tn hiu m thanh Analog v tn hiu
Digital t my in thoi. D liu Analog chnh l m thanh chng ta ni vo
my in thoi. D liu Digital chnh l cc tn hiu iu khin.
D liu Digital nhn c c a qua b phn Digital duplexer v
c iu chnh li bi COV (carrier over voice) modem. Kt qu tng chui
bit dng ni tip c chuyn i bi UART (universal asynchronous
receiver/transmitter) thnh cc bit song song. Cc bit ny c gi qua bus
119
cc b n Control Processor x l, cng nh xc nh s kin chuyn
n ng dng.
Tn hiu Analog nhn c t cc Line Interface c chuyn n audio
duplexer v chuyn i thnh d liu s thng qua b chuyn A/D. Sau khi
chuyn i thnh cc d liu s dng th th n c gi n b phn DSP
(Digital Signal Processor), ti y d liu ny c nn li v gi n vng
lu tr ca my tnh. DSP memory l vng nh m ca DSP. Ngc li, d
liu m thanh dng s lu tr trong my tnh khi gi ra ngoi trc ht n
phi i qua DSP, y n c gii nn v truyn n b phn D/A
chuyn i ra dng Analog.
Trn Card c mt microprocessor (Control Processor) v mt b x l
tn hiu s tc cao (high speed Digital Signal Processor) x l cc d
liu m thanh v gi cc qu trnh.
Firmware c nhim v ti t my tnh xung RAM v DSP memory cc
chng trnh, driver khi Card c bt u hot ng. Cc chng trnh ny
bao gm: PerfectPitch
TM
Speed Control, PerfectLevel
TM
Volume Control,
Global Tone Detection
TM
, v Positive Voice Detection
TM
. Global Tone
Detection cho php ng dng pht hin nhng tn hiu nh l intercept tones,
fax tones, modem tones, non-standard PBX tones, or user-defined tones, nh
l tones in international networks.
4.2. Cc khi nim c bn
4.2.1. Event
Event l mt thng ip bt ng b do Card Dialogic pht ra n h
iu hnh, n driver, hoc n cc ng dng khi c khi to sn sng.
Thng ip ny thng c pht ra khi mt cng vic c kt thc c
th thnh cng hay b li (chng hn nh khi chi hay thu xong mt bn
nhc), hoc khi c mt s kin n t bn ngoi (v d c ngi gi in thoi
n hoc c quay s n). Cc s kin ny khng nm trong nhm cc thng
ip c nh ngha sn bi Windows v n ch c th c pht hin ra bi
mt ng dng s dng hm th vin cung cp ring bi Dialogic. Trng thi
ca Card Dialogic s c ly bi mt hm khc. T chng ta c th phn
bit c cc trng thi v x l chng theo yu cu.
120
CS (call status) Lp thnh mt cu trc (structure) CST
vi cc thnh phn nh:
DE_DIGITS: received a digit
DE_LCOFF: loop curent off event
DE_LCON: loop current on event
DE_LCREV: loop current reversal event
DE_RINGS: rings received event
DE_RNGOFF: caller hang up (incoming call is dropped
before being accepted) event
DE_SILOFF: silence off event
DE_SILON: silence on event
DE_TONEOFF: tone off event
DE_TONEON: tone on event
DE_WINK: received a wink
DE_OFFHOOK: offhook event
DE_ONHOOK: onhook event
Loi do cc hm qun tr s kin to ra, cn gi l cc s kin kt
thc thit b m thanh. Bao gm:
TDX_PLAY
TDX_RECORD
TDX_GETDIG
TDX_DIAL
TDX_CALLP
TDX_CST
TDX_SETHOOK
TDX_WINK
TDX_PLAYTONE
DTX_GETR2MF
121
DTX_BARGEIN
DTX_NOSTOP
TDX_ERROR
DX_ATOMIC_ERR
Trong , s kin TDX_CST l mt s kin c kiu l mt trong cc s
kin th hin trong cu trc CST trnh by trn.
4.2.2. Event Handlers
Event handler l mt hm c nh ngha bi ngi s dng, c gi
bi SRL x l mt s kin c th xy ra ti thi im hin ti trn mt
device xc nh. Hm ny c gi t ng bi SRL.
C th c nhiu handler cho mt event. SRL gi tt c khi c s kin
c pht hin ra trong m hnh Callback.
Cc handler c th c cho php hoc cm t bt k thread no.
Cc handler thng dng (General handler) c th c cho php thao
tc bt k s kin no trn mt thit b c ch nh.
Cc handler c th c cho php thao tc bt k s kin no trn
bt k thit b no.
Cc hm ng b khng c php gi trong mt handler.
Theo mc nh, SRL s to ra mt thread ni ngay ln gi u tin
sr_enbhdlr( ). Cc handler c gi trong ng cnh ca thread ni ny. iu
c ngha l: nu thread chnh ca ng dng b cht li t mt hm khng
phi kiu Dialogic v mt s kin bt ng b nh l treo xy ra trn mt
thit b c iu khin bi thread , handler s c gi ngay lp tc trong
ng cnh ca thread c bit c to ra phc v cc handler.
Tham s SRL_MODELTYPE c s dng tt s to t ng thread
ny ngay t lc u i vi nhng ng dng n thread s dng callback
handler.
Trong m hnh ny, cc handler c gi t trong sr_waitevt( ) trong
thread ng dng. Bng cch t SR_MODELTYPE v SR_STASYNC, SRL
handler thread s khng c to v mt ng dng n thread s hot ng
nh c cp.
122
Chng ta hnh dung ng dng gm nhiu handler, mi handler phc v
mt tc v. Tt c cc handler u c khai bo v nm ch. Khi mt s
kin n, nhng handler no tha mn tt c iu kin cn ca n s bt u
thc thi. Nh vy s c nhiu handler thc thi ng lot. Gi s trong mt lc,
s kin tha mn nhiu handler, cc handler s thc thi theo th t u tin
sau:
Thit b v s kin u c c t.
Thit b c c t cn s kin th khng
C thit b ln s kin u khng c c t Hm khai bo handler
nh sau:
int usr_hdlr(unsigned long evhandle)
4.2.3. Dialogic device handle
Mt con s tham chiu n mt thit b, nhn c khi thit b c m
s dng hm dx_open( ).
Device handle c s dng trong tt c cc hot ng trn thit b c
m .
4.2.4. Knh (device channel)
Mt ng d liu m thanh c chc nng x l mt cuc gi n hoc
i ti mt thi im (tng ng vi mt thit b u cui trn mt ng
dy in thoi). Card Dialogic/4 ca chng ta c bn knh nh vy. Do ,
chng ta c th lp bn ng dy in thoi v phc v ti a ng thi mt
lc bn ngi. Mi knh nh vy phi m trc khi s dng. Tham chiu n
knh l Dialogic device handle.
4.3. Cc m hnh lp trnh
Nh phn t vn trnh by v cc yu cu ca h thng, vn
giao tip vi nhiu khch hng cng lc s dng h thng qua mng in
thoi c gii quyt bng vic s dng Card Dialogic/4. Loi card ny c
bn knh ring r. Mi knh hot ng c lp ln nhau. Nh vy, ng dng
phi c chia nh, lm sao cho hot ng ca mi knh khng nh hng
n cc knh cn li.
123
SRL (Standard Runtime Library) cung cp nhiu la chn lp trnh
phong ph trong mi trng Windows NT. SRL kt hp vi cc h tr ca
Windows NT.
Chun lp trnh ng b v bt ng b
Lp trnh kt hp vi cc s kin ca Dialogic, x l s kin.
Kt hp lp trnh trong mi trng ca h iu hnh v s h tr ca
cc hm th vin do Dialogic c sn
Cc h tr lp trnh do Dialogic to ra:
H tr lp trmh bt ng b.
H tr lp trnh ng b.
Kt hp gia ng b v bt ng b.
T ng h tr cc Event handle thng qua cc thread c lp.
Bt ng b m rng cho php x l nhiu s kin v d dng thc thi
ng dng c nhiu nhm thit b.
SRL ca Dialogic cung cp cho chng ta ba m hnh lp trnh l ng
b, bt ng b v bt ng b m rng.
y c mt vn t ra thuc v khi nim ng b v bt ng b.
Lp trnh x l ng b/bt ng b (nhiu hay mt thread cho mt ng
dng) hay lp trnh s dng hm ng b/bt ng b (hm khng cho
php/cho php ng dng tip tc khi ang thi hnh). Khng c g phi bn
tm c. Nu chng ta lp trnh bt ng b m s dng hm ng b th ng
dng khng th thc thi c do khng nhn c cc message. Ngc li,
s dng hm bt ng b cho cch lp ng b th s t nhin thy d tha
thread.
Do , khi nim y mun ni n c hai. Cc m hnh sau y s ni
r hn phn ny.
4.3.1. Lp trnh ng b
Trong m hnh lp trnh ng b, mi nhm hm ca thread thc thi cho
n khi hm ny hon thnh. V vy, m bo nhiu knh hot ng ng
thi, mi knh cn c mt ng dng, thread hoc process ring r.
124
H iu hnh c th t thread iu khin thit b ny trng thi ngh
trong khi cho php thread khc vn iu khin cc thit b khc hot ng.
Khi mt hm Dialogic hon thnh, h iu hnh s nh thc hm ca thread
qu trnh c tip tc. V d, nu mt ng dng c th chi mt file nh
kt qu ca gi hm dx_play(), thread gi s khng tip tc thc thi cho n
khi file chi xong v hm dx_play() kt thc.
u im:
N l m hnh d nht lp trnh v bo tr v cho php trin khai
nhanh nht.
Nhc im:
V thread chnh to ra nhng thread c lp iu khin cho mi
thit b cho nn m hnh ny i hi tn nhiu ti nguyn v khi s
dng m hnh ny th c s gii hn s lng thit b.
Cc hm c thc thi mt cch tun t. N ch n thun hot
ng tun t theo mt lung iu khin nh sn.
S kin c gi i nhng khng c x l cho n khi c lnh x
l s kin v d nh n khi gp lnh dx_getev() hoc dt_getev().
Nn dng m hnh ny nu:
Chng trnh cn n gin.
S lng cc knh khng qu ln.
Chng trnh khng cn qun l ti nguyn hiu qu nh m hnh
bt ng b.
Chng trnh dng cho mt ng dy in thoi vi ch mt s
kin xy ra ti mt thi im.
Ta c th dng m hnh ny x l nhiu knh mt lc bng cch vit
ng dng nh ng dng n knh ri to ra nhiu thread hoc process x
l mi knh.
4.3.2. Lp trnh bt ng b
Trong lp trnh bt ng b, thread c gi thc thi nhiu hot ng
hn na trong khi hm Dialogic hon thnh. Khi hm hon thnh, ng
dng nhn c s kin thng bo. Lp trnh bt ng b cc s kin c
125
gi i u ngang hng v c s thit b iu khin nhiu. Lp trnh bt dng
b s dng ti nguyn hu hiu bi v n iu khin nhiu thit b trong mt
thread n. Trong khi , lp trnh ng b i hi phi c nhiu thread cho
mi thit b Dialogic.
trnh xy ra li, thread khng th thc thi mt khi lnh trong khi
ch hm Dialogic hon thnh. Trong trng hp ny SRL s to ra mt trng
thi s kin cho mi thit b. Thay v thc thi khi lnh cho n khi hon
thnh n s tr v ngay tc khc trang thi s kin v cho php thread vn tip
tc. Ri sau khi mt s kin c tr v thng qua SRL, l du hiu
hon thnh v hot ng ca Dialogic qu trnh tip tc.
Trong m hnh ny, ta c th nh ngha mt s kin mi vo hng cc
s kin ca Dialogic nhn c mt trng thi iu khin.
u im ca m hnh bt ng b:
Qun l ti nguyn tt vi nhiu thit b Dialogic trong mt thread
n.
Cung cp iu khin ca ng dng tt hn vi s lng knh rt
nhiu.
Cung cp nhiu k thut gip lp trnh trong nhiu mi trng h
iu hnh khc nhau.
Cc hm th vin ca SRL cho php kt hp cht ch vi cc chun
lp trnh Windows 32 bit nh l Win32API v MFC.
n gin h thng bng cch ti thiu chuyn i ng cnh gia cc
thread.
Lm n gin v u tin bng nhau gia cc s kin trong cc
thit bi Dialogic.
Nhc im:
M hnh ny i hi phc tp trong vn d lp trnh hn nhiu so vi
m hnh bt ng b.
C ba kiu lp trnh cho m hnh ny:
+ Window Callback
+ Polled
126
+ Callback
a. M hnh window callback (bt ng b)
M hnh ny dng hm sr_NotifyEvent() gi mt "user message" ti
mt ca s c ch nh ca user. Vng lp ca ng dng chnh l vng lp
chun GetMessage()/ TranslateMessage()/ DispatchMessage(). Khi mt
Dialogic kt thc xut hin cc s kin sau:
Mt user-message xc nh c gi n mt ca s ch nh ca user.
Hm sr_waitevt() c gi vi thng s time out bng 0.
Cc hm sr_getevtdev( ), sr_getevttype( ) ly c cc thng tin v s kin.
Hnh ng k tip c khi ng mt cch bt ng b
Chn m hnh bt ng b dng Windows callback cho cc ng dng c
kh nng kt hp cht ch vi c ch Windows messaging.
u im:
M hnh ny (Asynchronous with Windows Callback) khng i hi
nhiu ti nguyn h thng bi v mi Dialogic device khng cn mt
thread. Chng ta c th chy ton b phn Dialogic ca ng dng ch trong
mt thread n.
Cung cp mc cht ch trong c ch Windows message.
Tt c cc dch v cho cc s kin trn cc thit b ch trong mt vng
lp Windows message.
Nhc im:
Bi v vng lp ny phi thao tc cho tt c cc qu trnh. Chng ta phi
thc c mc hiu qu ca cc th tc v khng nn gi qu nhiu cc
hm blocking c th gy mt nhiu thi gian hon thnh.
b. M hnh poll (bt ng b)
Trong m hnh ny, ng dng s lp vng ch s kin.
Sau khi mt hm bt ng b c cho php thc thi, ng dng lp vng
tm hoc ch cc s kin bng hm sr_waitevt(). Nu c s kin (hm
sr_waitevt khng timeout) th thng tin v s kin s c truy xut bng cc
hm sr_getevt...() c lit k sau:
sr_getevtdev() Get Dialogic device handle for the curent event
127
sr_getevttype() Get event type for the curent event
sr_getevtdatap() Get a pointer to additional data for the current event
sr_getevtlen() Get the number of bytes of additional data that are
pointed to by sr_getevtdatap( );
Cc gi tr trn cn ng ti ln gi sr_waitevt( ) k tip. Cc lnh event
c th c thc thi t thread chnh thng qua cc pht biu switch, v cc s
kin c x l mt cch tc th.
Sau khi s kin c x l, ng dng s xc nh thc thi hm bt ng
b no ty theo:
S kin no xy ra.
Trng thi va ri ca knh khi s kin xy ra.
Chng ta chn m hnh ny cho mt ng dng i hi s dng mt m
hnh phc tp hn m hnh ng b nhng khng cn dng event handlers
x l cc s kin.
V d:
main()
{
gi hm bt ng b...
while(1)
{
sr_waitevt(timeout_value);
switch(sr_getevttype(0)
{
case EVT1:
case EVT2:
...
}
}
}
c. M hnh callback (bt ng b)
Dng hm sr_waitevt( ) poll hoc ch s kin. Khi mt s kin xy
ra, SRL s gi "event handler" mt cch t ng. Vi m hnh ny, event
128
handler c th c cho php hoc cm i vi cc event c ch nh trn
cc device c ch nh.
Sau khi khi ng hm bt ng b, process c th thi hnh nhng
nhim v khc nhng khng th nhn cc s kin mong i cho n khi
sr_waitevt( ) c gi. Mt s kin mong i l mt s kin c i hi,
c ch nh r s dng hm bt ng b c cha trong th vin thit b.
Mt s kin khng c mong i l mt s kin xy ra m khng c nhc
trc.
i vi m hnh Callback, thread chnh ch n thun cha mt li gi
hm sr_waitevt( ) ring r.
M hnh ny rt phc tp lp trnh ng dng.
Chng ta chn m hnh ny khi mt ng dng i hi lp trnh phc
tp cao hn m hnh ng b, v ng dng c li t vic s dng cc
handler.
4.3.3. M hnh bt ng b m rng
M hnh bt ng b m rng c bn cng ging nh m hnh bt ng
b,ngoi tr mt iu l ng dng c th iu khin nhng nhm cc thit b
khc nhau dng nhng thread ring r (c th to ra nhiu thread, mi thread
iu khin nhiu thit b). Trong ng dng c mt trng thi ring v phn
bit r rng vi thit b m n iu khin. V d chng ta c hai nhm thit b:
mt nhm thit b cung cp cc dch v Fax, mt nhm thit b dch v in
thoi th ta to ra hai thread dng m hnh bt ng b. Mt thread x l cc
s kin t thit b ca my Fax v mt thread x l cc s kin t my in
thoi, v hai thread ny hot ng ng b.
u im ca m hnh bt ng b m rng
Bi v m hnh bt ng b ch s dng mt vi thread cho tt c cc
thit b Dialogic nn n tn t ti nguyn h thng hn so vi m hnh
ng b.
Ch dng mt vi thread m ton b cc thnh phn Dialogic trong ng
dng u c thc thi.
Nhc im:
Vn lp trnh phc tp i hi nhiu thi gian v cng sc.
129
Tng t nh m hnh bt ng b, chng ta s dng cc hm ch s
kin. Trong m hnh bt ng b ch c mt thread chng ta s dng hm
sr_waitev(), cn y c nhiu thread chng ta s dng hm
sr_waitevtEx(). Hm ny c i s l mt mng cc device handle m, s
device handle trong mng, mt gi tr timeout v mt con tr cha kt qu
event handle tr v. Do vy, ng dng c th c nhiu thread khc nhau ch
trn cc device khc nhau.
Nh m hnh bt ng b, cc hm c th c khi u bt ng b t
mt thread khc v event c n bi thread c sr_waitevtEx(). Khi hm
sr_waitevtEx tr v mt s kin, ly thng tin v s kin chng ta c th
dng cc hm sau y:
Hm : sr_getevtdev( ) Ly s kin hin hnh trn thit b
Hm : sr_getevttype( ) Ly loi s kin hin hnh trn thit b.
Hm : sr_getevtlen( ) Nhn s byte d liu m c tr ti bi hm
sr_getevtdatap( ).
- Dng hm sr_getevtdatap( ) rt ra d liu ca s kin dng cc
hm khc tr v cc gi tr ca s kin hin hnh. Gi tr tr v l
hp l cho n khi hm sr_waitevEx() c gi li mt ln na.
Khng c s dng sr_waitevtEx( ) vi sr_waitevt( ) hoc vi m
hnh Callback.
4.3.4. Cc m hnh kt hp
ng dng c th c pht trin s dng bt k s kt hp no ca ba
m hnh trn. hiu cch trn ln cc m hnh, chng ta i vo vic phn
tch phn cp m SRL da vo phn phi s kin. C ba cch tip cn
xc nh ai s nhn s kin c bit. Khi mt hng tip cn t c
(nhn s kin), cc hng tip cn sau b b qua:
u tin, n kim tra xem c hm ng b no ang i s kin c
bit ny khng. Nu c, s kin ny s c nhn v thread b cht li.
Tip theo, n kim tra xem c thread hot ng da trn ch bt
ng b m rng no ang i s kin trn thit b c bit ny hay
khng. Nu c, thread ny s c nhn s kin.
130
Cui cng, nu hai hng tip cn trn khng tha mn, n kim tra
xem c thread bt ng b no ang i s kin khng. Nu c, thread
s c nhn s kin.
M hnh kt hp ng b/bt ng b c th c pht trin vi mt
thread trn mt knh m thanh v mt thread bt ng b c to ra bt
s kin treo kiu CST. Thread bt ng b ch nhn nhng s kin khng
c nh hng trc cho mt hm ng b b chn.
Li kt cho cc m hnh
Da trn lp hm th vin phong ph ca mnh, c nhiu m hnh lp
trnh c xoay quanh vn ng b v bt ng b. V tnh nng,
phc tp v hiu qu trong vic s dng ti nguyn h thng.
M hnh d lp trnh v n gin nht cng l m hnh c hiu sut (v
mt resource) thp nht, l m hnh lp trnh ng b.
Cng v sau, cc m hnh lp trnh cng phc tp hn, v mm do
tng ln r rt.
M hnh n gin thng tn ti nguyn hn. Nhng m hnh phc tp
thng rt kh lp trnh v i hi thi gian di.
Mt khc, vic bo tr v pht trin cng l mt vn .
Vic chn la cho mnh mt m hnh lp trnh thch hp l iu tng
i d dng nu chng ta ch xt mt cch tng i hiu nng s dng v lp
trnh.
4.4. S lc v cc hm v cu trc d liu trong SRL
4.4.1. Cc hm qun l s kin
Gii thiu
Cc hm qun l s kin cung cp cho chng ta mt phng tin qun
l cc s kin trn thit b, chng ta c th trnh by chng trnh vi nhng
kiu cu trc chng trnh khc nhau. Cc hm qun l s kin: l cc hm
pht, pht hin, thao tc trn cc s kin. Cc s kin nm trong hng i s
kin ca Card Dialogic, v ch b xa i khi gp mt tc v c bit.
Vi cc hm Event Management ta c th:
131
S dng cc hm bt ng b, hoc ng b vi i s mode l
EV_ASYNC hoc EV_SYNC.
Vit mt chng trnh x l cc event trn vi thit b.
Cho php hoc cm cc event handlers ca ng dng cho mt thit b,
s dng m hnh Callback.
s dng cc hm ny trong chng trnh, chng ta phi #include ln
lt cc header files sau:
#include "srllib.h"
#include "DEVICElib.h"
DEVICElib.h l header file cho thit b s dng. V d nu chng ta c
mt Card Dialogic D/4x, DEVICElib.h=dxxxlib.h
Cc nhm hm bao gm rt nhiu hm khc nhau, v chia lm cc loi
nh sau:
Cc hm thao tc s kin
sr_dishdlr(): disable an event handler
sr_enbhdlr(): enable an event handler
sr_NotifyEvent(): sends event notification to a
Window
sr_waitevt(): wait for next event
sr_waitevtEx(): wait for events on certain devices
sr_putevt( ): Adds an event to the SRL event queue
Cc hm ly d liu ca s kin
sr_getevtdatap(): return a pointer to the variable
data associated with the current event
sr_getevtdev(): get the Dialogic handle for the
current event
sr_getevtlen(): get the length of variable data
associated with the current event
sr_getevttype(): get the event type for the current
event
132
Cc hm tham s SRL:
sr_getparam(): get an SRL parameter
sr_setparam(): set an SRL parameter
sr_getboardcnt() : Get the number of boards of a
specific type
sr_libinit() : Initialize the Standard Runtime
Library DLL
sr_GetDllVersion( ) :Get the Standard Runtime
Library DLL Version Number.
Cc hm qun l s kin khi thc thi s biu th s thnh cng hay tht
bi thng qua gi tr tr v.
- Nu thnh cng th gi tr tr v khc 1.
- Nu tht bi th tr v 1.
- c bit, hm sr_getevdatap () nu khng c d liu trong s kin
hin hnh th gi tr tr v l NULL.
Li gp phi ca cc hm qun l s kin
Error Define Error String
ESR_DATASZ Invalid size for default event data memory
ESR_MODE Illegal mode for this operation
ESR_NOERR No standard runtime library errors
ESR_NOHDLR No such handler
ESR_NOTIMP Function is not implemented
ESR_PARMID Unknown parameter ID
ESR_QSIZE Illegal event queue size
ESR_SCAN . Standard runtime library scanning function
returned an error
ESR_SYS System error, consult errno
ESR_TMOUT . Returned by
ATDV_LASTERR(SRL_DEVICE) when an standard runtime library
function timed out.
133
M t
sr_dishdlr( ) - disables the handler
Name: long sr_dishdlr(dev, evt_type, handler)
Inputs: long dev Dialogic device handle
long evt_type event type
long (*handler)(unsigned long parm) event handling
function
Returns: 0 if success
-1 if failure
Includes: srllib.h
sr_enbhdlr( ) - enables the handler function
Name: long sr_enbhdlr(dev, evt_type, handler)
Inputs: long dev Dialogic device handle
long evt_type event type
long (*handler)(unsigned long parm) event handling function
-1 if failure
Includes: srllib.h
sr_NotifyEvent( ) - send event notification to a window
Hm ny gi thng bo c s kin ("user message") ti mt windows
mc d s kin thc s khng tn ti trong hng i ca windows. y ch l
mt cch ng dng ly s kin khi hng i ca Dialogic bng cch gi
hm.
Name: long sr_NotifyEvent(handle, message, flags)
Inputs: HWND handle Window handle
unsigned int message message number to sent to
window
unsigned int flags notification on/off flag
Returns: 0 if success-1 if failure
Includes: srllib.h
134
sr_waitevt( ) - waits for any event to occur
Hm ny ch nn dng khi mt ng dng bt ng b iu khin tt c
cc device trong mt thread. ng dng phi gi hm sr_waitevt(0) ly s
kin khi hng i Dialogic.
Name: long sr_waitevt(timeout)
Inputs: long timeout timeout in milliseconds (msec)
Returns: time left before timeout
-1 if timeout
Includes: srllib.h.
sr_waitevtEx( ) - waits for events on certain devices
Hm ny c th dng cho ng dng n thread ln multithread. Thm
na, hm c th c khi u bt ng b mt thread ny v tr v mt
thread khc. Mt ng dng cng c th c nhiu thread b chn trong hm ny
ch cc s kin trn cng thit b, tuy nhin s khng xc nh c s
kin s c n bi thread no.
Hm ny khng c dng trong s lin kt vi cc handlers
Hai hm sr_waitevt v sr_waitevtEx khng nn c dng chung trong
mt ng dng.
Name: long sr_waitevtEx(handlep, handlecnt, timeout, event_handlep)
Inputs: long *handlep pointer to array of handles to wait for
event on
int handlecnt count of valid handles pointed to by
handlep
long timeout timeout in milliseconds (msec)
long *event_handlep pointer where to return event handle
-1 if timeout
Includes: srllib.h
sr_putevt( ) - add an event to the SRL event queue
Name: long sr_putevt(dev, evttype, evtlen, evtdatap, errcode)
135
Inputs: long dev device
unsigned long evttype event type ID
long evtlen data block size
void *evtdatap data block pointer
long errcode error code
Returns: 0 if successful
-1 if error
Includes: srllib.h
dxxxlib.h
Mode: Synchronous.
sr_getevtdatap( ) - returns the address of the variable data block
Name: void *sr_getevtdatap(ehandle)
Inputs: unsigned long ehandle event handle returned by
sr_waitevtEx( ), or zero if sr_waitevt( ) is used
Returns: Address of variable data block
NULL if no variable data
Includes: srllib.h
sr_getevtdev( ) - returns the Dialogic device handle
Name: long sr_getevtdev(ehandle)
Returns: Dialogic device handle if successful
-1 if no current event
Includes: srllib.h
sr_getevtlen( ) - returns the length of the variable data
Name: long sr_getevtlen(ehandle)
Returns: length of data if successful
136
Includes: srllib.h
sr_getevttype( ) - returns the event type for the current event
Name: long sr_getevttype(ehandle)
Returns: Event type if successful
Includes: srllib.h
sr_getparm( ) - returns the value of an SRL parameter
Name: long sr_getparm(dev, parmno, valuep)
Inputs: long dev device
long parmno parameter number
void *valuep parameter value
-1 if failure
Includes: srllib.h
sr_setparm( ) - set the value of an SRL parameter
Hm ny cho php ng dng thay i cc gi tr ca mt tham s SRL.
Name: long sr_setparm(dev, parmno, parmval)
Inputs: long dev device handle
long parmno parameter number
void *parmval pointer to parameter value
-1 if failure
Includes: srllib.h
sr_getboardcnt( ) - retrieves the number of boards of a particular
type
Name: long sr_getboardcnt(class_namep, boardcntp)
Inputs: char *class_namep pointer to class name
137
int *boardcntp pointer where to return count of
boards in this class
-1 if failure
Includes: srllib.h
sr_libinit( ) - initializes the Standard Runtime Library DLL
Name: long sr_libinit(flags)
Inputs: unsigned short flags Specifies the programming
model
-1 if failure
Includes: srllib.h
sr_GetDllVersion( ) - returns the SRL DLL Version Number
Name: long sr_GetDllVersion(dwfileverp, dwprodverp)
Inputs: LPDWORD dwfileverp SRL DLL Version Number
LPDWORD dwprodverp Product version of this release
-1 if failure
Includes: srllib.h
4.4.2. Cc hm thuc tnh chun
Gii thiu
Cc hm ny tr v thng tin tng qut v mt thit b nh device name,
board type v li ca ln gi th vin trc.
Cc hm thuc tnh chun c phn tn u l ATDV_ v phn tn sau
du gch l m t thuc tnh. V du: ATDV_IRQNUM ( ).
Ghi ch: SRL cung cp mt thit b bit gi l SRL_DEVICE c cc
thuc tnh v c th to ra cc event nh cc thit b Dialogic. s dng cc
hm ny, chng ta phi include ln lt cc header files:
#include srllib.h
#include dxxxlib.h (i vi card Dialogic/4 ang xt)
138
Sau y l danh sch cc hm thuc tnh chun v thng tin do chng
tr v
ATDV_ERRMSGP( ) : Con tr ch n chui thng ip bo li.
ATDV_IRQNUM( ) : Interrupt c dng.
ATDV_LASTERR( ) : Li hin thi trn thit bi cui cng m hm
gi.
ATDV_NAMEP( ) : Con tr ch n tn thit b.
ATDV_SUBDEVS( ) : S nhm thit b con.
b. M t:
ATDV_ERRMSGP( ) - returns a pointer to an ASCIIZ string
Name: char * ATDV_ERRMSGP(dev)
Inputs: int dev valid Dialogic device handle
Returns: pointer to string
Includes: srllib.h
ATDV_IRQNUM( ) - returns the interrupt number (IRQ)
Name: long ATDV_IRQNUM(dev)
Returns: AT_FAILURE if failure otherwise
IRQ of device
Includes: srllib.h
ATDV_LASTERR( ) - indicates the last error that occurred
Name: long ATDV_LASTERR(dev)
Returns: AT_FAILURE if an invalid device handle;
otherwise a valid error number
Includes: srllib.h
ATDV_NAMEP( ) - returns a pointer to an ASCIIZ
string
Name: char * ATDV_NAMEP(dev)
139
Returns: pointer to string
Includes: srllib.h
ATDV_SUBDEVS( ) - returns the number of
subdevices for the device
Name: long ATDV_SUBDEVS(dev)
Returns: AT_FAILURE if failure, otherwise
number of subdevices
Includes: srllib.h.
4.4.3. Termination Parameter Table DV_TPT
Termination Parameter Table (TPT) thit lp cc iu kin kt thc
(termination) cho thit b Dialogic. Cc iu kin ny nm trong cu trc
DV_TPT c nh ngha trong file srllib.h. Cu trc ny c dng nh sau:
typedef struct DV_TPT
{
unsigned short tp_type;
unsigned short tp_termno;
unsigned short tp_legth;
unsigned short tp_flags;
unsigned short tp_data;
unsigned short rfu;
struct DV_TPT *tp_nextp;
}DV_TPT;
M t cc thng s:
tp_type :M t cu trc hoc l mt phn ca danh sch lin kt
(IO_LINK), mt phn ca dy (IO_CONT) hoc kt thc ca bng DV_TPT.
Da vo phn ny ta c th lin kt nhiu cu trc DV_TPT li vi nhau.
tp_termno :Xc nh nhng iu kin kt thc hm
140
tp_legth :Xc nh chiu di hoc kch thc ca mi iu kin kt
thc
tp_flags :M t ring ca iu kin kt thc xc nh trong
tp_termno
tp_data :Xc nh d liu chn la thm.
tp_nextp :Cha con tr ch n cu trc tip theo trong danh sch
lin kt.
Ph thuc vo loi thit b (v d D/4x hayDTI/xxx) m cu trc ny c
th c gi tr khc nhau.
Cc hm I/O s kt thc khi mt trong nhng tp iu kin thit lp
trong DV_TPT xy ra. Nu thit lp nhiu hn mt iu kin kt thc th iu
kin xy ra u tin s lm kt thc hm I/O. Cc cu trc trn c th c
cu hnh thnh dng mt mng, hoc mt danh sch lin kt. Mi cu trc t
mt iu kin kt thc.
Nu thnh lp mt danh sch lin kt cc iu kin kt
thc, th cc cu trc u danh sch, tp_type phi c kiu l
IO_LINK. Cn nu thnh lp mt mng cc cu trc th tp_type cc
cu trc u mng phi c kiu l IO_CONT. C hai trng hp, cc
cu trc cui cng, tp_type c kiu l IO_EOT.
Ta c th truyn nhiu iu kin kt thc cho mt hm
I/O. Khi gp mt trong nhng iu kin kt thc ny, hm I/O s lp
tc ngng thi hnh tc v. Cc iu kin kt thc c ch ra trong
tham s tp_termno. C gi tr hp l nh:
DX_MAXDTMF: Maximum number of digits
received
DX_MAXSIL: Maximum length of silence
DX_MAXNOSIL: Maximun length of non-silence
DX_LCOFF: Loop current drop
DX_IDDTIME: Maximum delay between digits
DX_DIGMASK: Specific digit received
DX_PMOFF: Pattern of non-silence
DX_PMON: Pattern of silencce
141
DX_TONE: Tone On/Off termination
tham s tp_length ch nh di ca tham s kt
thc.
Mt s c cng c th c thm vo, nhm biu din mt
n bit cho nhng tnh khc nhau ca iu kin kt thc c s dng.
Thng thng, ta s dng gi tr mc nh. Cc gi tr ny l
TF_xxxxxx vi xxxxxx l mt trong nhng dng theo sau
chui DX trong tp_termno
Tham s tp_data thng thng c gn l NULL, ngoi tr iu
kin kt thc lin quan n silence. Vic truy xut d liu qua mng in
thoi khng cn n iu kin silence. N ch c tc dng thc s trong
vn thu m chng hn.
Tham s rfu ch nh con tr ti cu trc tip theo nu tp_type
c thit lp vi gi tr IO_LINK.
4.4.4. Call status event block structure: DX_EBLK
Cu trc ny c tr v bi hm dx_getevt( ) biu th rng s kin
CST no xy ra
Cu trc ny c cc thnh phn nh sau:
typedef struct DX_EBLK {
unsigned short ev_event /*event that occurred*/;
unsigned short ev_data /*event specific data*/;
unsigned char ev_rfu[12] /*reserved for future use*/
}DX_EBLK;
Trong , ev_event l cc s kin c gi tr DE_xxx nh bn n
trn. ev_data cha d liu t cho s kin trn.
i vi mi s kin, cn mt kiu d liu khc nhau:
DE_DIGITS : S v kiu s
DE_LCOFF : thi khong delay trc khi loop current off
DE_LCON : thi khong delay trc khi loop current on
DE_LCREV : thi khong m loop current b reverse
trc khi s kin loop-current-reversal c pht hin
142
DE_RINGS : return no data
DE_SILOFF: thi khong gia im lng v khng im lng
khi c s kin
DE_SILON : ngc li vi trn
DE_TONEOFF: ch s tone cho s kin tone-off
DE_TONEON :ch s tone cho s kin tone-on
DE_WINK : return no data
4.4.5. User digit buffer:DV_DIGIT
Cu trc ny dng cha nhng s c nhp vo khi ta gi hm dx_
getdig( ).
typedef struct DV_DIGIT {
Char dg_value [DG_MAXDIGITS+1]; /*ASCII value of digits*/
Char dg_type [DG_MAXDIGS+1]; /*type of digits*/
}
Gi tr tr v c t ng thm vo gi tr NULL
Kiu ca cc con s l mt trong nhng kiu sau:
DG_DTMF : DTMF digit
DG_LPD : Loop pulse digit
DG_MF : MF digit
DG_USER1: user defined tone
DG_USER5: user defined tone
4.4.6. Th vin m thanh ca C (Voice library of C functions)
Th vin m thanh cha rt nhiu hm. Chng c phn hoch ra thnh
cc nhm chnh cha cc hm ng quan tm sau:
Device Management: Open and close devices
Trong nhm hm ny ch c hai hm phi s dng trc khi thi hnh bt
c thao tc g trn thit b :
dx_open( ): dng m mt knh trn thit b
dx_close( ): ng mt knh m trn thit b
a. Configuration: alter configuration of devices
143
Nhm hm ny bao gm 6 hm dng thay i lun phin, thm tra v
iu khin cu hnh vt l ca mt thit b m.
dx_clrdigbuf( ): clear the firmware digit buffer
dx_getparm( ): get a board/channel device parameter
dx_setdigtyp( ): set digit collection type
dx_sethook( ): set hookswitch state
dx_setparm( ): set device parameters
dx_wtring( ): wait for number of rings
b. I/O: transfer data to and from devices
Mc ch ca mt hm I/O l chuyn d liu i v v thng qua mt
knh nhn ri m.
N hot ng trn c hai c ch: ng b v bt ng b. Khi hot ng
trn c ch ng b, khng mt lnh no sau n c th c thc thi trc khi
n kt thc. Khi hot ng trn c ch bt ng b, n s tr v ngay lp tc
mt tr bo rng n khi ng thnh cng hoc li v tip tc x l n
khi hon tt hoc mt trong nhng iu kin kt thc c tha mn. Trong
qu trnh hot ng ca n, knh thng tin b bn.
C mt s hm trong lp ny nh:
dx_ dial( ): dial an ASCIIZ string of digits
(enable/disable call analysis)
dx_getdig( ): get digits form channel digit buffer
dx_play( ): play voice data from one or more source
dx_playiottdata( ): play voice data from multiple source
dx_rec( ): record voice data to one or more destinations
dx_reciottdata( ): record voice data to multiple
destinations
dx_setdigbuf( ): set digit buffering mode
dx_stopch( ): stop current I/O.
c. Convenience: simplify play and record
144
Nhng hm ny ch n thun play v record ng b (v ch ng b).
N tp hp nhng hm c n gin ha n ti a cc th tc ca nhng
hm I/O trn.
dx_playf( ): play voice data from single file
dx_playwav( ): play a Wave file
dx_playvox( ): play Vox file
dx_recf( ): record voice data to a single file
dx_recwav( ): record void data to a single Wave file
dx_recvox( ): record voice data to a single Vox file
d. Call status transition event: set and monitor events on devices
Nhng hm ny kim sot nhng s kin xy ra trn mt thit b. Nhng
s kin ny biu th s thay i v trng thi ca cuc gi.
dx_getevt( ): get call status transition event
dx_setevtmsk( ): set call status transition event
notification
e. Global Tone Detection: enable user defined tone detection
Nhng hm trong tp hp ny cho php nh ngha v kch khi vic
pht hin single and dual frequency tones (nhng tones ny khng nm trong
cc tones chun n l cc user-defined tones). Chng ta khngcn quan tm
n nhng hm ny trong ng dng.
g. Global Tone Generation: enable user defined tone ganeration
Bao gm cc hm cho php nh ngha v pht ra cc user tones thay v
s dng cc tones chun. Chng ta cng khng cn quan tm n cc hm
ny.
h. R2 MF Convenience: detect and generate R2 MF tones
Nhng hm trong tp hp ny cho php s pht hin v pht nhng tn
hiu R2 MF chng ta khng quan tm n cc hm ny.
i. Speed and Volume: enable play speed and play volume control
S dng nhng hm ny cho php chng ta iu chnh vn tc v cng
ca mt hm ang pht m.
145
Mt bng hiu chnh vn tc v cng giao tip vi mi knh. Khi
m knh, cc bng ny mang nhng gi tr mc nh. Chng ta s dng cc
hm trong tp ny iu chnh cc thng s theo mun.
dx_adjsv( ): adjust speed or volume
dx_clrsvcond( ): clear speed or volume digits adjustment
conditions
dx_setsvcond( ): set speed or volume digit adjustment
conditions
dx_getcursv( ): get current speed and volume settings
dx_getsvmt( ): get Speed/Volume Modification Table
dx_setsvmt( ): set Speed/Volume Modification Table
k. Convenience: convennience functions for adjusting speed and volume
control
Nhng hm ny l s n gin ha n mc ti thiu cc tham s ca
cc hm iu chnh tc v m lng.
dx_addspddig( ): add speed adjustment digit
dx_addvoldig( ): add volume adjustment digit
l. Structure Clearance: clear data structures
Cc hm ny khng nh hng trc tip n thit b. N dng xa i
cc cu trc tham s c t trong DX_CAP v trong DV_TPT.
dx_clrcap( ): clear DX_CAP structure
dx_clrtpt( ): clear DV_TPT structure
m. Extended attribute: retrieve device information
C rt nhiu hm trong lp ny. Chng tr v nhng thng tin t v
nhng thit b m thanh c hin th trong hm gi.
4.4.7. Chi tit mt s hm c cp
int dx_open(namep,oflags)
char *namep: tn thit b cn m
int oflags: reserved
return: >0 thnh cng, -1:failure
146
include: <srllib.h>, <dxxxlib.h>
Mt thit b c th m nhiu hn mt ln bi nhiu process.
Ghi ch: Qu trnh con khng tha k c device handle ca qu trnh
cha, nu mun s dng phi open
Khi hm tr v -1, nu mun bit nguyn nhn th kim tra errno bit:
EINVAL: Invalid Argument
EBADF: Invalid file descriptor
EINTR: A signal was caught
EIO: Error during a Windows 95 STREAM open
int dx_close(dev)
dev: device handle
return: 0 thnh cng, -1 tht bi
include <srllib.h>, <dxxxlib.h>
Ch : Hm ny ch gii phng handle ch khng ng thit b li, ch
handle l khng s dng c, cc handle khc ca cng thit b vn hot
ng bnh thng.
Errno EINVAL: Invalid Argument
EBADF: Invalid file descriptor
EINTR: A signal was caught
int dx_setevtmsk(chdev, mask)
chdev: channel device handle
unsigned int mask: mt n ca nhng s kin ch i
return: 0 thnh cng, -1 tht bi
Hm ny cho php pht hin mt hoc nhiu s kin. C th s dng
ng b hoc bt ng b i s kin CST.
Mt n msk: c th l mt hoc nhiu (OR cc s kin li vi nhau) s
kin CST c chng ta tm hiu trong phn cc s kin. y ta ch thay
ch DE_xxx bng DM_xxx (device event bng device mask)
Ch rng hm ny khng pht hin c s kin tone.
147
int dx_getevt(chdev, eblkp, timeuot)
DX_EBLK *eblkp: Pointer to Event Block Structure
int timeout: timeout value in seconds
return: 0 if success, -1 if failure
Hm ny c s dng kim sot cc knh truyn mt cch ng b
ch nhn nhng s kin c quy nh r trong dx_setevtmsk( ). Hm ny
chn s thc thi ca chng trnh chnh li cho n khi n hon tt, tc l n
nhn c mt s kin tha ng hoc timeout xy ra.
Thi khong timeout ch r s giy m hm phi ch cho n khi kt
thc. Cc gi tr c th c l:
# of seconds: s giy ch. Nu sau khong thi gian ny m
khng c s kin xy ra, hm s kt thc.
-1: n s ch mi mi cho n khi c mt s kin xy ra.
Khng c timeout.
0: hm s tr v ngay lp tc nu khng c s kin hin din.
Nu hm timeout, n s tr v mt li v li ny c xc nh bng cc
hm nh li (ATDV_LASTERR EDX_TIMEOUT)
int dx_sethook(chdev, hookstate, mode)
hookstate: trng thi hook, bao gm hai trng thi:
DX_OFFHOOK: nhc my.
DX_ONHOOK: gc my.
mode: c hai kiu, ng b : EV_ASYNC, bt ng b:
EV_SYNC.
short dx_playvox(chdev, filenamep, tptp, xpbd, mode)
char *filenamep: pointer to name of file to play
148
DV_TPT *tptp: pointer to parameter block
DX_XPB *xpbp: pointer to I/O transfer parameter block
Unsigned short mode: play mode
include <dxxxlib.h>
Hm ny play mt file VOX c sn.
Tham s tptp dng ch iu kin kt thc. Khi ang play, gp mt
trong nhng iu kin ny, hm s kt thc khng iu kin.
Tham s xpbp dng ch vo bng tham s ng truyn, trong quy
nh r di m tn, kiu truyn chng ta nn t tham s ny l NULL, n
s c s dng mc nh
Mode mt/hoc c hai trong hai kiu sau phi c ch nh r (nu l c
hai phi dng hm OR):
PM_TONE: play 200ms audible tone
EV_SYNC: synchronous operation
int dx_getdig( chdev, tptp, digitp, mode);
DV_TPT *tptp: pointer to termination parameter
table structure
DV_DIGIT *digitp: pointer to user digit buffer
structure
unsigned short mode: asynchronous/synchronous
setting mode
return:
0 if success initiation (asyncronous).
Number of digits (+1 for NULL) if successful (in mode synchronous)
-1 if failure
Hm ny m nhn chc nng nhn mt lot s t knh c ch nh.
Khi hot ng ch bt ng b, hm ny s tr v gi tr 0 ngay lp
tc bo hiu khi ng thnh cng. N s pht ra mt tn hiu kt thc
khi nhn xong.
ch mc nh, hm ny hot ng ch ng b. Khi kt thc
thnh cng, n s tr v mt gi tr chnh l s con s nhn c thc s.
149
int dx_clrdigbuf(chdev)
Hm ny c dng xa cc s hin din sn trong digit buffer ca thit b
cng.
150
5. TCH HP MODULE TNG HP TING VIT V
CC CHUN TCH HP TING NI
5.1. H thng thng ip tch hp (Unified Message System)
H thng UMS ca Netnam c xy dng cho cc ng dng c th
in t bng ting Anh, ting Trung v tch hp thm phn ting Vit ca
Vnvoice.
Phn ghp ni Vnvoice vo h thng c vit dng th vin lin kt
ng DLL ca Windows.
Gm cc hm sau:
EsiTtsSetEngine
EsiTtsInitialize
int EsiTtsProcess
EsiTtsUninitialize
T chc th mc
Th mc cha ETTSVNAM.DLL (ETTSName)
Th mc cha VOICE.DAT (PathVoice)
Cng thc: thun tin, nn xc nh th mc cha vnvoice.dat nh
sau:
Th mc cha
voice.dat=th mc cha ETTSVNAM.DLL+ \DBVOICE\KHANH_HN_48
Tham s voice: gm tham s silence
silenceWord: khong lng gia 2 t (1- 100ms)
silenceSentence: khong lng gia 2 cu (1- 300ms)
Chng trnh test
Test ETTSVNAM.exe trn Windows 98 (debug version)
151
Hnh 5- 49- Giao din chng trnh kim tra ETTVSNAM
Mc ch: kim tra modul ETTSVNAM.DLL
Tnh nng: tng hp t ting Vit v Play ra Sound Card, file d liu
dng Waveformat.
Cch thc hin:
Bc 1:
- Test-> Register
152
- Thot khi chng trnh, dng tin ch file, chng hn Windows
Explorer
- Copy ETTSVNAM.DLL vo th mc vi gi tr ca ETTSName
- Copy VNVOICE.DAT vo th mc vi gi tr ca PathVoice
Bc 2:
- Son tho text trong RichEdit
- Test-> Play-> To Sound Card
M t chng trnh ngun bng ngn ng VC++
count of written words=0;
for each word in the text
{
if (count of written words > 128)
{
szCustPara[0]=1;
SetFilePointer(hFile,0,NULL, FILE_BEGIN);
(*piFileSizeCounter)=0;
count of written words=0;
153
} // if
count of written words++;
ConvertWordToRawData(word, pInt16, &lenInSamples);
if(g_format==U_LAW_PCM_8KHZ_8BITS)
RawToULaw(pInt16, lenInSamples, fs, lpOut, &lenOut);
else if(g_format== A_LAW_PCM_8KHZ_8BITS)
RawToALaw(pInt16, lenInSamples, fs, lpOut, &lenOut);
if(g_format!=-1)
{
WriteFile(hFile,(LPCVOID)lpOut,(DWORD)lenOut,&dwWritt
en,NULL);
(*piFileSizeCounter)+=(int)dwWritten;
} // if
} // for
UnmapViewOfFile(piFileSizeCounter);
Khi gi hm EsiTtsProcess nu szCustPara[0]==1 th t li
szCustPara[0]=0 && c ti u file
#define DLLEXPORT extern "C" __declspec(dllexport)
// szCustPara, iCPSize hin thi cha s dng
// cha h tr A_LAW format.
DLLEXPORT int EsiTtsSetEngine(int iFormat, int iLine, LPCSTR
szCustPara, int iCPSize)
{
if(iFormat==2)
g_format=A_LAW_PCM_8KHZ_8BITS;
else if(iFormat==3)
g_format=U_LAW_PCM_8KHZ_8BITS;
else
g_format=-1;
g_line=iLine;
return 0;
} // EsiTtsSetEngine
154
DLLEXPORT int EsiTtsInitialize(int index,LPCSTR szCustPara,int iCPSize)
{
// c tham s ng k, np d liu voice vnvoice.dat trong th mc
\\dbvoice\\khanh_hn_48
// ....
//
return 0;
} // EsiTtsInitialize
DLLEXPORT int EsiTtsUninitialize(int index, LPCSTR szCustPara, int
iCPSize)
{
// ...
return 0;
} // EsiTtsUninitialize
DLLEXPORT int EsiTtsProcess(int index, HANDLE hFile,
LPCSTR szInputText, int iInputSize,
HANDLE hTtsFileSizePtrMapping,
LPCSTR szCustPara, int iCPSize)
{
extern __int16 *pInt16;
extern LPBYTE lpOut;
extern int fs; // 11025(KHz), 8000(KHz)...
int lenInSamples,lenOut;
DWORD dwWritten;
int *piFileSizeCounter=(int*)MapViewOfFile(hTtsFileSizePtrMapping,
FILE_MAP_ALL_ACCESS, 0, 0, 0);
if(piFileSizeCounter==NULL)
{
155
MessageBox(NULL,"MapViewOfFile","Error!",MB_ICONERROR);
return ERROR_CODE;
} // if
for each word in the text
{
ConvertWordToRawData(word, pInt16, &lenInSamples);
if(g_format==U_LAW_PCM_8KHZ_8BITS)
RawToULaw(pInt16, lenInSamples, fs, lpOut, &lenOut);
else if(g_format== A_LAW_PCM_8KHZ_8BITS)
RawToALaw(pInt16, lenInSamples, fs, lpOut, &lenOut);
if(g_format!=-1)
{
WriteFile(hFile,(LPCVOID)lpOut,(DWORD)lenOut,&dwWritt
en,NULL);
(*piFileSizeCounter)+=(int)dwWritten;
} // if
} // for
UnmapViewOfFile(piFileSizeCounter);
return 0;
} // EsiTtsProcess
5.2. Cng thoi 3i
5.2.1. iu khin voice menu Callflow
Nh cch tng tc thng thng vi cc ng dng thng qua thc n
(trong cc giao din vn bn, ho), cc ng dng tr li t ng bng
ting ni trn in thoi cng giao tip vi ngi dng thng qua cu trc
menu bng ting ni thun tu hoc kt hp vi bn phm s hn ch trn
in thoi. Tuy nhin, cch x l cc menu ny kh khn hn nhiu so vi
cch x l menu truyn thng. Voice menu c cc c im sau:
- Phi kim sot thi gian ngi dng la chn chc nng trn menu
(nu qu di phi hu b chc nng ny hoc h thng ngng phc v cuc
gi ny).
156
- Kim sot s kin nhn phm trong khi vn phi ra cc li nhc bng
ting ni trn menu item. Vic ny gy ra kh khn trong khi ng b ho cc
s kin ring r l nhn phm, pht hoc ngng pht ting ni trn in thoi.
- Kim sot s ln truy cp khng hp l, nu vt qu mt gii hn ln
h thng s ngng phc v.
Hnh 5-50- H thng thao tc dc v duyt th thoi.
5.2.2. X l ng thi nhiu cuc gi
x l c nhiu cuc gi ng thi (mt card Diaglogic loi nh c
t 4-12 cng IO, cho php x l ng thi 4-12 cuc gi) h thng s c
thit k thnh cc lung, tin trnh con chy song song vi nhau. Cc tin
trnh ny c ng b ho vi nhau theo cc s kin, chng hn:
- ng b ho cc s kin ngi dng (phm bm, thi gian)
- ng b ho cc s kin m thanh, kt thc bnh thng hoc do h
thng p t (do qu thi gian quy nh khi truy cp mt chc nng ca h
thng).
157
5.2.3. Pht ting ni trn in thoi
Ting ni trn in thoi c tn s thp, t 4KHz - 8KHz. Trn ng
truyn, tn hiu c th b nh hng bi nhiu, ngoi ra vi cc tn hiu in
thoi di ng ngi ta cn p dng cc k thut m ho ting ni ti u ho
di tn. Do vy ni chung cht lng m thoi km hn so vi cht lng m
thanh trn card m thanh. nghe c ting ni r hn, nh truyn thng h
thng dng mt ging pht thanh vin n.
Module tch hp Vnvoice vo h thng vit dng th vin DLL vi cc
hm API nh sau:
BOOL WINAPI AddClientString(LPSTR st);
char** WINAPI GetSentence(int &countSentence,BOOL &bVietnamese);
void WINAPI SetFontAsDefault(char *);
void WINAPI FreeTTSResult(__int16* &pTTSSample)
BOOL WINAPI SentenceToRaw(char** sentence, int countSentence,
__int16* &pTTSSample, int &countTTSSample)
Cch tch hp c thc hin qua cc li gi hm:
Input: B nh buff cha vn bn text ting Vit hoc ting Anh.
Output: B m cha sng m tng hp c pTTSSample
countTTSSample s mu tn hiu tng hp c
Gii m sau minh ha cch thc hin li gi hm:
DllAddClientString(buff);
BOOL bVietnamese;
char **sentence;
__int16 *pTTSSample;
int countTTSSample;
while(1)
{
bVietnamese=TRUE;
sentence=GetSentence(bVietnamese, countSentence);
if(sentence==NULL)
break;
// Chuyen doi sang raw
158
if(bVietnamese==TRUE)
{
pTTS=NULL;
DllSentenceToRaw(sentence, countSentence,
pTTSSample, countTTSSample);
// do some thing
// ...
DllFreeTTSResult(pTTSSample);
}// if
else
{
// using English TTS Engine
}// else
}// while
Cch tch hp trn l cho m hnh khng ng b, v vy kh d dng
thc hin ghp ni giao din gia cc thnh phn ca h thng v c lp li.
5.2.4. Lp trnh tch hp card Dialogic vo ng dng
Tuy rng cc chc nng cho x l in thoi v m thanh c tch
hp sn trn card Dialogic, vic lp trnh x l card Dialogic kh phc tp do
trn Dialogic tch hp rt nhiu chun. Lp trnh trn Dialogic c lin quan
cht ch vi vic vn dng cc hm API ca th vin chun TAPI, lp trnh
mc thp cho card m thanh ( y cng chnh l card Dialogic), chuyn i
nh dng m thanh, iu khin cc s kin...
Thu ting ni vo t telephone trong thi gian thc l khng d dng.
Hin nhin rng khng th b nh lu tn hiu c ni vo lin tc.
Trong h thng ny, chng ti s dng nhiu tnh cht su v h thng ca
Windows, t chc d liu theo kiu b m vng m bo vic ng b d
liu theo cc khung ting ni, mi on l 64 mu (xp x 8 mili giy nu thu
ting vi tn s ly mu l 8KHz).
S TT Tn card Hnh
159
1
Dialogic D 4PCI
Plug-in card - PCI, Cable - 64 Kbps
2
Dialogic D 120JCT-LS
Plug-in card - PCI, Cable
3
Dialogic SingleSpan 240PCI
Plug-in card - PCI, Cable - 1.544 Mbps
4
Dialogic D 80-PCI
5
Dialogic D 41EPCI
Bng 5-1- Danh sch mt s card Dialogic.
5.2.5. Mt s thut ng
PBX - Private Board Exchange: tng i ni b
PSTN - Public Switched Telephony Network: mng chuyn mch
CTI - Computer Telephony Integrated: tch hp my tnh v in thoi
TAPI - Telephony Application Programming Interface (Microsoft API
dnh cho cc ng dng CTI)
DTMF - Dual tone multi-frequence: xung quay s a tn
Port, Line: Ti nguyn iu khin mt cuc gi, mt h thng vi 8 port
c th iu khin c 8 cuc gi ng thi. Trn mng thoi cc port ny c
ng k theo nhm (dch v s trt), ngi s dng ch cn nhn mt s in
thoi trong nhm. Mng in thoi s t ng trt sang port khc nu ng
line ny ang bn.
TTS Text-to-Speech: b tng hp ting ni.
PSOLA pitch synchronous overlap add.
TD-PSOLA Time domain pitch synchronous overlap add : cng chng
ng b tuyn tnh tn s c bn F
0
min thi gian:
y l thut ton kinh in cho tng hp theo phng php ghp ni m c
bn. Thut ton ny dng thay i tn s c bn F
0
, trng ca m gc.
Text processing, text normalize: x l vn bn, chun ho vn bn.
GSM Global system for mobile telecommunication protocol.
160
CELP Code Excited Linear Prediction.
ASR - Automatic-speech-recognition: Nhn dng ting ni t ng.
Speaker Dependent Recognition: h thng nhn dng ting ni cho mt
hoc mt vi ngi ni xc nh. Cc h thng ny c th c lng t vng
rt ln, nhng yu cu thi gian hun luyn lu.
Speaker Independent Recognition: h thng nhn dng ting ni cho mt
ngi ni bt k. Ni chung, nhng h thng ny hot ng tt cho b t vng
nh, s ng m gia cc t l thp hoc trong mt ng cnh xc nh ca cc
cu ni.
Speaker verification Speaker recognition: nhn bit ngi gi da
trn c trng ging ni ca ngi .
VoiceXML Voice eXtensible Markup Language: mt ngn ng script
vit cc ng dng v dch v Web vi tnh nng ting ni. Hip hi VoiceXML
c khong hn 400 cng ty trn th gii tham gia.
Voice Portal: cng ting ni hay cn gi l cng thoi.
NLP Natural Language Processing: k thut x l ngn ng t nhin,
trong cc h thng TTS, Voice Portal thng p dng cc k thut NLP phn
on vn bn thnh cc cu, cu thnh cc t (ting Vit khng c ranh gii gia
cc t mt cch r rng) v hiu cu (cu truy vn thng tin...).
5.2.6. Tch hp in thoi v my tnh
Hin nay, Cng ngh Thng tin v Vin thng tr nn hi t, d nhn
thy l cc my in thoi di ng cao cp vi tnh nng truy cp Web, gi e-
mail.
Ngc li, kh nng x l ca my tnh cng c th c s dng cho cc
chuyn mch in thoi, nh cc tng i ni b PBX (xem ph lc 4) thng
c xy dng vi cc ng CTI. Cc ng ny chuyn cc thng ip t cc
chuyn mch n my tnh th hin s thay i trng thi ca cuc gi nh
pht hin cuc gi mi, kt thc cuc gi, v ngc li ng lin kt CTI s
chuyn cc lnh t my tnh ti chuyn mch thc hin cc thao tc nh tr
li, chuyn cuc gi
ng CTI c th l ng RS-232, Ethernet
161
Cc h thng CTI cho php truy cp c s d liu qua ng in thoi
trong mt h thng d liu hp nht nh fax, e-mail, voice-mail
5.2.6.1 Chun lp trnh TAPI
L mt tp hp cc hm API cho php lp trnh iu khin, qun l mi
kt ni thng tin gia my tnh v in thoi. TAPI gm cc API cho line
(ng dy) v phone (in thoi).
Chun cho line: m phng ng line, cc ng dng TAPI c th dng
nhiu device hn s line hin c ca PC, chng hn mt ng dng TAPI c th
cung cp cc tnh nng nh nhn in thoi, fax. Nu PC ch c mt line vo th
TAPI s chia x ng truyn gia cc chun thit b ny. Cch chia x ti
nguyn s c thc hin thng qua mt hng i.
Hnh 5-51- Kin trc phn tng TAPI
Chun cho phone: N cho php m phng chc nng in thoi trn my
tnh, vi sound card v microphone c th m phng tt c cc chc nng ca
in thoi c nh. TAPI 3.0 tng thch vi kin trc WOSA (Windows Open
Services Architcture)
5.2.6.2 Dialogic
Intel Dialogic l mt trong nhng cng ty cung cp cc gii php CTI ln
nht. Cc h sn phm ca Dialogic rt a dng, bao gm cc gii php cho cc
ng dng nh ti ng dng ln vi hng trm cng, thit b c th ghp ni vi
PC hoc my ch vi cc ng dng tch hp sn nh tng hp, nhn dng ting
ni, truyn v nhn fax, x l Internet phone.
162
Giao din ca Inter Dialogic bao gm cac loi: D4/PCI, D/120JCT
TM
,
D/240JCT-T1
TM
...
C nhiu loi card Dialogic vi tnh nng khc nhau nh:
+ card PCI 32 bit, PCI 64bit.
+ card c chc nng c th ng thi pht m v ghi m (song cng)
hoc ch thc hin c mt chc nng ti mt thi im.
+ card tch hp sn cc dch v Fax, Internet phone, nhn dng ting ni..
H thng cng thoi 3i ch s dng card D4/PCI l loi card PCI 32bit,
khng th pht v thu ng thi, khng tch hp sn cc dch v Fax, Internet
phone, nhn dng ting ni...
5.2.6.3 Chun VoiceXML
VoiceXML l mt HTML cho cc ng dng tch hp in thoi. N che
giu chi tit v nn in thoi cung cp kh nng pht trin nhanh cc ng
dng ting ni, truyn thng a dng. N s dng cng ngh nhn dng ting ni
v DTMF nh cc u vo v dng cng ngh tng hp ting ni cung cp
u ra.
VoiceXML c cc c im sau:
ng dng logic tch bit vi giao din ting ni v th cc doanh nghip c
th tn dng li cc u t v cng ngh Web v c s h tng.
Cc doanh nghip c th to cc giao din ting ni trong khi vn c gia
c cc chc iu khin trn ng dng logic.
VoiceXML l mt chun cho php lp trnh vin vit mt ln v chy ng
dng ti mi nn.
VoiceXML c lp vi ting ni v mi trng in thoi nn.
VoiceXML l mt ngn ng script n gin. Lp trnh vin c th pht trin
ng dng d dng, khng phi bn tm v phc tp ca nn
Cc b duyt h tr chun VoiceXML (gi l VoiceXML browser) l
thnh phn chnh din gii v iu khin cc hi thoi. N cng iu khin
ting ni v cc ti nguyn thoi.
Thnh phn thoi chu trch nhim d DTMF, thit lp cuc gi, chuyn v
kt thc cuc gi.
163
sinh ting ni u ra, VoiceXML s dng cc b tng hp ting ni
TTS. Cc module ASR c s dng nhn dng ting ni ngi dng v
chuyn sang dng text cho b duyt VoiceXML
5.2.6.4 Voice Portal
Cc h thng Voice Portal cho php truy cp thng tin trn Web site bng
ting ni ngha l chng cung cp giao din cho ngi dng in thoi truy
cp v ly thng tin t Web site.
Mt h thng Voice Portal c tch hp c phn cng v phn mm nh
my ch, mng in thoi, card tch hp CTI v cc cng ngh tng hp, nhn
dng ting ni, cc cng thng tin Web (Web portal).
164
6. C S D LIU NG M CHO NHN DNG V
TNG HP TING VIT
6.1. Gii thiu
Phn ny s gii thiu v tin trnh xy dng cc c s d liu (CSDL)
phn tch tham s m hc, gn nhn n v ting ni cho ting Vit. CSDL
ting ni ny c xy dng nhm p ng vic nghin cu ting Vit. D
liu c ghi m bng my phn tch m chuyn dng CSL ca Kay vi nh
dng 16 bit, mono, 16 bit intel PCM (LSB, MSB) thu mi trng t nhin
v phng b m ca Trung tm Ng m hc Vin Ngn ng hc. Vic
nghin cu ting ni, phi da trn mt ngun d liu ln v ting ni bao
qut cc nh hng nh gii tnh, tui tc, kiu vn bn, kiu c. CSDL
c la chn phc v cho vic nghin cu ting Vit tp trung vo 2 mc
ch chnh 1) xy dng mt h thng d liu cho tng hp ting Vit 2) xy
dng h thng d liu cho nhn dng lnh, c chnh t v bc u cho phn
lp, nhn dng ngi ni.
CSDL ting ni l c s h tng cho c vic nhn dng v tng hp ting
ni. Trong h thng nhn dng, d liu ting ni c s dng lm cc tp
hun luyn cho cc b nhn dng xc nh cc tham s ca cc m hnh
nhn dng, v d nh cc h s trng s ca nron trong m hnh mng
Nron, hay xc sut xut hin ca cc trng thi, xc sut chuyn i trng
thi trong m hnh Markov n. Vi mt d liu ting ni ln v thut ton
hp l hiu qu nhn dng s t c kt qu ti u. Hn na, d liu ting
ni s cn c s dng kim tra hiu qu lm vic ca h thng, qua ta
c th nh gi kh nng nhn dng ca h thng cng nh so snh cc h
thng khc nhau.
i vi cc h thng tng hp, d liu ting ni s cung cp mt h
thng cc n v m c bn (ph m u, nguyn m, vn) c th xy dng
thnh t, on hay cu c th pht m.
Nguyn tc chung khi xy dng mt d liu ting ni l d liu s cha
ng cc t v cu thng xuyn s dng nht. Ngoi ra, d liu bao gm
ln cc bin th c th h tr to ra ngn ng ni t nhin v linh hot. Do
165
, mi d liu ting ni bao hm mt trong nhng mc tiu sau: bao qut v
mt ng ngha, bao qut v mt c php, bao qut v mt ngn iu v bao
qut v mt t. Tuy nhin m bo c ng thi nhng mc tiu trn l
rt kh. Thng thng, cc t, cc cu v cc on c gng c la chn sao
cho cha ng tt c cc ph m, vn, phong ph v ng cnh (context) v a
dng v t vng, ng ngha v c php, y v thanh iu.
C s d liu c chia thnh ba phn:
- D liu dng hun luyn. Bao gm 60% tng s d liu ca h c s
d liu.
- D liu pht trin. Bao gm 20% tng s d liu ca h c s d liu.
D liu ny c dng hon thin, iu chnh cc thng s ca h
thng nhn dng trong qu trnh pht trin h thng nhn dng.
- D liu kim tra: Bao gm 20% tng s d liu ca h c s d liu. D
liu ny c dng nh gi chnh xc nhn dng ca h thng.
cho khch quan ging ngi ni trong tp d liu pht trin v d
liu kim tra khng c mt trong tp d liu hun luyn. iu ny trnh
h thng nhn dng vi ging ni m n c hun luyn trc.
6.2. Ghi m cho CSDL
ghi m v qun l tn hiu c ghi, chng ti s dng thit b CSL
ca Kay vi phn mm chy trn h iu hnh Window9x v WindowsNT,
vi micro Shure. Tn hiu s c ly mu 16 bit, mono, tn s ly mu
11025.
Hnh 6-52. Ph ting ni ca cu
166
Mc tiu ca CSDL l ghi m trong nhiu iu kin mi trng khc
nhau, tuy nhin giai on u vic thu m c thc hin ti phng thu v
mi trng vn phng. Giai on sau chng ti tin hnh thu m mi
trng bnh thng. Cc tn hiu thu c c phn tch v s dng, qua
c nh gi v chnh sa nu cn thit c th phc v cho nhng ln thu
tip theo.
Cng vic ghi m tng chng l n gin nhng li l mt cng on
tn nhiu thi gian nht trong vic xy dng CSDL. Nht l vic tin hnh
thu m 300 ging cho nhn dng lnh. m bo s lng d liu chng ti
phi thu m nhng mi trng khc nhau thm ch mi trng c nhiu
nhiu v ting n (trng hc, k tc x, c quan). Mi ngi c mt bng
t gm 193 m theo ng yu cu chm ri, r rng khong cch gia cc m
u nhau. Chng ti mt khong 2-3 pht hng dn v 4-5 pht c. 300
ngi vi nhng cch c khc nhau (nhanh, chm, to, nh, ngng, ln ting
n) gy rt nhiu kh khn cho chng ti trong qu trnh phn tch d liu.
Kinh nghim cho chng ti nhn thy rng vic la chn d liu khng nn
qu ln trong mt phin ghi m trnh khng gy mt mi cho nhng ngi
thc hin thu m, bng t cn phi c b tr mt cch khoa hc: nhng m
tit gn m khng nn xp gn nhau, nhng m tit c ri c xp cng vi
nhau, nhng m c lin xp cng vi nhau v cn c nhng hng dn c
th trc khi thu m. Cho ngi c c th mt vi ln sau mi tin hnh
thu m. Nu ngi c c sai, nhm m tit no th c li m tit , nht l
i vi nhng m tit c m c gn ging nhau (ng, ph, c, ch, nh, th;
b, x, d, , t, v, ng-kp, ng-ghp, g-kp, g-ghp). i vi nhn
dng chnh t v tng hp th qu trnh thu m c vt v hn v ch tin
hnh thu vi mt ngi tuy nhin khi lng d liu cn c tng i ln
tng cng hn 800 cu cho c nhn dng v tng hp.
Vic nh gi d liu thu c thc hin thng qua vic nh gi cht
lng mi trng thu, m lng v xem xt t s tn hiu trn nhiu. Chng
ti nhn thy rng cc kt qu thu l tng i tt v chp nhn c.
167
6.3. D liu cho nhn dng ting Vit
6.3.1. Nhn dng lnh
c c mt CSDL ting ni, trc tin chng ta phi c mt d liu
vn bn dnh cho ghi m sao cho tho mn yu cu t ra. Trong nhn dng
lnh chng ti c yu cu ngi ni c mt bng t gm 193 m tit ri rc
c chia thnh cc b lnh khc nhau chng hn b lnh ca IE (Internet
Explorer). Nhng lnh ny c chia thnh hai kiu c.
T hp t: yu cu c lin
Ghi Trang ngm nh
In Ti li trang
Tu chn in Xem m ngun
Xem in Ton mn hnh
Gi ni dung Trang a thch
Gi a ch Gi th
Thuc tnh c th
Ngng kt ni mng Tu chn
Xo Tr gip
Copy T in lnh
Dn Ghi tp
Chn ht Ghi file
Tm kim
m tit thnh phn: yu cu c ri
Ghi Ni
In Mng
Tm T
Kim in
Tu Lnh
Chn Thc
Ht Hin
Xem ng
M
Gi Dng
Ni Tin
Dung ng
a Tip
Ch Li
168
Thuc File
Tnh Tp
Trang Thot
Ngm a
nh Thch
Ti Tr
Li Gip
M Ngng
Ngun Kt
Ton Hnh
Mn
S v ch ci: yu cu c ri, r rng
b s
khng su
mt by
hai by
ba tm
bn chn
nm mi
b lnh
chm euro
phy tng
triu hiu
trm tch
nghn thng
chc mt
t
mi la
l vit
linh nam
nhm ng
b ch ci
nguyn m m
n
r
t
e g
o h
ht
lt
169
rch
a rt
u ch
i x
ph m ngn
b di
c kh
ca l
ch ng
cu kp
d ghp
nh
di
trn
d p
di p
l ph
quy qu
r v
t v
t x
th x
nng nh
ch ci nh l t hp m: yu cu c lin
t e r i c rt
g kp e l
g ghp e m
ng ghp e n
ng kp e r
i di t x
i ngn ch nng
x nng ch nh
x nh d
ch x d di
i c lt d i
i c rch d trn

Vic la chn ngi ni cng l mt trong nhng vn quan trng.
Nhng ch tiu quan trng trong vic la chn ngi ni l gii tnh, tui tc,
170
v tr a l, trnh hc vn, sc khe. Nhng ngi c bng t ca ti
phn ln l cc sinh vin ca cc trng i hc trn a bn H Ni. Vic la
chn p ng nhng yu cu sau:
- Gii tnh: Nhm m bo s cn i v gii tnh, chng ti c gng
la chn sao cho m bo s cn bng nam n. Tng s ngi c la chn
l 300, tuy nhin s ging nam l 120 v n l 180.
- Tui: Tui c nh hng nhiu n cht lng ting ni, ting ni ca
con ngi s n nh mt cch tng i trong la tui trng thnh t 18
n 40 tui. i vi CSDL, tui c la chn t 18 n 50.
- V tr a l: Vic p ng tt c cc ging ca tng a phng l
cha th thc hin vi iu kin hin ti, do bc u s ngi la chn
ch l nhng ngi min Bc, m cha chn nhng ngi ni ging t Thanh
Ha tr vo.
Vi mi ngi chng ti yu cu c bng t nh trnh by trn,
thi gian cho mt ngi c khong 4-5 pht.
H thng nhn dng lnh thu 300 ging khc nhau vi nh
dng11025Hz, 16 bit, mono trong mi trng bnh thng c nhiu. D liu
c nh gi tng i tt. Sau khi thu d liu chng ti tin hnh hiu
chnh d liu theo cc bc sau:
- Vi mi ngi c chng ti lu vo mt file ring sau khi lc b
nhiu.
- Sau chng ti ct ri tng m tit (nu l c ri) v t hp m tit
(nu l c lin) v mi m li c ghi thnh mt file con.
- Trong danh sch cc file con ca mt ngi c chng ti to mt file
Listword lit k tt c tn, s lng cc file d liu ca mt ngi c.
Nh vy vi 300 ngi c chng ti s c 300 file, mi file ngi c
cha 193 n v. Tng cng chng ti s c 57900 n v m.
- Sau khi d liu c x l chng ti tin hnh hun luyn bng cc
phng php khc nhau hiu chnh tham s cho n khi t yu cu.
6.3.2. Nhn dng chnh t
i vi nhn dng chnh t ph thuc ngi ni vi tp t vng l ton
b cc m tit ting Vit v kh nng kt hp c th c hn 19.000 m tit
171
nhng ch c hn 6000 m tit c ngha c lit k trong t in. u tin
chng ti to khong 800 cu text. Cc cu text cn m bo:
Tnh m hc
S lng m tit trong cu khng nhiu qu ti a l 40 m tit trong
mt cu.
S c on trong cu.
Hin tng ngn iu: thanh iu, trng , tnh dng ngt hi
(pause).
Hin tng ngn ng: cc cu text c y cc loi cu hi, cm thn,
mnh lnh..., y cc loi t: t kp, t ly, tnh t, trng t, danh t, ng
t
Phn b ca cc n v cn c vo:
Tn s xut hin ln nht ca mt m tit trong cu.
Tn s xut hin ln nht ca mt vn trong cu.
Tn s xut hin ln nht ca mt ph m u trong cu.
Tn s xut hin ln nht ca mt nguyn m (n, i, ba) trong cu.
Phn b thanh iu trong cu.
Yu cu c th
- S c on ca mi cu (<=2)
- S m tit trn ton b cu. (<= 25).
- Khi qut c cc hin tng ngn ng ni ting Vit.
- S lng cu t 800-1000 cu
Chng ti tin hnh thu d liu vi mt ngi, l pht thanh vin ca
i ting ni Vit Nam, yu cu c chm ri, r rng t cu 1 ti cu 800
lin tip nhau, gia cc m tit khc nhau trong cu c on ngh khong
300ms. Gia cc ng on trong cu (tch nhau bi cc du ngt nh du ,)
gia cc m tit khc nhau trong cu c on ngh khong 300ms, gia cc
ng on trong cu (tch nhau bi cc du ngt nh du ,) c on ngh
khong 500ms (0.5s), gia cc cu c on ngh di khong 700-1000 ms
(0.7s -1s).
- S ln c: c ht 100 cu th ngh v sau li tip tc. Yu cu c
li ln 2, nh trn, li ln 3 cho d liu Testing.
172
6.3.2.1 Phn on v gn nhn
Phn on v gn nhn l qu trnh phn chia tn hiu ting ni thnh cc
on m khng chng nhau. Cc on m ny tng ng vi mt n v ngn
ng c la chn trc v c ghi li cc th hin ca n v ngn ng .
Ni cch khc, l qu trnh m t tn hiu ting ni v ly ra cu trc m v
ca mt ng on trc tip t tn hiu ting ni v cn c gi l qu trnh
phn tch m v. Nh chng ta u bit, tn hiu ting ni rt phc tp. Quan
h gia m v v thnh phn m thanh tng ng khng phi l mt - mt.
Cc bin ca cc on m thanh khng r v tn hiu chuyn tip lin tc t
m v ny sang m v khc. V vy, s th hin ca ting ni thnh chui cc
on c gn nhn cn c hiu mt cch tng i hn l tuyt i.
Cu trc m tit ting Vit gm nm thnh phn l ph m u, vn v
thanh iu cng thnh. Phn vn li bao gm cc m m, m chnh (l nguyn
m n hoc nguyn m i) v m cui. Trong mt m tit ting Vit c th c
nguyn m ba (triphthong). Vic phn xut on m ny ra thnh tng m v rt
kh khn. Ngoi ra thanh iu l thnh phn siu on tnh li tri di trn ton
m tit khi cc ph m u l ph m hu thanh. V vy vic phn xut m tit
c tin hnh cho ph m v vn trong CSDL m.
Mt s nguyn tc c thng nht nhm m bo chnh xc v tnh
nht qun khi phn m on nh sau:
Sau on ngh: Ti im bt u ca bin u tin ln hn nhiu nn
nhn thy trn tn hiu.
Trc khi ngh: Ti im cui ca bin cui cng ln hn nhiu nn
nhn thy trn tn hiu.
Chuyn tip ph m hu thanh - vn: nh du s chuyn tip da trn
m thanh, nng lng v nh ph.
Gia ph m v thanh - vn: Ti im chu k cao tn s c bn tn
s c bn th hai ca phn vn.
i vi cc m tc: Phn on trc khong 20ms cho giai on tc m.
173
Hnh 6-53. nh ph ca m tit kt thc bng m tc /p/: hp tp
Khi tin hnh phn on, cc tham s ting ni nh nh ph, nng lng
v tn s m c bn phi hp vi vic nghe m thanh quyt nh bin ca
cc n v ngn ng nh trn.
nh v tin bin cho cc ph m xt v thanh hay ph m mi
/m,n,ng,nh/ tng i d dng. Phn m v thanh khng c F
0
v im phn
m im cao tn s c bn tn s c bn th hai nh thng nht
trn. Mc nng lng ca cc m mi thp, chuyn tip en - trng trn nh
ph nhn r, ngoi ra cc m mi cn to ra bin i vi ngn iu (micro-
prosodic) th hin thnh cc nt gy trn hnh tuyn ca tn s F
0
.
Quyt nh tch cc m tc nh /b/, m xt hu thanh /d/ trong m tit
rt kh khn, tng t i vi cc ngn ng khc, cn phi s dng nhiu
mn hnh tham s v nghe m thanh nh bin chng. K hiu cho nhn
ting Vit s dng m k t ASCII v vi kiu b du telex quen thuc. Du
v m cui c vit hoa tin cho vic x l sau ny. Du # nh du im
ngh mi ng on.
174
Hnh 6- 54. nh ph ca m tit bt
Ni chung, vic phn m on v gn nhn l bt buc cho nghin cu
phn tch, nhn dng v tng hp ting ni. Cng vic ny i hi nhiu knh
nghim v thi gian. V vy, cc phng th nghim nghin cu ting ni
trn th gii, ngi ta s dng cc b nhn dng ting ni t ng ho
phn on v gn nhn CSDL m.
Gn nhn bng tay
Gn nhn (labeling) l cng vic xc nh ra cc ranh gii (boundary)
cc m v trong mt t. Cc nhn thi gian (time-align label) c to bng
hai cch: gn nhn bng tay do ngi gn nhn (labeler hay transcriber) thc
hin bng tay da vo vic c cc thng tin trn biu sng (waveform) v
biu ph (spectrogram) hoc gn nhn t ng bng phng thc gn nhn
cng bc (force-alignment labeling). Sau khi cc file d liu c thu,
chng ti tin hnh gn nhn CSDL ting ni theo cc bc sau:
- nh ch mc c s d liu
Tp cu 1: 265 cu gm hai loi, Tp 2 l 800 cu
Loi c ri rc
Loi c nh ting ni t nhin
Mi tp c 02 ging n
C s d liu bao gm cc cp cc tp gm ba loi tp:
- Tp m thanh lu dng .raw
175
- Tp vn bn cha phin m chnh t ca cc tp m thanh ghi dng
.txt
- Tp ch mc c lu trong cc tp c ui .idx
Cc cp c nh danh bng mt m ID duy nht tng ng vi ngi
ni. Ngoi ra, tn ca tp cn cha ng thng tin v loi thng tin ca tp.
Cc tp vn bn .txt cha phin m chnh t ca cc t trong b t in ca h
thng nhn dng. Tp ch mc cha danh sch cc t, m tit tng ng ca
cc t trong pht m v c phn theo t loi (danh t, ng t, tnh t,
loi t...). Mi m tit, t s c gn cho hai nhn thi gian, thi gian u v
thi gian kt thc s tn ti ca m tit, t . n v o cc nhn thi gian l
sample v cc nhn thi gian c xc nh bi qu trnh gn nhn bng tay.
V d sau l mt s cc tp trong c s d liu.
V d:
utt1.raw : file ting ni, 11025Hz, 16 bit, mono
utt1.txt : xu text ni dung ca file ting ni (v d : ti sao cu li
ru ria xm xom th kia)
utt1.idx
V d
11: ch s m tit ca utt1
9 : ch s t ca utt1
trng ca utt1 o bng s sample
ti sao : t u
t loi : 0-noun, 1- verb,
2 : ch s m tit ca t u
trng ca t : o bng s nguyn cc sample
ti : m tit 1 ca t 1
trng trong sample
im chia m u trong sample
s im pitch, nu cha quan tm ti pitch, n c t =0
gi_tri_pitch1
gi_tri_pitch2
176
gi_tri_pitch3
sao : m tit 2 ca t 1
trng trong sample
gi_tri_pitch1
gi_tri_pitch2
gi_tri_pitch3
cu : t th hai
t loi :
1 : ch s m tit
trng ca t : o bng s nguyn cc sample
cu : m tit 1 ca t 2
trng trong sample
gi_tri_pitch1
gi_tri_pitch2
gi_tri_pitch3..
Vic nh ch mc kh phc tp do nhiu nguyn nhn:
Th nht, trong ting Vit cc t loi khng c phn nh mt cch
r rng. xc nh chnh xc cc t loi trong cu i hi phi c mt tiu
chun c th v c mt hiu bit y v ng php ting Vit.
Th hai, cng vic nh ch mc ch thc hin c bng tay m khng
th dng t ng nn mt rt nhiu thi gian.
Th ba, s lng d liu tng i ln (hn 800 cu) vic nh ch
mc li t m n tng t, m tit nn chc chn khng trnh khi c nhng
sai st.
Tuy nhin, chng ti cng hon thnh cng vic ny trong vng 6
thng vi kt qu tng i tt.
177
- Sau khi nh ch mc cho tp cu mu, chng ti tin hnh tip tc
phn chia d liu thnh cc file nh hn: t, ph m, vn.bng cch
ct cc m tit thnh tng phn nh hn: ph m u, vn, m cui.
Vic phn nh ranh gii ph m u v phn vn khng phi lc no
cng thc hin c v cn ph thuc vo tc c, s luyn m.
Hnh 6-55. nh ph ca hai m tit c lin nhau
Hnh 6-56. nh ph ca mt ph m u
178
Hnh 6-57. nh ph ca mt vn
- Chng ti to d liu khong 1915 file d liu Training v 421 file d
liu testing cho 19 ph m u. i vi vn chng ti c 155 vn vi 4651
file d liu Training v 1500 file d liu Testing. i vi vn v ph m mi
phn li c file ListWord lit k danh sch v tng s cc ph m v vn.
6.3.2.2 Danh sch mt s cu mu
1. i mt km nhm ca b ta khng bao gi dm nhn thng mi
ngi.
2. Nhn dn ta khc ct ghi xng, tng nh nhng ngi con
hi sinh cho cuc khng chin ny.
3. Trng cu ta khc kh nh ngi m d.
4. Ging ni kh khng khc ca ng ta cng lm cho ngi nghe
thm kh chu.
5. Nhn dn vng l lt khi phc c ng giao thng sau
trn l.
6. Hai on i biu hi m trong bu khng kh hiu bit ln
nhau.
7. N sut ngy mt th gi vo nhng vic khng u vo u.
8. Sau cu ni ca th trng, cu ta khng ni khng rng lng l
bc ra khi phng.
9. N ln ri nhng vn kh kho lm. Lo ta m kh kh ci ti
nh s b mt cp.
179
10. m hm y, tt n ln ging nm, ti vn thy c sao
vng tung bay trc mt.
11. c mi ngi tin, Ngha cng c gng.
12. Gic M nm thuc c, cy cht kh thnh ci n.
13. Ngha mng t, lo nhiu, m s nht l kh gi gn on kt.
14. Hm nay, ti tm ng cho anh mt t.
15. Di na, cnh ca st mt cao ang ng im lm.
16. o Vn ngi lm lm gh, ging anh li ch khng cn st
si na.
17. Cc th y ch bn quanh qun trong my ng ng ti tm.
18. Bui tp cy u tin phi b, Ngha li thi ra v.
19. Con ng ri nha thng tp phng phiu.
20. ng ph hm nay nm np ngi qua k li.
21. C ta qu la l th, ch mong ly c mt tm chng.
22. Lo ta rt mt hi iu cy sng sc.
23. ng ch thng binh ny ch b thng s s phn mm.
24. Mi tc di ng xo ph b vai c b.
25. B ta l ci g m lc no cng tc oai tc qui vi mi ngi.
26. Phm Qunh ni xong, Bo i hi ai c kin g khng.
27. Bp tt ngm tt ngm th ny lm sao nu n.
28. Lm g m mt di un un ra th.
29. Hm nay b v mng hay sao m b mt sn st ra th.
30. Vic ai ngi ny lm ti sao cu phi m rm nng bng.
31. Ngi c bnh phi n ung king khem.
32. Lm cn b thy vic phi gii quyt, ch khng phi quen nghe
ngi ta ngi vo mm.
33. Tri i sao li bt nhau ln ci ni sn lam chng kh y.
34. ng n qun tr ngh chn gp ghnh khc khuu.
35. Ch mo ngoao ngoao chng bit c nh g.
180
36. Mi by nm vi lo toan bn rn, loay hoay vi cuc mu
sinh khin chng ti chng cn tm tr no m ngh v nhau na.
37. y, nng va ln, b gnh tong teng hai ci thng y hai
ci mt.
38. L t quy hoch khu cng nghip khong ba mi hc ta.
39. C L tot hm nay khng say ru.
40. m ngi chy hunh huch ra ch hai h ln nht lng nh
nhau.
41. Tra nay ng mun n mn g, ti chy ra ch.
42. B Vng gh mt nhn mm cm, mt cau li.
43. Ln ny th Th tht s b dn vo chn tng ri, khng cn
ln l da dm vo ai c na.
44. m qua v n nh khng thit ra ry, Th vo ng ngi
ngay xung ging.
45. o i sm sm ln nh trn.
46. sng mt lc lu nhng Th vn cha mun dy.
47. Bn ngoi ca kho tri.
48. Anh vn mi m ngm ngi bn ng.
49. Cc anh chi u ra ch th phi thuyt phc, ch vn chun b
lm binh bin.
50. Lin khng tha, lng thng t trong bung l ra.
51. Lin l th lch qua giu rm, ln sang vi b Nhn.
52. N m kht kh kht kh c tun nay ri.
53. N nga c ci khng khc mt cch khoi ch.
54. Ti ng nghe, lng hi hp.
55. nguyn ch n ph, ng lp.
56. m ngi i n u, m v ra n y trong nh la v ting
h ht thnh n.
57. Cp m ca c ta nng na nng nnh nh mun gi cho s ham
mun ca cc chng trai.
58. Con ln nh b ta bo nc nch.
59. Nhng ht kim cng by trong t ng a ng nh.
181
60. Chng cm ly chn nc, lp bp cm n, ri nh e thn v s
bt lc ca mnh, chng khe kh g ngn tay ln bn.
61. Phi bit kim ch mnh trc nhng cm d ca ng tin.
62. Tt c gii tn ngay.
63. Nn tr li anh i thi.
64. Pht c phi theo gi.
65. Khng nn lm bn n thu an.
66. Tt c im lng, mi vic c ti.
67. D xin bc bt u cho.
68. Dt khot nh th anh nh.
69. Anh ghi a ch vo y khi cn b s c in gi anh.
70. ng quan trng ho vn m lm cho n thm phc tp.
71. Cu ng gi ng gi ngng, bit th ni cho anh em nghe.
72. Ngy mai cu phi thanh ton cc khon n nn y nh.
73. ng c nh bi chun l khng xong u.
74. Dong chng n ln x.
75. i ci thi khinh khi ca cu tht kh chu.
76. ch th l nht nhng thng t.
77. n ng m nhn xt tinh gh.
78. Ti ra v thch th v xi ln u nhiu tn thc dn cao cp
mt go nc lnh.
79. Nhn thy g p g tt l c mt la my lt nh hu sc thy
gi.
80. Th ng lng lng tan nt.
81. Lng nng trnh trch nhng lo u.
82. Sung sng qu ng i.
83. By gi th bit n gc bin chn tri no m tm.
84. Bc li i.
85. Thanh Ha l tnh ln nht c nc, c n tay khng pht th
ung ng .
182
6.4. D liu ting ni cho phn tch v nhn dng thanh iu
6.4.1. Thanh iu ting Vit trong cu
Vic xc nh ng nt thanh iu ting Vit v phn tch chng c mt
ngha quan trng trong nhn dng v tng hp ting ni. Nu phn loi
chnh xc thanh iu th s lng m tit phi nhn dng s gim c 1/6
ln. Trong tng hp ting ni theo m hnh tham s hay tng hp formant
theo quy lut nu khng xc nh chnh xc tn s c bn th c kh nng khi
tng hp ting Vit s to ra cc m tit sai ngha so vi t nh tng hp.
Trong cu lin tc, ng nt ca tn s c bn F
0
ca cc m tit khng
cn gi nguyn nh khi pht m ri rc. F
0
b bin i. S bin i ph thuc
nhiu vo yu t ng m. Nu khng c m hnh ho mt cch thch hp
th ting ni tng hp khng t nhin, thm ch trong trng hp xu c th
nghe khng hiu c.
Thanh iu ting Vit trn cc m tit pht m ri rc c nghin
cu nhiu v dng iu ca chng c khi qut dng sau bi nhiu nh
nghin cu ng m:
Thanh ngang: thanh khng du l thanh tng i cao, c m iu bng
phng, n nh, khng b yt hu ho ging nhau tt c cc m tit.
Hnh 6- 58. M hnh phn tch thanh ngang
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Thanh huyn: Thanh huyn c pht m m vc thp hn so vi
thanh ngang. ng nt i xung thoai thoi u t u n phn cui
m tit.
Hnh 6-59. M hnh phn tch thanh huyn
Thanh ng: Thanh ng c m vc cao ng nt gy. Bt u cao
cao hn thanh huyn, thp hn thanh ngang. gia n tit gim xung
t ngt, hoc c hin tng b t, sau li tng ln t tn s cao
nht cui m tit.
Hnh 6-60. M hnh phn tch thanh ng
184
Thanh hi: Thanh hi bt u vi mc cao ca thanh huyn, i xung
thoai thoi n gia vn, gi bng phng trong mt thi gian ngn v
sau li i ln cn i vi ng i xung. Cao tn s c bn
u v cui m tit khong bng nhau.
Hnh 6- 61. M hnh phn tch thanh hi
Thanh sc: Thanh sc l thanh thuc m vc cao ng nt i ln ph
thuc vo loi hnh m tit v di ngn ca nguyn m. cc m
tit khng khp, thanh sc tng i bng phng n gia vn v sau
i ln phn cui m tit. cc m khp, thanh sc c m vc cao
hn v c th i ngang ph thuc vo di m tit.
Hnh 6- 62. M hnh phn tch thanh sc
185
Thanh nng: Thanh nng thuc m vc thp, ng nt i xung. i
vi cc m khng khp, ng nt i xung t ngt phn cui m
tit. Cn i vi m khp ng nt bng phng m vc thp.
Hnh 6- 63. M hnh phn tch thanh nng
Cc h thng tng hp ting Trung Quc, mt ngn ng c nghin
cu nhiu, u nghin cu tm cc quy lut bin thanh v p dng thay i
tn s c bn khi tng hp m bo t nhin ca ting ni. rt ra cc
quy lut chnh ca s bin i thanh iu trong ng lu ti tin hnh
thc hin cc bc nh sau:
Cch iu tn s c bn ca cc m tit trong CSDL M1 nhm nu bt
c cc ng nt c trng ca thanh iu.
Xc nh ng nt c trng tn s c bn ca cc m tit mang thanh
iu khc nhau.
Xc nh s ph thuc ca thanh iu vo thanh iu cc m tit ng
trc v ng sau n.
Cc thay i v cao tn s c bn ch yu c phn bit bi v tr,
im cc i, thi gian v sn dc ca cc on F
0
c cch iu ho. Cho
n nay ra i rt nhiu m hnh thanh iu khc nhau. Cc m hnh thanh
iu ny c th c cho bi m hnh Fujisaki.
M hnh m thanh ca Fujisaki p dng thnh cng cho nhiu ngn
ng trn th gii (ting Nht, ting Trung Quc, ting c). Fujisaki phn
186
bit hai loi tc ng gi l lnh cm t v lnh trng m c m hnh ho
bng hm xung v hm bc thang. Hai loi lnh ny c tc ng qua b lc
tuyn tnh bc hai v to ra tn s c bn F
0
u ra.
6.4.2. Xc nh ng nt c trng ca thanh iu
Vic xc nh cc ng thanh iu cng c din ra tng t nh di
phng php thng k trn ton b CSDL. Mc tiu ca phn ny l tm ra
dc ca gi tr trung bnh cng nh lch tiu chun cho tng thanh iu cc
v tr khc nhau, trong v cui mt pht m. Cc ng nt c trng cho cc
thanh c chun ho theo thi gian ly mu l 1 giy.
Cc s liu c tnh ton xc nh mc nh hng ca loi thanh
iu thuc cc m tit ngay trc v ngay sau ln thanh iu ca m tit quan
st. Qua rt ra nhng nhn nh v hin tng lin cu m t gc thanh
iu v quy lut ca s bin thanh trong cu ni lin tc.
Theo s liu thc nghim, cc thanh sc v ng c ng nt i ln.
Thanh ng c dc ln hn 66Hz/giy. Nu vi di trung bnh ca m tit
mang thanh ng l 270ms nh thng k phn di th thanh ng c dc hn
thanh sc l 20 Hz/s. Thanh khng du hi i xung, sau l thanh huyn,
thanh nng v thanh hi. Nh vy, theo m hnh thanh iu nh trnh by phn
ny, sau khi phn tch xc nh tn s c bn, p dng cch iu tuyn tnh v
tnh dc tiu chun ho theo thi gian, ta c th nhn dng c loi thanh
iu ca m tit . Tuy nhin, nh s liu ct lch tiu chun bng trn
cng cho thy rng cc thanh c dung sai rt ln ph thuc vo v tr ca
chng trong cc iu kin ng cnh khc nhau.
6.4.3. Xc nh nh hng ca thanh iu do ng cnh
cao bt u ca cc thanh b nh hng bi thanh iu i trc v
cao kt thc b nh hng ca thanh iu i sau n. Nhng thanh iu c kt
thc cao (thanh ng, sc) s kt thc thp (gn nh khng du, thm ch c mt
s trng hp c th b chuyn thnh thanh nng) nu sau n l m tit cng c
m vc cao.
Quan st ng nt thanh iu mt cch c h thng, chng ta c th rt ra
nhiu quy lut v s bin thanh ca ting Vit. Khc vi ng m hc vi mc
tiu xc nh cc c trng ring bit ca thanh iu, khi tng hp ting ni, h
187
thng phi m hnh ho c cc bin i thanh iu ny cng chnh xc, cng
chi tit bao nhiu th t nhin c tng cao by nhiu.
Xem xt dc ca thanh sc bng trn ta thy r rng rng, ng nt
ca thanh sc ng sau cc thanh thuc m vc cao l thanh ng v thanh khng
du c dc thp hn so vi thanh thuc m vc thp nh nng, huyn, hi.
Tng t nh vy ta c th phn tch cho tt c cc loi thanh iu khc da theo
cc kt qu thng k ny v xy dng ng dc c trng cho tng t hp
thanh. nh hng ca cc thanh sau k tip c thng k theo bng di y.
Ni chung cc thanh thuc m tit pha sau khng tc ng gy nh hng nhiu
vo s bin thin thanh nh thanh trc .
Thng qua quan st trc tip hnh dng v tn s c bn c trng cho
thanh iu trong ng lu v cc s liu phn tch chng ti rt ra mt s nhn xt
m hnh ho s bin thanh trong pht ngn lin tc phc v cho vic tng hp
ting Vit nh sau.
- Phn tn s c bn na trc ca m tit thay i m bo thc hin c
phn c trng ca thanh iu na sau. ng nt ca phn ny khng mang
ngha v cm th thanh. Nh m m trn phn u i ln cao tn s
c bn cn thit th hin c trng i xung ca thanh nng.
- c trng ca thanh iu c th hin r na sau ca m tit v v c bn
ng nt ln xung ca cc thanh vn gi c nh ng nt ca cc m tit
pht m ri rc.
- Cc thanh ng, thanh hi trong ng lu ch din tin theo mt hng ch khng
c hin tng i chiu ln xung nh trong cc miu t c cng b trc
y cho m ri rc. Trong nhiu trng hp, cc thanh cng mt m vc, c
ng nt cao tn s c bn ging nhau (nh sc vi ng, hay hi v nng).
- Thanh ngang khng du c ng nt i xung nh trng hp m tit khuya
trc n thuc m vc cao. N i ln trong trng hp thanh trc n l thanh
hi hay nng thuc m vc thp m m u ca m tit li l m hu thanh.
- Thanh sc cc m tit khp kt thc bng ph m tc v thanh c ng i
xung cho thy rng cc m ny, m vc cao ca thanh ny ng vai tr quyt
188
nh ch khng phi l ng nt thanh iu. Cng tng t nh vy i vi
thanh nng cc m tit khp trong m vc thp.
- Thanh ca cc m tit ph thuc rt ln vo m vc ca thanh ngay trc n.
c bit nu m tit sau l m hu thanh. Mc ng ph thuc vo thanh ca m
tit ngay sau thp hn. V d m tit /nay/ vi pht m ca t hm nay v
sng nay s c cao tn s c bn khc nhau. V vn /ay/ trong trng hp
ny s c cc bin th khc nhau v cao tn s c bn.
6.5. D liu ting ni cho tng hp
to mt s d liu phc v cho phn tch v tng hp ting Vit cn
phi xy dng mt c s d liu m. Khc vi phn tch nhn dng hay phn
tch ng m tm nt c trng khu bit ca cc m c tin hnh cho nhiu
ging ni, CSDL cho tng hp ting ni xch chui thng ch c thc hin
vi mt ging ni v tng hp ting ni xch chui thng ch ti to v m
phng c trng ging ca mt c th. c c tp hp y cc trng
hp ng m, ng cnh khc nhau ca mt ngn ng l vn hon ton khng
n gin. tng pht trin h thng tng hp ting Vit da theo nguyn tc
hc c ca con ngi chia nhiu giai on khc nhau, giai on u tin l hc
vn v ghp thnh t. lm iu , cn phi c s vn ca ting Vit. S
vn c thanh iu ca ting Vit l khong 800 vn. V vy vn bn to
CSDL hn 1000 cu c t ra bao ph s vn c kh nng trong ting Vit.
Ngoi ra, cc vn b thay i khi c ghp vi cc ph m do nguyn tc
ca s tip hp. V d nh vn uya khuya khc vi vn uya xuya. Do vy,
cn nhiu bin th ca vn trong CSDL. c mt CSDL m tt cn phi xem
xt n nhiu yu t khc v d nh v tr ca vn trong m on hay cc loi m
tit trc sau Vic xem xt ti u CSDL cho tng hp xch chui ting Vit l
mt ti nghin cu rt c ngha sau ny, nhm ng gp cho s hon thin
ca hng nghin cu tng hp ting Vit trong tng lai.
Ngi c c ging ni theo phng ng Bc B vi cc ph m u /s/,
/r/ v /tr/ c trng ca ting ni H Ni. Ghi m c thc hin trong phng b
m cht lng cao.
Yu cu d liu thu cho tng hp ting ni cc phn vn trong ,
cc ph m u, cc t hp du theo b 3: Thanh khng du, huyn, sc, hi,
189
ng, nng cho cc vn khng tn cng l p, t, k, -ch. Thanh sc, thanh nng cho
cc vn tn cng l p, t, k, ch. Cc nguyn m a, e, i, o, u, , , , , , . Phong
ph t i, t ba
Cc tham s thng k ca cu: S ng on <=2, s m tit trn ton b
cu <=25, s ph m u trong cu v tn s xut hin <=25, tn s xut hin
ca mt ph m u <=6. S phn vn khng k du trong cu v tn s xut
hin <=25, tn s xut hin <=6. S m tit khng k du trong cu v tn s
xut hin <=25, <=6. S lng cc cu thu 161 cu c t nhin trong mi
trng vn phng, t nhiu vi ging c chun pht thanh vin.
Sau khi d liu thu c chng ti tin hnh ct cc ph m u trong cc
ng cnh khc nhau. Tng cng chng ti c 208 ph m u trong ng cnh v
760 vn trong ng cnh.
6.5.1. Xc nh n v m cho tng hp ting Vit
tng hp xch chui, kch c ca cc n v tng hp thng c chia
thnh hai loi ngn v di. n v m di c li th cn bn hn n v m ngn
bi n bao ph c cc hiu ng ca lin cu m, s im xch chui t hn,
ting ni tng hp d trn tru hn. Nhng khi s dng n v m di s lng
n v ln, trong trng hp vn t vng ca mt ngn ng rt nhiu, s
lng ng cnh l v hn nn khng c th bin son, ghi m v lu tr
tng hp vn bn bt k. Ngoi ra, do giao lu quc t v pht trin ca khoa
hc k thut hin nay xut hin rt nhiu t mi cn b sung thm vo CSDL
t vng. V vy cho n nay n v m ngn hn mt t c tp trung nghin
cu nhiu hn.
Phn ln cc h thng TTS cho cc ngn ng a m tit nh ting Anh,
ting Php u s dng n v m tng i nh nh bin th m v (allophone),
m i (diphone) v m ba (triphone) v chng linh hot hn, d iu khin, vi
s lng khng ln c th tng hp c vn bn bt k.
- m v l loi n v m c ng dng rt hiu qu trong tng hp formant theo
lut.
- m i l n v m thanh c kch c ca m v. bt u t gia mt m v ny
v kt thc gia m v k tip. S dng m i c gi thit rng hiu ng
m thanh ca m v ch tc ng n na di ca hai m v k bn. n v
190
m loi ny bo ton c s chuyn tip t m v ny sang m v khc. Cc
bin ca m i khi xch chui nm gia m v. iu ny c khuynh hng lm
cho ting ni tng hp b gin on im xch chui v gia m v, ph tn
hiu ting ni tuy n nh hn nhng c mc nng lng tng i cao. m i
l loi n v c th m hnh ho cho hiu ng lin cu m c trong m tit ln
gia cc m tit.
- Sonone: trong nhng nghin cu mi y v cc h thng TTS hun luyn
(trainable), s dng cng ngh nhn dng ting ni xut hin mt loi n v
mi c tn l sonone. Sonone c nh ngha l n v ph thuc ng cnh
tng ng vi mt trng thi ca HMM (Hidden Markov Model) ca mt m ba
(triphone).
- Tng hp ting Nht s dng n v l C-V (ph m - nguyn m) vi
khong 100 n v hay C-V-C (ph m - nguyn m - ph m) vi vi trm
n v.
- m tit: phn ln h thng TTS ting Trung Quc s dng n v l m tit.
Mt trong nhng l do s dng m tit lm n v l ting Trung Quc c s
lng m tit tng i t ch vo khong 400 m tit khng tnh thanh iu v
khong 1200 gm c thanh iu. n v l m tit c nhc im rt ln l
khng m hnh ho c hiu ng lin cu m gia cc m tit. Cc h thng
TTS ting Trung Quc s dng m tit phi chn thm mt khong thi gian
ngh gia cc m tit lin tip v do vy to thnh cc sng thanh bp bnh
lm gim cht lng m tng hp.
Qua phn tch trn ta thy vic la chn n v m c bn ph thuc rt
nhiu vo ngn ng tng hp. i vi ting Vit, vi c trng ring bit ca
loi ngn ng thanh iu n tit tnh khng th p dng cu trc m v hay m
i nh cc ngn ng chu u. Trong cc phn phn tch v di v thanh
iu trn phn no lm sng t s phc tp v bt hp l nu s dng m v
lm n v tng hp. Trn kha cnh ca thanh iu th m v hay m i c kch
c nh m v, khng phi l thnh phn mang thanh c trng ca m tit m
tri li thanh tri di trn ton b m tit. V di, khong thay i di m
v rt ln nhm bo ton di c nh ca m tit.
191
6.5.2. Hin tng lin cu m gia m tit ting Vit
Tng t trng hp tng hp ting Trung Quc, nu s dng n v l
ph m u v vn cn phi quan tm n hin tng lin cu m gia cc m
tit. m tit ting Vit c chia l bn loi l m, na m, na ng v ng.
Gia cc m tit m hay na m v cc m tit tip sau khng c ph m u
hay ph m u hu thanh th trong ng lu lin tc s xut hin hiu ng liu
cu m tc ng ng k n cht lng m tng hp.
6.6. Kt lun
Khi phn tch v x l ting ni, vic to lp CSDL m c tm quan trng
c bit. Phn u m t phng php to s liu vi cht lng cao vi
chnh xc cn thit. Phn ny trnh by kt qu nghin cu phn tch v di
ca cc m tit ti cc v tr khc nhau nh u, gia v cui mt ng
on. Kt qu nghin cu nhm nh lng ng nt thanh iu trn cc loi
m tit trong ng lu lin tc bng phng php thng k.
Trn y chng ti trnh by bc u qu trnh xy dng. Cho n thi
im hin ti chng ti c CSDL vi 300 ngi ni cho nhn dng lnh, 1
ngi ni cho nhn dng chnh t v d liu cho tng hp.
Phng php s dng la chn d liu l hp l. D liu c chn
ghi m p ng c cc yu cu ra, phong ph v t, ng, y v cc n
v m hc. Hn na, s phn b ca cc n v m hc ph hp vi phn b thu
c t mt tp d liu ln cc vn bn t truyn, sch, bo. Do c th ni
rng c th i din cho ting Vit ph dng v mt ng m. Tn hiu thu m
c cht lng tt, p ng c yu cu t ra, trong mt mi trng khng
nhiu.
Vic t c mt s kt qu nh vy s gip chng ti tip tc nghin cu
nhng bc tip theo. D liu vn bn ny c b sung m bo tt hn cc
yu cu v mt ng m v ng ngha.
192
7. TNG HP TING VIT
7.1. Nhp mn
To ting ni bng my l mt c m ca loi ngi v l mc tiu
thch thc cc nh khoa hc trn th gii nhiu th k qua. My ni bng c
kh u tin do Wolfgang Von Kempelen ch to nm 1791 m phng b my
pht m ca ngi c th pht ra c mt vi m t. u th k ny,
vo nm 1939, my VODER ca nh khoa hc Dudley, phng th nghim
AT&T BELL LABS, thnh cng trong vic m hnh ho cng hng ca
ng thanh bng linh kin in t. H thng iu khin nhn cng 10 b cng
hng bng cc phm v chit p c th to ra mt s cu ni nghe hiu
c. T gia nhng nm 1950 tr li y, s ra i ca my tnh in t s
cho php to ra mt cch c h thng cc tham s iu khin b tng hp
ting ni. Cng vi s pht trin nh v bo ca khoa hc v cng ngh
thp k 80 v 90, k thut tng hp ting ni c nhng bc pht trin rt
quan trong c s ng gp rt ln ca my tnh v x l tn hiu s. S tin
b ny c thc y do:
Kh nng tnh ton ca my tnh nhanh ln gp nhiu ln, s lng
d liu c lu gi ngy cng ln v gi thnh ngy cng h.
Kh nng xy dng v truy cp ti cc c s d liu m thanh v vn
bn ngy cng d dng.
Cng ngh nhn dng t ng ting ni c hon thin vi chnh
xc ngy cng cao hn tr gip vic t ng phn on m ting ni
cho php to ra cc c s d liu ng m rt ln phc v cho phn
tch ting ni.
Nu ting ni cng nh ch vit l chui cc du c bn c nh ngha
r rng th cc vn v nhn dng v tng hp ting ni c th c
gii quyt t lu. Bn cht ting ni rt khc bit, hiu ng lin cu m quyn
cc m t thnh dng thanh lin tc rt phc tp mang thng tin mi thnh
phn ca n nn tng hp v nhn dng ting ni tr nn c bit kh khn.
Vic tng hp ting ni t bt k vn bn no, tng hp vi s lng t
193
khng hn ch ca mt ngn ng thnh ting ni tri chy, c t nhin nh
con ngi vn l vn cha c gii quyt v ang l mt lnh vc c
quan tm nghin cu nhiu.
Cht lng m thanh ca cc h thng tng hp ting ni t vn bn n
nay cn rt hn ch so vi ting ni t nhin ca con ngi. Mc d mi ch
t mc nghe - hiu r nhng tng hp ting ni cng tm thy ng
dng trong nhiu lnh vc khc nhau. Chng hn:
Tr gip cho ngi tn tt
H thng TTS kt hp cng vi h thng quang hc nhn dng ch vit
(OCR) c th c cc vn bn in cho ngi khim th.
Truyn thng tin bng m thanh
Mt h thng TTS rt hu ch cho vic kim tra chnh t cc vn bn
trn my tnh v khi nghe, pht hin li d dng hn nhiu so vi c bng
mt.
ng dng trong Vin thng
- Cc h thng thng tin tch hp (Unified Messaging) c kh nng c
t ng ni dng cc bc th in t E-Mail v cc bc FAX v cc thng tin
trn Internet qua my in thoi c nh v di ng thng thng.
- Truy cp thng tin, c s d liu qua in thoi v t ng tra cu
bng my in thoi
Tng hp ting ni t vn bn l mt ngnh khoa hc lin quan n
nhiu chuyn ngnh nh ngn ng, ng m, x l tn hiu s v khoa hc
my tnh. Hin nay, vi n lc nghin cu ca cc nh khoa hc cng ngh
trn th gii, giao din gia ngi v my ngy cng thn thin hn. X th
giao lu quc t xut hin ngy mt nhiu cc ng dng. Cht lng m
thanh tng hp hin ti vt qua ngng nghe hiu c v ang tin
dn n mc t nhin ca ting ni con ngi. Trong mt s lnh vc ng
dng ngn ng hp, cht lng m thanh tng hp khng th phn bit
c vi ting ni t nhin.
Cng ngh pht trin cc h thng tng hp ting ni t vn bn c s
t vng khng hn ch khng nhng rt phc tp, m cn ph thuc rt nhiu
194
vo c trng ca ngn ng tng hp. Ni cch khc, mc du v nguyn tc
cc phng php c bn tng hp ting ni l tng t nh nhau nhng
mi loi ngn ng u c nhng c trng ng m ring bit, cc quy lut cu
m to thnh tng m t ca mi ngn ng l khng ging nhau. Nh vy,
cc ngn ng khc nhau s phi c cc cng ngh tng hp khc nhau, theo
cc lut tng hp khc nhau. iu ny c ngha l khng th ly h thng
tng hp ting nc ny tng hp ting nc khc hoc ngc li. Ni
cch khc l khng th ly b tng hp cho cc ngn ng a m u - n
tng hp nn ting Vit, mt ngn ng n m c thanh iu.
Khi nim tng hp ting ni tng i rng. N c th bao gm c cc
h thng ghp t n gin vi s lng x l tnh ton thp, v d nh h
thng thng bo gi ca tng i in thoi. Tng hp theo cch tng t, c
th to ra ting ni vi cht lng m thanh cao nhng ch c s dng khi
tp bn tin cn to ra nh vi trt t cc t to thnh c nh ra trc .
7.2. Khi qut v tng hp ting ni t vn bn TTS (Text To
Speech)
Vn t ra khi thit k h thng tng hp ting Vit l s lng cho
mi mt n v m. Vi mi n v m, chng ta cn bao nhiu mu t
c cht lng ti u cho mt ng dng ch. Cc tiu ch quan trng
c cn nhc ti u y l:
Dung lng b nh cn thit lu tr dng sng n v m cng nh
cc tham s v ph v ng iu ca chng.
Thi gian cn thit xy dng h thng hay khi phi thit lp mt
ging ni mi. Khc vi tng hp formant theo quy lut, c th thay
i tng i linh hot ging ni, tng hp xch chui phi xy dng
cho mi ging ni mt CSDL. Trn l thuyt, c th thng qua x l
tn hiu thay i ging ni nhng cht lng ting ni tng hp
gim i nhiu, v vy cha c p dng thc t.
Kh nng x l thi gian thc v ng thi nhiu tin trnh tng hp
trn mt my tnh PC.
195
tng hp ting Vit, chng ta c th xem xt la chn mt s lng
tp n v tng hp vi ba kh nng:
- Th nht vi s lng m ti thiu, cc n v s l phn ph m u
v phn vn khng mang thanh iu. Tn s c bn F0 ca cc vn l c
trng cho thanh iu c th thay i t cc vn c, tng hp theo cc
ng nt c trng tn s c bn F0 khc i thnh cc vn mang thanh iu
mi c khng? T , chng ta s tng hp c cc t mi.
- Th hai l s lng cho cc vn mang du. Khi y b tng hp phi
thay i cc thnh phn ng iu nh di m tit v thanh iu theo cc
quy lut bin thanh v quy lut v di ca m tit.
- Th ba l tng hp trn c s s liu ca nhiu mu cho mt n v m
theo ng cnh khc nhau v cc thut ton t ng iu khin c s xch
chui theo ng m mong mun.
7.2.1. Cc loi m
Cc nh ng m hc thng phn chia cc loi m ca ting ni theo v
tr cu m v phng thc cu m to nn chng. Phn chia theo phng thc
cu m, ting ni c phn lm nguyn m, ph m tc, ph m xt, ph m
tc xt v ph m mi
Nguyn m khc vi ph m v m ca ng thanh. Nu ng thanh
c m ton b cho khng kh t phi thot ra hon ton khng gp s
ngn cn no th s to ra nguyn m. Khoang ming ch cn nhim v
thay i m sc.
- Ngc li vi nguyn m, khi ng thanh b thu hp li hay tm thi
khp li, dng khng kh b hn ch to ra ting n l ph m, khi y cc
khoang m tr thnh c quan chnh to ting ni.
- Trong trng hp cc m mi, khi li g ng li th khoang mi tr
thnh ng dn thanh ch yu.
- m xt khi u bng s tht li ca ng thanh, hoc l thanh mn,
ngc cng, rng hay mi.
- m xt v thanh c to ra bi kh thay i bt thng t thanh mn.
196
- m xt hu thanh bao gm c phn tun hon v phn khng tun
hon, c ngha l dy thanh c chn ng nhng thanh mn khng c ng
hn li.
- m tc c hnh thnh theo ba bc. u tin, ng thanh c ng
li mt im no , p sut khng kh trc tng ln v sau t ngt
thot ra to thnh m n trong mt giai on ngn.
- m tc hu thanh khc vi m tc v thanh ch l c hay khng c
s dao ng ca dy thanh trong qu trnh nn kh.
- m tc xt bao gm m tc v tip sau l m xt tuy nhin thi gian
tc rt ngn.
7.2.2. Cc tham s m thanh
Cc b phn tch tn hiu x l m thanh ting ni ly ra cc c trng
ca tn hiu nh tn s m c bn F
0
, tn s formant, cng m hay cc
tham s t phn tch ph nh LPC, Cepstrum phc v cho qu trnh nghin
cu v ng m m thanh, m ho, tng hp v nhn dng ting ni.
Khi quan st dng sng tn hiu m thanh ting ni ta thy c cc on
tn hiu bin ln, tng i tun hon. l phn m hu thanh ca ting
ni. Cn cc m on nh nhiu bng rng c bin thp l phn tn hiu v
thanh. phn hu thanh, tn s m c bn F
0
thay i chm v c gi tr
khong t 120Hz n 200Hz cho nam, 150Hz n 400Hz cho n. Ph ca tn
hiu ting ni c th c xc nh thng qua chuyn i Fourier thi gian
ngn (STFT), tc chuyn i Fourier ri rc (DFT) tn hiu m thanh x(n) vi
ca s w(n) c i di hu hn (khong 30ms, trong thi gian ny, tn hiu
c gi thit l khng i do qun tnh ca c quan pht m).
7.2.3. Nhc li cc khi nim ng m
m v l mt n v tru tng nh nht ca c cu m thanh ngn ng,
c nh ngha lm chc nng phn bit hnh thc ng m ca nhng n v
c ngha nh t v hnh v.
m t: Mt m thanh vt l c to ra khi cu m mt m v c gi
l m t. m t l n v m thanh nh nht ca ting ni c th tch ra v
mt cu m - thnh gic.
197
m tit l n v pht m nh nht c phn nh t nhin trong ting
ni ca con ngi.
Bin th m v hnh thnh ra do c nhiu dng cu m pht thnh m
cho mt m v. Bin th t do l nhng bin th khng mang thng tin v ng
ngha (nh ting a phng). Bin th kt hp do nh hng bi ng hc
ca ng thanh khi to ra cc m xung quanh. l cc hin tng gim m,
nut m, thay i dng m t hu thanh sang v thanh v ngc li
Lin cu m: Hin tng lin cu m xy ra khi cc c quan pht m
chuyn lin tc cc v tr cu m t m v ny n m v khc. Mc
lin cu m ph thuc vo tc ni v kiu ni. Trong ting ni ca con
ngi, s chuyn tip cc ng tc cu m t v tr ny sang v tr khc to ra
t nhin cho ting ni.
Ng iu: Ting ni khng ch bao gm chui cc ng tc cu m m
cn km c nhng im ngh ly hi, nng cao hay h thp ging, tng hay
gim cng m thanh. Cc bin i ny u c cha thng tin, mang
ngha biu cm nht nh.
Thanh iu: Vic tng, gim, un v nhn trn mt m v to ra thng tin
mi cho t trong qu trnh din t ngn ng ta gi l thanh iu. Ting Vit,
Trung Quc, Thi Lan, l nhng ngn ng c thanh iu. Thanh iu c
to ra t s thay i tn s c bn F
0
.
Vn: Ting ni c thanh iu thng c lin kt mt nguyn m vi
mt ph m cui hay c lp nguyn m, bn m cui, nguyn m ghp cng
vi thanh to nn vn. Khi nghin cu ngn ng c thanh iu, vn c xem
l mt cu thnh rt quan trong, c nhiu ngha trong lnh vc tng hp
ting ni.
198
7.2.4. Tng hp ting ni t vn bn
Hnh 7- 64- S tng qut h thng TTS
TTS bao gm vic chuyn i cc m t v ng m v ng iu mt vn
bn u vo thnh dng sng ting ni, s dng cc thut ton x l tn hiu
s. Cc s liu v ting ni c th c m ho hay tham s ho theo mt
dng no v c lu gi trc trong b nh. Vn bn c th c
nhp vo my tnh bng bn phm, bng b nhn dng t ng ch vit, truy
xut t c s d liu hay truyn v t mng Internet.
Mt h thng TTS bao gm hai qu trnh tng i c lp c lin quan
n nhau l phn x l vn bn v phn x l tn hiu s. u tin, h thng
phi phn tch vn bn u vo to ra m t v ng m v ng iu ca vn
bn. Sau khi x l tn hiu phi chuyn i cc th hin ngn ng dng
tru tng ny thnh dng sng ting ni theo k thut tng hp ting ni.
Cc qu trnh chuyn i
Theo s tng qut, thc hin vic chuyn i vn bn thnh ting
ni phi thc hin bn bc sau y:
1. Chun ho vn bn (Text Normalization): Xc nh bin ca cu v
t, chuyn ch s trong vn bn thnh dng ch, chuyn i cc
ch vit tt v ghi nhn mt s du quan trng cho phn x l ng
iu.
199
2. Chuyn i t ch sang m v (Grapheme to Phoneme) da trn t
in pht m hay theo quy lut ngn ng. Qu trnh chuyn i
phin m ny rt qun trng, chim ti hn 30% khi lng cng
vic cho phn ln cc ngn ng v ch vit khng phi l loi ch
vit ghi m. Ch vit ca ting Vit l loi ch vit ghi m nn vic
pht trin mt h thng TTS ting Vit gim c rt nhiu.
3. D bo ng iu t vn bn: di, cao tn s c bn ca cc
ng on tng hp phi ph hp vi cc quy lut v ng iu ca
mt ngn ng. l vic xc nh v tr trng m ca t c pht
m. Ln xung ging cc v tr khc nhau trong cu, nh u cu,
cui cu vv v xc nh cc bin th khc nhau ca cc m ph
thuc vo ng cnh khi c pht m trong mt ng lu lin tc.
Bc ny bao gm c vic xc nh im dng ngh ly hi khi
pht m, ni hoc c mt vn bn. T to ra cc thng tin
iu khin ng iu thch hp cho b tng hp ting ni.
4. Tng hp ting ni l giai on cui cng thc hin vic gii m
cc thng tin t chui m t ng m nhn c t khi x l vn
bn, to ra chui cc tham s cho b tng hp (ph thuc vo
phng php tng hp). B tng hp to ra tn hiu ting ni dng
sng.
Theo s trn th giao din gia hai khi NLP v DSP c nh ngha
r rng v vic nghin cu v hai qu trnh c th c thc hin ring r, c
lp vi nhau. By gi chng ta gi thit rng thng tin cht lng cao nht
c cng cp ti u vo ca b phn x l tn hiu s (DSP) ging nh
nhng g con ngi c cm nhn c. Phn DSP trn phng din no
phi xt n cc hn ch pht m, bi v ta bit rng s bin i ng m
(phn ng, chuyn tip gia cc m) quan trong i vi vic hiu li ni hn
l cc phn tnh ca li ni (Liberman, 1959). Tng hp ting ni c th t
c c bn theo hai phng php:
- Phng php th nht c thc hin di dng mt lot cc quy tc
m t mt cch chnh thc cc m v, nh hng ln nhau gia cc m v khi
pht ra mt m.
200
- Phng php th hai l lu gi nhng mu m v, bin i m v v
ng pht m vo c s d liu ting ni v s dng chng nh chng vn c
l cc n v m hc c bn ( v tr ca m v).
Hai h TTS xut hin t hai phng php ny. Hai phng php ny
nhanh chng tr thnh hai trit l tng hp vi s khc bit th hin trong ni
dung v mc tiu ca chng. l: tng hp bng quy lut v tng hp xch
chui.
Theo cc ti liu cng b ta c th chia phung php tng hp ting
ni trong cc h thng TTS thnh ba loi l tng hp cu m (articulatory
synthesis), tng hp formant theo quy lut (rule based formant synthesis) v
tng hp xch chui (concatenation synthesis).
7.3. Cc phng php tng hp ting ni
7.3.1. Tng hp theo cu m
Tng hp theo cu m s dng m hnh phng sinh hc. Trong m hnh
ny, ting ni c c trng khng ch bng tn hiu m thanh m c bng v
tr ca cc c quan cu m, s tham gia ca khoang mi, p sut khng kh
trong phi, lc cng ca dy thanh. N bao gm hot ng tng tc phi
tuyn gia ngun kch (chn ng dy thanh hoc hn lon khng kh) v tr
khng u vo thay i theo thi gian ca ng thanh. Phng php ny cn
c gi l tng hp theo m hnh h thng.
xy dng c trng m thanh ca c quan pht m, h thng phi
tham s ho c hnh khi ng thanh v ng mi, phi la chn c mt
m hnh m t s lan truyn ca sng trong ng thanh v m hnh ho
ngun m (chn ng dy thanh, dng khng kh hn lon) v s tng tc
ca n vi ng thanh. Phng php ny hin nay ch hnh thnh trn l
thuyt, thc t ngnh khoa hc phng sinh cha c thng tin u m
phng theo cu m.
M hnh ng thanh
Cho cc m khng phi l m mi ta ch cn xem xt ng thanh c thit
din bin thin t thanh mn cho ti mi. ng thanh thay i lin tc, hnh
dng ca chng phi c xc nh trong khong thi gian vi mini giy mt
201
ln. Hnh khng gian ca ng thanh c m t theo v tr ca cc c quan
pht m, li, mi, hm
M hnh c ng dng nhiu nht l m hnh ca Mermelstein vi cc
tham s m t v tr c quan cu m. Gi tr ca cc tham s c lit k chi
tit bng 7.1. T m t cu m ny, c th tnh c cc s liu cho hm
mt ct ngang ng thanh A(x) l hm s ph thuc khong cch dc theo ng
thanh t thanh mn cho ti mi
STT Tn ngha Ngng di Ngng trn
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Rtp
Tejp
Xcp
Stp
Xclp
Xhp
Ycp
Telp
Cylp
Yhp
Vel
Bn knh li (cm)
Gc m hm ()
Trung tm li trc x (cm)
Chiu di li (cm)
Nh ra ca mi (cm)
V tr xng trc x (cm)
Trung tm li trc y (cm)
nng li (deg)
Chiu cao mi y (cm)
V tr xng trc y (cm)
m vm ming (cm
2
)
Bng 7-2- Cc tham s ca m hnh cu m Mermelstein
Lan truyn sng trong ng thanh
Trong nhiu cch tnh c trng truyn sng trong ng thanh th phng
php ma trn chui c p dng nhiu nht. Ma trn chui (cn gi l ma
trn ABCD) th hin ng thanh min tn s. Vi bt k phn no ca ng
thanh hay ca ng mi ta c:
,
_
,
_
,
_
,
_
in
in
in
in
out
out
U
P
K
U
P
D C
B A
U
P
Ma trn chui K c th th hin bt k phn no ca bt k di hay
mt phng ct ngang no ca ng thanh. Tnh cc phn t ca K rt n gin
nn ng c mt ct khng i.
M hnh ngun kch thanh
Ngun kch thanh cho tng hp cu m s dng m hnh hai khi lng
ca Ishizaka v Flanagan.
Nguyn l ca tng hp cu m
202
Thut ton tng hp theo m hnh cu m gm cc bc nh nhau. T
c t v cc tham s cu m, ta tnh c ma trn chui t thanh mn n
mi. Sau tnh hm truyn v tr khng u vo t cc phn t A,B,C,D
ca ma trn. Chuyn i Fourier ngc hm truyn H v t s tr khng ta
nhn c cc gi tr tng ng min thi gian. Sau tnh p sut p = P
5
-
p
1
. Gi tr p sut ny tc ng vo b cng hng iu khin chuyn ng
dy thanh ca m hnh hai khi lng to ra m thanh ting ni.
Nh vy, ngoi vic m hnh ho cc c quan pht m, tng hp theo cu
m cn phi xy dng hai loi quy lut ngn ng v lut vt l. Lut vt l m
t nh trn xc nh nh x cu hnh ng thanh c th cho tn hiu m thanh,
xc nh mi quan h gia hot ng cu m v tn hiu m thanh ting ni.
Cn lut ngn ng xc nh mi quan h gia m t ng m v cc hot ng
cu m. Thng thng, lut ngn ng c thc hin cho tng m v. Khi cu
m cho mt n v, lut ny xc nh thi im cc c quan chuyn ng, tc
chuyn ng v mi quan h gia c quan ny v c quan khc. V pht ra
mt m v khng nht thit phi c s chuyn ng ca tt c cc c quan nn
trong cng mt thi im c quan pht m c th c xc nh cho m v
khc. Theo cch ny th tng hp theo cu m c th to ra cc gii php hon
ho cho cc trng hp ng m kh nh cm ph m, nguyn m ba.
M hnh cu m v hai lut ngn ng, vt l ny quyt nh cht lng
ting ni tng hp. Hin nay, chng ta cha c kin thc y v tng chi
tit ca cc loi lut, m hnh cu m cng cn n gin v vy cht lng
ting ni tng hp theo cu m cn rt thp. Phng php tng hp cu m
hin nay ch dng trong phng th nghim hay sn phm mu m cha c
ng dng thc t. Cc b tng hp theo cu m l cng c l tng nghin
cu v cu m ca ting ni v ha hn v lu di l gii php hon thin nht
tng hp ra m thanh ting ni ging nh ting ni t nhin ca con ngi.
7.3.2. Tng hp formant theo quy lut
Quy trnh xy dng b tng hp formant theo lut gm hai qu trnh
ring bit l qu trnh phn tch m thanh ting ni tm ra cc quy lut v
tng hp li ting ni da vo cc quy lut ny.
Phn tch tm quy lut
203
Qu trnh phn tch c tin hnh trn c s d liu ting ni t nhin
ch yu bao gm cc m tit c dng C-V (ph m nguyn m) hay C-V-C
(ph m nguyn m ph m) ca nhiu ging ni. C s d liu ny tt
nht phi bao ph c tt c cc hnh thi ng m ca mt ngn ng.
Thut ton tin on tuyn tnh LPC, c s dng trong qu trnh phn
tch ph xc nh mu ca tn s formant, bng thng formant, tn s m
c bn F
0
ca tn hiu ting ni. Tn s t F
1
n F
5
v bng thng W
1
n W
5
phn n nh ca cc m t c lu gi di dng bng. l cc gi tr
ch to ra mt m v.
Trong ting ni, phn mang thng tin c quan tm nghin cu nhiu
hn l cc phn chuyn tip gia cc m v t nguyn m sang ph m v
ngc li (C-V v V-C). Tn s formant chuyn tip t m v n sang m v
kia c m hnh ho v to thnh cc quy lut tng hp cho k thut tng
hp formant. Nh vy v c bn cc qu trnh phn tch tm lut m t s
thay i lin tc ph ca mt ng lu bng cc formant v s chuyn tip ca
cc formant t m v ny sang m v khc. H thng quy lut bao gm:
- Lut xc nh v tr ch cc formant ca mi m v trong mt ng
lu cng nh thi gian tn ti ca cc v tr .
- Lut nhm lm trn cc formant ch.
- Lut chuyn i cc hm thi giam thnh dng sng thanh.
Tng hp formant
H thng tng hp formant s cn c vo cc tham s iu khin t bng
tra cu v cng vi thut ton c xy dng cho s chuyn tip l cc tn
hiu iu khin b tng hp to cc m on tnh.
Thit k ca b tng hp formant c da trn m hnh tng t u
cui to ting ni do Frant xut.
Tng hp formant c phn loi theo cu hnh mc cc b cng hng
song song hay ni tip. Hm truyn ca b tng hp khi mc ni tip b cng
hng tng t nh hm truyn ng thanh v vy b tng hp ni tip m
hnh ho rt tt cho cc m hu thanh. Cn b tng hp vi cc b cng
hng mc song song s to ra cho cc m tc, m xt v m mi mt cht
lng m thanh tt hn.
204
S khi b tng hp Mitalk
B tng hp m onv tnh s dng phn mm ca Klatt bng c cch
ni song song v ni tip cc b cng hng. y l h thng tng hp
formant kh hon thin cho n nay.
Phng php ca Klatt s dng cc gi tr ch ca tham s iu khin
v thut ton tnh ton s chuyn tip. Cc gi tr ch cho mi m v
khng ch nhn c t bng tra m cn c tnh theo lut v v tr, cch cu
m v ng cnh ca cc m v . Cng nh vy, cc hng s thi gian cho s
chuyn tip c tnh t cc lut v thng tin ng cnh. Ba formant v bng
thng ca nguyn m, bn nguyn m v nguyn m i c chuyn cho
phn tng hp ni tip. H thng cn xc nh thm su tham s ph khc
iu khin phn cng hng mc song song khi tng hp m tc, m xt v
m tc xt.
Trong 39 tham s iu khin xc nh c tnh ca tn hiu u ra ca
b tng hp, c 22 tham s bin i. Ax l cc gi tr bin , Rx l cc b
cng hng v phn cng hng c tn s cng hng v bng tn thay i.
B tng hp s dng hai ngun kch, mt l b to xung tun hon vi tn s
c bn F
0
(chn ng dy thanh) to m hu thanh, ngun kch th hai l
b to nhiu ngu nhin vi iu chnh tn s AF v b lc s bng tn thp
LPF cho cc m xt v m gi.
Hin nay, vi nhng cng c thch hp chng ta hon ton c th xc
nh tn s formant cho cc m v ca ting Vit. i theo hng ny c u
im l tit kim c b nh, song cht lng ting ni khng t nhin v
ph thuc nhiu vo cht lng ca qu trnh phn tch ting ni ca tng
ngn ng.
7.3.3. Tng hp xch chui
Phng php xch chui nhm vt qua s khng tho ng ca cc h
thng s dng quy lut bng cch loi bt s cn thit ca mt s quy lut
thm ch tt c cc quy lut. thc hin iu ny, cch hiu qu nht l lu
tr trong kho d liu khng phi h thng quy lut m t cc n v m hay
quy lut ca cc tham s to ra n v m m trc tip tng m on ca
m thanh ting ni.
205
Trong ba phng php nu trn, tng hp theo cu m, tng hp formant
theo quy lut v tng hp xch chui th tng hp xch chui mang nhiu tnh
cng ngh, c quyt nh bi s pht trin ca my tnh. So snh v cht
lng trong ba phng php, th tng hp xch chui hin nay thnh cng
nht trong vic to ra ting ni khng ch nghe hiu r m t c t
nhin gn vi ting ni ca con ngi hn c. Phn ln cc h thng TTS
cht lng cao cho cc ngn ng c trn th trng hin nay u s dng
phng php tng hp xch chui ny.
Khi xy dng mt h thng tng hp xch chui, ting ni cha tp hp
cc n v m thanh c bn ca mt ngn ng, thng thng tng ng vi
mt chui ngn cc m v c la chn c c, ghi m v lu gi trong
CSDL. Cc n v m c la chn, phn tch cc tham s c trng v sau
c th c m ho bng mt phng php m ho ting ni no to
thnh cc mu cho mt n v m thanh. Cc mu hoc cc tham s phn tch
ca cng c lu gi li trong kho d liu n v tng hp.
Khi tng hp mt pht ngn mi, cho trc m t ng m ca pht ngn
, h thng s dng cc quy lut nh v n v thch hp, truy xut chng
ra khi kho d liu v xch chui chng li vi nhau.
Thng thng, mt h thng tng hp xch chui c t nht l mt hoc
hai mu cho mi mt n v c bn. Do cc tham s v cao tn s c bn,
di v cng ca cc n v ny rt khc nhau (chng c trch ra t
tn hiu ting ni trong ng cnh khc nhau) cho nn, khi tng hp, h thng
theo phng php tng hp xch chui phi thc hin hai cng vic chnh.
- Mt l phi thay i cc tham s siu on tnh ca cc n v ting
ni tng hp th hin c ng iu thch hp nh mong mun.
- Hai l phi thc hin vic la chn hay thay i cc c tnh ca m
on n v ti cc bin ghp ni ca chng sao cho vic ghp ni l mn nht
m bo cht lng m thanh tng hp to ra gn vi ting ni t nhin.
Gi s c hai m on c xch chui l L v R. Chng ta xem xt tp
hp P ca cc tham s {p
1
,p
2
,, p
N
}, cc gi tr P
L
o
l im cui cng ca
on L v P(r,0) l im u tin ca on R. Lm trn c thc hin
tuyn tnh l phn b u khong cch (P-P) cho s M
L
vector {P
L
-(ML-1)
, ,
206
P
L
-1
,P
L
0
} ca on L v M
R
vector {P
L
0
, P
R
1
, P
L
(ML-1)
}. Vi P l tham s sau
khi lm trn th ni suy c bng cng thc tnh nh sau:
( )
( )
L
L
L R L L
M
i M
P P P P
2
'
0 0 1 1

+

( )
( )
R
R
R L
J
L R
M
j M
P P P P
2
'
0 0 1

+
vi i = 0 M
L
-1 v j = 0 M
R
-1;
Nh vy cht lng ca mt h thng TTS s dng phng php tng
hp xch chui c quyt nh bi cc yu t sau:
- S la chn tp m n v c bn. Trong ng m ca ngn ng tng
hp l yu t chnh quyt nh loi n v c bn.
- Cht lng m thanh v mc bao ph cc t hp m on cn thit
cho mt ngn ng ca CSDL m.
- Kh nng cung cp cc tham s v ng iu nh ng nt tn s c
bn cng m thanh v di cc m cho b tng hp. Cc tham s ny
c tin on trong phn x l ngn ng ca b tng hp t vn bn.
- Kh nng thay i tn s c bn F
0
v di cc n v m c bn ph
hp vi ng iu c miu t u vo ca b tng hp m khng nh
hng ti cht lng cm th ca m .
- Thut ton xch chui v m hnh tn hiu cho php d dng lm trn
hai im ghp ni ca cc m on c xch chui.
Chnh v hai yu t sau nn mt s h thng tng hp xch chui thc
hin m ho tham s ting ni. Vi cch th hin bng cc tham s, c trng
ph v ng iu ca ting ni c thay i d dng hn m khng thay i
c tnh nhn dng m n v c bn. Phng php m ho tham s c trng
nht l m ho tin on tuyn tnh LPC cng nh cc bin th ca chng.
207
Tng hp xch chui x dng m tin on tuyn tnh LPC
M hnh LPC c ngun kch Gu(n) c cho bi cng thc sau:
) ( ) ( ) (
1
1
n Gu i n s a n s
p
i
+
trong , u(n) l ngun kch tiu chun v G l h s khuch i ca

ngun kch.
Chuyn i sang min z cho ta quan h l:
) ( ) ( ) (
1
1
z GU z S z a z S
p
i
i
+
v hm truyn:
) (
1
1
1
) (
) (
) (
1
z A
z a
z GU
z S
z H
p
i
i
i
Theo m hnh ny, ngun kch u(n) c khuch i vi h s G l u

vo tc ng vo mt h thng lc ton cc c hm truyn
) (
1
) (
z A
z H
s to ra ting ni.
Ngun kch l b to tn s c bn cho cc m hu thanh hay to nhiu
ngu nhin cho m v thanh.
Cc tham s thay i chm theo thi gian iu khin m hnh bao
gm mt bit phn bit m hu thanh/ v thanh, chu k cao tn s c bn F
0
cho m hu thanh, h s khuch i G v cc h s tin on tuyn tnh ca
b lc s thay i theo thi gian {a
p
}. Qu trnh phn tch LPC thc t l
tnh cc h s ca m hnh ny.
K thut cng chng ng b cao tn s c bn PSOLA
Phng php thay i cao tn s c bn v di ting ni min
thi gian c li th hn hn v cht lng m thanh tng hp v kh nng
thc hin thay i thi gian thc. Nh chng ta bit, tng hp xch chui
bao gm hai qu trnh l qu trnh gii m v xch chui.
208
Qu trnh gii m: ti to li dng sng ca tn hiu ting ni t dng
tham s trong kho d liu.
Xch chui: mt chui cc n v m c xch chui sau khi thay i
cc c trng siu on tnh ca chng ph hp vi miu t ng m.
Xch chui dng m tin on tuyn tnh LPC kt hp hai qu trnh nay
lm mt. Thay i thanh iu c thc hin bng cch thay i tn s c
bn F0, ngun kch thanh trc khi a vo b lc tng hp. di c thay
i bng cch cp nht cc tham s cho b tng hp theo tn sut khc vi tn
sut phn tch.
K thut x l tn hiu min thi gian thay i cao tn s c bn v
di ting ni trc tip trn dng sng ting ni l cng chng ng b chu
k cao tn s c bn (PSOLA).
Khung phn tch tng hp PSOLA
K thut cng chng ng b chu k cao tn s c bn thc hin vic
thay i cc thnh phn ng iu ca ting ni thnh ba bc lin tip nhau
c trnh by di y.
Tn hiu phn tch thi gian ngn
Bc u tin l qu trnh phn tch dng sng ting ni x(n) thnh chui
ca cc tn hiu phn tch thi gian ngn c ghi l x(s,n), s l ch s tn hiu
thi gian ngn v n l ch s mu trong tn hiu thi gian ngn . Cc tn
hiu thi gian ngn nhn c bng cch nhn tn hiu dng sng x(n) vi
chui ca s phn tch theo thi gian dch chuyn nh sau:
)), ( ( ) ( ) ( s t n x n h n x
a s

Trong , h
s
(n) l ca s phn tch ti thi im gc n=0 cn t
a
(s) l
thi im phn tch th s. Thi im t
a
(s) cn c gi l im cao tn s
c bn phn tch. Chng ng b vi chu k cao tn s c bn phn m
hu thanh ca ting ni v c tn s khng i phn m v thanh.
Chiu di ca s phn tch T t l vi chu k cao tn s c bn ti ch
P(s), c ngha l T=P(s). H s t l c gi tr l 2 cho k thut PSOLA
min thi gian. Ca s phn tch h
s
(n) c la chn trong thc t l loi ca
s Hamming.
209
1 0 ,
1
2 cos 1
2
1
) (
'
,
_
N n
N
n
n h
Tn hiu tng hp thi gian ngn
Bc th hai ca phn tch tng hp PSOLA l thay i chui tn hiu
phn tch thi gian ngn thnh chui tn hiu tng hp thi gian ngn ng b
cc thi im t
s
(u), gi l im cao tn s c bn tng hp. Chui ca
cc im cao tn s c bn tng hp t
s
(u) c xc nh t im cao tn
s c bn phn tch t
a
(s) theo t l thay i cao tn s c bn v di.
Cng vi chui cc im cao tn s c bn tng hp, l vic xc nh nh
x gia im chu k phn tch v tng hp t
s
(u)t
a
(s), t xc nh xem cn
phi la chn tnh hiu phn tch no cho im chu k tng hp mong mun.
n gin nht l s dng nh x mt mt gia tn hiu phn tch v tng
hp. C ngha l to ra cc tn hiu tng hp bng cch loi b hoc thm vo
tn hiu phn tch thi gian ngn. Gi s rng im chu k tng hp t
s
(u) c
nh x vi im chu k phn tch t
a
(s) th tn hiu tng hp y(u,n) lin quan
n gin l y(u,n) = x(s,n). i vi cc h thng hon thin hn, nh x
khng phi mt mt m l qu trnh ni suy tuyn tnh gia hai tn hiu
phn tch thi gian ngn lin tip nm gn im chu k tng hp tng ng
ts(u).
Tn hiu tng hp thi gian ngn y(u,n) c tnh l:
) , 1 ( ) 1 ( ) , ( ) , ( n s x n s x n u y
n u
+ +
vi 0 u 1 l h s ni suy tuyn tnh.
Tn hiu tng hp u ra
bc cui cng, tn hiu tng hp y(n) c to thnh bng cch kt
hp cc tn hiu tng hp thi gian ngn ng b chui cc im cao tn
s c bn tng hp t
s
(u). S tng hp c p dng trong thc t l th tc
cng chng n gin:
q
q q
q
q q
n t h
n x
n x
) (
) (
) (

vi hq l ca s tng hp. H s q c s dng cn bng s thay i
nng lng khi thay i cao tn s c bn. Trong bng tng hp, s thay
210
i v nng lng l khng ng k c bit khi chn rng ca s bng hai
ln chu k cao tn s c bn. trng hp nay, nu gi thit q = 1, cn
tng cc ca s Hamming=1 th cng thc tng hp trn n gin li ch cn:
q
q
n x n x ) ( ) (
Nh vy tn hiu tng hp chnh l s kt hp tuyn tnh ca cc tn hiu
gc nhn vi cc ca s Hamming v c dch chuyn tuyn tnh.
Tnh im cao tn s c bn tng hp
Xc nh im cao tn s c bn tng hp c thc hin theo hai
bc, u tin im cao tn s c bn c tnh t h s thay i cao
tn s c bn v di. Sau mi mt im chu k tng hp c gn vi
mt hay nhiu im chu k phn tch.
Thay i cao tn s c bn
Khi thay i cao tn s c bn, cc im chu k tng hp t
s
(u) phi
c tnh t cc chu k phn tch t
a
(s) v h s thay i cao tn s c bn
s=(t
a
(s)) theo cch sau. Gi s tn hiu l m hu thanh vi im chu k
phn tch v ng b th vi t
a
(s+1)-t
a
(s)= P(t
a
(s)), P(t) l hm bin din hnh
tuyn cao tn c bn khng i t P(t)
). 1 ( ) ( )), ( ( ) ( + s t t s t s t P t P
a a a
im chu k tng hp phi c nh v ng b vi hnh tuyn cao
tn s c bn tng hp t P(t). Vn cn li l xc nh chui cc cao
tn s c bn tng hp t
s
(u) sao cho t
s
(u+1) = t
s
(u) + P(t
s
(u)) v P(t
s
(u)) xp
x bng 1/(t
s
(u)) nhn vi cao tn s c bn ca tn hiu thi im t
s
(u):
)) ( (
)) ( (
)) ( ( '
u t
u t P
u t P
s
s
s
Tnh ton quy, chng ta tm gi tr ca ts(u+1) tho mn iu kin:

) 1 ( t (s) for t ; (s)) (t (t)
,
) (
) (
) ( ) 1 (
1
) ( ) 1 (
a a s a
) 1 (
) (
+
+
+
+
s t
dt
t
t P
u t u t
u t u t
u t
u t
s s
s s
s
s

Chu k cao tn s c bn tng hp t

s
(u+1)-ts(u) bng gi tr 1/(t)
chu k cao tn s c bn thay i ca tn hiu nguyn thu c tnh trn
211
khung thi gian t
s
(u+1)-t
s
(u). Phng trnh tch phn trn c th gii c d
dng v P(t), (t) l hm bt bin tng on.
Thay i di
Thay i di tn hiu c thc hin bng cch p h s thay i s >
0 vo mi mt im cao tn s c bn phn tch, t hm sai lch thi
gian tD(t) c th suy ra nh sau:
D(t
a
(1)) = 0,
D(t) = D(t
a
(s) + s(t-t
a
(s)))
t
a
(s) t t
a
(s+1),
t D(t) tuyn tnh tng on.
sau khi xc nh hm chuyn thi gian, bc tip theo l to ra chui
cc im tng hp t
s
(u) t chui im phn tch khi vn gi nguyn ng
nt cao tn s c bn. Cng nh trong trng hp trn, cc im phn tch
c ng b vi chu k cao tn s c bn, ngha l t
a
(u+1) t
a
(u) =
P(t
a
(s)). ng nt cao tn s c bn tng hp ch c nh ngha l t
P(t) = P(D-1(t)). Cao tn s c bn ca tn hiu dn thi gian thi im t
phi gn ging vi cao tn s c bn tn hiu nguyn thu thi im D-
1(t).
By gi ta phi tm chui cc im chu k tng hp t
s
(u) sao cho t
s
(u+1)
= t
s
(u) + P(D-1(t
s
(u))). gii quyt vn ny, cn phi nh ngha mt
chui cc im chu k o t
s
(u) tn hiu gc lin quan n im chu k tng
hp bng:
t
s
(u) = D(t
s
(u)), t
s
(u) = D-1(t
s
(u)).
Gi s bit trc t
s
(u) v t
s
(u) chng ta c th xc nh t
s
(u+1), t
s
(u+1)
sao cho t
s
(u+1) ts(u) xp x bng vi cao tn s c bn ca tn hiu gc
thi im t
s
(u). iu c th hin nh sau:
+
+
+
) 1 ( '
) ( '
) (
) ( ' ) 1 ( '
1
) ( ) 1 (
u t
u t
s s
s s
s
s
dt t P
u t u t
u t u t
vi
)). 1 ( ' ( ) 1 ( + + u t D u t
s s
Chu k cao tn s c bn tng hp t
s
(u+1)-t
s
(u) thi im t
s
(u) bng
vi gi tr cao tn s c bn trung bnh ca tn hiu gc c tnh trong
212
khong thi gian t
s
(u+1) t
s
(u). Ch rng, khong thi gian t
s
(u+1)-t
s
(u)
c nh x vi t
s
(u+1) t
s
(u) bng hm nh x D(t).
Cng nh thay i cao tn s c bn, hm tch phn ny c th c
tnh d dang v D(t) v P(t) l hm tuyn tnh tng on.
Thay i ng thi cao tn s c bn v di
Thay i ng thi cao tn s c bn v di c thc hin tng
t nh trn. Gi thit rng h s thay i cao tn s c bn l s v thay
i di l s, ta c:
+
+
+
) 1 ( '
) ( '
) (
) (
) ( ' ) 1 ( '
1
) ( ) 1 (
u t
u t
s s
s s
s
s
dt
t
t P
u t u t
u t u t
vi (t) =
s
, v t
a
(s) t t
a
(s+1)
nh x gia im cao tn s c bn tng hp v im cao tn s
c bn phn tch
Bc cui cng l p cc tn hiu tng hp thi gian ngn vo cc im
ng b tng hp. Cc trnh by trn ch r rng mt im chu k tng hp
ni chung khng lin quan ti mt im chu k phn tch. im chu k o
t
s
(u) (bng vi im chu k tng hp t
s
(u) cho thay i cao tn s c bn )
khng nht thit tng ng vi im cao tn s c bn tng hp. Mt gii
php n gin l ly trung bnh c trng s hai tn hiu phn tch gn nhau.
gi thit rng t
a
(s) ts (u) t
a
(s+1) th
) ( ) 1 (
) ( ) ( '
), , 1 ( ) , ( ) 1 ( ) , (
s t s t
s t u t
n s x n s x n u y
a a
a s
u
u u
+
+ +

n gin hn na khi thay h s u bng mt s nguyn dng gn gi
tr , tc l bng 0 hay 1. Nu bng 1 c ngha l tng ng vi vic la
chn im phn tch thi gian ngn nm gn nht so vi im chu k o t
s
(u).
Trong trng hp ny, nu thay i di, phng php PSOLA s loi b
hay thm vo tn hiu phn tch thi gian ngn.
Thay i di m thanh v thanh
Vn thay i cao tn s c bn i vi cc m v thanh khng cn
thit t ra v i vi cc loi thanh ny, dy thanh khng chn ng, khng
to ra tn s c bn. Khi ko di tn hiu v thanh, c bit l m xt, vic
213
thm vo cc tn hiu phn tch to ra dng nhiu, v bn thn cc tn hiu ny
vn ging nh nhiu v n to ra hiu ng t tng quan thi gian di u
ra. x l vn ny, Moulines xut vic cch o ngc trc thi gian,
khi y x
s
(m) c thay bng x
s
(-m). Php o ny cho php gi c ph
bin thi gian ngn, ng thi thay i du ca ph pha s gim c s
tng quan ca tn hiu u ra.
Tng hp vi b n v ti thiu
Nh chng ta bit ting Vit gm 22 ph m u v 155 vn. Phn
vn l phn mang nt c trng chnh ca thanh iu. Nu chng ta c th
tng hp c cc m tit mi t m tit c trn c s thay i thanh iu
th khng gian b nh cha tp m n v gim c rt nhiu. Dung lng
nh c th tnh c n gin nh sau. gi s s m phi lu tr di dng
sng l 300 n v bn m tit. di trung bnh ca mi m l 150 ms, nu
n v m c ly mu vi cht lng m thanh thoi 8KHz, 8 bit ta cn mt
dung lng nh l S = 300*0,15s*8Kbyte /s = 360 Kbyte. Hay vi cht lng
m thanh cao 16KHz, 16 bit cng ch cn 1,44 Mbyte. Vi dung lng nh
nh vy, h thng tng hp ting ni c th c xy dng thnh ng dng
nhng (Embedded Applications), v d nh trong cc thit b u cui vin
thng hay my ni cho nhng ngi khim ngn.
i vi m tit m v na m
m tit m v na m (khng ng) c kh nng mang c su thanh.
Gi s ly m gc l m tit mang thanh khng du. Nh ta bit, ng nt
tn s c bn F
0
ca thanh ngang hi i xung. Nu thay i ng nt thanh
khong thi gian ca m chnh theo ng nt cch iu tuyn tnh v
dc nh trnh by chng hai th vic to thnh cc vn mang thanh huyn,
thanh hi, thanh sc tng i d dng. Cht lng m thanh tuy hi gim,
m nhu i nhng vn nghe hiu r.
i vi m ng
Cc m ng c tn cng bng m tc v thanh /p,t,k/ ch mang hai
thanh l sc v nng. Hnh tuyn ca thanh sc v nng lc ny khng quan
trng cho cm th thanh bng m vc ca chng. Nh kt qu phn tch
chng 3, th thanh sc m vc cao, gi tr F0 > 200 Hz, v thanh nng
m vc thp F0 = 100 Hz. Thay i F0 ca cc m tit ng t sc sang nng
214
hay ngc li u tng i n gin. Cht lng m tng hp c cm th
khng khc nhiu so vi m gc.
Kt qu tng hp th nghim ny mt ln na lm sng t tnh cht phi
thanh tnh mang ngha ring bit mt s thanh iu (th hin r nht
thanh ng v thanh nng) trong h thng thanh iu ting Vit.
Tng hp vi mt m cho mt n v
S lng n v t nht tng hp xch chui cho ting Vit phi gm
mt m cho mi mt na m tit. V d m tit /nha/ ca t /nha khoa/ c
tng hp bng hai bn m /#nha - a#/ (# l khong lng ca tn hiu), hay
tng t nh vy cho m tit /nhanh/ ta cn hai bn m l /#nha - anh#/. Hai
m tit ny c cng mt bn m /#nha-/ v phn m ca vn. Cc bn m ny
c lu tr trong CSDL v c dng xch chui cho tt c cc m bt u
bng /#nha-/ nh /nhan, nht, nht, v.v/.
Vic tm cc bn m thch hp l ton b ngh thut ca tng hp
xch chui. Trong cc kt qu nghin cu phn tch thanh iu ting Vit trnh
by chng 2 c hai kt lun:
Phn thanh iu na trc ca m tit i ln hay i xung khng mang
ngha quyt nh c trng ca thanh iu.
im gia m chnh ca m tit l im thay i tn s c bn th hin
c trng thanh iu.
Vic thu thp cc m n v ch c th thc hin th cng vi cc cng
c thch hp bng phng php la chn v loi tr li. y l mt cng vic
mt rt nhiu thi gian v cng sc. Thi gian thay i mt ging ni mi
cho b tng hp c th ko di hng nm. Tuy vy, so vi vic tm cc quy
lut bin i tn s formant ca phng php tng hp formant cn nh
nhng hn nhiu ln.
i vi ting Vit, tn s c bn F
0
thay i trn din rng v li mang
c trng ca thanh iu trong ng lu nn tm c cc t hp bn m
ph hp hon ton c v nng lng, cao tn s c bn v ph m thc
hin bng cch lm th cng th ht sc kh khn v mt nhiu thi gian.
Khi thu thp s bn m cn thit, b tng hp p dng k thut
cng chng ng b cao tn s c bn PSOLA thay i di v cao
215
tn s c bn ca cc on m thanh ph hp vi quy lut ng cnh ng
m. Cho ting ni lin tc, cht lng ca on m c thay i vi k thut
PSOLA trong trng hp tng hp sao chp gn nh tuyt ho nu h s thay
i cao tn s c bn v di ln hn 0,5 v nh hn hai ln. Trong ni
xch chui, mt khi trung tm ca s phn tch khng c ng b vi chu
k cao tn s c bn cht lng s gim i ng k. Tng hp xch chui
theo phng php cng chng ng b cao tn s c bn PSOLA l
phng php tng hp rt hiu qu, cht lng m thanh nghe hiu r. t
nhin ca b tng hp lc ny ph thuc vo kh nng m hnh ho i vi
cc quy lut v s bin i ca ng m, ng iu theo cc ng cnh khc
nhau. Tuy nhin, ch vi mt mu cho mt n v m, t nhin chc chn
s b gii hn v trong ting ni t nhin s lng m to ra ca mt n v l
v hn. Loi tp n v ny ha hn kh nng pht trin mt h thng tng
hp ting ni theo thi gian thc, a tin trnh, ng thi trn mt my tnh
cho cc ng dng thng mi.
Tng hp theo m hnh s liu corpus-based
Nguyn l tng hp m hnh s liu
Nh trnh by trn, nu xy dng h thng tng hp ting ni vi s
lng n v m ti thiu v ta phi da vo cc cng ngh x l tn hiu
s thay i cc tham s ng iu ca cu tng hp theo quy lut thay i
ng m tng t nhin ca ting ni. K thut iu khin trc tip dng
sng ting ni trn c s cng chng ng b cao tn s c bn PSOLA.
PSOLA cho php thay i d dng cao tn s c bn v di ca ting
ni, khng lm nh hng ng k n cht lng m thanh so vi k thut
tham s LPC.
Tuy nhin, vi bt k mt k thut x l tn hiu s no, cht lng ting
ni cng b gim i. Nh vy, tng hp ra ting ni c t nhin gn vi
ting ni con ngi, chng ta cn phi c tht nhiu cc n v m nguyn
bn ph hp cho mi ng cnh gim thiu s tc ng thay i tn hiu
lm gim cht lng m thanh tng hp. y chnh l im xut pht ca
tng xy dng phng php s liu corpus-based cho tng hp ting ni.
Khi da trn c s d liu ln c nhiu bin th m th chng ta khng
to ra m ch la chn v sp xp li cc n v m mt cch thch hp. Cc
216
m ny c thit lp ch s theo c t ng m v ng iu c lu tr
trong kho d liu trc . Khi la chn phi gim thiu s gin on v ph
v tng ti a tim cn v cc tham s ng iu gia n v m trong c s d
liu ti ng on ch cn tng hp. Ng on ch c m t vi cc thuc
tnh v ng m v ng iu ca n c x l to lp khi x l ngn ng.
Vi phng thc tip cn ny, ta thy rng, bt k mt khi d liu ting
ni no cng c th c s dng lm ngun cho n v tng hp, ch cn c
iu kin l c bn ghi m v m ta chnh t ca ting ni. Nh vy, ta c
th tng hp c ting ni c cng ging v thm ch ging c cch ca
ngi ni to ra ngun m . Cht lng ting ni tng hp phng php
ny ph thuc vo s cn bng ng m ca s liu v vo sn sng ca cc
n v i din trong khi d liu. Ngun m cng giu, t nhin cng cao;
ngun m ngho th ting ni b gin on v cht lng khng n nh. S
lng ln n v m t ra cc yu cu mi v qun tr cc m n v ny
trong c s d liu nh th no, qua trnh la chn c tin hnh ra sao
m bo tc v kh nng ng dng thi gian thc. B tng hp da trn c
s s liu c xy dng theo ba giai on chnh l:
T ng to lp ch s cho ting ni t nhin bao gm vic nh v tr
ca cc n v m t hp v xc nh ng cnh ca chng v d nh v tr
trong ng on, loi m tit, thanh iu ca cc m tit ngay trc v sau
vv Nh vy, trong giai on ny, cc quy lut thay i ca cc m ph
thuc vo ng cnh trong qu trnh to ting ni c pht hin v tch hp
vo trong ch s tham s ca cc n v m.
Xy dng c s d liu n v m - Vic to lp CSDL n v tng hp
c thc hin mt ln cho mt khi d liu mi. CSDL cha vector c tnh
v ph v ng iu cng nh cc trng s ca n v m theo ch s c
thit lp giai on trc. CSDL tng hp c c ti s dng thc
hin v s cc tng hp khc nhau.
B tng hp thc hin chc nng la chn n v m trn c s so snh
c t ch c chun b phn x l vn bn vi cc c tnh n v m
cha trong CSDL, truy xut khi CSDL, xch chui chng li vi nhau.
Cc o c trng bin n v m
217
im mu cht xch chui min thi gian trn c s corpus l la chn
n v m thch hp. n v thch hp l cc n v c ch s ng m ph hp
v khi xch chui phi m bo c s lin tc v nng lng, s lin tc v
cao tn s c bn cng nh khong cch ph gia hai n v xch chui l
nh nht. V vy, cc thng tin v ph nh h s cepstrum, thng tin v ng
iu nh cao tn s c bn, nng lng bin xch chui ca cc n v
m phi c tnh ton v lu tr khi thit lp CSDL n v m.
Tnh cao tn s c bn
Gi tr cao tn s c bn hai bin ca mt m c N im chu k cao
tn s c bn c lu tr di dng tn s c bn:
) (
1
), (
1
2 1 1 2
Hz
T T
F Hz
T T
F
N N
E B

Tnh di ca cc m (n v ms)
Tnh nng lng
Nng lng ca cc khung tn hiu bin c tnh vi cng thc tng
qut nh sau:
2
1
0
)
2
( ) (
1
) (

,
_
+
S
N
m
s
s
m
N
n s m w
N
n P
Vi N
s
l s mu tn hiu c tnh nng lng, s(n) l tn hiu, w(n) l
hm trng s, v n l ch s mu. Hm trng s l hm ca s Hamming c
dng tnh nng lng.
H s Cepstrum
T tp h s m tin on tuyn tnh LPC am ta c th chuyn i trc
tip sang h s Cepstrum cm theo quy sau:
( )
( )

>
+
p m a c m k c
p m a c m k a c
c
m
k
k m k m
m
k
k m k m m
; /
1 ; /
lg
1
1
1
1
2
0

trong 2 l h s khuch i ca m hnh m tin on tuyn tnh.
Trng s ho h s Cepstrum
218
Sau khi tnh c Q h s Cepstrum, ta t trng s chng bng mt
hm ca s thch hp gim bt nhy v cc h s cepstrum bc nht rt
nhy vi hnh bao ph cn h s bc cao li nhy vi nhiu (hay vi nhng
phn m c dng nh nhiu).
Q m c w c
m m m
1 ;
,
Hm trng s l b m bng thng (b lc min cepstrum)
Q m
Q
m Q
w
m

1
]
1
,
_
+ 1 ; sin
2
1

7.4. Chun ho vn bn
Chun ho vn bn l qu trnh tin x l vn bn trong thit lp u vo
ca m un tng hp ting Vit.
Phn c bn ca h thng TTS ting Vit chuyn i mi vn bn c
c bng ting Vit thnh dng tn hiu m thanh. Tuy nhin, do a dng
ho khu ly vn bn u vo, trong vn bn c kh nhiu t phi ch s nh
ngy thng, ch vit tt, c cc t ting Anh xut hin xen k trong vn bn
ting Vit V th, chng ta cn phi thc hin Chun ho vn bn
chuyn cc i tng ny sang dng c c.
Cc bc chun ho vn bn:
Chuyn i cc biu thc s, gi, ngy thng, ch vit tt theo
mt chun thng nht h thng c th c ng vn bn
Pht hin t ng cc cm t Vit - Anh
.
Ch ting Vit li c chung mt s c im vi ting Anh nh nhn
bit biu thc phi t nh s, ngy thng, ch vit tt Do vy, chng ta phi
gii quyt mt phn c tnh c th nh:
c lp vi b m ting Vit
Tm kim bin ca cm t
Trong mt vn bn, chng trnh s da vo du hiu kt thc
nh du: , . v enter trong chng ta gi nh cc du kt thc
khng c c.
219
Tch cm t ting Anh trong mt vn bn thun Anh, thun Vit
hay c hn hp ting Vit Anh
S nhp nhng trong vn bn thun Vit hay trong vn bn hn
hp Vit - Anh l nhng kh khn trong vic hiu ng vn bn
cng nh phn hoch t ng ting Vit - Anh.
M hnh my trng thi tm kim bin cm t
w=getFirstWord(the text);
token=getToken(w);
while(true)
{
switch(state)
{
case NUMBER:
if(token==PHAY&& isNumeric(nextWord(the
text))==NUMBER
{
state = SEQUENCE;
w = nextWord(the text);
token = getToken(w);
} // if
break;
case SEQUENCE:
if(token!= NUMBER && token!=PHAY)
{
state=FINISHED;
} // if
default:
break;
} // switch
} // while
220
cm t
INTEGER
NUMBER
ALPHA
WORD Bin ca t
MAY BE SEQUENCE
' '
Bin ca t
' '
' , ', ' . '
du hiu kt thc
SEQUENCE
' , ', ' . '
NUMBER
' '
' '
Hnh 7-65- M hnh my trng thi tm kim bin cm t khng c ng cnh.
Phng ch Vit Nam
C nhiu m k t trng nhau trong cc b m ting Vit khc nhau VNI,
TCVN-3, UNICODE.
M TCVN-3 VNI UNICODE
210
211
Bng 7- 3- Bng lit k mt s m c hin th trong cc font
M TCVN3 biu din bi 1 byte, VNI l 1 hoc 2 byte, UNICOIDE l 2
byte.
Chng ti s dng biu din telex c lp vi cc b m ting Vit,
min sn cc mi2eenf s2own c2uw2owcs.
Biu thc v s nhp nhng ngha
12,3 l nh dng s thp phn,
7 560 537 l ba s nguyn hay s in thoi,
12.320 l mi hai chm ba hai hay mi hai nghn ba trm hai
mi,
8/5 tm phn nm hay ngy tm thng nm.
Biu thc thi gian
27/5/2002 khc vi nh dng chun 27/05/2002
221
12:30:23 nh dng gi in t, du : y khng l du hiu kt
thc ca cm t.
12/5 ngy 12 thng 5, phn s 12/5 cng l cch vit trong vn
bn ting Anh.
C nhiu kiu nh dng theo cch vit t nhin:
Dng y : 27/05/2002, 27-05-2002, ngy 27/05/2002, ngy
27/05/2002
Dng khng y : ngy 27/5, ngy 27-5, thng 5/2002, thng 5-2002,
Biu thc o lng, biu thc nhit , biu thc tin Vit Nam
nhit hm nay n 33,5
o
C nhit hm nay n ba ba phy
nm x,
ti sn tr gi 30000 ti sn tr gi ba mi nghn ng.
Vn bn hn hp Vit - Anh
Do ting Vit l ngn ng c latinh ho, dng chung phn ln b m
ting Anh nn s nhp nhng gia hai ngn ng Vit - Anh rt ln. phn
bit cc cm t ting Vit - Anh yu cu phi hiu vn bn mt mc nht
nh.
C nhiu m tit xut hin trong c ting Anh v ting Vit,
Chng hn,
I go to the school. l cu ting Anh nhng cc m tit I,
go, to, the cng l m tit ting Vit.
Con ch mon men n gn c ch. l cu ting Vit, cc m
tit con, mon, men c th l m tit ting Anh.
Ti, Mary, Tom v Hng cng hay ht., l cu hn hp Vit
Anh c cc m tit nhp nhng Tom, hay.
kh s nhp nhng gia hai ngn ng, chng ti s dng t in,
xy dng mt b lut n gin v mi quan h t loi ca m tit hin thi
vi cc m tit ln cn.
R1. Cc m tit c du hoc c cha cc k t , , , , , l m tit
ting Vit.
R2. Cc m tit c ph m u l kh, nh, ngh l m tit ting Vit.
222
R3. Cc m tit c m cui l nh l m tit ting Vit.
K thut ny cha cp n c php, ng ngha ca cu nhng cng
nhn bit c phn ln cc m tit l Anh hay Vit.
text
cm t cm t cm t
s date cm ting Vit i t ng m rng
y khng y cm ting Anh d y s s nguyn s thp phn tn tp m thanh
Hnh 7- 66- Phn cp i tng trong chun ha vn bn
7.5. Phn tch vn bn
Mc ch ca phn tch vn bn l hiu vn bn v d bo mi quan
h gia vn bn v pht m (kh nng bin thanh, thay i trng pht m
ca t v m tit). Ting Vit l ngn ng n m khng c hnh thi, trong
bin ca t khng c xc nh bng cc du trng ngn cch. Theo cch
tip cn thng thng, giai on gn nhn c thc hin sau khi xc nh
c bin ca t, nhng cch lm ny c th khng hp l.
Chng hn,
Cu c bo m b mt khng ?
Cu / c / bo m / b mt / khng?
Hoc l,
Anh bit iu chnh li cho hp l.
- Anh / bit / iu chnh / li / cho / hp l.
- Anh / bit iu / chnh / li / cho / hp l.
Chng ti nghi vn thi th khng tc dng.
- Chng ti / nghi / vn / thi / th / khng / tc dng.
- Chng ti / nghi vn / thi / th / khng / tc dng.
223
Trong cu u, khng xy ra s nhp nhng trong cch tch t nhng t
bo m c ba t loi: danh t, ng t v tnh t. hai cu sau rt kh xc
nh cch tch t no hp l hn c nu khng kt hp vi t loi.
Mt t ting Vit c th c mt hoc nhiu t loi, rt kh xc nh t
loi ph hp nht.
S phn on khc nhau, dn ti vic thay i chuyn trng t loi, cch
phn on ng s ph thuc vo t loi ca cc t khc trong c cu, nh
vy, theo chng ti, s phn on v gn nhn l hai qu trnh khng tch ri
nhau.
M hnh 2-gram
Cch tip cn phn on t v gn nhn t loi ca chng ti da trn
phng php thng k theo kiu M hnh ngn ng.
Theo m hnh 2-gram
Gi s S = w
0
w
1
... w
n
l dy cc t a m tit w
i
c trong t in ting
Vit
P(S) = max P(w
i
)P(w
i
|w
i-1
)
P(w
i
) = xc sut xut hin t w
i
.
P(w
i
|w
i-1
) = xc sut xut hin w
i
c w
i-1
xut hin trc n.
dng cho bi ton nhn bit t loi, m hnh 2-gram gc c sa li
nh sau:
Gi s S = w
0
w
1
... w
n
l dy cc t a m tit w
i
c trong t in ting
Vit
P(S) = max P(w
i
|t
i
)P(t
i
|t
i-1
)
(t
1
, ..., t
n
)
T = {t
i
} l tp tt c cc nhn t loi c th c.
P(w
i
|t
i
) = xc sut xut hin t w
i
vi t loi t
i
.
P(t
i
|t
i-1
) = xc sut xut hin nhn t
i
c t
i-1
trc.
Cc xc sut c tnh trn mt tp corpus xc nh.
Lut quyt nh
Cch phn hoch ng theo m hnh ny l cch ghp cc m tit to vi
cc t loi t
1
,.., t
n
tng ng sao cho: P(S) -> max
224
ci t cho m hnh ngn ng 2-gram ny chng ti dng thut
ton Viterbi quen thuc.
Tin x l
Trc khi p dng c cch phn loi theo m hnh ngn ng, chng ta
phi qua giai on x l cu, chia mt cu thnh nhng cu n, x l cc tn
ring, cc s
Bng t loi
STT T loi V d
001 Danh t ch s m Mt, mt vi, ...
002 Danh t ch vt n Con ng, con thuyn, ...
003 Danh t hin thc ho Sch, g, ...
004 Danh t ch loi Ngi, ng, a, ng, lt, quyn, ...
005 Danh t m c Lng, khu, nhm, t, ngy ...
006 Danh t tng hp Nh ca, my mc, t ai, ...
007 Danh t ch ngi(i t) Ti, hn, ta, ...
008 ng t tnh thi , hy, c, khng, mn, li, c, ...
009 ng t c xc nh Ng, ngh, ci, ...
010 ng t khng xc nh nh, thnh, l, bu, tng, mong, ...
011 Tnh t mc Rt, hi, cc k, ...
012 Tnh t xc nh Ring, lnh lo, ...
013 Tnh t khng xc nh Tt, p, cao, thp, ...
014 Ph t Hy, ng, kh, mi, khng, ...
015 Ph t Ri, cho, vi, , ...
016 T ni Bi v, do , cho nn, v, nhng, ...
017 T ch nh Ny, n, kia, y, ...
Bng 7-4- Bng t loi ting Vit.
Vn phm ng php ting Vit
<Cm t >= (<Cm t ch v >|< Cm t ng lp>|<Cm t chnh
ph>
<Cm t chnh ph >= (<Cm danh t>|<Cm ng t >|<Cm tnh t>
225
<Cm danh t >= <DN_trc ><danh t><DN_sau>
<DN_trc>= <T ch tng lng><T ch lng><T ch xut: ci,
con, cy, ...>
<DN_sau>=<Cm t><T ch nh>
<T ch nh>='ny', 'n', 'kia', 'y', ...
<Cm ng t>=<Ph t>([<ng t khng c lp>]<ng t c
lp>)<nh ng sau>
<nh ng sau>=(<T>|<Cm t>)<Ph t>
<Ph t>='ri', 'cho', 'vi', '', ...
<ng t khng c lp>=(<ch kh nng: c th>|<s cn thit: cn,
nn, phi>|< ch: toan nh>|<mong mun chc tng: mong, mun, chc,
...>|<ch s chu ng: b, c, chu, mc, phi, ...>|<ch s bt u tip tc
kt thc: bt u, tip tc, thi, kt thc, ...>
<Ph t>=(<thc mnh lnh: hy, ng, ch, ...>|<phng thc thc
hin hnh ng: kh, chng, ...>|< , s, ang, va, mi, vn, cn,...> | <ph
nh: khng, chng, cha, ...>
<Cm tnh t>=<TN_trc><tnh t>(<TN_sau>|<Cm t chnh ph>)
<TN_trc> ='rt', 'kh', 'hi', ...
<TN_sau>= 'qu', 'cc k', 'cc', 'tuyt', 'v cng', ...
<Cm t>=(<Cm t ch v>|<Cm t ng lp>|<Cm t chnh ph>)
<Cm t chnh ph>=(<Cm danh t>|<Cm ng t>|<Cm tnh t>)
<Cu>=(<Cu n>|<Cu phc>|<Cu ghp>)");
<Cu n>=(<Cm t ch v>|<Cm t chnh ph>
<Cu ghp> =[<T ni>]<Cu n>[<T ni>]<Cu n>
<T ni>=bi v, ti v, do, s d, cho nn, nhng, th, m
cn, l v, ....
226
Hnh 7- 67- Giao din module phn tch vn bn ting Vit
7.6. Cc m hnh ngn ng
Trong nhn dng ting ni th s dng cc m hnh ngn ng l bt
buc. N gii hn khng gian tm kim c cc gii php ti nht c th c
trong khong thi gian ngn.
Chng ta cn c lng hp l ca cu a ra trong ngn ng. Trong
thc t, chng ta c th thc hin tng phn, mi phn l mt chui cc t. V
ngn ng thc ra ch c hc t s quan st v v chng ta khng bao gi
quan st ht c ngn ng t nhin c th xem xt tt c cc cu c th
xy ra.
Cc m hnh ngn ng
Cc m hnh ngn ng c s dng trong nhn dng ting ni c th
c phn ra thnh cc loi sau:
M hnh Uniform: Trong cc m hnh ny, cc t tng ng nhau v xc
sut ca mt t l 1/|V| trong |V| l ln t vng.
Ngn ng trng thi hu hn: y l ngn ng nhn to, s dng mt mng
hu hn cc trng thi lu dy cc t.
M hnh ngn ng vn phm: m hnh ny da trn vic hiu chnh vn
phm phi ng cnh, hoc da trn cu trc ng ngha ca cc cm t hay
ngn ng ng nht.
227
M hnh stochastic: m hnh ny da trn kh nng kt hp ca mt t v
nhng t ng trc n.
Cc m hnh ngn ng khc da trn khi nim nh CART(cy phn loi v
hi quy) v entropy cc i.
M hnh N-gram
Cc m hnh ngn ng cn nh gi xc sut tin nghim P(W) ca dy
cc t W = w
1
, , w
N
.
P(W) c th tnh nh sau:
P(W) =P( w
1
, w
2
,, w
N
) = P(w
1
)
N
i 2
P(w
1
|w
i-1
,, w
1
)
nh gi mt tp xc sut ln nh vy t mt tp d liu training hu
hn khng c tnh kh thi.
Hn ch c th c khc phc bng cch s dng m hnh N-
GRAM. Trong trng hp ny, xc sut iu kin ca mt t w
i
v tr i ch
c nh gi da vo cc t ng trc N-1 trong cm t . Trong iu
kin cn thit, ngn ng ny c xem nh N-1 Markove tnh v xc sut
P(w
1
|w
i-1
,, w
1
) xem nh l xc sut P(w
1
|w
i-1
,, w
i-N
)
N nh ngha c s xc sut c lng (=|V|
N
),cc gi tr nh ca N
i hi chnh xc v y t tp training hu hn. Cc m hnh unigram,
bigram v trigram s c xt n ph hp vi cc b nh nh. Cc m hnh
c b nh ln hn cn tp training ln hn bi v mi dy t ca N cn c
xem xt y c c tnh chnh xc tng i khi nh gi.
Khi d liu training khng cho vic c tnh, cc gi tr ln ca N s
gim trong khi thc hin. Kt qu thc nghim cho thy m hnh bigram rt
hi ho ng thi mang li kt qu tho ng m khng gy qu nhiu rc ri
trong qu trnh nh gi xc sut.
228
M hnh Unigram
B nh ca m hnh Unigram c gii hn l mt, v th khng xt s nh
hng ca nhng t ng trc t hin thi. Xc sut ca mi t c c
lng bi tn s ca n:
( )
( )
( )
|] | ,..., 1 [ ,
) (
| |
1
) (
) (
) (
V i V w
w N
w N
w P
i
V
j
j
i
i

trong N(w
(i)
) l s ln t w
(i)
xut hin trong tp training. M hnh ny
him khi c s dng c lp. N thng c kt hp vi cc xc sut
bigram v trigram s dng cc k thut lm trn nh Good-Turing, linear,
nonlinear,
M hnh Bigram
M hnh Bigram da trn cch tnh xp x, tc l mt t ch ph thuc
cch tnh ton thng k nhng t tm thi ng trc n. T gi nh trn, c
hai m hnh c th thc hin c:
m hnh cp t
m hnh Bigram
M hnh cp t l mt m hnh c n gin ha trong xc sut
chuyn trng gi nh l 0 hoc 1. M hnh ch r dy t c tha nhn.
Trong m hnh bigram ta c :
P(W)
P(w
1
)
N
i 2
P(w
i
| w
i-1
)
trong xc sut c c t w
(m)
ti thi im i xc sut t ng
trc n w
(m)
l:
P
(w
1
= w
(m)
| w
i-1
= w
(m )
) =
( )
( )
) ' (
) ' (
1
) (
|
m
m
i
m
i
w N
w w w w N

trong , N(w
i
=w
(m)
| w
i-1
= w
(m )
) N(w
i-1
, w
i
) l s ln xut hin dy
<w
i
= w
(m)
, w
i-1
= w
(m)
> trong tp training.
M hnh Trigram
Trong m hnh Trigram, gi s xc sut c lng ca mt dy t l:
P(W) = P(w
1
,w
2
,,w
N
)
P(w
1
)P(w
2
|w
1
)
N
i 3
P(w
1
| w
i-1
,w
i-2
)
229
Xc sut c lng l:
( )
( )
( )
) ' ' (
2
) ' (
1
) ' ' (
2
) ' (
1
) (
) ' ' (
2
) ' (
1
) (
,
, |
, |
m
i
m
i
m
i
m
i
m
i m
i
m
i
m
i
w w w w N
w w w w w w N
w w w w w w P

Vn phm phi ng cnh Stochastic

Vn phm phi ng cnh Stochastic(SCFGs) n gin l vn
phm(CFGs) c cc xc sut cho mi sn xut. Chng l cc m hnh top-
down hoc l cc m hnh c kh nng sinh ra, chng d hiu v cc xc sut
c th hun luyn t d liu. Cc tham s trong m hnh SCFG t hn trong
m hnh N-gram. V cu trc ca SCFG c xc nh trc khi c nh s k
t khng kt thc; ch cc xc sut trong cc lut phi hc t d liu. Vic
gim cc tham s t do l iu chng ta mong mun khi m n cho php c
lng th cc tham s t d liu training. Mt khc, cu trc c nh khng
ni ln tng quan nn m hnh khng th hc c cc sn xut mi. SCFGs
khng thch hp cho vic s dng trc tip trong nhn dng nhng c th bin
i cho m hnh N-gram.
M hnh ph thuc ng cnh tri
M hnh cp t
Dng n gin nht ca ph thuc ng cnh tri l m hnh ngn ng
cp t, n l mt danh sch cha dy cc t ng. Tt c cc cp t ng c
xc sut nh nhau; tt c cc cp cn li khng ph hp. Trong mt s bi
ton, nh bi ton qun l ti nguyn, m hnh cp t n gin cho kt qu rt
tt. Khi bi ton c vn phm cng tc l tp cc cu c kh nng th c nh,
v cc cu khc khng ph hp, m hnh cp t mang tnh tng quan vi
perplexity thp. Trong m hnh ny, v khng c xc sut nn khng cn c
lng, do khng cn tp d liu training ln.
M hnh N-gram trnh by trn cng l mt trong nhng m hnh
ph thuc ng cnh tri.
230
M hnh trng thi hu hn
C th to trc tip m hnh trng thi hu hn. Vi cc bi ton nh,
chng hn nhn dng cc s in thoi th c th lm bng tay. u im ca
m hnh ny l khng quan tm ti bao ph. M hnh to bng tay phi thc
t cho hu ht cc bi ton th gii thc.
M hnh xc sut
M hnh ngn ng dng tnh cc xc sut dy cc t. Chng c
ngha trong vic gii hn danh sch dy t c la chn theo th t hp
l, sp xp v lm gim vic tm kim. Mt ng dng phn loi kiu pht
ngn da trn dy t s dng m hnh ngn ng. Khi , m hnh ngn ng
xc sut tt hn m hnh ngn ng phi xc sut.
M hnh vi perplexity thp
Perplexity l o trung bnh h s nhnh hoc s t tiu biu t dy t
cho. Trong nhn dng ting ni, nu s t tiu biu t c ngha bi ton
nhn dng d dng hn. V vy, m hnh ngn ng vi perplexity thp b rng
buc hn v cho kt qu nhn dng nhanh v chnh xc hn. Mi quan h
gia perplexity v chnh xc ca t khng c m bo mc d chng ta
mong i vi perplexity thp hn th sinh t chnh xc hn.
Trc tin, xt m hnh ngn ng n gin gm N
V
t c trong t in
vi xc sut ca mt t vi mt t bt k khc l 1/N
V
. Perplexity ca m
hnh ny l N
V
. Perplexity cng c nh ngha trong m hnh xc sut m
xc sut ca cc t vi mi t tip theo khng duy nht l 1/N
V
. Perplexity B
c nh ngha trong s hng entropy H. Trong thc t, chng ta c th c
lng cc xc sut qua d liu test. V vy, c lng c perplexity. Hn
na, cng dng d liu training v th nghim m hnh th c lng cng tt
hn. D liu test nn thnh tp held-out.
B = 2
H
v chng ta c lng H l H
P
trn t Q:
H
P
= -
Q
1
log P(
1
,
2
, ...,
Q
)
231
v cho m hnh N-gram l
H
P
= -
Q
1

Q
i 1
log P(
i
|
i-1
,
i-2
, ...,
i - N+1
)
Phng php held-out
Tp d liu test i hi perlexity ca m hnh ngn ng. Chng ta khng th
dng tp d liu thc, v vy s held-out c dng trong mt s phn ca d
liu training l held-out tc l n khng dng trong vic c lng cc tham s
ca m hnh. D liu held-out c th dng c lng perplexity ca m hnh.
Vic dng d liu tng t c lng cc tham s ca m hnh v perplexity
s cho kt qu sai. Ni chung, perplexity trn d liu training s thp hn trn d
liu test. Theo nh gi lc quan, perplexity m hnh trn tp training dn n m
hnh ngn ng tuned cho tp training v km ph hp cho perplexity trn d
liu test. Trong thc t, phng php held-out dng nh gi khch quan qu
trnh c lng - la chn di N-gram. M hnh khi c c lng li s
dng phng php ny t tp training. Phng php ny trnh c d liu
training khng c gi tr. Phn held-out ca tp training c th lun chuyn nu d
liu training chia theo ba cch, khi tp held-out th ba c th dng ly c
c lng khc ca qu trnh tt nht.
M hnh ngn ng n-gram markov
Mc d u th ca m hnh ngn ng trong nhn dng ting ni c tha
nhn nhng gn y m hnh ngn ng thng k c s dng rng ri trong
nhiu phm vi ng dng khc bao gm c phc hi thng tin.
Mc ch ca m hnh ngn ng l d on xc sut dy t t nhin hay n
gin l cho xc sut cao vo dy t c th xy ra trong thc t v cho xc sut thp
vo dy t khng bao gi xy ra. Cho dy t
1

2
T
l tp test, cht lng
ca m hnh ngn ng o bi perplexity (hoc entropy) trn corpus ny:
Perplexity =
T
T
i i i
P
1 1 1
) ... | (
1

Entropy = log
2
Perplexity
Mc ch ca m hnh ngn ng l c c perplexity nh. M hnh ngn
ng n gin nht v thnh cng nht l m hnh ngn ng n-gram. Chng ta c
th vit li xc sut ca dy t bt k:
232
P(
1

2
T
) =
T
i 1
P(
i
|
1
i-1
)
M hnh n-gram xp x xc sut ny bng gi thuyt ch c cc t ph hp
d on P(
i
|
1
i-1
) l n t trc tc gi thuyt c lp n-gram Markov
P(
i
|
1
i-1
) = P(
i
|
i-n+1
i-1
)
D hiu, c lng hp l cc i ca xc sut n-gram t corpus tnh bi tn
s quan st c:
P(
i
|
i-n+1
i-1
) =
) ... ( #
) ... ( #
1 1
1
+
+
i n i
i n i

trong #(.) l s ln xut hin gram c bit trong tp training. Khng may,
dng gram di n n dn n c lng xc sut ca W
n
s kin, trong W l
kch thc t vng.
233
8. C TRNG M HC V M V HC CA TING NI
8.1. c trng m hc ca ting ni
8.1.1. Bn cht ca m
Tt c cc m u bt ngun t dao ng thuc kiu ny hay khc. n
lt n, dao ng li ph thuc vo mt ngun nng lng no to ra n.
Fry (1979) a ra v d v nhc giao hng: nhng ngi chi nhc biu din
cc hnh ng kiu nh c ng tay hay thi mm, v hot ng ca h (c
s iu khin c khi) to ra nhiu kiu loi dao ng khc nhau m chng ta
nghe thnh cc m.
Dao ng khng thi th khng to ra m nghe c, v ba tiu
ch i km sau y phi c tho mn ng thi. v tr trc ht, nht thit
phi c phng tin lan truyn, mt ci g m m thanh c th i qua.
Thng thng nht phng tin lan truyn ny l khng kh, nhng bt k mt
vt cht c qung tnh no, bao gm g, kim loi, cht lng, hay m sng
chng hn nh xng, u c th, vi vic lm thay i cc mc hiu qu,
ng vai tr l phng tin lan truyn. Nu khng c phng tin lan truyn -
trong mi trng chn khng, ngha l - khng th nghe thy mt m no.
Mt th nghim trc y chng minh iu ny. Nu t mt chic ci hay
mt ci chung in vo trong mt chic hp chung v ht ht khng kh ra
khi hp th m thanh ca chung s tt. (Mt m ngn no thng vn
cn v ci chung vn ngn ln trong hp do c lin kt vi khng kh pha
bn ngoi).
Hai tiu ch khc phi c tho mn lin quan n cc thuc tnh ca
m c quan h n s nhy cm ca tai. Chng ti s ni nhiu hn v nhng
thuc tnh ny chng sau, nhng chng ta cn ch y l nhng dao
ng khc nhau v tc hay tn s t rt nhanh n rt chm. Tai ch thu
nhn mt vng xc nh cc tn s ny, thng thng di n khong 20
rung ng trn mt giy v trn n khong 20.000 rung ng mt giy, mc
d vng/ di ny c khc nhau cc c nhn v thc t b quy nh bi tui
tc. V vy tiu ch th hai l tiu ch m mt m phi nm trong vng tn
s nghe c bnh thng.
234
Th ba, mt dao ng khng ch c tn s m cn c mt bin - mt
i lng o chiu kch ca dao ng hay mc chuyn ng trong dao
ng. Bin lin quan n ci m chng ta thng gi l ln (loudness),
v v bin ca mt dao ng thng gim dn cho nn n tr nn khng
nghe c na. V vy tiu ch th ba l tiu ch m mt dao ng phi c
mt bin ln c th thu nhn c (bng tai). y khng phi l mt
vn thuc mc dao ng ti bn thn ngun pht ra m, bi v vic
nghe c cng gim xung nhanh chng do khong cch gia ngun pht ra
m v ngi nghe tng. Hn na, mc dao ng ni chung ca m trong
nhiu mi trng c th c mt hiu sut (masking), v s lin kt hay kt ni
gia ngun to ra dao ng v phng tin lan truyn cng c th v hiu. C
th chng minh mt cch d dng tc ng ca lin kt v hiu bng mt
thanh mu. Nu nh v cm thanh mu gia ngn tay ci v mt ngn khc
trong khng kh, th hu nh chng ta khng nghe thy g bi v nhng chic
rng dao ng ca thanh mu khng c lin kt hiu qu vi khng kh. Nu
cng chic thanh mu t ln trn mt bn g th m pht ra nghe rt to v
nhng dao ng ca thanh mu c truyn n khng kh hiu qu hn rt
nhiu nh c phng tin l vng b mt rng ca ci bn.
V cht lng cc m khng c tip nhn hon ton ging nhau.
phm tr khi qut, chng ta c th phn bit hai bnh din c bn. Th nht
phn bit gia cc m lin tc v cc m xung. m thanh ca chic my bay
phn lc v chic gin khoan in l nhng v d v cc m lin tc trong khi
ting sp cnh ca hay ting bn sng l cc v d v cc m xung. Cc m
lin tc c cha cc dao ng ko di sut trong mt khong thi gian no ,
t n v giy n ting ng h. cc m xung, cc dao ng bt u rt t
ngt v ln n bin cc i ca chng rt nhanh (thng ch trong mt
phn ca giy). Cc dao ng ny tt dn tng i nhanh chng nhng
khng nhanh bng giai on ln n cc i.
Phn bit th hai chia nhng m thng c gi l cc m nhc tnh
(musical sounds) t cc m n (noise - like sound). Hu ht tt c cc nhc c
u to ra cc m c chu k (periodic), gi l c chu k v dao ng ca chng
tun theo mt m hnh xc nh v c lp i lp li. (Chng ta s xem
di y ch ra cc kiu loi m hnh dao ng no). S lng cc ln m
hnh dao ng lp li trn mt giy s xc nh vic chng ta thm nhn
235
chng l cc m c cao cao hay thp. V vy mt chic kn tuba, chic kn
foghorn v mt chic ghi ta trm tt c u to ra cc m mang cao thp,
c s lng cc m hnh dao ng lp li t trn mt giy, trong khi mt
chic n vi - - lng, ting reo ca m nc si v chic so kim tt c li
u pht ra cc m mang cao cao c rt nhiu ln lp li ca cc m hnh
dao ng trn mt giy. Tri li, cc m ting n l cc m khng c chu k
(APEORIDIC) v sinh ra do cc dao ng vn rt lung tung/ ln xn v
khng lp li m hnh dao ng ca chng mt cch thng xuyn. Ting x
ca mt ng hi nc v ting go tht ca mt ci thc nc ln u l
nhng v d in hnh v cc ngun pht ra m c m hnh dao ng lin tc
nhng rt lung tung.
Mc d nhng phn bit trn l hu ch, nhng thc t chng khng
phi lc no cng gn gng nh th. V d, mt ting n n, s c c im
ca mt m xung, nhng nu c mt lot cc ting n lin tc v ko di (nh
trong ng c t trong ang chy nhanh) th h qu l c im ca mt m
lin tc. Thc t nhiu m c bn cht rt phc tp. V d, hi nc hoc kh
nn c gii phng t ngt ra khi van (nh trong chic my xay c ph
hi) m xung ban u phn hu thnh mt m lin tc. Hn na cn c c cc
yu t nhc tnh v ting n trong m v mt dao ng no pht ra m
c lp li u n v mt dao ng no khc rt lung tung trong m
hnh.
Mt phng cch quan trng na m nh cc m phn bit nhau l
cht lng hay m sc ca chng. Hy xem mt chic v cm v mt ci so
u chi cng mt nt nhc. C hai nhc c ny u pht ra mt tp hp cc
dao ng m thanh lin tc c chu k lp i lp li cng mt tc - nu
khng nh th - chng khng th nghe thnh l chi cng mt nt nhc. Tuy
nhin c s khc nhau v cht lng m ca chng, khin chng ta c th
nghe thy c nhiu nhc c ang c chi. S khc nhau ny, thng
c m t l s khc nhau v m sc, c th nh gi bng cc thut ng gy
n tng l - chic v cm c l l gc cnh trong khi chic so l trn
tra v mt m - nhng nh chng ta s thy di y, c th phn tch v
gii thch s khc nhau ny kha cnh m hnh cc dao ng.
236
Nhng bnh lun trn y v bn cht ca m l cc k quan trng i
vi ting ni, vn l mt dng m thanh rt phc tp. Ting ni c cc m
xung (nh trong cc m tc ming <stop>, chng hn nh [t] hay [k]) v cc
chui lin tc (nh trong cc nguyn m, chng hn nh [i] hay [a]). N c
cc thnh phn c chu k (nh trong cc nguyn m), cc thnh phn khng
c chu k (nh trong cc m xt, chng hn nh [f] hoc [s]), v s ho trn
c hai (nh trong cc m xt hu thanh, chng hn nh [v] hoc [z]). Nhng
khc bit gia cc nguyn m (chng hn nh [i] i lp vi [a] i lp vi
[u]) c nghe theo cch tng t ging nh chng ta phn bit ting v cm
v ting so. V vy cn phi hiu bn cht ca chnh bn thn cc m nu
nh chng ta mun nm vng m hc li ni.
8.1.2. Cc thuc tnh bin c bn ca sng m
Bin l mt thut ng thng dng ch ln ca s dch chuyn
trong mt dao ng m. Thng thng nht, l p sut khng kh b thay
i bi s dch chuyn ny. p sut c nh ngha l lc trn mt n v
din tch v c o bng n v Pascals (Pa). p sut kh tnh mc nc
bin l khong 100.000 Pa, nhng nhng thay i p sut to ra m nghe
c cc ngng nghe bnh thng l nh/ b hn rt nhiu so vi p sut
ny. V d, nhng thay i kh p ca mt cuc giao tip bng li ni
khong cch khong 1 mt t mi ngi ni s nm trong khong 0.1Pa.
Khi mt m c thu bng mt chic microphone thng thng, chng
hn nh mt chic microphone in gn vi nhiu chic my ghi m bng t
th nhng thay i p sut ca m lan truyn trong khng kh c chuyn
thnh mt in p (voltage) tng ng. iu ny cho chng ta mt s th hin
bng in t v cc sng p sut m, ti y ny sinh cu hi ci g l phng
php ph hp nht o v m t s th hin ny.
Hy xem cc sng phc hnh sin hnh 2.16. Mt cch o bin n
gin l ly cc gi tr cc i ca dch chuyn trong sng . iu ny l c
li nu nh chng ta mun bit cc gi tr nh hay nh - i - nh ca mt
dng sng c chu k, hoc chng ta mun o cc gi tr nh ca cc m xung.
y l loi i lng o m chng ta cn phi bit trnh lm qu ti khi
ghi m hay x l chng bng mt dng phn tch no trn my tnh. Tuy
nhin, i lng o ny cho chng ta bit rt t v ton b phn cn li ca
237
dng sng. gii thch cho ton b dng sng, chng ta cn cc s o tt c
cc im dc theo chiu di ca mt chu k, mt lot cc gi tr tc thi, nh
hnh 2.16.
Hnh 2.16- Bin dng sng
Cn lu l cc gi tr pha trn trc u l dng, di trc l m. Cc
gi tr mu ny cho chng ta bc tranh v ng x ca sng, v c th s hu
ch nu tnh tng hoc tnh gi tr trung bnh theo mt cch no . Nhng
cn ch iu g s xy ra nu chng ta n thun ch tnh tng v tnh trung
bnh mt lot cc gi tr dc theo sng sin: cc gi tr dng v m trit tiu
ln nhau nu em cng li, v tng l bng khng (z r). Chng ta c th
238
trnh tnh trng ny bng cch lm cho tt c cc gi tr u l dng, nhng
thm ch l ch li hn nu nh chuyn sang mt kiu tnh khc.
Chng ta c th ly t bin mt thuc tnh gi l cng . Cng
l nng lng trn mt n v din tch, hay l cch thc nng lng phn
b trong mt khong khng gian qung tnh. Bn thn nng lng l thc o
ca mc m ti mc ny nng lng ang b tiu th - i vi chng
ta, l pht ra m. By gi c th ch ra rng cng t l vi bnh phng
p sut. V vy, nu chng ta ly cc gi tr mu ca mnh (nh hnh 2.17),
em bnh phng chng ln, sau cng li v tm gi tr trung bnh, chng
ta s c s o bin trn mt chu k c quan h gn b vi cng ang
tn ti. Sau nu chng ta bnh phng cn bc hai ca gi tr trung bnh
ny, chng ta s c th m t p sut hn l p sut bnh phng. Gi tr ny
gi l bnh phng trung bnh cn bc hai hay hay gi tr RMS. Phng
php tnh ton ny, s dng cc mu nh ch ra hnh 2.17, l nh sau:
Hnh 2.17- Cc gi tr tc thi ca bin dng sng
Gi s chng ta c mt tp hp cc mu N v cc gi tr tc thi ca
mt dng sng c xc nh l X
1
, X
2
, X
3
...X
n
. Gi Z = tng cc gi tr bnh
phng ca cc mu N, v d:
Z = (X
1
)
2
+ (X
2
)
2
+ (X
3
)
2
+ (X
n
)
2
Gi A = trung bnh ca cc gi tr mu bnh phng ny, v d:
239
A = Z/ N
Khi , gi tr trung bnh cn bc hai (RMS) ca dng sng l bnh
phng cn bc hai ca A. V d, gi s cc gi tr mu l:
1, 3, 5, 3, 1, -1, -3, -5, -3, -1.
Cc gi tr bnh phng l 1, 9, 25, 9, 1, 1, 9, 25, 9, 1 v tng Z ca
chng l 90. C 10 gi tr (N = 10) do A bng 90/ 10. Gi tr RMS l bnh
phng cn bc hai ca A, l 3.
i vi cc sng sin, gi tr RMS ca bin trong sut khong thi
gian ca sng l 0.707 ca bin nh. i vi mt dng sng phc khc
bt k, gi tr RMS phi c tnh t cc mu nh trn. Vi li ch ca mt
gi phn tch v hiu chnh dng sng ting ni bng my tnh mc ch
chung hin i, php tnh rt d.
Gi tr RMS ca p sut m do vy t l vi cng ca m. Thc t,
khi o trong nhng iu kin sng phng (v d vi nhng thay i p sut
ch trong mt min phng) v dng 20 micro Pascals lm p sut quy chiu
th p sut RMS c th cn bng vi cng . (20 Pa l gi tr ngng
thng thng ca p sut m c mt ngi ln kho mnh nhn ra). Ngi
ta thng cho rng cng v p sut RMS l tng ng, mc d tng s
chnh xc ch khi mt m c thu t st vo microphone c giao thoa cc
tiu t m di li.
Bit cng ca mt m trong sut khong thi gian di hn mt chu
k dao ng th thng hu ch hn. V d, ngi ta thng mun bit cng
ca c mt m tit hoc mt t hoc mt mnh c quan h vi mt
mnh khc. Cng RMS ca ton b mt t c th c tnh mt cch
d dng t dng sng ting ni c lu c di xc nh bt k bng cch
dng cc mu thch hp t dng sng li ni. Hu ht cc phn mm phn
tch ting ni cho php ngi s dng t thc hay du ghi trn trc thi
gian ca dng sng ting ni v tnh cng RMS trong c qung thi
gian trong vng t thc. Hnh 2.18 a ra hai v d v cc dng sng
c t thc. C th hi vng cng ca mt sng ting ni thay i theo
thi gian - trong sut mt m tit hay di hn l mt pht ngn, nhng c th
c tnh da vo mt c s lin tc. Mt cch hu hiu, phng php xc
240
nh cng trn mt ca s xc nh v v vy khng cho mt chi tit no
v thay i cng trong gii hn ca ca s.
C th thu c mt u ra kiu nh vy t cao truyn thng v
thit b o cng ca mt tp in tng t c lp c trong hu ht cc
phng th nghim ng m hc, cng nh bng cc gi phn tch bng my
tnh. Khong thi gian trong cng c tnh tc thi v lin tc gi l
thi gian tch phn ca cng c v thng c th iu chnh c t khong
5 ms n khong 50 ms. Thng thng, ngi ta dng thi gian tch phn
trong khong t 10 n 20 ms, ngn nhn ra cc dao ng cn thit
trong m tit, nhng di trnh bao gm nhng nh hng bt k no ca
khong thi gian hay tn s c bn ca bn thn sng ting ni. Hnh 2.19
cho thy ng bao cng ng tnh t dng sng ca Hnh 2.18 (b) bng
mt gi x l ting ni bng my tnh.
Hnh 2.18- nh du cc dng sng tnh cng RMS: (a) juice
(nc p tri cy); (b) farm (nng trang). Cng chung ca dng sng (a)
gia hai thc xp x bng 1,5 ln cng chung ca dng sng (b)
241
Hnh 2.19- ng bao cng ca dng sng hnh 16 (b)
8.1.3. Cc thuc tnh trng thi gian ca cc sng m
Khi chng ta phn tch sng m, chng ta c th ngm ngha chng
c cc thuc tnh khc nhau, trong mt s thuc tnh gn lin vi thi
gian v mt s thuc tnh gn lin vi tn s. Tt c cc v d m chng ta c
cho n nay c xem xt trong phn nytrn thc t u l cc dng sng
trng thi gian: chng th hin nhng thay i (v d, v gi tr ca p sut)
theo thi gian. Trong thi gian ny chng ti s tp trung vo bn thn thi
gian nh mt thuc tnh.
Trng ca mt m hay mt pht ngn ting ni thng quan trng
v mt ng m hc. Cc trng chng ta cn phi xem xt c th b ngang
vi mt phin on ca mt chu k ca mt dng sng c chu k, hoc c th
l mt chu k dao ng trn vn, hoc c th s ln hn na. Trong mt s v
d chng ta mun bit trng ca c t hoc pht ngn, hay thm ch
trng ca mt khong lng chng hn nh c th xut hin trong giai
on khp ca mt m tc ming v thanh.
o trng t mt dng sng ting ni chng ta phi c th t
cc thc quy chiu ln trn dng sng m c quan h v ngha vi cu
trc ng m ca mt tn hiu li ni c o. iu ny thng thng c ngha
l biu din dng sng trn mn hnh my tnh (thng dng mt gi phn
tch v chnh sa ting ni) hoc trn th vit trn giy (hu ht thng
dng mt my ghi tia mc hay mt thit b tng t). My tnh thng cung
cp chnh xc cao hn, c bit nu n cho php ngi thc nghim ti
hin li phn dng sng gia hai thc. Ngi lm thc nghim khi c th
242
t thc mt cch chnh xc v xc nhn bng tai phn thch hp xt v mt
ng m hc ca dng sng c t thc. Hnh 2.20 cho thy dng sng ca
t seat /si:t/ (ch ngi), t thc xc nh trng ca ht nhn
nguyn m. Nu cc trng ln hn v khng cn phi c chnh xc ti
cao th thit thc hn l nn dng mt th cng thay i theo thi gian
xc nh s bt u v kt thc ca t hay pht ngn c o. Vn ln
hn i vi k thut ny nm vic thit lp mt phng tin xc nh tin cy
v nht qun cc ngng cng thch hp nh du s bt u v kt
thc on li ni cn o.Hnh 2.21 ch ra mt v d v vic ct khc da vo
cng (vn dng vo cu I said pen not pan - Ti ni l bt ch
khng phi l cho).
C th tr thnh rt iu luyn trong vic c cc dng sng theo
trng thi gian v gn kt chng vi cu trc ng m m chng l cc hin
thc ho, nhng nhiu b phn ca ting ni khng th ct khc ra v gn
nhn mt cch d dng nh v d n gin Hnh 2.20. Trn thc t, phng
php o trng chnh xc nht v phng php ct khc v gn nhn
trng thi gian ca mt tn hiu li ni m hc, bao gm vic s dng kt
hp c thng tin v trng thi gian ln thng tin v trng tn s. Nhng k
thut ny s c tho lun cc phn di y.
Hnh 2.20- Ct dng sng t /si: t/ seat (ngi, danh t)
243
Hnh 2.21- Ct ng bao cng ca cu: I said pen, not pan
(Ti ni l bt ch khng ni l cho)
8.1.4. Cc thuc tnh trng tn s ca cc sng m
Nu chng ta quan tm n cc thuc tnh c lin quan n trng tn
s ca sng m th c th, ch t l trong nhng trng hp n gin nht, ly
mt phn ct xc nh ca dng sng (phn xut t trng thi gian) v phn
tch n m khng cn quy chiu n trng thi gian.
Nh chng ta thy, cc dao ng hnh sin l dng dao ng n gin
nht, v c th coi v ly chng lm cc b phn cu thnh kt hp li vi
nhau to thnh tt c cc dng dao ng khc. Trong ton hc, k thut b
gy mt sng phc ra thnh cc sng b phn hnh sin c gi l phng
php phn tch fourier, sau khi mt nh ton hc ngi Php pht trin c
s ton hc ca n. V d cho trc y nh hnh 2.20 minh ho mt dao
ng c chu k phc bao gm ba sng b phn hnh sin. Sng b phn hn sin
c tn s thp nht l tn s c bn v hai sng b phn khc c tn s cao
hn l cc ho m (harmonics) th hai v th ba. C ba to thnh cc b
phn ho m ca sng, tn s c bn l ho m th nht. Lu cc sng c
chu k nh sng ny, cc gi tr tn s ca cc ho m l cc bi s nguyn
ca tn s c bn. Cc dao ng khng c chu k cng c th c phn tch
thnh cc b phn hnh sin nhng s khng c mt mi quan h s hc no
gia cc b phn cu to nn n, m khi c dng ch khng phi l
cc ho m m l cc m cao hay n gin ch l cc b phn tn s. Trong
cc m thanh li ni, cc nguyn m l c chu k mt cch c trng, trong
khi cc m xt l cc v d v cc m khng c chu k.
244
S phn b tn s v bin ca cc b phn ho m ca mt sng
phc c th c trnh by nh l ph tuyn ca n. i vi cch biu din
ny, trc ngang th hin tn s v trc dc th hin bin : mi ho m xut
hin nh mt ng k ng n nh v ti mt im thch hp dc theo trc
ngang, v chiu cao ca ng ho m ch ra bin ca n. Sng phc
hnh 2.20 c mt ph tuyn nh trnh by hnh 2.22. Lu cch biu din
ny khng cha bt k mt thng tin no v pha. Hnh 2.23 a ra mt s v
d na v cc dng sng ph bin.
Cc phn tch ph trong cc v d ny gi nh rng cc sng phc l c
chu k v gi nh dng sng tng t c lp i lp li mt cch v hn.
Trong thc tin, cch phn tch trn l c cn c min l dng sng vn nht
qun trong sut cc chu ki lin tc. Tuy nhin, nhiu m, bao gm c mt s
m trong li ni, khng th hin s lin tc t chu k dao ng ny n chu k
dao ng khc. Mt loi sng thng hay xut hin l loi sng c gi l
gn nh th c chu k (quasiperiodic). Hnh dung ta y con lc mt ln, sau
cho n lc t do mt vi chu k trc khi y ln th hai. Cc chu k xy ra
sau mi ln y s gim xung v bin tc ph thuc vo mc tt
dn trong h thng; v n vn duy tr n ln y tip theo gi bin dao
ng tr li gi tr ban u ca n. Nu cc ln y thc hin cc khong
bng nhau th sng to thnh s c mt chu k c tht n nh bi mi khong
ny, vi mt chui cc sng hnh sin tt dn xy ra gia.
Hnh 2.22- ng nh ph
245
Hnh 2.23- Cc ng nh ph ca hai dng sng thng thng:
(a) sng vung gc; (b) sng rng ca
Hnh 2.23 a ra hai v d, trong (a) ch c mt i lng tt dn
nh, cn (b) c i lng tt dn ln. Cc thuc tnh ph ca cc sng nh th
c xc nh bng ba yu t:
1 tn s dao ng hay cng hng t nhin ca h thng
2 mc tt dn (hay hao ph) trong h thng
3 chu k/ tn s ca ngun nng lng bn ngoi tc ng vo
Hnh 2.25 a ra cc ph tuyn ca cc dng sng Hnh 2.24.
Khong cch gia cc ng ho m c xc nh bi tn s m nh n
nng lng c khi phc (l tn s c bn c tht); tn s ca bin cc
i ca nng lng ho m b quy nh bi tn s cng hng t nhin ca h
thng dao ng; v m hnh ca cc nh bin (to thnh mt dng thng
c cp n nh l ng bao) c xc nh bi mc tt dn trong
h thng ang dao ng. Trong nhng v d ny s khc nhau gia hai ph l
hnh dng ng bao ca chng, bi v n ch l mc tt dn trong cc
h thng cng hng m thay i.
246
Hnh 2.24- Cc dng sng cn chu k: (a) tt dn chm; (b) tt dn
nhanh
Mt khc, nu s tt dn c duy tr thng xuyn, v ch c tn s
ca nng lng phc hi b thay i, th cc ph hp lc c cc ng bao
bin c dng ging nhau v c cc tn trung tm ging nhau; ch c
khong cch tn s gia cc ng ho m ca chng l khc nhau. Hnh 2.26
ch ra cc v d c cc dng sng nh vy cng vi cc ph tng ng ca
chng. Cui cng, nu s tt dn v tn s phc hi nng lng m bt bin,
v ch c tn s dao ng l b thay i, th ch c thay i quan trng s l
tn s trung tm ca nh bin ng bao ph. Cc dng sng v cc ph
minh ho cho iu ny c ch ra hnh 2.27.
247
Hnh 2.25- Cc ng ph: (a) hnh 2.24 (a); (b) hnh 2.24 (b)
C th thy hnh dng ca cc ng bao ph nh ch ra trn ph
thuc vo tn s v cc thuc tnh tt dn ca ring h thng cng hng, v
khng ph thuc vo tn s ca s khi phc nng lng. So snh gia cc
ng bao nh ph ny vi cc ng bao nh ph ca ng cong cng
hng hnh 2.24 s ch ra rng chng tng ng v hnh dng mt cch rt
trc tip. iu ny hon ton chnh xc khi n: nhng nh ph kiu nh vy
biu din mt cch c hiu qu cc thuc tnh c la chn v tn s ca cc
h thng ang dao ng cng hng.
Cc m khng chu k c nh ph phc tp hn nhiu so vi bt k mt
v d no dn ra trn. Trng hp n gin nht l trng hp mt dao
ng hnh sin tt dn n. Cc v d c tt dn cao v thp s c dn ra
Hnh 2.28. Cc nh ph ca hai dng sng ny u khng c cc ng ho
m, n gin l v cc sng u khng c chu k. Dao ng (hnh sin trong
cc v d ny) ng quy ti bin z r mt lot cc chu k v khng c
mt s lp i lp li c chu k no ca dng sng. Mc d vy, nh ph ca
chng vn th hin mt nh nng lng ng bao bin c tn s trung
tm ngang bng vi tn s trung tm ca dao ng hnh sin tt dn, v sc
nt ca nh ng bao vn ph thuc vo mc tt dn.
248
Hnh 2.26- Cc dng sng c s tt dn lin tc v t l tch nng lng
khc nhau cng vi cc ng ph ca chng
(a) (b)
Hnh 2.27- Cc sng 500 Hz tt dn khng c chu k v cc nh ph
tng quan ca chng: (a) tt dn chm; (b) tt dn nhanh
L do ca s vng mt ca cu trc ho m nhng nh ph ny l,
trong thc t, c mt v cc ca cc ho m; chu k phng on ca nhng
dng sng nh vy t bn thn n l v cc. Kt qu l, c s phn b u
nng lng ph trong ton b vng tn s ca ph. Nhng m loi ny, c th
ni, l ang trn ng tr thnh ting n thun tu, trong khng c mt
du hiu no th hin tnh c chu k bt k phng din no ca dng sng.
Trong trng hp cc oan l ting n trng, th nh ph khng c nh nng
249
lng, nhng n cho thy s phn b u ca nng lng bin trn ton
nh ph tn s quan trng. Cc tn s b phn ca ting n thay i lin tc
v lung tung bin v tn s ca chng v cc quan h pha ca chng
vi nhau.
Tt c cc loi quang ph c tho lun trong phn ny u c mt
trong li ni. C th, loi gn nh c chu k - v th l mt ci g phc tp
hn so vi cc v d y - to thnh c s m hc ca cc nguyn m, trong
khi cc ph khng c chu k khc nhau l ch yu i vi cc m tc v
cc m xt.
8.1.5. Mt s thuc tnh thm nhn c bn ca sng m
c im tri nhn ca ngi l ch cc cm gic m chng ta tri qua
trong phn x vi cc kch thch him khi tng ng mt cch trc tip vi
cc gi tr m chng ta rt ra c t nhng kt qu o c v chnh nhng
kch thch y. V d, s tri nhn ca chng ta v sng (light) v ti (dark),
khng ging nh s vn hnh ca mt chic ng h o sng, nhng li rt
nhy cm vi mi trng: mu xm trng c v sng hn trn mt nn ti,
nh nng mt tri dng nh c v chi hn khi bn i t trong to nh ti ra,
mt s mu sc di s chiu sng nht nh l d phn bit hn nhiu so vi
cc mu sc khc, v v.v. Nhng quan nim tng t p dng i vi s tri
nhn m, c nghin cu di tiu tm l m hc. y chng ti ch
cp n s tri nhn v ln (loudness), cao (pitch) v ci m chng ta
trc y gi l m sc (timbre).
H thnh gic ngi c kh nng p li mt di ln cc cng m
thanh, v ngng trn ca di ny ln hn gp triu ln so vi cng c
lnh hi thp nht. iu ny khng ch dn n mt s gi tr s bt tin, m,
do bn cht tri nhn tri sinh, cc con s khng c lin h h hiu vi nhng
kt qu tri nhn v s khc nhau v cng . Nu cng ca mt m
c tng gp i v gi tr s theo mt t l tuyn tnh n thun, th iu
khng nht thit c ngha l c s gia tng gp i trong cm gic v ln.
Mi quan h gia ln c tri gic v cng m hc mang tnh l ga
(logarithmic) hn. Trong h thng l ga, cc s gia l cc lu tha ca 10, v
d, 2 tng ng vi 10
2
(= 100), 3 tng ng vi 10
3
(= 1000), v v.v.
Do cch m t cng tin li hn c sao cho n c tng quan vi
250
ln c tri gic l theo mt t l l ga, so snh m vi mt cng quy
chiu. tng nh Alexander Graham Bell (ngi pht minh ra my in
thoi) thut ng BEL c t cho mt n v ca h thng l ga ny: 1 Bel
th hin t l 10:1, 2 Bel tng ng vi t l 100:1. Ho ra n v ny l qu
ln v nhng mc ch thc tin, v v th t l mt phn mi ca n l
DECIBEL (dB) c chp nhn lm n v o thng thng. V vy, mt
decibel bng 10 ln l ga (log
10
) ca cng o c (I
a
) chia cho cng
quy chiu (I
b
):
1 dB = 10log
10
(I
a
/ I
b
)
Ch cng ca m bt k c m t bng dB lun lun c quan
h vi mt mc cng quy chiu no .Khi cc gi tr dB c m t m
khng ch r ra mc quy chiu ny (nh chng thng l nh vy) th ngi
ta thng gi nh rng mc quy chiu l ngng thnh gic. C th ly
ngng ny c cng l 10
16
Watt trn cm
2
, tng ng vi p sut m
20Pa, thng k cho thy ngng thnh gic tuyt i l mt m cao hnh sin
1 kHz.
V cng t l vi bnh phng p sut m, cho nn mt decibel
cng tng ng vi 20 ln l ga (log
10
) ca p sut c o (P
x
) chia cho
mc p sut m quy chiu (P
y
):
Cng c tnh theo p sut m theo cch ny, s dng ngng
thnh gic lm mc quy chiu, gi l mc p sut m hay SPL. Mt s mc
p sut m in hnh l:
130dB cc m rt ln, chng hn nh nt nhc ca kn trm pet
ting chung ca kh c, hay nhc kim to;
100 dB ting nhc ng hoc ting xa cu thng hoc ting ci cnh
st
80 dB ting n trong bung li my bay phn lc;
70 dB li ni bnh thng;
60 dB ting n nn trong phng tnh;
40 dB ting ni rt trm;
20 dB ting n cn d li trong phng x l m chng hn nh phng
b m;
251
0 dB ngng thnh gic.
Mc d t l dB theo hm l ga lin kt cng vi ln c tri
gic tt hn nhiu so vi t l tuyn tnh n gin, nhng vn c s khc nhau
ng k v ln c tri gic ca cc m cc tn s khc nhau. H thng
thnh gic ca mt ngi ln kho mnh s p li nhng m cc tn s
trong vng t khong 20 Hz n khong 20.000 Hz, nhng h thng thnh
gic khng nhy cm mt cch nh nhau vi cc m tt c cc tn s trong
di ny. Ngay cc m cao hnh sin n gin vi cc tn s khc nhau cng c
th thay i khong 40 dB hoc hn cng ca chng sinh ra ln
c tri gic ging nhau. iu ny c bit ng i vi cc m c tn s
thp di 200 Hz; mc t hn, n cng c th ng i vi cc m trn
5000 Hz. (Nhng hu ht cc thng tin hu ch trong li ni nm trong vng
tn s t 200 - 5000 Hz). ln ca cc m phc l mt vn kh hn, v
s khng c nghin cu k y. Trong cc thut ng i cng, ln l
mt hm s v vng tn s v s phn b nng lng ca cc b phn tn s
trong m ang xt.
Cao l chu k tn s c tip nhn hay ca mt sng m. Cao
c tip nhn phn ln b quy nh bi tn s c bn ca m, v mt phm
vi nh hn, bi cng ca m, nhng mi quan h gia cao v tn s
c bn li khng mang tnh cht tuyn tnh v thng thay i cng vi tn s
i km.
S nhy cm ca chng ta i vi nhng thay i v tn s ca mt m
cao hnh sin - ni cch khc s phn bit cao ca chng ta - thay i ln
khi chng ta nng t l tn s nghe c ln. Di 1000 Hz, ngi nghe c
th nghe thy mt cch d dng nhng thay i tn s t 4 - 5 Hz; trn tn s
ny, kh nng nhn ra nhng thay i cc nh v tn s ca chng ta gim
xung lin tc v ng k. khong 8000 Hz ngi nghe c th gp kh
khn trong vic phn bit nhng thay i di 40 hoc 50 Hz. Hnh 2.27 ch
ra nhng khc bit ng ch mt cch chnh xc (JND) v cao t xng
vi tn s trc nghim, minh ho c im ny.
V mi quan h gia tn s v cao khng mang tnh cht tuyn tnh
do mt n v thm nhn c gi l Mel c xut ti hin cc
s gia tng ng ca cao v gn kt chng vi tn s. Hnh 2.28 cho
252
bit cc gi tr mel i lp vi tn s: di 1000 Hz c s tng ng khc
trc tip gia cao tip nhn v tn s, cn trn 1000 Hz th mi quan h
ny v c bn l theo hm l ga. Bn c no mun bit cch tnh c th lu
n cng thc sau u ca Fant (1968):
P = (1000/ log
10
2) (log
10
(1 + f/ 1000))
trong P = cao o bng n v mel v f = tn s o bng n v
hertz.
Hnh 2.28- Nhng khc bit ng ch v tn s (JND) i vi tn s
C nhiu php ci bin khc t tn s sang n v mel do Beranek a
ra (1949), Lindsay v Norman (1977) v O Shaughnessy (1987).
Cc m phc gy ra mt vn t m. Cao tip nhn ph thuc vo
tn s c bn, hay b phn tn s thp nht trong cu trc ph ca m. Bin
ca tn s c bn d c nm trong mi quan h vi cc b phn ho m
khc ca m th cng khng c vn g. Qu thc, thm ch nu g b tn s
c bn bng mt hnh thc x l in t no chng hn nh lc, th mt
cao tng ng vi tn s c bn, c gi l tn s c bn o
(phantom fundamental), vn s c tri nhn. (Nh rng n l tn s c bn
xc nh khong cch ca cc ho m). Dng nh thng tin cao ch yu
c th c gii m bi ngi nghe t cu trc ho m ca m phc, ch t ra
cng l i vi cc tn s ln n khong 5000 Hz.
253
Cui cng chng ta quay tr li vi m sc v v d v chic n vi
lng v chic so, chi cng mt nt nhc nhng nghe rt khc nhau. Thc
cht, m sc l cht lng tip nhn trong cc m phc: chng ta nghe thy
nhng khc bit ca m sc trong cc m phc, cho d khi cao v ln
tip nhn ca chng l nh nhau, bi v do s khc nhau trong phn b nng
lng ca quang ph ca chng.
Hnh 2.29- Mel so snh vi tn s
C th ch cn phn bit cc m thanh ting ni theo cch ny, v d
n gin nht l cc m nguyn m thun tu. Mt ngi c th pht ra nhiu
nguyn m khc nhau cng cao v ln, nhng cc nguyn m c
tip nhn nh l cc m khc nhau v l do l chic n vi lng v cy so
nghe khc nhau, tc l s phn b cc ngun nng lng quang ph ca
chng c khc nhau. Nh chng ta s thy di y, cn nhng phc tp
khc na trong cc m li ni, nhng cc qu trnh thm nhn l thuc vo
cc nguyn l c bn ny. Nhng thng tin su v s thm m c th thy
Lindsay v Norman (1977), Moore (1982) v Warren (1982).
8.1.6. M hnh m hc ca qu trnh pht m li ni
Hot ng m hc v cc thuc tnh ca b my pht m (vocal tract)
trong qu trnh pht m li ni trong truyn thng c nghin cu thnh m
hnh ngun v lc c dng khi qut nh trnh by Hnh 2.30.
254
N
gun
B
lc
Tn
hiu li ni
iu
khin xt v
ging
iu
khin b my
pht m
Hnh 2.30- M hnh ngun v b lc ca qu trnh sn sinh li ni
Theo m hnh ny, tn hiu li ni xt v mt m hc c th c xem
nh l kt qu ca cc thuc tnh ca ngun pht ra m, b thay i bi cc
c im ca b my pht m ng chc nng nh mt b lc tn s c tnh
cht la chn. C cc thuc tnh ca ngun pht ra m ln cc thuc tnh ca
b my pht m u c th b thay i - v b thay i mt cch lin tc -
trong sut qu trnh ni nng.
Mt m t li ni tt nhin nn gn kt cc thuc tnh m hc ca tn
hiu li ni vi thng tin m v hc m tn hiu chuyn ti. y hin nhin l
mt nhim v n gin, nhng m hnh lc v ngun pht ra m em li mt
cch phn chia c tnh chc nng ca cc c ch vn ch ng tham gia vo
qu trnh sn sinh cc m li ni.
8.1.7. B lc b my pht m trong qu trnh sn sinh nguyn m
M hnh ngun v lc coi b my pht m l mt b lc: b lc l tn
s - c la chn v thng xuyn thay i cc c im quang ph ca cc
ngun m trong sut qu trnh pht m. Cc thuc tnh ca b lc thay i
lun tc, v chng c xc nh bi cu trc hnh hc ca b my pht m,
m bn thn n cng b thay i khi ngi ni dch chuyn v nh v cc c
quan cu m chng hn nh li v mi.
Chng ti bt u bng vic nghin cu m hc qu trnh to sn
nguyn m - cc ph m c phn phc tp hn - v ly mt trong s cc v d
n gin nht, nguyn m gia di [] chng hn nh nghe thy trong t
fur (lng v) hay bird (chim) cch pht m chp nhn c (Received
Pronounciation). Nguyn m ny c hnh thnh bi li, hai mi v hm
v tr m gia tng i, cn giao din ca b my pht m pha trn yt hu
t nhiu ng nht dc theo chiu di ca n, nh thy Hnh 2.36(a). Trong
cu trc nguyn m ny, hnh th ca b my pht m gn ging ng ng
mt cnh song song c khp li mt u (thanh qun) v m mt u
255
khc (hai mi), nh s ch ra Hnh 2.36 (b). Vi mt u khp, ng ng
ny hot ng nh mt khoang cng hng.
Hnh 2.36- Cu hnh hp cng hng i vi nguyn m gia []: (a)
b my pht m thc; (b) ng tng ng vi (a)
Hnh 2.37- p sut tn s cng hng sng 1/ 4 v cc m hnh tc
ht trong khoang cng hng hnh ng n gin
Trong trng hp ny, s cng hng nm trong ct kh bn trong
ng ng, do s di li ca p sut kh t mt u ng ny n u kia trong
ci c coi l sng thng (standing wave) hay sng tnh. Min sao chiu di
ca ng ng ln hn nhiu so vi ng knh ca n, p sut kh s c
di li khi mt lng p sut ti thiu din ra u m ca ng ng v mt
lng p sut cc i din ra u khp ca ng. iu kin ny s c tho
256
mn mt phn t mt chu k trn vn ca mt dao ng hnh sin v mi
na ca tng chu k sau , nh ch ra Hnh 2.37. Kt qu l, ct kh trong
ng s cng hng tn s c bn tng ng vi 4 ln chiu di ca ng
(v mt phn t chu k dao ng) v cc tn s tng ng vi mt na
chu k k tip sau - ni cch khc, cc tn s gp 3, 5, 7 (v v.v) ln tn
s cng hng c bn.
Nu chng ta ly s thay th cho cc bi s quan yu 1, 3, 5, 7, v.v. v C
l tc ca m trong khng kh (khong 340 m/s mc nc bin), sau
em nhn s vi C, chia cho 4 ln chiu di ca ng, s cho p s tn s cng
hng:
F
res
= sC/ 4l
Phng trnh ny thc s khng tuyt i chnh xc, v sng thng
khng dng li mt cch chnh xc ti u m ca ng. Ni cch khc, u
m hc ca ng vt qua mt cht u vt l ca ng. Phng trnh ny do
vy cn c mt end correction, m mt phn c lin quan n ng knh
ca ng; chi tit hn c th xem Wood (1964). Cng nn lu nhng pha di
li trong ct kh l khng hon ho, v mt ngun nng lng m hc no
b bc x. Tt nhin l mun iu ny xy ra - sao cho m c lan truyn -
nhng n thc s sinh ra nhng hao ph trong ct kh th hin s tt dn ca
cc dao ng cng hng.
V vy s khc nhau c bn gia khoang cng hng ng khp nh
va m t v cc h thng ang cng hng nh dn l ch trng hp
u s cng hng xy ra mt lot cc tn s. Dng thc cng hng theo
cp bi s phc tp hn ny l cc k quan trng trong qu trnh sn sinh li
ni.
By gi chng ta tr li nguyn m Hnh 2.36 v khoang cng hng
hnh ng tng ng ca n. Chiu di ca khoang cng hng ny chnh l
chiu di ca b my pht m t mi n thanh mn. Tt nhin b my pht
m ngi c chiu di khng ging nhau, v c mt s khc nhau r rt, ph
thuc vo vic ngi l nam hay n, vo s trng thnh v th cht v
v.v. Vi nhng suy ngh nh vy chng ta c th ly b my pht m ca mt
ngi n ng in hnh c chiu di l 17,6 cm (Fant 1960). Theo t liu ca
Pickett (1980), chiu di ca b my pht m ca n bng khong 80 - 90
257
phn trm chiu di b my pht m ca nam, trong khi chiu di ca b
my pht m ca tr em, ph thuc vo tui, c th bng khong 50 phn trm
chiu di b my pht m ca ngi ln (nam).
Dng phng trnh cng hng hnh ng trn - gm c nhng sa
cha nh hng u mt - chng ta c th ch ra rng mt b my pht m
c chiu di l 17,6 cm s cng hng cc tn s 500Hz, 1500 Hz, 2500 Hz
v tin n v hn.
Hnh 2.38- Phn x tn s ca hp cng hng hnh ng i vi b my
pht m nam i vi nguyn m []
Hnh 2.38 cho thy s di li tn s ca khoang cng hng hnh ng
ny. Hnh ny cho thy cc c im c la chn ca tn s tng t vi cc
c im ca khoang cng hng n gin, nhng vi mt ngoi l l mt
lot cc nh cng hng gi y xut hin cc tn s c tnh bng
phng trnh cng hng hnh ng. V cc nh cng hng ny, c ba nh
thp nht l ng vai tr quan trng trong vic xc nh cht lng nguyn
m. Cc nh cng hng cao hn tham gia nhiu hn vo cht ging c
nhn, v cng tr thnh t quan trng hn khi trn khong 5 kHz.
Cc thuc tnh cng hng ny ca b my pht m tt nhin phi c
xem xt trong mi tng quan vi ngun m, m i vi cc nguyn m
chnh l sinh m bnh thng thanh qun. Trn thc t, tn hiu li ni pht
ra t hai mi thc s phn nh cc thuc tnh m hc tng hp ca sinh m,
258
s cng hng b my pht m v cc thuc tnh bc x m hc ca u
ngi. Hnh 2.39 cho thy cc b phn ny i vi nguyn m [], l:
a nh ph ca sinh m thanh qun
b s hi p tn s cng hng ca b my pht m
c nh ph sinh m do nhng nh hng ca s cng hng b my
pht m
d nh ph ca sng p sut m m hc b bc x cui cng
e bn thn sng p sut m tnh theo trng thi gian
Trong v d l tng ny, nh ph sinh m (a) c gi nh c dc
l - 12 dB trn mt qung tm, cn cc nh cng hng trong b my pht
m (b) c cc bin ngang bng nhau. Kt qu l mt nh ph (c) vi cc
nh nng lng gy ra do s cng hng. Cc nh nng lng ny, sinh ra
do s gia tng c la chn ca ngun nh s cng hng b my pht m,
c gi l cc phoc mng. Bn thn cc cng hng b my pht m i
khi c cp n vi t cch nh l cc formant, nhng iu ny v mt k
thut l khng chnh xc. Cc formant l 1 h qu ca s cng hng, ch
khng phi l bn thn s cng hng. Cc formant mang ti thng tin ca
nh ph li ni c nh s mt cch quy c ln lt t tn s thp nht
tr i (F
1
, F
2
.v.v.); 3 formant thp nht l cc thng s quan trng trong mt
m t cht lng nguyn m.
nh ph cui cng (d) ca sng p sut m b bc x c mt dc tn
s cao ch mt na c ch ra (c). iu ny l do m pht ra t mi, v
hai mi to thnh mt im duy nht c quan h vi vng mt ca u. u
ng chc nng nh mt loi mt phn chiu, hay, mt cch chnh xc hn,
nh mt vch ngn hnh cu c bn knh khong 9 cm. iu ny to ra s lan
truyn ca m cao tn v khin cho tn hiu pht ra tng ln khong + 6 dB
trn mt qung tm t khu vc vi trm Hz tr ln. dc 12 dB trn mt
qung tm ca ngun ging do c gim xung 6 dB trn mt qung
tm hu hiu, cng lm nng cao cc kha cnh mang ti thng tin ca tn
hiu.
V d ca chng ti v nguyn m [] gi nh rng c mt s tt dn
(di) bng nhau trn mi mt cng hng. L nh vy ch nu iu kin ny
c tho mn l cc bin ca cc nh cng hng l bng nhau. Thc t
259
trong nhng iu kin bnh thng, vi thc sinh m cung cp cho ngun m,
thng c tt dn ln hn (di rng hn) nhng cng hng cao hn,
sinh ra cc bin formant khng bng nhau.
Sau khi nhn vo cc c im tn s, chng ta cng c th xem xt qu
trnh to sn nguyn m di nh sng ca dng sng theo trng thi gian
c ch ra Hnh 2.39 (e). y l mt sng gn ging chu k tt dn tng
t nh sng c ch ra trn trong Hnh 2.33 (a) (dng sng) v Hnh 2.33
(b) (ng nh ph). Trong c hai trng hp, ch c mt nh duy nht
ng nh ph, cn cc ng nng lng ho m c xc nh bi mc
lp li ca hot ng khi phc nng lng. Nhng dng sng nguyn m l
phc tp hn: do cc cng hng theo cp s nhn ca b my pht m, c
mt vi sng sin tt dn chng ln nhau, v ch c mt sng din ra tn s
thp nht l nhn thy r.
Hnh 2.39- Cc thuc tnh m hc ca nguyn m []: (a) ph ho m
ca ngun sinh m; (b) phn x cng hng ca b my pht m; (c) ng
bao ph t hot ng lc ca ngun bi s cng hng b my pht m; (d)
ng bao ph ca sng p sut m bc x; (e) sng p sut m theo trng
thi gian
260
Theo cch nhn ny, qu trnh to sn nguyn m c th c xem nh
l mt lot cc xung t thanh qun, gy chn ng khoang cng hng cp s
nhn thnh mt lot cc dao ng hnh sin tt dn xy ra ng thi cc tn
s khc nhau. iu ny cho chng ta mt ci nhn khc v qu trnh sn sinh
li ni, mt ci nhn khng c c s vng chc hn so vi da vo tn s.
Cn lu thm mt iu na l thc t l rt phong ph v khng th rt
ngn li thnh mt phng din n l. Chng ta phi c chun b trc
ngh theo hai cch v tn hiu ngn ng hiu cch thc cu trc m v hc
c lp m nh th no trong n.
Tt c cc m nguyn m u c nh ph phn nh cc c im ngun
pht, b lc v bc x nh m t trn, nhng cn c nhiu nguyn m
khc phc tp hn v d v nguyn m [] ca chng ti. Mt ln na khi
cc c quan cu m i chuyn t v tr t nhiu trung ho ca mt nguyn m
chng hn nh nguyn m [] th giao din ca b my pht m khng thay
i na dc theo chiu di ca n v b my pht m gn ging nh mt ci
ng n gin c hai cnh song song. Cc c im cng hng ca b my
pht m do s phc tp hn. S thay i v tr ca li, s nng ln v h
xung ca hm, v s chm hay trn ca mi tt c u c th tham gia vo
s thay i khu vc giao din. i vi nguyn m [], vng giao din c
din tch l 6 cm
2
; nhng mt s nguyn m, c bit l cc nguyn m cao,
bao gm mt phn vic thu li cc hp ca b my pht m, v vng giao
din im hp nht c th nh bng mt phn mi lm ca vng giao din
vng rng nht trong b my pht m. i vi nguyn m [u:], c pht
m vi hai mi chm trn v li rt li hon ton, Fant (1960) tnh nhng
vng ny nh bng 0.32 cm
2
khu vc hai mi v ln bng 13 cm
3
khoang
trc. H qu ca nhng bin i nh vy l vic nh v ca cc nh cng
hng trn thang tn s khng cn c phn b mt cch ng u nhau
na. Cc bin c lin quan ca chng cng khng ng u, v c xc
nh bng cc mi quan h tn s ca chng. Mt iu phc tp na l ch
c th c nhng khc bit tuyt i v bin ca cc nh ring l, do nhng
khc bit v b rng di tn ca chng gy ra. y khng th dng php
tnh khoang cng hng hnh ng n thun tm ra v tr ca cc cng
hng ca b my pht m.
261
tnh ng khong b my pht m thay i theo khu vc dc theo
chiu di ca n, chng ta c th tng tng ra hai ng ng c kch c
khc nhau ni vi nhau. V c th c tnh cc m hnh cng hng c
phn b mt cch khng ng u ca b my pht m t mt php tnh ng
khong n gin nh vy, mt i ghp li ca cc khoang cng hng ng.
Fant (1960) cung cp nhng ci gi l cch tnh cc gi tr s bng s
(nomograph), nhng cch biu din bng s m t c th tnh c cc
gi tr. Cch tnh gi tr bng s ca Fant cho php chng ta dn xut 4
cng hng thp nht t chiu di ca cc khoang cng hng v cc vng
giao din ca chng. Hnh 2.40 cho thy cc khoang cng hng ghp/ kt
hp kiu nh vy i vi cc nguyn m khc nhau vi cc v tr ng khong
ca cc nh cng hng ca chng.
Tuy nhin cng cn phi ht sc lu l cch trnh by bng hai ng
ng nh trn ch l mt cch tnh gn ng th thin ca h thng khoang
cng hng ca b my pht m ca ngi trong qu trnh to sn nguyn
m. Cch tnh gn ng trn c th c ci tin bng cch dng nhiu hn
hai khoang cng hng - qu thc, cng nhiu ng th php tnh gn ng
cng tt hn - nhng cc php tnh cng s tr nn phc tp hn khi s lng
cc ng ng tng.
Nhiu hc thuyt m hc v qu trnh to sn nguyn m trc y
thc t c gng gii thch cc m hnh cng hng ca cc nguyn m
trong b my pht m c to thnh bi hai khoang cng hng kt hp li
vi nhau.S tin li hn nu chng ta kt hp cc cng hng (v y l cc
formant) vi cc khoang c th c hnh thnh bi hnh dng b my pht
m c trng cho mt m c th. M hnh thc s hot ng tt hn i vi
cc nguyn m cao chng hn nh [i:] trong li chia b my pht m ra
thnh mt khoang trc nh v mt khoang sau to. Trong trng hp ny
cng hng th nht do s rt thp v cng hng th hai s rt cao.
Nhng tht khng may, m hnh ny hot ng khng tt mt l i vi cc
cng hng tn s cao hai l i vi cc nguyn m m ni chung.
Hnh 2.41 cho thy cc hnh th ca b my pht m v cc ph in
hnh ca cc nguyn m [i], [a] v [u]. Cc s v b my pht m c ly
t d liu tia - X v th hin vng giao din ang thay i ca b my pht
262
m t hai mi n thanh mn. Nh lu trn, n l s phn b ca ba
formant thp nht trong cc nh ph ny khin cho cc nguyn m phn bit
nhau. Lu l cc tr tuyt i ca cc tn s formant l khng quan trng,
nhng mi quan h ln nhau ca chng ang phn nh c trng h thng c
hu ca th i lp m v v s lp m ca n trong tn hiu li ni m hc.
Cn phi hiu mt iu l cc tn s ca cc nh cng hng b my
pht m thc s khng trng khp cn thit mt cch chnh xc vi cc
ng nng lng ho m t ngun ging. Chng s trng hp ch khi tn s
cng hng l mt bi s ca tn s sinh m (F
0
); bi v c tn s sinh m ln
cc m hnh cng hng u thay i mt cch lin tc trong khi ni, cc tn
s s khng c quan h vi nhau mt cch h thng v nht qun. C hai h
qu quan trng ca iu ny. Th nht l i vi tn s ca mt formant cho
trc (v d, tn s bin nng lng cc i ca n) c th khng trng
hp mt cch chnh xc vi tn s ca cng hng b my pht m. Th hai
i vi cc ging c di tn F
0
cao (c bit l i vi ging ni ca tr con
v ca mt s ph n) c th s c rt t ng ho m trong vng bin -
nng cao ca mt nh cng hng b my pht m cho, v v vy formant
to thnh c th s khng c xc nh mt cch r rng. Hnh 2.42 minh
ho hai trng hp cc oan.
Cho n y chng ti b qua cc nguyn m mi - cc nguyn m
trong h thng khoang cng hng ming - yt hu c kt hp vi h
thng khoang cng hng ca cc khoang mi nh vic h thp xung ca
ngc mm.
263
Hnh 2.40- Tnh xp x cc hp cng hng ng i ca b my pht m
i vi cc nguyn m khc nhau: (a) cc min hp cng hng; (b) m hnh
formant
Khi kt hp mi xy ra th h thng khoang cng hng ph lm thay
i cc m hnh cng hng n gin mt cch tng i i vi cc nguyn
m ming: mt s cng hng, nht l cc cng hng thp nht, c nng
ln v cc cng hng khc b yu i do ci gi l cc phn cng hng
trong h thng khoang cng hng kt hp. Mc d cc khoang mi v gii
264
phu l n nh, hnh dng ni chung ca chng b tc ng bi cc yu t
sinh l v, nh Fant (1960) ch ra, s phn b cng hng mi do l
khng th on trc c. T quan im ngi nghe, kha cnh quan trng
nht ca vic kt hp mi l ch n lm bin dng nh ph nguyn m c
bn i. N l mt s khc nhau ng k gia ph b bin dng v khng b
bin dng vn rt quan trng trong vic thm nhn mt th i lp. Hnh 2.42
cho thy (a) h thng khoang cng hng phc tp ca mt nguyn m b mi
ho in hnh, v (b) loi nh ph m c th l kt qu ca qu trnh ny.
Cui cng, cn lu vi bn c l ch t i vi cc nguyn (d c b
mi ho hay khng), l s phn b tng i ca cc nh cng hng trong
b my pht m mi l vn ng quan tm. V vy nu sinh m ging th
tho (whisper) ch khng phi l sinh m ging ni bnh thng c s
dng vi t cch l ngun pht m th c im nguyn m c th vn c
bo ton. Trong cc nguyn m c pht m th tho, cc formant l cc
nh ca nng lng khng c chu k, chng minh rng bn thn cc nh
nng lng vn phn nh cc c im b lc ca b my pht m v cho
php ngi nghe thy r c im ca cc nguyn m.
Hnh 2.41- Cc nh ph v cc cu hnh ca b my pht m i vi cc
nguyn m (a) [i]; (b) [a]; (c) [u]
265
Hnh 2.42- Hiu ng gin cch ho m trn cu trc nh ph
Hnh 2.43- Nguyn m mi ho: (a) h thng cng hng b my pht
m; (b) nguyn m ming v ph nguyn m mi tng ng i vi nguyn
m [a]
8.1.8. Nhng thuc tnh m hc ca cht lng nguyn m
T lu ngi ta bit c rng nhng nt khu bit thnh gic trong
cht lng mi nguyn m khin cho chng ta c th gn cho chng cc nhn
khu bit v m v hc phn ln c xc nh da vo nhng phn b tn s
ca ba formant u tin. Vo th k th 19, cc nh nghin cu chng hn nh
266
Willis v Helmholt nhn thy vai tr ca cng hng trong b my pht
m v cu trc formant - mc d thut ng formant lc cha c - cng
nh Miller, Stumpf, Paget v nhiu ngi khc na u th k th 20.
Stewart (1922) thnh cng trong vic chng minh gi tr ca m hnh
ngun v b lc i vi nghin cu m hc li ni bng mt chic my in
th s ging nh b my pht m. Chic my ny s dng mt thit b
pht m nh mt ci my pht ra xung c chu k lm ngun (thanh qun) pht
m, v cc mch in cng hng n gin (mi mch c duy nht mt nh
cng hng) lm mng lc ca b my pht m, to ra cc m nguyn m
tng hp c th nhn bit c. Thnh cng ca Stewart l ch ra vai tr
ca formant trong vic xc nh cht lng nguyn m. Delattre et al. (1952)
v Miller (1953) xc nhn iu ny bng cc nghin cu v thm m
chuyn su c s dng cc k thut tng hp nguyn m phc tp hn nhiu,
v nhng nghin cu ca h c nhiu ngi sau ny i theo, s dng
cc phng php bao gm c pht m v thm m.
Tuy nhin, cht lng nguyn m khng ch l vn ca cc gi tr
formant tnh. Miller (1953), Linblom v Studdert-Kennedy (1967), Millar v
Ainsworth (1972) v nhiu ngi khc ch ra rng chng ta cng phi da
vo m hnh ng ton din cu trc m tit b sung thm cho thng tin
formant trong vic thit lp c im m v hc ca cc m nguyn m.
Nhng yu t quan yu bao gm F
0
v nhng bin i formant khi ng cnh
cc ph m.
Trc khi my phn tch ph ra i vo nhng nm 1940, vic phn tch
m hc li ni kh nhc v hn ch do nhng hn ch v cng c n ni cu
trc formant v mi quan h ca n vi cht lng thnh gic ca cc m li
ni hu nh c khm ph khng ng k trong li ni t nhin. T nm
1946 my phn tch ph mang li mt thay i ln lao. Ngi ta sm nhn
thc c rng nu tn s 2 formant u tin ca cc nguyn m m c v
i lp nhau trn cc trc vi t l v hng thch hp, th kt qu s l 1 bn
nguyn m ging vi bn nguyn m ca mt bn thnh gic ca
cht lng nguyn m. L lun c cng b sm nht v mi quan h vic
lp th ny c th coi l ca Essner (1947), mc d c nhiu ngi bit n
cng trnh ca Joos (1948) hn. Ladefoged (1967, chng 2) v Catford
(1981) a ra mt s chi tit v lch s ny.
267
Gi s nhng vn ca vic a ra mt m t thnh gic c th tin cy
c v cht lng nguyn m, s sn c mt k thut phn tch m hc c v
khch quan, khng ph thuc vo thin kin ch quan ca con ngi, l mt
bc quan trng trong m t ng m hc v m v hc. K thut c bn c
mt th v cht lng nguyn m l v th F
2
trn trc ngang, vi cc
gi tr tng ln t phi sang tri, cn F
1
trn trc dc vi cc gi tr tng ln t
nh xung y. Ngoi ra, thang tn s ca F
1
ti thiu phi gp i thang tn
s ca F
2
m bo th v xong c t l b ngoi ph hp.
Hnh trn cho thy cc nguyn m theo mt trt t sp xp thnh gic
chun, c phn b t trc ra sau theo phng nm ngang v t cao xung
thp theo phng nm dc. Trong s ny, nguyn m ng trc c
trnh by cn xng vi gi tr ca F
2
, trong khi chiu cao nguyn m, tri
li, cn xng vi gi tr ca F
1
. V vy cc nguyn m sau c xem l c cc
gi tr F
2
thp hn, cn cc nguyn m cao c xem l c cc gi tr F
2
thp
hn. S trn ngu nhin ch ra mt s c im ca ting Anh c, c th
nt tng ng m hc ca [a:] (nh trong t clam (bnh tnh) hay t heart (tri
tim) v [] (nh trong t come (i) hay hut (ci lu): y l 1 phn ca mt
bng chng cho vic xc nhn hai nguyn m ny phn bit nhau thun tu
ch bng trng (duration) trong ting Anh c (Bernard 1967). N cng
cho thy s dch chuyn nguyn m trc c tht din ra trong ting Anh
New Zealand.
Mc d cc th kiu nh trn l cc k hu ch, nhng chng vn
khng dng c mt th chnh m st ng nh hi vng. iu ny
c nhn thc ngay t nhng nm 1940 v Joos (1948) s dng cc t l
logarith biu din cc trc formant, trong khi Delattre (1951) li bnh
lun rt nhiu v vn gn kt (relating) cc m t nguyn m theo thnh
gic v pht m vo cc m t m hc, trong bi cnh cc th logarith
thuc kiu m Joos dng. Trong cng trnh nguyn cu su v cht lng
nguyn m ca mnh Ladefoged (1967) chuyn d liu formant thnh t l
cao hay mel nhm c gng tin n gn hn mt biu m hc theo nh
hng thnh gic v do tht hn v mt thnh gic. Ladefoged lu , mc
d dng php ci bin ny, mt th hai formant khng hin th mt cch
tho ng nhng khc bit thnh gic gia cc nguyn m ti cc vng cc
268
cao v sau ca khong trng nguyn m; mt ch khc th n tho ng mt
cch hp l.
Gn y hn Lindau (1978) v Ladefoged (1982, c bit l cc trang:
177-80), da vo sc mnh ca cc phn tch thng k rt phc tp, thay
min biu din F
2
bng s khc nhau gia F
2
v F
1
(v d: F
2
F
1
). Lp lun
ny tuyn b rng s khc nhau ny c lin quan trc tip hn n khi nim
thnh gic trc v sau hn so vi ring F
2
. H cng vn gi thang t l
cao (mel) ca cc gi tr tn s trn c 2 trc.
Catford (1981) xut mt gii php khc cho vn ny. ng
bp mo cc mi quan h gia thang t l tn s v trc gc ca th
formant ph hp vi th nguyn m chnh truyn thng (trong tt c
cc nguyn m u l hoc khng trn mi hoc trn mi, v vy ct b mt
bin th khi vn lp th). Mc d y l mt kin rt th v, v a
li mt ho hp rt tuyt gia da liu thnh gic v m hc ca Catford, n
da trn mt gi thuyt cho rng mt bng nguyn m chnh l mt th
tuyn tnh mt cch hp l (mt cch tin gi nh) v nht qun th hin cht
lng thnh gic v c th ly lm chun. Cho thnh t nt v on thng
thy trong khi chn cc nguyn m chnh gc, v mt ci g mang bn cht
ton thnh ca vic s dng v bo v tip sau ca h, mt bo v khoa hc
ca gi nh ny rt c th s rt kh khn. Vic tch cc nguyn m thnh
phm tr trn mi v khng trn mi c mt phm cht v mt m hc,
nhng khng phi khng c nhng hn ch, bi v cch lm thng l ca
m v hc thch trnh by tt c cc nguyn m ca mt ngn ng trong mt
ci bng duy nht v th hin c cc mi quan h h thng ca chng. S
thc l hu ht cc ngn ng u c cc m nguyn m trn mi v khng
trn mi, v v tr mi thng c tnh cht trung gian gia cc m trn mi v
khng trn mi hon ton.
Ladefoged (1967) quan st v thy rng mt bn nguyn m 2
chiu bt k no u s c nhng bt chc, c th l ni cc nguyn m c cc
gi tr trc v chiu cao ging nhau nhng li c cc v tr mi khc nhau.
Vn m hc c bn i vi mt bn hai formant l ch n khng th
hin F
3
, vn cng tham gia vo cht lng nguyn m. V d, trong khi di
chuyn t nguyn m 5 n nguyn m 6, th s c th c mt tt gim F
3
269
hng trm Hz nhng iu ny thng khng c hin th trn bn hai
formant. Cc cht lng nguyn m gia 5 v 6 c th cn nhiu hn hai
formant u a ra mt th tng xng v cc mi quan h thnh gic
c tht ca chng. Fant (1968, 1973) cp n vn ny, mt phn t
quan im tng hp li ni, v xut cn phi s dng F
2
weighted,
bin lun F
3
l F
2
gia tng v tn s, nhng phng hng tip cn cng c
nhng hn ch ca n v khng c ph bin rng ri. Cng cn phi lu
l c hai phc ny u khng bin lun cho vic chun ho trng ca
b my pht m. Cc th thnh gic v cht lng nguyn m dng nh
ph bin trn hng lot cc c nhn v v th m ch mt s chun ho nh
vy; nhng vn khng r l cch thc d liu t cc ging khc nhau (nam,
n, tr con) ch thc s c lm tng thch nh th no.
Trn thc t, tt hn ht l chp nhn mt bn formant c bn nh n
vn thng c, v thm vo y trc F
3
nh mt s m rng ca trc F
1
, v
vy mt th i s cho thy tm quan trng tng i ca nhng ng gp
ca tt c 3 formant trong mt tp cc nt khu bit bt k no. Nh s thy
sau y, chin lc ny cng c mt gi tr nht nh trong vic lp bn
ph m. Chng ta tr li nhng phng din ng hc ca ph li ni lin
tc. D liu formant s dng c ly t cc ngun l cc nguyn m thun
tu mt cch chnh danh, tc l cc nguyn m c mt gi tr ch thnh gic
v cu m n nh. ch m hc ca 1 nguyn m c th c nhn ra trn 1
nh ghi ph bng cu trc ph n nh trong 1 ht nhn m tit - mc d y
khng lun l mt vn hon ton n gin. T [ha:d] hnh nh c mt
nguyn m di, thp vi mt ch trng c tht n nh. ch ny c
xc nh bng chui ph m trong cc formant c sp song song vi
trc thi gian v do vy khng thay i. Thng ly cc gi tr formant ch
t khong gia ca chui ny (Trong nh ph ny c nhiu thay i ph khc
lin quan n cc ph m nh v phn kt, nhng s tm thi b qua nhng
vn ny). Cc php tnh ch chnh xc t phc tp hn khi nh m tit c
trng ngn v khng c thi gian cc c quan cu m thit lp mt
ch n nh, m thng dn n kt qu na vi; hoc c th l nhng nh
hng ca cc ph m ng trc v ng sau lm cn tr ch n nh.
Trong nh ph ca t kit, c th thy cc formant dch chuyn v pha v tr
nguyn m c tnh cht ngoi vi, nhng khng bao gi n nh . Cch
270
tnh ch nguyn m tt nht nh ch ra, l ly v tr bin nht (v mt m
hc). Trong nh ph ca t bag, s nh hng ph m li ngn cn ch n
nh, v vng c ch ra nm khu vc gia ca ht nhn m tit, trong
nhng nh hng ca hai ph m ho nhp vo vng ch nguyn m. Nhng
vn tng t ca vic phn tch cc nh nguyn m bn trong cc ph
ng hc ca cc m tit c Stevens et al. (1966) tho lun su.
Vic lp bn m hc cc nguyn m khng phi b rng buc vo
nhng thng tin tnh trong nh ph. C th c ch ra mt cch sng r cc
m lt v nhng dch chuyn pht m cc nguyn m i bng cch dng
mt bn formant. Vic nghin cu kinh in v vic lp biu nguyn
m c tin hnh ngay sau khi xut hin my phn tch ph li ni, do hai
tc gi Peterson v Barney tin hnh (1952), phn tch mt tp hp gm 10
nguyn m n ca mi ngi trong tng s 76 ngi (bao gm nam, n v
tr em). Cc biu 2 formant ca nhng nguyn m ny cho thy lng gi
ln nhau c th nh gi c gia cc nguyn m k cn, chng t vic phn
bit tuyt i v mt m hc gia mt s nguyn m l khng c bit tt.
S gii thch cho iu ny c tnh cht nc i. Th nht, nhng ngi
khc nhau th hin/ hin thc ho v mt ng m (m hc) rt khc nhau cc
nguyn m ca h, nhng h vn duy tr cc i lp h thng mt cch bnh
thng. V vy hai ngi pht m c th thay i v hnh dng khong cch
nguyn m ca h, v cc gi tr formant i vi m [], chng hn, ngi
ny c th gn vi cc gi tr formant i vi m [] ngi kia; nhng c
hai ngi u s th hin nt khu bit m hc tho ng gia [] v []
trong h thng nguyn m ca h. Th hai, mi ngi khc nhau c tht v
trng ca b my pht m ca h, v nhng khc bit ny c nh hng
c hu ln m hnh cc gi tr formant theo nhiu cch m ngi pht m
thc s khng th kim sot ni. V th khng c mt phn bit tuyt i v
mt m hc gia cc nguyn m cn k hoc gn nhau i vi nhiu ngi
khc nhau. L ngi s dng ngn ng chng ta hu nh khng gp kh khn
g trong vic gii quyt vn ny, v chng ta c th, ch cn mt mu li
ni rt nh ca mt ngi, bnh thng ho i vi h thng nguyn m ca
ngi . Ni cch khc chng ta quen iu chnh bn ny tt c mi
ngi.
271
S thc kh nng ng x vi cc h thng khc nhau ca chng ta khng
b hn ch trong mt nhm tng i thun nht, nhng c th m rng sang
cc phng ng hay cc bin th khu vc khc nhau mt cch trit . Mc
d c nhiu chuyn a v nhng hiu nhm trong th gii ni ting Anh,
nhng nhng ln xn c tht l tng i t. n tng hn c l cho rng c
nhng chng cho v khc bit c tht gia cc bin th khu vc ca ting
Anh: nguyn m trong t catch (bt) ca ngi New Zealand, chng hn, c
th st vi nguyn m trong t ketch (thuyn bum) ca mt ngi London;
khi mt ngi c ni t clerk (th k), nhiu ngi M min Bc c th
nghe cht lng nguyn m ca t ging nh t clock (ci ng h) ca
h. Tt nhin vn l nm ch nhiu ngi vn duy tr cc mu khu bit
ca ring h: mt ngi New Zealand thng phn bit t catch vi t ketch,
v mt ngi London cng vy, nhng h phn bit nh vy theo nhiu cch
khc nhau, vi mt i lp v cht lng nguyn m khc nhau. V vy vic
bnh thng ho phn nh mt nguyn l ph qut l khu bit m v hc l
mt vn thuc mt th i lp tng i ni trong mt h thng ch khng
phi l mt vn thuc cc gi tr ng m ph qut hay tuyt i. Ladefoged
v Broadbent (1957) chng minh kh nng i vi vic bnh thng ho
bng mt th nghim kh kho lo bao gm li ni tng hp: s thc, h
ch ra rng cng mt m c th c tip nhn thnh nhng nguyn m khc
nhau, ph thuc vo vic bnh thng ho ca ngi nghe gy ra bi mt m
c pht ra ngay trc m ang bn. Ly v d c tnh cht giai thoi v
nguyn l trn y chng ta c th ni rng mt v cng mt pht ngn c th
c nghe thnh clock nu nhng ngi nghe ang ngh l ting M min
Bc hoc thnh clerk nu h ang ngh l ting c. V vy m khng nn
kt hp d liu formant t nhiu ngi khc nhau, nh Peterson v Barney
lm.
Cho n nay c mt lot cc thut ton c xut cho vic biu
din cc chun ho ton hc d liu formant nhm tho g mt s ngun bin
th. Mt trong nhng thut ton u tin vic cn i theo t l d liu formant
trong quan h vi chiu kch ca b my pht m ca Fant (1966). Rt nhiu k
thut khc cng c pht trin k t , trong Gerstman (1968) v
Nearey (1977) l c bit n nhiu nht. C th thy mt nh gi su v bi
im sch cc quy trnh chun ho ca tc gi Disner (1980). Disner thy rng
272
vic gin lc bin d liu khng c bt k mt gi tr t thn no nu lm th
bo i vi cc mi quan h cht lng nguyn m trong hay gia cc ngn
ng.
Nhiu cng trnh nghin cu i vo cc kha cnh m hc ca cc
nguyn m tp trung vo vic s dng cc thuc tnh khong (space) gian
thi gian - tn s tuyn tnh ca cc nguyn m, v c cung cp mt cch
kh trc tip t vic phn tch ph theo quy c. Mt vi nm trc y, c
s quan tm ngy cng tng ln i vi hng tip cn da vo ngi nghe
nhiu hn n cc quy trnh phn tch v nhng biu din m hc cht lng
nguyn m. c bit, c bit chc chn l h thng thnh gic ca ngi c
mt ho gii tn s tt gim mt cch nhanh chng i vi nhng di tn trn
1 kHz, v cng bit kt qu l kh nng phn bit cc nh nng lng
formant ca chng ta s tr nn ngho nn hn nhng tn s cao hn ny.
Rt c th nghin cu hin ti s to ra nhng k thut chun cho c vic lp
biu ln chun ho d liu nguyn m, da vo vic chuyn i d liu
thnh biu din ph lp mu...... trong bn thn h thng thnh gic ngi
(xem Christovich et al. 1979, v Bladon v Lindblom 1981). Nhng quy trnh
kiu nh vy nhm hng s ch ca chng ta vo nhng kha cnh quan
yu nht v mt thm nhn ca d liu, nhng nhng quy trnh ny hin vn
cn ang tranh ci v cha c thu hiu mt cch y , nh Bladon
(1987) ch ra.
kt thc phn ny, chng ta a ra 1 v d v vic phn tch ph v lp
biu , phn tch cc nguyn m sau ca ting Anh c v gic quan - bi cnh
ca h i vi m bn mc ho sau. B lc b my pht m trong qu trnh to
sn ph m
Vic pht m cc ph m c c trng mt cch khi qut bi ng
tc tht v vic phn chia b my pht m t ming n hu, vi mt b sung,
trong trng hp cc ph m mi hoc mi ho, v trong trng hp cp i
ca h thng khoang mi. Cc ph m nc trong nhiu trng hp ging
nh cc nguyn m, nhng nhiu ph m khc c mt h thng cng hng
trong b my pht m phc tp hn (mc d vic nhc n cc nguyn m
mi ho phn trn lng trc mt s phc tp no ). Trong phn ny
chng ta s xem xt cc bnh din tnh ca cc thuc tnh b lc ca b my
273
pht m trong qu trnh to sn ph m; chng ta s lin kt cc thuc tnh
ny vi cc m hnh ph ng hc vn lp m cc nt m v hc ca cc ph
m trong m tit.
Cc thuc tnh b lc b my pht m ging nguyn m nht l cc m
nc, chia thnh hai nhm. Th nht, y khng cn phi phn tch thm,
bao gm cc m nc gia bn vng vn c cc thuc tnh m hc ch khc
mt cht vi cc nguyn m cc cao; chng c phn loi thnh cc ph m
nh vai tr chc nng ca chng trong cu trc m tit nhiu hn l cc thuc
tnh m hc ca chng. Cc v d in hnh nht l [w] v [j]. Nhm th hai
bao gm cc ph m vn chia hay bp/ tht b my pht m mt cch trit
hn so vi cc m nguyn m tnh, to nn cc thuc tnh cng hng khc
nhau c th chng minh c. Nhng i biu in hnh nht ca cc ph m
ny l cc m bn chng hn nh [l] v cc m nc gia chng hn nh
[].
Cc m bn chia khoang ming ra thnh 2 phn xung quanh v tr t
nt ca li. Khoang ming vn khng b phn chia thnh hai phn trc v
sau im t nt ny. Vic phn tch m [l] ca Fant (1960) cho thy h thng
khoang cng hng b phn chia phc tp ny sinh ra mt ph nm trong
vng khong trn di 2000 Hz, do lc phn cng hng trong b lc b my
pht m gy ln.
V d v 1 m nc gia l m [] trong ting Anh, nh trong t rag
(gi rch) hay t ruck (np nhn) (khi c ngi London hay ngi c pht
m ch khng phi ngi Scot, v ngi Scot c th dng mt m v hoc 1
m rung). Cc m nc gia c cc m hnh cng hng lch hng mt
cch r rng so vi cc m nguyn m tnh. c im chnh ca nhng m
ny l c F
3
rt thp, sinh ra t s cng hng kt hp vi khoang trc to
thnh bi u li v s sit li ca thn li. S khc bit gi tr F
3
thng
l mt bng chng quan trng phn bit [] vi cc m nc khc chng
hn nh [w] v [l].
Cc hot ng tht li khi pht m m xt to ra cc thuc tnh cng
hng b my pht m khc vi cc thuc tnh cng hng ca cc nguyn
m. Nt khc bit quan trng vi cc m khc l ch ngun kch thch ca 1
m xt khng nht thit l thanh mn. Khoang b my pht m c phn
274
chia mt cch hu hiu im xy ra hot ng xt. Cc m xt ngc v ngc
sau l cc v d in hnh v dng h thng khoang cng hng ny: theo
phn tch ca Heinz v Stevens (1961) khoang pha trc ch sit hot ng
nh mt hp cng hng hnh ng ng ngn khp kn (1/4 sng), kt hp
vi ng tc tht xt vn hot ng nh mt hp cng hng hnh ng ng
m (na sng). Ton b h thng b lc v ngun xt ny rt ngn, in hnh
nht l ngn hn 4 cm i vi cc v tr cu m trc ngc; cn h thng
khoang ming-hu rng ng sau im tht phn ln c tch ring ra khi
h thng b lc v ngun. cc m v thanh, s cng hng thp nht cng
b tt gim mt cch gh gm bi thanh mn m. Ni chung, khi tnh n
nhng hiu ng ca phn cng hng tht, ch c hiu ng cng hng nh
cc m xt v thanh thp hn hiu ng cng hng ca h thng ng trc.
Cc ph m xt nhn chung u th hin mt di cao tn, nng lng cng
cao v s suy gim nng lng rt nhanh cc tn s thp hn nhng tn
s do s cng hng khoang trc.
Mc d nhng hiu ng cng hng trong khoang cc m xt phc tp
hn so vi nhng hiu ng cng hng trong khoang cc nguyn m, nng
lng formant cao tn tng hp cho thy s tnh lin tc vi cu trc nh m
tit lin i ca n, nh Heinz v Stevens (1961) ch ra. iu ny phn nh
nguyn l tnh lin tc ca cng hng trong b my pht m, mi thay i ng
hc trong cu hnh hnh hc ca n trong sut qu trnh pht m. Ni c bc b
nh du trong bin nng lng xt trong ph m, th vng tn s ti ni n
din ra cho chng ta mt manh mi tnh mnh v v tr cu m ca m xt (xem
Stevens 1960, Heinz v Stevens 1961, Clark et al. 1982, v Karjalainen 1987).
Tt c nhng iu chng ta ni v cc m xt cho n nay em p dng mt
cch r rng nht cho cc m xt c cc im sit sau rng.
275
8.2. Cc c trng m v hc ca ting ni
8.2.1. Phn tch ting ni thnh cc n v c bn
Trong mt ln th nghim in hnh v tnh d hiu ca ting ni, mt
pht thanh vin ni ting Anh pht m cc t cn tch ri (bill, put, fig,...) v
mt ngi nghe ni ting Anh c gng hiu ng cc t . i vi ngi
nghe th tnh hung theo mt ngha no l n gin hn so vi giao tip
ting ni bnh thng bi v cc mu t m anh ta nghe c khng th b
gy ra thnh cc n v ngn hn m li c ngha v khng c nhm li
thnh cc n v ln hn. V th vic phn chia cu thnh cc t v vic phn
chia cc t thnh cc thnh t ng php khng h lin can g hn n ngi
nghe ny. Anh ta khng cn thit phi bin h cho mi quan h ln nhau ca
cc t trong mt cu v cho cc thnh t ng php khc nhau trong mt t
phc (ex - port - s, im - port - ed, re - port - ing, mid - night).
Tuy nhin, theo mt ngha khc th th nghim ny l phc tp hn so vi
giao tip ting ni thng thng. Nu t bill m xut hin trong t hp one
dollar bill hay vi t cch mt t n ni vi ngi bi bn sau ba n, th
ngi nghe cng on trc c s xut hin ca n. Trong mt tnh hung
nh vy, cc m t to thnh t l tha i vi cp cao, bi v chng c
th c suy ra l cn nguyn ca mi vn . Tuy nhin, nu t m b tch
ra khi mt ng cnh bt k, d l ng cnh ngn ng hay ng cnh phi ngn
ng th ch cn thng qua hnh dng m thanh ngi nghe vn c th nhn ra
n. Kt qu l, trong tnh hung ny th cc m thanh ting ni chuyn ti mt
khi lng thng tin ti a.
Cu hi t ra l: C bao nhiu n v c ngha, v d, cc n v ph
hp vi vic tch bit cc mu, liu cc m hnh m thanh c cha khng?
Lin quan n vic lnh hi cc m tit chng hn nh bill v pull, ngi nghe
nhn ra chng l hai t khc nhau c th phn bit c nh phn u ca
chng /bi/ v /pu/. Tuy nhin, phin on khu bit ny ln lt c th c
phn tch theo trnh t. Ngi Anh, v bt k mt thnh vin no ca cng
ng Anh ng, u c trong vn t vng ca mnh chng hn nh bill v pull.
Mt mt, cc yu t ging nhau u c s dng phn bit bill vi pill v
bull vi pull. Mt khc, s khu bit gia bill v bull tng t nh s khu bit
276
gia pill v pull. V th phn bit gia bill v pull th cn thit phi c mt
thao tc p. Phin on /bi/ trong bill chng t c th tch ra thnh cc chit
on /b/ v /i/, minh ho cho chit on u l cp bill - pill v chit on th
hai l bill - bull.
Mt trong hai chit on u ng vai tr l c s phn bit t bill vi
hng lot t, ton b cc n v tng ng khc.* Mi mt chit on c
th c thay th bng nhiu chit on khc. S thay th ca mt chit on
ny bng nhiu chit on khc c gi l giao hon.
Chng ta c th lit k ton b mt tp giao hon. Hon i chit on
th nht chng ta c cc lot bill - pill - vill - dill - till - thill - sill - nil - gill/gil/
- kill - gill /il/ - chill - hill - ill - rill - will. Nghin cu t m hn v nhng
lot nh th cho php ta c nhng suy lun nht nh.
i vi mt s cp t trong tp hp ny th s phn tch cc tiu l ng
nht; v th mt ngi no c quyn ni bill i vi pill, cng nh vill i vi
fill, hay dill i vi till, hay gill i vi kill, v.v... hay cho cch biu din
mang tnh hnh hc hn ta c: bill:pill - vill:fill - dill:till - gill:kill,
v.v...
Hon ton tng t nh vy,
1) bill:vill - pill:fill - till:sill,...
2) bill:mill - dill:nil,...
3) bill:dill - pill:till - fill:sill - mill:nil,...
Mt nt khu bit c gi l ti thiu nu n khng th c phn tch
thnh cc nt khu bit nh hn na dng phn bit cc t trong mt ngn
ng no . Chng ti ly thut ng ny ca Daniel Jones, cng t ng
chng ti mn nh ngha sau y*: Nhng khc bit ln hn c th gi
bng cc thut ng nhn i (duple), nhn ba (triple), v.v... tu theo s lng
cc nt khu bit ti thiu m c cha ton b s khc bit. Nhng nt khu bit
i l kt qu ca hai nt khu bit ti thiu.
Nhng nt khu bit gia bill v pill, hay gia bill v vill hoc bill v dill
l nhng nt khu bit ti thiu v chng khng th phn tch thnh cc nt khu
bit n gin hn m theo trnh t ln lt chng c th phn bit cc m v
ting Anh. Mt khc, mi quan h ca bill vi till l nt khu bit nhn ba:
277
ngoi hai nt khu bit trn, n cn c mt nt khu bit th ba na: bill - vill
(tng ng vi pill - fill v tng ng vi till - sill).
S khc bit gia cc t bill v fell m ch mt nt khu bit i cc
chit on u ca chng (/b/ - /f/) v mt nt khu bit cc tiu cc chit
on gia (/i/ - /e/). phn bit cc t nh bit v said, chng ta cn mt nt
khu bit nhn ba chit on u tin ca chng v mt nt khu bit cc tiu
mt trong hai chit on kia.
Khi cn phi a thm d liu na, r rng l ngi nghe nghe mt
mu ting ni (speech sample) phi thng i mt vi hng lot s la chn
hai kh nng. xc nh thng ip l bill, anh ta phi xc nh xem khi
m phi nguyn m tnh i lp vi nguyn m tnh v xem ph m tnh i
lp vi phi ph m tnh. Nh thao tc nhn i ny, cc nguyn m, cc m
nc, cc m lt b loi b bi v nu t bt u bng mt nguyn m, th s
khi m s c xc nh l nguyn m tnh v phi ph m tnh; nu m u
bng mt m nc, th khi m s c xc nh l c ph m tnh ln
nguyn m tnh, v nu khi m bng mt m lt, th khi m s l phi
nguyn m tnh ln phi ph m tnh.
Quyt nh tip theo l gia bill v gill /gil/ - long hay c, gia bill v
dill - trm hay bng, v cui cng, gia bill v mill - khng mi ho hay c
mi ho. Quyt nh v hai kh nng sau s khng cn s la chn no na,
bi v /m/ ch l mt kt hp ca tnh cht trm v tnh cht mi trong ting
Anh. Nhng c th la chn ngc li, tip theo s la chn gia bill v pill -
yu hay mnh (bng cc thut ng khi qut hn, chng hay cng), v, cui
cng, s la chn gia bill v vill - tc hoc sit (bng cc thut ng khi qut
hn, gin on hay lin tc). Chui cc thao tc tng t c x hai chit on
k tip nhau ca mu /i/ v /l/. Tuy nhin, tp hp cc la chn s c thc
hin hn ch hn so vi chit on m u. V d, khi mt chui bt u bng
mt m tc, chng hn nh chui bill, th vic chn nt nguyn m tnh l bt
buc, bi v trong ting Anh c th c cc m u tc v cc m u nc i
sau.
Mt nt khu bit cc tiu bt k nm trong thng ip khin cho ngi
nghe ng trc mt tnh hung la chn hai kh nng. Trong mt ngn ng
mi mt i lp ny u c thuc tnh ring phn bit n vi ht thy cc i
278
lp khc. Ngi nghe bt buc phi la chn gia hai phm cht cc oan ca
cng mt phm tr, chng hn nh trm i lp vi bng, c i lp vi
long, hay gia s c mt v vng mt ca mt phm cht xc nh, chng
hn nh hu thanh i lp vi khng hu thanh, mi ho i lp vi khng
mi ho, ic i lp vi khng ic (bng phng). S la chn gia hai i
lp c th gi bng thut ng l c trng khu bit hay nt khu bit (distintive
feature). Cc c trng khu bit l nhng thc th khu bit cui cng ca
ngn ng bi v khng c mt thc th khu bit no li c th chia nh ra
thnh cc n v nh hn na c. Cc c trng khu bit kt hp li thnh
mt chm xy ra ng thi, hay nh Twaddell ngh, l mt chm cng
xut hin to thnh mt m v (phoneme).
V d, t bill bao gm 3 chm c trng khu bit k tip nhau: cc m
v /b/, /i/ v /l/. Chit on th nht ca t bill l m v /b/ bao gm cc c
trng sau: 1) phi nguyn m tnh, 2) ph m tnh, 3) long, 4) trm, 5) phi mi
ho (ming), 6) chng, 7) m ch c 1) ln 2), 2) gm hai c trng/ nt c
tnh cht d. Tng t, 3) l d bi v n c 4) m ch.
Mt thng ip ting ni chuyn ti thng tin hai phng din. Mt
mt, cc c trng khu bit b gi ln nhau, v d, xy ra mt cch ng thi
(chp li thnh cc m v), v, mt khc, chng k tip nhau theo trnh t thi
gian. C hai lot sp xp ny th ch yu l chng xut hin theo kiu gi ln
nhau bi v n c th hot ng m khng cn c chui; chui l th yu bi
v n m ch ci ch yu. V d, cc t ting Php u /o/ u, u, eu /y/
c, th hon thnh, y /i/ , c, eau /o/ nc, oeufs // trng, et /e/
v, cn, aie /e/ c, un // mt, an /a/ nm, v.v... mi t ch bao
gm mt m duy nht.
S khc nhau gia cc c trng khu bit ca cc chm k tip nhau cho
php phn chia mt chui thnh cc m v. S khc nhau ny c th l khng
hon ton, v gia hai m v cui cng /i/ v // trong t wing cnh (m
khng c cc c trng khu bit chung hay b phn, bi v gia hai m v ca
t apt c thin hng - /p/ v /t/ ton b cc c trng khu bit ca hai m
v ny l ging nhau tr mt c trng khu bit duy nht: /p/ trm cn /t/
bng.
279
Vic m rng siu on tnh ca cc c trng nht nh chng hn nh
nt tc, nt long hay phi mi tnh l c tnh la chn: i lp vi, chng hn
nh cc t hp asp (lu thng v tc), act (c v long), v ant (mi v
ming). Mt khc, cc ph m mnh (cng) v yu (chng) khng th ng k
tip nhau trong mt t n ting Anh: dn v d: nabs /nabz/, nabbed /nabd/
v naps /naps/, napped /napt/. mun ni l, trong cc t hp ph m th cc
c trng cng v chng l siu on tnh.
Mt m ngn ng bt k u c mt tp hp hu hn cc c trng khu
bit v mt tp hp hu hn cc qui lut nhm chng li thnh cc m v
v cng nhm cc m v thnh cc chui m v; tp hp bi s ny c
gi bng thut ng l m hnh m v (phonemic pattern).
Mt chm cc c trng/ nt bt k (m v) c dng trong mt thng
ip ting ni ti mt v tr xc nh trong mt chui nht nh l mt s la
chn trong s mt tp hp cc chm khu bit c th hon i nhau. V vy
bng cch hon i mt nt khu bit m v th nht ca chui pat chng ta
s c c mt lot bat - fat - mat - tat - cat. Mt chui cc m v xc nh bt
k l mt s la chn t trong mt tp hp cc chui c th hon v nhau: v
d pat - apt - tap. Tuy nhin, /tpa/ khng nhng khng, m cn khng th
tn ti vi t cch nh mt t trong ting Anh, bi v n c mt t hp m
u tc v mt nguyn m n cui mang trng m, c hai m ny u khng
th chp nhn c theo cc qui lut lp m ca ting Anh hin i.
Bt bin v nhng bin d
Cc t coo v key ca ting Anh, coup v qui ca ting Php u c cc
ph m rt khc nhau. Trong c hai ngn ng ny cch pht m li sau hn
(mc) c dng trc /u/ v cch cu m trc hn (ngc) trc /i/. Cc
formant ca mt ph m u c iu chnh trit theo cc formant ca
cc nguyn m i sau, nh ph tn s xut hin ca /k/ trc /u/ c mt
tm vng thp hn v gn hn vi tm vng ca /p/ so vi trng hp ng
trc /i/, trong khi n c mt tm vng cao hn v gn hn vi tm vng
ca /t/. C trong ting Anh v ting Php, /p/ v /t/ u l cc m v ring bit
i lp nhau theo tiu ch trm v bng, trong hai bin th ca m v /k/ ch
th hin mt m v. iu dng nh khng nht qun ny l do mt thc t l
s i lp ca /p/ v /t/ l c tnh t do, v d, c /p/ v /t/ u xut hin trong
280
nhng ngn cnh ging nhau (pool - tool, pea - tea), trong khi s khc
nhau gia hai m t k l do nguyn m i sau gy nn: n l mt bin th
ng cnh. ng tc cu m tht vo v tn s xut hin thp ca mt trong
nhng m t k v ng tc cu m tin trc hn v tn s xut hin cao
hn ca mt m t khc khng phi l nhng c trng khu bit nhng li l
nhng c trng d, bi v nt khu bit c thc hin bi cc nguyn m ni
tip nhau. Trong ting Rumani, c hai m t k ang cp u xut hin
trong cng mt ngn cnh (v d, trc /u/: cu vi, vi mt ng tc cu m
li li pha sau v chiu khc vi mt ng tc cu m tin trc hn) v v
th, chng th hin hai m v khc nhau.
Theo cch tng t, s khc nhau gia cc lot bin th gi l trong v
c ca /l/ trong ting Anh l d: bin th trong m ch c mt nguyn
m i sau v bin th c m ch khng c nguyn m i sau; v vy trong
t lull, m u /l/ l trong cn m cui l c. Trong ting Ba Lan hai m
t ny c th xut hin trong cng mt ngn cnh ging nhau v to thnh
mt th i lp khu bit: v d /l/ trong trong t laska ma, lau v m t
gn vi lot bin th c ca ting Anh trong t aska duyn.
Mi quan h gia tart v dart, try v dry, bet v bed trong ting Anh th
hin cng mt nt khu bit ti thiu khng k s khc nhau v mt cu m v
m hc c th nhn thy c gia 3 m t [t]. Bt bin th l s i lp gia
mnh v yu. Trong ting Anh yu t lun i km ca th i lp ny l nt
v thanh ca cc ph m mnh v nt hu thanh ca cc ph m yu. Nhng
c trng d ny i khi c th khng tn ti; v d cc bin th v thanh
ca /b d z/ theo quan st ca cc nh ng m hc Anh.
Cn lu l nhng bin i v mnh khng ng vai tr l nt khu
bit: chng ph thuc hon ton vo ngn cnh. V d, s ht hi mnh ca
m u /p, t, k/ trc mt nguyn m mang trng m nh trong t tart, v
ngc li s thiu ht hi trc cc m v khc nh trong t try ch l nhng
bin th ngn cnh vn khng th no ngn cn c vic nhn dng bt k
mt m no trong s /p, t, k/ mnh i lp vi cc m t /b, d, g/.
Ting an Mch l mt ngn ng khc c s i lp gia cc m mnh v
yu. S i lp ny c thc hin theo nhiu cch khc nhau ph thuc vo v
tr ca ph m trong mt t. C th thy r hai v tr trong t ting an Mch -
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mnh v yu. nhng t n tit th v tr mnh ca mt ph m l u m
tit v v tr yu ca n l cui m tit. v tr mnh th cc m tc mnh
thng thng c to ra bng mt ng tc xt mnh, trong khi th cc
bin th yu i lp ca chng xut hin nh nhng m tc yu (khc vi /b d
g/ ting Anh thng qua nt v thanh); v d tag mi nh - dag ngy. v tr
yu, m /t/ mnh b nhc ho thnh ngang vi /d/; trong khi th m i lp
yu ca n li b nhc ho tip na t /d/ thnh dng yu nht l // to
thnh mt ph m nh the ting Anh; v d hat had m - had ha
ght. Kt qu l, s i lp gia m v mnh v yu vn bt bin c hai
v tr, iu ch ra rng khng c nguyn m di hay nguyn m mang trng
m i sau. Mc d m v yu v tr mnh v m v mnh v tr yu v mt
ng m gi ln nhau, xt v mt quan h nghim ngt ca cc c trng khu
bit th khng c s gi ln nhau.
Hai m hnh l ging nhau nu cu trc quan h ca chng c th t
vo th tng ng mt - i - mt, i vi mi mt v ca mt th tng
ng, tng ng vi mt v ca mt th tng ng khc.
Do , mt yu t d t ng c thit lp phn bit gia hai v tr
v gia hai thi cc mt trong chng s nhn ra mt cch chnh xc c m
v va mnh va yu:
Nhng v d trn cho thy s bt bin ca cc nt khu bit ti thiu c
th c c tch ra khi cc c trng d m b qui nh bi cc m v k cn
trong chui nh th no.
S sp xp theo trt t tuyn tnh ca cc c trng khu bit khng to ra
mt kiu loi nhng nt d duy nht. Mt lp cc nt d khc t c phn tch
hn v vy m rt quan trng b qui nh bi v tr gi ln nhau ca cc nt khu
d
d
t
m v V
tr
/t/
mnh
/d/
yu
m
nh
y
u
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bit ng thi. C nhiu ngn ng c m mc k nm trong th phn b b
sung vi mt m tc ngc tng ng hoc vn vi mt m xt tin ngc trc
hn (c pht m nh trong t chew ca ting Anh). V d, m mc ch xut
hin trc cc nguyn m sau v m ngc (hay tin ngc) ch xut hin trc
cc nguyn m trc. Trong nhng trng hp nh vy, yu t trc v yu t
sau u c xem l hai bin th ng cnh cng th hin mt m v. L do
tng t, nu trong ting Php chng ta c m tc mc /k/, m mi ngc //
(nh trong t ligue) v m sit tin ngc // (nh trong t chauffeur), th
chng ta phi xem s khc nhau gia cc ng tc cu m mc, ngc v tin
ngc l d hon ton, v s khc nhau ny l c tnh b sung cho cc nt khu
bit t do khc. Ton b cc ph m ny li i lp vi cc ph m to ra
phn trc ca ming nh c i lp vi long. Khi cc c trng ca nt tc,
mi ho v nt lin tc nm gi ln nt c, th trong cc ph m ting Php,
chng thng c cc c trng d nh nt mc, nt ngc v nt tin ngc i
km. V vy /p b/ v /t d/ ting Php mang gnh nng quan h ging nh /k
g/, hay /f v/ v /s z/ vi / /, v /m/ v /n/ i vi //.
c trng d ca nt mc v tin ngc ca cc ph m c ting Anh c
th c chng minh theo cch tng t. Tuy nhin, trong ting Czech hay
ting Slovak, th s khc bit tng t gia cc m mc v m ngc (bao gm
c cc m tin ngc v lp m ngc) l c tnh khu bit, bi v nhng ngn
ng ny u c cc m mc v ngc, ceteris paribus. m tc mc /k/ i lp
vi m tc ngc /c/ v m xit mc // i lp vi m // (tin) ngc. Kt
qu l, nhng ngn ng ny th i lp trm v bng khng nhng c
trng cho mi quan h gia cc m mi vi cc m rng m cn c trng
cho c mi quan h gia cc m mc v cc m ngc: /k/ i lp vi /c/ nh
/p/ i lp vi /t/.
Bi s ca cc nt khu bit truyn thng c chp nhn trong qu trnh
phn tch ting ni c th b lc b nhiu nh chng ta b bt nhng nt d
lin quan n th i lp cn yu ca cc nguyn m v ph m. V d, c th
ch ra mi quan h ca cc nguyn m m v khp, mt ng, v mi quan h
ca cc ph m mi v cc ph m rng i vi cc ph m c to ra i
lp vi ngc cng v mm, mt pha, l ton b nhng biu hin ca mt th
i lp duy nht: long i lp vi c; min l v s cc nt d tu thuc vo
283
s khc bit c bn gia c trng nguyn m tnh v ph m tnh b lc b.
n lt mnh cc mi quan h gia cc nguyn m trc v sau, v gia cc
ph m mi v rng thuc v th i lp chung trm v bng.
Trong khi kt cu quan h ca nhng c trng ny, vn d chung cho c
nguyn m v ph m biu th mt hnh v tch ri xc nh (th tng ng
mt - i - mt), chuyn i l u nm trong th phn b b sung. iu
ni ln rng, chng c xc nh bi nhng ng cnh khc nhau m
chng xut hin; nhng chuyn i ph thuc vo vic liu cc nt trm -
bng v c - long nm chng ln mt nguyn m hay mt ph m.
Bng cch b bt lin tc cc d liu d i (vn khng chuyn ti nhng
thng tin mi) th vic phn tch ngn ng thnh cc c trng khu bit vt
ln tnh cht khng nht nguyn ca cc gii php m v. Thuyt a ngn
ny, nh Y.R. Chao ch ra, giao thoa vi vic phn tch min sao m v vn
lu gi n v thao tc cui cng v khng b b gy ra thnh cc thnh t ca
n. Phng php tip cn hin i thit lp ln mt tiu ch n gin ca mt
gii php c th no , v khi hai gii php khc nhau, th mt trong hai gii
php thng khng chnh xc bng gii php kia v c s rm r hn.
Nguyn l th phn b b sung, vn c chng minh l c hiu qu
nht trong vic phn tch ting ni, m ra nhiu kh nng mi khi c th a
ra nhng hm l-gic cui cng mt cch hin nhin. V vy nu cc nt khu
bit m v c th x l mt mu s (denominator) cha bao gi c nghin
cu l cng tn ti trong mt ngn ng, vy th chng c th c hiu mt
cch thun tu l nhng bin th ca mt th i lp. Hn na, c th t ra
cu hi l liu vic la chn mt bin th c sn trong mt ngn ng c th
no khng lin can n mt s nt khc ng nh cng mt m hnh ngn
ng.
Bng cch ny yu cu cn thit phi rt gn danh sch cc nt khu bit
khng xc nh chc chn trong cc ngn ng th gii. Trubetzkoy phn bit 3
th i lp ph m tnh sau y: th nht, th i lp cc ph m mnh v yu,
cc ph m mnh c c trng l bn hn i vi lung hi v c p sut ln
hn; th hai, th i lp ca chnh bn yu hn v mnh hn m khng c
nhng khc bit p lc no i km; th ba, th i lp xt v khng xt. Tuy
nhin, v khng bao gi c hn mt trong ba th i lp trn c s dng
284
hnh chc mt cch t do trong mt ngn ng bt k, cho nn c ba th i lp
nn c xem nh l nhng bin th ca mt th i lp duy nht. Hn na, s
bin i ny r rng l tha bi v n ph thuc vo cc nt ph m tnh xc
nh khc c mt trong cng mt m hnh. Mt tp hp hu hn mt cch cc
oan cc nt khu bit c trng cho mt ngn ng, nhng ch ng lin quan
n nhng kt hp thc ca chng vo cc chm v cc chui v, cui cng l
s lng ln cc nt d, gim bt gnh nng lm nh tro cc yu t ca mt
s kin li ni.
Trong h thng thang cc c trng m t cc nt khu bit l ht sc
quan trng. Tuy nhin, vai tr ca cc nt rm khng th b nh gi thp.
Nhng cnh hung thm ch khin chng c th thay th c cho cc nt
khu bit. Trong ting Nga, nt khu bit gia cc ph m vm ho v khng
vm ho ng mt vai tr quan trng trong vic phn bit cc t. Nt vm
ho lm tng cc formant. m v /i/ c th hin l mt nguyn m sau
sau cc ph m khng vm ho s v m s vm ho m l
phng tin phn bit gia cc m tit s v s. Nhng khi mt
ngi th n gi in cho mt k s ni rng nhng bc tng srejut
ang b m v s chuyn tip lm bin dng nhiu tn s xut hin cao
ca m s kh m c th hiu c liu nhng bc tng ang b
m ang b mc srejut, khi bc th n s lp li t vi mt
trng m c bit nhn vo m v thng qua nt rm ny ngi
nghe s la chn ng c. Trong cng thc ca S.S Stevens:
... S thc nt rm lm tng tin cy ca giao tip ngn ng v lm
cho n chng chi li c vi nhiu kiu bin dng. Bng cch hn ch s
lng nhng thay i cn thit ca ngi nghe v bng vic gip cho anh ta
la chn thng qua vic lp m thng tin thng d, chng ta c th ni chuyn
c vi nhau v mt cng vic mt cch hp l.
Xc nh cc nt khu bit
Mt nt khu bit bt k thng c ngi nhn nhn tc nu n thuc
v mt m ging vi anh ta v ging vi ngi gi, c truyn i mt cch
chnh xc v n ngi nhn.
Gi s c hai thnh vin tham gia ca mt s kin giao tip li ni (speech
event) cng dng ting Anh Chun v gi s ngi nghe nghe c cc t gip,
285
gib v gid m vn khng quen vi anh ta v i vi nhiu ngi ni ting Anh
khc. Anh ta khng bit rng gip c ngha l to clean (fish) lm (c), gid c
ngha l con trasted - tom cat mo thin khng gi tr, v gid c ngha l
mt cn bnh ng vt. Tuy nhin, thng tin anh ta nhn c t 3 mu ny
m chng c th l nhng t ting Anh, bi v c hai nt khu bit v nhng kt
hp ca cc nt u khng cha trong chng mu thun vi m Anh ng. Hn
na, 3 mu t ny u chuyn ti thng tin l, nu chng l cc t, th mt
trong s chng c mt ngha khc, bi v c mt nt khu bit i gia gib v
gid v hai nt khu bit ti thiu khc nhau tch gib ra khi gip v gid. Ngi
nghe ni ting Anh s nghe c cu rt khng c thc sau: The gib with the
gid shall not gip it, anh ta s hiu c t vn kin thc ca mnh v cc qui
lut ca m Anh ng, rng /gib/ /gip/ /gid/. Cc mu s c chuyn
sang ting c, th gib v gid s c xc nh l hai bin th tu chn ca ci
c th l cng mt t, bi v trong ting c nt khu bit ca /b/ v /p/ thng
b lc b v tr cui t. Tin hnh xc nh tng t trong m giao tip li
ni ting Phn Lan, bi v trong m ting Phn Lan th s khc bit gia cc
m t b v p khng c gi tr khu bit.
L thuyt thng tin s dng chui cc la chn i lm c s hp l nht
phn tch cc qu trnh giao tip khc nhau. N l mt cng c c tnh cht
thao tc do nh nghin cu nh tro lin quan n vn ch th v nhng l
do dng hc. Tuy nhin, trong trng hp c bit ca li, th mt tp hp cc
la chn i nh th l c tnh cht c hu trong bn thn qu trnh giao tip
nh l mt ch ng do m nh tro lin quan n cc thnh vin tham gia
trong mt s kin giao tip li ni, nhng ngi m c th gi l ngi lp m
v ngi gii m.
iu ny tip theo t mt thc t l thng tin ch yu c chuyn ti
bi nt khu bit l nt khu bit ca n. Ngi nghe phn bit t /gib/ vi t
/gid/ bng mt nt: c im trm ca /b/ i lp, cch pht m ca ngn ng
gc (ceteris paribus), i lp vi c im bng ca /d/. Tng t t /gib/
phn bit vi /gip/ bng mt nt khc nhau: c im yu ca /b/ i lp vi
c im mnh ca /p/. Trong hai v d ny, cc cp t th hin mt nt khu
bit ti thiu bng cc chit on tng ng v mt pht m. Cc cp t khc
c th th hin s lng ln hn cc nt khu bit hoc bng mt chit on
286
hoc bng hn mt chit on. Khi chng ti xem li cc nt khu bit ti
thiu ny c dng phn bit gia cc cp t ny th chng ti ch thy
hai kh nng: a) Nhng xut hin ca cng mt i lp (gib:gid - fat: sat) v
b) Mt trong hai nt khu bit c c tnh ring ca n (gib: gid gib: gid).
chc chn, v mt cu m, vt l v thm nhn tn ti mt dy lin
tip cc cp t mc th tho n mc ni hon ton r rng nhng ch hai
thi cc - s c mt v vng mt ca nt hu thanh - mi c chn ra lm
cc nt khu bit. C s chuyn i khng ngng hnh dng ca i mi t
trn khp n bt/ dt v nhng nh hng m hc tng ng, nhng i
lp ngn ng dt (flat) i lp vi bng phng (plain) (v d t Kste b -
kiste hp trong ting c) l s n nh ngn ng ca mt gi tr khu bit
i vi hai v tr ca mi v i vi nhng hiu qu m hc i lp ca
chng. Ni chung, khng c mt ngn ng no li x l hn mt nt khu bit
ti thiu da vo kch c l mi.
T l lng phn l nguyn tc ti quan trng ca cu trc ngn ng. M
ngn ng nh tro n vo m t.
Ch c mt mi quan h m v th hin mt ci g theo mt kha cnh
khc. y l mi quan h gia cc nguyn m c nh ph c v nhng
nguyn m c nh ph long (theo thut ng cu m, l m v khp). Trong
mt ngn ng chng hn nh ting Th Nh K, cc nguyn m c nhm
thnh cc cp c v long, cc n v khc l bnh ng: /kes/ ct! i
vi /kis/ khi u nh /kol/ cnh tay i vi /kul/ n l. Nhng mt ngn
ng chng hn nh ting Hungari, phn bit v mt pht m 3 mc c. So
snh /tar/ hi vi mt nguyn m sau trn mi m - /tor/ ba tic vi
mt nguyn m gia tng ng - /tur/ co gn li thnh ng vi mt
nguyn m khp v, tng t, lot trc khng trn mi, /n/ Th th
! - /ne/ Cm! - /ni/ Nhn ka! *. Nt khu bit ti thiu vn gi nguyn
ging nh trong ting Th Nh K: /o/ v /e/ i lp vi /u/ v /i/ nh l c
tng i i lp vi long tng i. Tuy nhin, trong ting Hungari, i lp
tng t (c tng i i lp vi long tng i) xut hin li trong nhiu
cp nh /tar/ - /tor/ v /n/ - /ne/; tc mun ni l /a/: /o/ _ /o/:/u/.
Trong th cn i m v ny /o/ (hoc /e/) c chc nng nh l tnh cn
xng trung gian. N mang hai c trng i lp - /u/ (hay /i/) c i lp vi
287
long v /a/ (hoc //) c i lp vi long. (Theo cch gii quyt nhng
m v lng cc kiu nh vy trong nhiu qui trnh phn tch.
Khng c nhng i lp m v c hu th hin nhng phc th lng
cc nh vy. Tuy nhin, c nhiu nt khu bit cng gc thin v hp nht, v
d, cc cp thng - tc, v ging the th - ging du mt. Khi hai i lp
cng gc hp nht li thnh mt i lp l tt nht. V vy, cc ph m lu
thng tt nht l c tnh the th; cc ph m tc tt nht l c tnh cht du
mt, bng bng phng hoc thp bng phng v cch cch c x chng
trong nhiu qui trnh phn tch.
N l t l lng phn ca cc nt khu bit v ton b m hnh ca mt
m ngn ng, ni chung, m ni ring, mt phm vi ln xc nh s tri nhn
ca chng ta i vi cc m t li ni. Chng ta tri nhn thnh gic chng
khng ch l cc m thanh thun tu m nh l cc thnh t ca ting ni. Cn
hn c iu ny na l cch m chng ta tri nhn chng c xc nh bng
m hnh m v quen thuc nht vi chng ta. V vy, mt ngi Slovak n
ng xc nh nguyn m trc trn mi // ca t jeu ting Php nh l /e/,
bi v ch c th i lp khu bit trong ting m ca anh ta l bng (trc)
i lp vi trm (sau) v khng dt (trn mi) i lp vi bng phng (khng
trn mi). Ngc li, mt ngi Nga n ng tri nhn nguyn m ca
ting Php nh l /o/ bi v ting m ca anh ta ch c mt trong hai i
lp ang cp, l dt i lp vi bng phng. Ngay c chuyn gia nh
ngn ng hc ngi Php Meillet cng tri nhn m /t/ sc ca ting Nga
nh mt chui gm /t/ v /i / phi m tit tnh v khng nh mt ph m
vi nt sc chng ln nhau ng thi (vm ho), bi v nhn xt ca Meillet
da vo ting m ca mnh l ting Php vn khng c c trng sc
nhng li c /i/ phi m tit tnh. V th ch c th ngh rng khi cc m tit
khng c ngha c s dng trong cc ln th nghim d hiu (truyn thng
gi l nhng th nghim pht m) nhng kt qu ph thuc vo vic liu c
cc t hp ny c c m hnh ph hp vi nhng qui lut kt hp ca mt
m ngn ng c th no hay khng.
S suy lun nh m hnh ngn ng c nh hng n nhng phn ng
ca chng ta i vi cc m thanh khng phi l ngn ng. Nhng ting g
ca chc chc, c 3 ting mt ln, c tri nhn thnh cc t hp gm 3 yu
288
t tch bit nhau bng mt ch ngng. im ngng thng c ngi Czech
cho l s gim xung trc mt ting g to hn, nhng mt ngi Php th li
cho rng n s gim sau ting g ln hn; trong khi mt ngi Ba Lan li
nghe mt im ngng thnh mt ting g sau mt ting g ln hn. Nhng tri
nhn khc nhau tng ng chnh xc vi v tr ca trng m t trong cc ngn
ng ca nhng ngi th nghim: trong ting Czech trng m nm m tit
u, trong ting Php trng m ri vo m tit cui cn trong ting Ba Lan
trng m li ri vo m tit p cht. Khi nhng ting g ca c to ra vi
ln bng nhau nhng vi khong cch di hn sau 3 ting mt ln, th
ngi Czech s qui ting thanh ln hn vo ting g th nht, ngi Ba Lan
li qui vo ting th hai, cn ngi Php li qui vo m tit th ba.
Nu cng trn bnh din thnh gic (tai), vic phn tch ting ni s c
kin trc xt v cc i lp m v lng phn, th nhim v thc cht s c
lm thnh d hiu v c th p ng nhng tng lin mi nht (most
instructive) ca cc nt khu bit.
Cn i vi vic nghin cu m thanh ting ni kha cnh m hc, th
ton b s pht trin ca n l thin v hng miu t c tnh cht la chn
hn cc kch thch m thanh. C nhng cng c s dng ln cch hiu d liu
do h ghi c thin hng tch cc n v thch hp. Cc nh nghin cu i
n mt cch hiu l cc ng sng c cha rt nhiu thng tin v phi cung
cp nhng yu t cho vic la chn nhng thng tin c bn. Min sao mi
ngi hiu l tiu ch ng ca s la chn l cn yu ngn ng (c th
hin bng cc thut ng lng phn), nhng vn m hc ca cc m thanh
li ni tm thy mt gii php xc nh hn trong tng lai. Tng t giai
on cu m ca li ni phi c xc nh xt v phng tin s dng
nm bt mt cp hiu qu i lp bt k. V d, v ngn ng s dng i lp t
do l trm v bng, nn chng ta nghin cu nhng tng lin m hc ca cc
gi tr ngn ng ang bn v nhng iu kin cu m tin quyt ca nhng
kch thch ny.
Tm li, v vic nghin cu cc m thanh ting ni bnh din bt k th
chc nng ngn ng ca chng l c tnh quyt nh.
Mt c gng th v do B. Bloch ngh nhm gii on m hnh m v
ca mt ngn ng ch t cng trnh nghin cu v s lng va cc pht
289
ngn ghi. Tuy nhin, n hm ch hai gi thuyt ngn ng mt cch nghim
ngt. Gi thuyt th nht l ca Wienner: Trong vn gii m, thng tin
quan trng nht m chng ta c th x l l tri thc m chng ta ang c
khng phi l cu sai ng php. iu ny tng ng vi kin thc m mt
ngi nghe no dnh c t vic t ti ci gi l ngng tri gic, khi
cc m thanh nghe bt u c tri nhn l cc m thanh ting ni. Do n
l ting ni, nn gi thuyt th hai tip theo sau vi t cch nh mt ceteris
paribus ca gi thuyt th nht: trong m hnh m thanh mt ngn ng bt k
hot ng vi cc nt khu bit cc oan v ring bit, v s cc oan ny
khin chng ta c th pht hin ra mt c trng bt k c chc nng l s cu
m.
R rng l mt nhim v gii on nh th tr nn kh hn trong nhiu
trng hp thng c gi l m chuyn i (switching code) bi cc k
s truyn thng hay cc h thng m v cng tn ti bi cc nh ngn ng
hc. Tng lp qu tc Nga th k trc bng s chuyn m ting ni gia hai
ngn ng mt cch lin tc ca mnh t ting Nga sang ting Php v ngc
li ngay trong mt cu n cho ta mt v d minh ho in hnh. Mt v d
khc ly t mt s ngn ng vn ho Mohamedan bng mt s t t thm
vo. Hai phong cch ca cng mt ngn ng c th c nhiu m phn ly v c
lin kt qua li trong mt pht ngn hoc thm ch trong mt cu. V d, ting
Czech trong giao tip khu ng th thng hay dao ng bt thng gia
ngn ng vn chng v ting ni dn tc Czech, mi mt lot bin th u
th hin mt m hnh m v ring ca n.
T l lng phn c ngn ng t ln trn vn m t rt nhiu theo
cch tng t nh gam m nguyn c khung nhc t ln trn vn m
thanh. Nhng ch l mt gam nhc khng thi th li khng th no nm bt
c nu khng cp n vn m thanh, v vy trong khi phn tch cc
nt khu bit th s qui chiu nh th l khng th no trnh c. Knut
Togeby chng minh iu ny mt cch hng bin bng mt gi thuyt
vng chc v i lp. Khng th no xc nh c mt nt khu bit m li
khng vin n cc c im ring ca n.
Mt cng trnh nghin cu nh vy s c b sung nhng khng th
no thay th n ch do nhu cu thm nh th phn b ca cc nt khu bit ny
290
trong nhiu chui li ni. M. Joos quan st, v cho rng m i /au/ (c
nh vn l ou nh trong t council hi ng) trong mt t n ting Anh
khng bao gi c cc m t p b f v m ng sau, c im phn b ny
xc nh lp cc ph m mi mi ting Anh. Tuy nhin, mt quan nim nh
vy thng tin gi nh vic xc nh mt ph m nhiu ln xut hin khc
nhau. Chng ta phi bit rng /t/ trong t rout l ging vi /t/ trong t rite i
lp vi /p/ trong t ripe l trm i lp vi bng xt v mt pht m. Ngc
li, chng ta s khng bit c rng trong t rout th m i /au/ c /t/ i sau
ch khng phi l /p/, v chng ta khng th no chng minh c quan nim
trn.
V vy, i vi vic xc nh m /p/ v cc m v khc, th vic cp n
c tnh ring ca mi mt nt khu bit trong chm cc nt khu bit ca n l
bt buc. Nhng cn v cc giai on chuyn tip m thanh c tnh cht lin
tc th chng ta s cp n ci g y? Trong khi gii m mt thng ip
nhn c t (A), ngi nghe thng phi thao tc ngn liu thm nhn (B)
nhn c t nhng phn ng ca tai (C) i vi nhng kch thch m hc (D)
do cc c quan cu m ca (A) pht ra. Chng ta cng nghin cu su hn vo
ch n ca thng ip (v d nh s tri nhn thng ip ca ngi nhn) th
chng ta cng c c nhng thng tin chnh xc c chuyn ti bi m hnh
m thanh ca thng ip. iu ny xc nh h thng thao tc ca cc cp
thch hp gim dn: thm nhn, thnh gic, m hc v cu m (cu m khng
truyn ti thng tin trc tip n ngi nhn). S khm ph mang tnh h thng
ca hai bnh din: thm nhn v thnh gic thuc v tng lai v l mt nhim
v cp thit hin nay.
Mt trong bn giai on lin tc, t cu m n thm nhn, c th c
d on t giai on trc. Bi v vi mi giai on lin tc th vic la chn
tng ln, th vic d on ny l khng th o ln c v mt s thng
bin ca mt giai on trc l khng cn yu i vi giai on sau. Vic o
c chnh xc lung m thanh cho php tnh ton sng m nhng c th thu
c hin tng m hc tng t bng cc phng tin khc nhau cng lc.
Tng t, thuc tnh xc nh bt k ca mt cm gic thnh gic c th l kt
qu ca cc thng bin vt l khc nhau khng c mi quan h mt - i -
mt gia cc phng din ca mt kch thch m hc v thuc tnh thnh gic.
291
Ci trc khng th on c t ci sau, nhng tng cc phng din ca
mt kch thch thng cho ta thuc tnh c th d on c.
Tm li, vic xc nh cc i lp m v c th c thc hin trong mi
quan h vi mt giai on bt k ca mt s kin li ni t cu m n thm
nhn v vic gii m, da trn iu kin c bn cho rng cc thng bin ca
cc giai on trc c chn la v tng lin v pha cc giai on sau, cho
ta mt thc t hin nhin l chng ta ni nghe v hiu.
8.2.2. Cc nt khu bit ngn iu v c hu
Cc nt khu bit c chia thnh hai lp: 1. c hu v 2. ngn iu. Nt
sau gi ln nt trc v gp li cng vi chng to thnh cc m v. Th i
lp trm v bng, c v long, hay hu thanh i lp vi v thanh, v bt k
mt i lp no khc ca cc nt khu bit c hu xut hin trong mt chui
cc m v nhng, ngc li, c th xc nh c m khng cn cp n t
hp. Khng tin hnh so snh hai im trong mt lot thi gian. Ngc li,
cc nt ngn iu ch c th xc nh c c lin quan n lot thi gian.
Mt vi v d c th lm r quan nim ny.
Mt m v m tit tnh i lp vi m v phi m tit tnh ca cng mt
m tit nh nt tri ca mi quan h. Phn ln m tit l mt chc nng duy
nht ca cc nguyn m. Nhng trng hp khi mt s nguyn m v m
nc, v mt pht m, mang i lp khu bit m tit tnh i lp vi phi m
tit tnh l cc him. V d, chui ting Czech c b r d u thay i ngha
ph thuc vo c im m tit tnh hay phi m tit tnh ca /r/.
R rng d /r/ c to thnh mt ln m thanh cc i hay khng th
cng ch c th c xc nh bng cch so snh vi ln m thanh ca cc
m v khc ca cng mt chui.
Trong mt chui cc m tit nt ni bt quan h tnh i lp mt m v
m tit tnh vi cc m v khc ca cng mt chui nh c trng m i lp
vi khng c trng m. Trong nhiu ngn ng, v mt pht m, nhiu t c v
tr trng m khc nhau, v d, t billow /bilou/ - below /bilou/ ca ting Anh.
Nt tri ln hn v km hn ca cc nt m tit tnh l mt khi nim tng
i m ch c th c xc nh bng cch so snh ton b cc nt m tit
tnh thuc cng mt chui. Tng t nh vai khu bit ca mi quan h khng
phi ca cc mc m lng m l ca cc mc cao ca ging ni. Trong
292
cng thc ca K. L. Pike c trng quan trng l cao tng i ca mt
m tit trong mi quan h vi cc m tit ng trc hoc ng sau.
Khi trong hay bn cnh v tr thang th m hnh ng vai tr lm vai
khu bit, th chng ta xc nh c ng nt cao hay m lng ca mt
m v bng cch so snh hai im vi nhau trong mt lot thi gian. V d,
cao xung ca ting Lt - vi, i lp vi cao ln v tu thuc vo ng
tc h thp ca tn s, m thng km theo s gim xung ca bin , c
xc nh bng cch so snh cc phin on u v cui m nguyn m tc
ng. Bng php so snh tng t chng ta xc nh c m lng xung
ca ging ni trong ting an Mch (ci gi l std*) tu thuc vo s
gim xung ca bin thng km theo s gim xung ca tn s.
i lp iu tnh di v ngn (phn bit cc m v n vi bn vng hay
cc m v n vi cc m v rt gn) da trn trng tng i, ch khng
phi tuyt i, ca cc m v trong mt t hp xc nh. Thi lng tuyt i
ca chng l mt chc nng ca tc ca li ni. V d, trong cc t
prav/prva/ prava: pra: va/ c ngha l phi, ng trong ting Czech,
nguyn m u ca t th nht c xc nh l ngn trong mi quan h vi
nguyn m th hai l nguyn m di, trong khi th t th hai li biu din
mi quan h ngc li.
8.2.3. Cc c trng khu bit so vi cc c trng khc ca m
n v nh nht c ngha trong ngn ng l hnh v. Mt cn t, mt tin t
v mt hu t l cc hnh v. Mt t cn l mt t hnh v (morpheme word). Cc
nt khu bit v cc m v u khng c ngha t thn. Gnh nng ng ngha ca
chng l ch biu th mt hnh v m v mt pht m, biu hin mt c trng i
lp l mt hnh v khc; so snh /gip/, /gib/ v /gid/. Chc nng khu bit ny c
th c gi nh bi hn mt c trng (v m v) nh trong trng hp /bit/ v
/sed/.
Khng c s khc bit no v mt chc nng gia cc c trng a dng
(v cc m v). V d, ci g l ci s biu ring ca cc ph m mi hay c
bit l ca /m/ trong ting Anh, l mt cu hi v ngha. /m/ trong cc t map,
mess, aim trn bnh din ng ngha khng c mt mu s chung no phn
bit n khc vi /n/ hay /b/ c. Chnh khng c s khc bit v ng ngha ny
gia cc nt khu bit a dng khin chng tr thnh cc n v khu bit hnh
293
thc thun tu m ni cch khc n l rng rut. N tch chng ra khi ton
b cc c trng khc ca m ang hnh chc trong ngn ng. Ch c cc n
v rng ngha thun tu khu bit v mt hnh thc ny dng kin trc ton
b khi cc hnh v ca tt c cc ngn ng trn th gii.
Cc c trng hnh th l cc c trng bo hiu s phn chia chui m
thanh ca pht ngn vo cc n v ng php vi cc mc phc tp khc
nhau. V d, nhiu ngn ng trng m gn lin vi m tit u (hoc cui)
v kt qu l, khng th lm nt khu bit c m n ch c chc nng lm
ch t ranh gii ch s bt u (hay kt thc) ca t. Ngc li, trong mt
ngn ng m c trng m t do (v d, c th ri vo mt m tit bt k trong
t) th v tr ca n biu din chc nng khu bit v khng mang ci s ch
ring.
T cc c trng miu t v cc c trng rm khc nhau ca ng iu
ting Anh, Z. S. Harris trch dn ra 3 n v cu thnh bn th l: /?/ ch
s i ln, /./ ch s i xung, /,/ ch m vc trung bnh (i lp vi m vc
thp ng - nn), /./ ch s kt thc ca cu v /?/ ch s nghi vn m theo
cc thut ng hnh thc ch s kt thc ca cu b sung thm bng mt cu
tr li; v d, s kt thc ngm ca pht ngn nhng li l s cha kt thc
ca cuc hi thoi. Khi c s dng nh cc nt khu bit th s i ln v i
xung u khng c mt chc nng no khc ngoi chc nng phn bit cc
hnh v, nhng khi chng ng chc nng lm hnh thc th chng mang mt
ci s ch ring; v d. i xung biu th s kt thc ca mt cu, v ng iu
i ln, thm ch nu t chng ln mt ting mi th nhng ngi nghe l
ngi Anh xc nh c ngay l cu hi.
Cc c trng miu t l cc c trng biu th nhng thi tnh cm
ca ngi ni v s nhn mnh m anh ta t vo mt s yu t c bit nm
trong pht ngn ca anh ta pht ra. s dng v d ca D. Jones, trong khi
pht m t enormous ca ting Anh th trng m/ s nhn mnh c th b nh
hng bi s tng mnh ca cng kt hp vi s gia tng v trng
ca nguyn m v cch s dng ng iu ring (phm vi ln hn ca ng
iu i xung). Trong s cc c trng miu t, chng ta gii quyt mt kiu
quan h c bit. Lot bin th trung ho v khng c tnh biu cm kt hp
vi lot bin th biu hin gam chuyn sc (gracing garnut) theo thut ng
294
ca Sapir - ngi nh ngha kiu quan h ny theo mt cch rt ring.
Ging nh cc c trng hnh thc, cc c trng miu t u c ci s ch
ring ca mnh. Trong ting Anh, trng m cng , i lp vi trng m
thng thng, biu th s nhn mnh, v s gia tng thm ca trng m, biu
th thi nhn mnh hn.
Cc nt khu bit v cc nt cu thnh hnh th ch cc n v c ngha c
pht ngn; cc c trng miu t, i vi thi ca ngi ni v cc nt
rm biu th mt nguyn m i sau. Vic mang mt ci s ch ring kt hp
vi cc nt rm vi cc c trng cu thnh v miu t v tch chng ra khi
cc nt khu bit. Nt rng ngha ca cc c trng khu bit khin cho
nhng nt ny tch ra khi tt c cc c trng khc ca m.
Cng trnh nghin cu sau y l hng vo cc nt khu bit c hu.
Cc c trng ngn iu v nhiu vn khc bao gm s sp xp theo tuyn
tnh, c bit l vic chit on chui s c gii quyt ring.
8.2.4. Ranh gii m v
V nhiu mc ch thc hnh nn mi m v c th c biu din bng
mt nh quang ph cch u nhau trong hm truyn dn l khng i theo
thi gian, tr trong trng hp c nhng nh hng nht thi. Nhng nh
hng nht thi ny, vn c sinh ra do nhng bin i nhanh hm ngun,
c th ng vai tr gii hn cc m v trong chui. Nhng bin i nhanh
trong hm truyn dn chuyn i mau l v tr ca cc c quan ang pht
m cng ch ra s m u hoc kt thc (ranh gii) ca mt m cng ch ra s
m u hoc kt thc (ranh gii) ca mt m v. Tuy nhin, y t l thay
i cc tiu phi c xc nh bng thc nghim i vi mi trng hp.
Nhng dao ng nhanh trong cng ca c sng ngn ng cung cp mt
phng tin b sung xc nh v tr ca mt ng ranh gii m v.
8.2.5. t dng i lp vi khng t dng
* Kch thch
Thoi m t ngt i lp vi thoi m t t. Trong nhiu nh ph, cc
m v thoi m t ngt u c nh du bng mt kt on sc hn,
nhng iu ny thng thng km tri hn so vi mt khi m t ngt.
* Sn sinh
295
Lung hi b dng t ngt bi ng tc nn li hoc khp li ca thanh
hu.
* Din bin
Nhiu lot bin th nht nh ca cc m tc t ngt, c gi l thanh
hu ho, xut hin nhiu ting bn a chu M, chu Phi, vng Vin
ng v Cp - ca; v d, nh ph ca cc m tc thanh hu ho trong ting
Circassia v ting Navaho th hin nt tng ng ni bt ca cu trc.
V d: cc m tc t ngt i lp vi cc m tc khng t ngt: cc t
ting Circassia nh /ta/ o! - /ta/ chng ta, chng ti; /ca/ tn - /ca/
rng; /pa/ ni, v tr - /pa/ tt th!. Khng r rng v khng ph bin
nht l s thanh hu ho ca cc m tht quan st c trong ting
Tlingit (Ty Bc M) v ting Kabardia (Bc Cp - ca).
nhng ngn ng m c th i lp cc m tc t ngt v khng t
ngt, th m lt t ngt (gi l m tc thanh hu) c lin quan n m
lt khng t ngt (u c hay dn dn) vi t cch nh mt ph m thanh
hu ho l i lp vi nt phi thanh hu ho tng ng.
8.2.6. Ging the th i lp vi ging du
* Kch thch
Cc m t m c dng sng bt thng c gi l the th (strident).
Trong nh chp quang ph cc m t kiu nh vy c th hin ra s phn
b khng theo trt t ca cc vng en. Chng i lp vi cc m t c dng
sng u n hn. Cc m t c dng sng u n hn c gi l cc m
du (mellow) v c nh ph m trong nhng vng en c th to thnh
nhiu ng sc ng hoc ngang. Vic o c chnh xc thuc tnh ny l
mt hm tng lin t ng (auto correlation function). Cc m t du c s
tng lin t ng rng hn so vi cc m t the th tng ng v kha cnh
pht m, v d nu nh cc m t ang bn c chun ho chnh thc.
Trong trng hp cc m tht, th nt du l kt qu ca s gii hn i
vi s hn lon trong th phn b v nng lng i lp vi tn s. Trong khi
khng c cc vng formant r rng c th nhn thy c trn nh ph ca m
the th /s/, th chng ta li c th nhn thy chng mt cch d dng trong m
du //. Cc biu dao ng cho thy tnh chu k v tnh ng nht cao hn
296
c bit nhng m tht du chng hn nh // so vi /s/ v nhiu m tht
the th khc.
Trng hp cc m tc, c th t c nt du bng cch gii hn ln
s hn lon ca pha. So vi nhn xt tht thch hp ca Licklider:
... Cc yu t cu thnh khc nhau ca tn s ca ting n trng n nh
cc gc pha ca chng mt cch lung tung; cc b phn cu thnh ca tn s
ca mch n u t ti bin cc i ca chng ti thi im t = 0, v
chng t trit tiu ln nhau tt c cc thi im khc. Kt qu l, chng ta
nghe thy ting n trng nh sshhhh v mch n nh pt.
Cc v d: cc m tht the th i lp vi du: ting Anh sin - thin /in/,
breeze /briiz/ - breathe /brii/; ting Ewe (Ty Phi) /fu/ lng chim - /u/
xng, /vu/ nc mt - /u/ thuyn; ting Low Sorbia /i/ khu
- /i/ bnh tnh , ting Circassia /y/ bin - /xy/ li. Cc m tc the
th v du: ting c: zahl, /sa:/ s - tal, /ta:l/ thung lng -
pfanne, /fnn/ ci cho - panne, /pan/ s tan v, ting Czech
celo /elo/ lng my - telo /celo/ c th; ting Chuckchee (
ng Bc Siberia) /ale/ m cng - /kale/ ho.
Cc m tc the th c gi l cc m tc xt (affricate). Phn bit chui
m tc cng tht vi mt m tc xt bng mt cc tiu cng xen thm
vo, m c th nhn thy n trn mn hnh v sng m thanh ngn ng vi t
cch nh mt hm thi gian. So snh: ting Ba Lan czy /i/ hoc -
trzy /ti/ (s) 3, czech /ex/ ngi Czech, ting Czech - trzech /tex/
thuc s 3.
* Sn sinh
Cc m v the th c c trng ch yu l ting n tu theo s hn lon
ti v tr cu m. S hn lon mnh ny, n lt mnh li l h qu ca mt
s cn tr phc tp hn phn bit cc ph m the th vi cc m du tng
ng: cc m mi - rng vi cc m hai mi, cc m xut thnh ting v cc
m xut khng thnh ting vi cc m rng v cc m vm khng xut, v
cc m li con vi cc m mc chnh danh (velars proper). Mt vt cn ph
thng gy ra mt s tr ngi ln hn i vi lung hi l cn thit trong
trng hp cc m the th. V vy, bn cnh cc m mi, vn to thnh vt
297
cn duy nht s dng trong qu trnh sn sinh cc m hai mi, cc m mi -
rng cng gm c rng. Ngoi cc vt cn c s dng trong cc ph m du
tng ng, cc m xut (sibilants) cn dng c rng hm di v cc m li
con na. S chuyn ng mnh ca khng kh p vo mt vt cn ph kiu
nh vy tip theo s gii phng cc m tc the th sinh ra mt nh hng xt
c trng khin phn bit cc m tc ny vi cc m tc khc.
* Thm nhn
Nhng cng trnh thc nghim ca L. G. Jones trong khi m ca cc
m tht ghi c (nh s) b xo mt cho thy min l khong m duy tr
mc t hn 25 - 30 milisec ph m c nhiu ngi nghe l mt ph m
tc xt (nh s) trong khi mt khong m ngn hn li c xc
nh l mt m tc mt (nh t).
* Din bin
Nt khu bit cc i, v vy l tt nht gia cc ph m v cc nguyn
m c th t c bng cch hoc l nght li hon ton hoc bng cch tnh
xp x gn nht vi ting n. Mc nght cao thng thy cc m tc
mt, trong khi th ting n c cc m tc the th lm cho gn nht. V
vy m tht tt nht l m tc the th, trong khi th m tc tt nht l mt
m mt v nhiu ngn ng th th i lp tht v tc kt hp vi the th v
mt/ du. V d, trong ting Php tt c cc m tht u l /f v s z /
the th v tt c cc m tc u l /p b t d k q/ mt.
nhng ngn ng ny th th i lp the th v mt/ du l cn yu v
hng hu; s khc nhau gia cc m tc vi cc m tht tr thnh mt nt d
m, trong nhng iu kin nht nh, c th khng c th ho c. iu ny
xy ra trong ting B o Nha trong cc m d b g gia hai nguyn
m tr thnh cc m tht mt khin chng i lp vi /z v
/ khng nhng bng nt tc m cn bng c nt mt na. nhiu ngn
ng khc c s kt hp ca c hai th i lp trn, th nt the th c th tr
nn d/ rm, nu nh mt s trong s cc m v tc, t nht l trong nhng
iu kin nht nh, c biu din bng cc m tc xt.
Ngoi cc m tc the th v cc m tc mt ra, nhiu ngn ng cn c
nhiu lp m v kiu nh cc m tc the th (cc m tc xt) v/ hoc cc m
298
tc mt. V d, ting c v ting Czech, bn cnh cc m /s/ v /t/ cn c
cc m tc xt tng ng /s/, so snh ting c reissen x, ng t, reitten
ci, reizen gho. Hn na, bn cnh /f/ v /p/ ting c cn c c /f/;
v ting Czech c // bn cnh m tht the th // v m tc mt /c/.
Ngc li, bn cnh /s z/ v /t d/ ting Anh cn c cc m tht mt / /,
c hai m ny u nh vn l th.
Khi, bn cnh cc m tht the th v cc m tc mt/ du, mt ngn ng
no cn c cc m tc the th tng ng chng hn nh ting c hoc cc
m tht mt nh ting rp, c th hiu th i lp ny theo mt th i lp
n: tht tt nht i lp vi tc tt nht. Nu chng ta k hiu v trc bng
du + v v sau bng du - th mt m phc chng hn nh m tc the th
hay mt m tht mt s bng du t . Tng t iu ny c th p dng
c cho trong trng hp khi, nh trong ting Anh mt cp tht tt nht v
tc tt nht (v d: /s/ - /t/) c b sung bng mt m tc mt (//) v mt
cp khc (// - /k/) bng mt m tc the th (//): c hai n v phc ny
u c th c biu din bng cng mt k hiu t . tng i t mt vi
ngn ng c c bn n v trong mt lot, chng hn, cc ngn ng Cp - ca
pha Bc c m tht the th //, m tc mt /k/, m tht mt /x/ v m tc
the th //, chng ta phi thao tc vi hai th i lp t do - tht i lp vi
tc v the th i lp vi mt. Hn na, cho n nay ngi ta vn thch gii
quyt cc tnh hung ch c hai kh nng la chn v ngoi tr nhng tnh
hung phc tp, th hai th i lp ny c th c x tch ring trong trng
hp cc lot tam phn, v d nh trong ting Anh.
Ngoi cc ph m chnh danh, cc m nc c th tham gia vo th i
lp the th i lp vi mt. Mt vi ngn ng, chng hn nh ting Czech
u c mt m the th tng ng i km ca m v /r/. Lot m rung xut ny
c nh vn l r: so snh rada hng, rada hi ng. Mt s ngn
ng ca th dn da chu M, chu Phi v Cp - ca u c cc m the th i
km ca m v /l/ - cc m tc xt bn v/ hoc cc m tht. Mc d s tt dn
ln ca cc formant ca chng nhng tt c cc m v ny vn cn lu gi
du vt m hc rt r v mi quan h gia chng vi cc m nc. Chng l
nhng m nc c nt the th gi ln nhau.
299
8.2.7. Ngun b sung - Hu thanh i lp vi v thanh
* Kch thch
Cc m v hu thanh hay ku (buzz) nh /d b z v/ i lp vi cc m
v v thanh hay xut c trng bi s gi ln nhau ca mt ngun m thanh
ho m ln ngun n ca ci sau. i vi cc ph m hu thanh iu ny c
ngha l s hin din kt hp ca hai ngun m. nh ph ca cc ph m hu
thanh bao gm cc formant vn tu thuc vo ngun ho m. Nt tri nht
ca s hu thanh l s xut hin ca b phn thp mnh m c biu din
bng vch hu thanh dc theo ng nn ca nh ph.
* Sn sinh
Cc m v hu thanh b tnh lc bi cc xung nh k i km ca cc di
m thanh v cc m v v thanh m khng c cc xung nh th.
* Din bin
Vic s dng th i lp ph m tnh khu bit hu thanh i lp vi v
thanh l ph bin trn th gii; v d, chu u ngi ta tm thy tt c cc
ngn ng Slav cng nh trong ting Hungary: so snh ting Nga /don/
Don - /ton/ thanh iu. Vic m rng nt ny n cc m nc l cc k
him hoi; v d, trong ting Gaele cc m /r l/ hu thanh v cc m /r l/
v thanh tng ng c th xut hin trong cng nhiu v tr.
Cc nguyn m u c pht m mt cch bnh thng. Ngi ta vn
thng nghi ng rng c nhiu ngn ng trong song song vi i lp vi
ph m tnh hu thanh v v thanh th thc s cn c mt th i lp khu bit
tng t na gia cc nguyn m hu thanh v th tho, nh thng bo v
mt vi ngn ng Anh ing chu M, chng hn nh ting Comanche. Hoc
l m th tho khng phi l mt nt khu bit v ch ng chc nng lm ch
t ranh gii, hoc l n c th l mt m xy ra km theo ca th i lp cng
- chng.
nhng ngn ng m khng c th i lp t do ca cc ph m hu
thanh v v thanh, th v sau (thanh) hoc l ch c s dng nh mt yu t
i km ca th i lp cc ph m cng v chng, chng hn nh trong ting
Anh hoc l cc m ming l v thanh mt cch thng thng, chng hn nh
nhiu phng ng ting Phn Lan. y s khc nhau gia cc ng tc
xut v ku vi t cch nh mt yu t i km ca th i lp nguyn m
300
- ph m. mt s ngn ng ny, mt ng tc pht m t ng ca cc ph
m din ra trong nhng bi cnh m v nht nh.
8.2.8. Cc nt vang
Lp ny bao gm:
1) 3 kiu nt sinh ra trong khoang cng hng chnh: a) nt c, b) ba
nt thanh tnh, c) nt cng,
2) Nt mi ho tu thuc vo khoang cng hng b sung.
* Kch thch
Cc m v c c trng bi s ni tri tng i ca mt vng formant
(hay formant) v tr trung tm. Chng i lp vi m v long v nhng
m v ny mt hoc nhiu formant hay vng formant phi trung tm tri ln.
Cc nguyn m c i lp vi long: Ting Anh (Cch pht m Chp
nhn c) pet /pet/ - pit /pit/; pat /pat/ - putt /pt/; pot /pot/ -
put /put/. Cc ph m c i lp vi long: kill - pill hoc till; shill - fill
hoc sill; ding /di/ - dim hay din. M hnh cn xng ca cc ph m
ming c v long trong ting Czech cho ta nhng v d v tng ng mt -
i - mt: ti /ci/ h - ty /ti/ h, ngi th ba; sl /a:l/ khn chong -
sl /sa:l/ hi trng; kluk /kluk/ con trai - pluk /pluk/ on, by; roh
/rox/ sng - rov /rof/ m.
Trng hp cc nguyn m nt ny ch yu t biu hin bng v tr ca
formant th nht: khi formant sau cao hn (v d, gn hn formant th ba v
cao hn cc formant khc) th m v s c hn. Formant th nht cng gn
st vi cc formant trn th mc cng ca vng pha trn formant th
nht s cao hn, c bit l mc cng gia cc nh.
cc ph m, nt c c hin th bng mt vng formant tri, t ti
trung tm, nh i lp vi nhng m v m trong mt vng khng phi
trung tm tri ln; (so snh: cng trnh nghin cu phn tch cc m tc ting
Thu in ca Fant). Cc m mi c c mt vng formant tri gia cc
formant mi c trng (200 cps v 2500 cps). Nhng quan st ca Delattre v
nhng v tr ca formant th nht cc m tc v cc m mi lm chng cho
mi quan h song song gia nt c cc nguyn m v ph m.
301
Ngi ta ngh rng vic o chnh xc nt c s ging vi vic xc
nh phn tn trong ngnh thng k hc. Vic o c thng thng nt c
ny l xung lng th hai v phng tin. Nhng c tnh bc u v
phng php ny nh l mt nt o c th v nt c. Nhng cu hi xc
ng xem xt gnh nng chnh ca nh ph tn s i lp vi cng hin
vn cn b ng: c bit l liu mt gnh nng nh ng nt cng bnh
ng c nn c p dng cho nhng nh ph trc khi tnh m cc xung
lng (moment).
*Sn sinh
S khc bit c bn v mt cu m gia cc m v c v long nm
trong mi quan h gia th tch ca cc khoang cng hng trc ng tc
bp hp nht v nhng khoang cng hng sau ng tc ny. T l ca cc
khoang trc ng tc bp hp nht so vi nhng khoang sau ng tc bp
hp nht l cao hn i vi cc m v c so vi cc m v long tng ng.
V vy, nhng ph m c pht m ngc li vi cc m ngc cng v ngc
mm s c hn so vi nhng ph m c cu m b phn trc ca
khoang ming. Trng hp cc nguyn m nt c tng vi s tng ln
vng giao din ca mt li tht bt k. V vy cc nguyn m m l c nht
trong khi cc nguyn m long l khp nht.
T l ca khoang trc ln hn so vi th tch ca khoang sau. Cng c
th t c bng cch tt hng. y l trng hp xut hin trong pht m
cc ph m c. cc ph m long tng ng khoang hu c ko di ra
bng cch nng cao ngc mm v h thp xng hoid. Cc nh chp bng tia
X ng tc cu m cc nguyn m ting Phn Lan v nhng thng s ca
chng do Dovijrvi thc hin c bit th hin rt r kha cnh ny. Th
tch ca khoang hu i vi mt m v long lun lun ln hn so vi mt m
v c (v mt pht m) tng ng.
*Thm nhn
V cp tng th cao hn thng gn vi thi on di hn, cho nn
cc m v c th hin mt nng lng ng m cao hn so vi cc m v
long, v mt pht m. Nhng kt qu tnh ton ca Fletcher cho ta cc gi
tr trung bnh sau y i vi cc ph m ting Anh M (v nhng kt qu
tng t i vi cc nguyn m):
302
c Long
/k/ 3.0 /t/ 2.7 /p/ 1.0
/g/ 3.3 /d/ 1.7 /b/ 1.1
//
11.0 /s/ 0.9 /f/ 1.0
//
12.0 /n/ 4.1 /m/ 2.9
bnh din thm nhn mt lin tng khu bit thng lin kt i lp
ph m tnh v nguyn m tnh ca nt c v nt long. Theo ln thc
nghim gn y ti Trung tm Thc nghim Haskins cho thy mt m tc
nhn to di dng gin tng t c i a s mi ngi nh gi l
p khi cp i vi i v u, nhng li l k khi cp i vi
a. Tip xc vi a, mt nguyn m c nht, v vi i v u,
cc nguyn m long nht trong s tt c cc nguyn m thc y s kt hp
ca m tc ny vi k, mt ph m c nht, v vi p, mt ph m
long nht trong s cc m tc. Tng t, t l v ln, v d, k hiu nh
i lp vi ln lin kt mt cch r rng i vi nhng ngi nghe kho
mnh vi i lp c v long, cng vic tin hnh tng t i vi cc
nguyn m v i vi cc ph m.
Th i lp c v Long trong m hnh nguyn m l c trng duy
nht c th th hin mt giai on trung gian ngoi hai giai on hai thi
cc. bnh din thm nhn th nhiu ln thc nghim cho thy cc giai on
trung gian nh th thng qua hn hp gm mt nguyn m c vi mt
nguyn m long tng ng dng nh khng nh cu trc c bit ca nt
nguyn m tnh ny, m thng t n ring ra khi cc c trng c hu
khc.
* Din bin
Nt khu bit gia cc nguyn m c v long r rng l c tnh cht ph
qut. Mt vi ngn ng phn b ri rc nh ting Tahiti v Kasimov - Tatar
khng c cc ph m c (c cc m mc ln cc m ngc). Thng thng
cc ph m c ch xut hin cc ph m tc, chng hn nh trong ting an
Mch.
Nhng trong khi cc ph m thng tun th theo nguyn tc phn i
mt cch nghim ngt v c th hoc l c hoc l long th trng thi song
hnh trong m hnh nguyn m tnh l thng xuyn xut hin nhng khng
303
mang tnh ph qut. V d, trong ting Rumani (v cc quan h tng t cng
tn ti trong nhiu ngn ng khc) m /a/ m v m // khp, chng hn
nh trong t rad Ti co ru - rid Ti ci l i lp vi nhau theo th
c v long. Nguyn m gia // tng ng l long so vi /a/ m v (so
snh rai xu - rai thin ng) nhng ng thi li l c so vi // (so
snh var anh em h - vir Ti gii thiu). V vy nt c v long c
th xem l hai th i lp, mt th i lp k hiu bng du cng + v th i
lp kia bng du tr -: v vy khi // s l t . Tuy nhin, th i lp gm
hai v i lp ny c th phn tch thnh hai i lp lng phn ca cc mu
thun: c v khng c v long v khng long. Trong trng hp ny, //
s l hai ln m - c khng c ln khng long.
8.2.9. Cc nt thanh tnh
Tiu lp cc nt vang ny bao gm ba nt lng phn khu bit c th
tng tc qua li vi nhau mt cch khc nhau: a) c trng trng lng, b)
c trng bt/ dt v c) c trng lm ic.
*Kch thch
Xt v mt m hc th c trng ny hm ch nt tri ca mt bn ca b
phn c ngha ca nh ph ln b phn khc. Khi phn di ca nh ph
tri ln th m v c xc nh l trm; khi phn trn ca m v tri ln th
m v c xc nh l bng. Hai kt qu t th hin mnh l chnh danh i
vi c trng ny: a) tm vng v, b) mmen th ba v tm vng. Nh ni
trn, trc khi p dng nhng tiu ch ny chun ho cc nh ph ny
theo cch ny l cn thit. Hin ti th hm chun ho chnh thc vn cha
c xc nh.
Thun tin ln ca mmen th ba l ch y phn di ca nh ph
tri ln s cho ta nhng gi tr tiu cc, trong khi phn trn ca nh ph
tri ln cho ta nhng gi tr tch cc. V vy, chng ta c th xc nh trng
lc hay nt bng ca mt m m khng cn phi qui v mt chun bt k no.
Tuy nhin, c mt thc t l chng ta phi xc nh lu tha ba mt trong s
cc thng bin m chng ta c (khc bit v tn s) dng nh khin phi
o c mmen th ba cc k t nh m c th c s dng cc k cn thn.
304
Khi s dng tm vng chng ta thng trnh nhng kh khn ny,
nhng ng thi chng ta cng nh mt nhng c hi thun li va ni trn.
Cc tr tuyt i ca tm vng khng th ch ra c l liu mt m v l trm
hay bng, bi v tm vng ca mt m v bng cng c th thp hn so vi
tm vng ca mt m v trm; so snh tm vng ca m /e/ bng v ca m /f/
trm trong t deaf ic ca ting Anh. V vy m khng th quyt nh
c l liu mt m v cho trc l trm hay bng m li khng bit t nht
mt s trong s nhiu c trng khc m m v c.
Cc nguyn m trm v bng: ting Th Nh K: /ks/ xu bng, /kis/
khi u, /kus/ nn ra!, /kys/ rt ngn li!, /an/ chc, lt - /en/ chiu
rng, /on/ mi - /n/ ng trc.
V tr ca formant th hai trong th tng quan vi v tr ca cc formant
khc trn nh ph l ch s c trng nht ca cc c trng ny: khi n st
hn vo formant th nht th m v l trm; khi n gn st hn vo formant
th ba v cc formant cao hn th n l bng.
Cc ph m trm i lp vi cc ph m bng: fill - sill, pill - till, bill -
dill, mill - nil. Khi xc nh nt trm ca mt ph m th tt hn c l quan st
formant th hai nguyn m bn cnh, nu c: n b h thp trong trng hp
cc ph m trm, v c nng cao nu ph m l bng. y l phng php
bt ngun t ngnh khoa hc Li ni th gic (Visual Speech). Trong mt s
trng hp v tr ca formant th ba v thm ch cc formant cao hn cng c
th b nh hng.
*Sn sinh
Nt trm ca mt ph m hay mt nguyn m c sinh ra do khoang
ming m rng hn hoc khng, trong khi nt bng c sinh ra trong
khoang nhiu hn v nh hn. y nt trm c trng cho cc ph m mi
nh i lp vi cc ph m rng, cng nh cc m ngc i lp vi cc ph
m mc v tng t, cc nguyn m sau c cu m vi s tht vo ca
li i lp vi cc nguyn m trc th li th ra.
Tuy nhin, thng thng mt yu t b sung ni bt trong khi hnh thnh
nn cc m v trm (cc nguyn m sau v cc ph m mi cng nh cc m
mc nu nh i lp vi cc m ngc) l s co li ca mt sau ca khoang cng
hng ming, thng qua ng tc thu hp thanh qun, trong khi th cc m
305
v bng tng ng (cc ph m rng v ngc v cc nguyn m trc) c to
ra vi t th thanh qun m rng. V d, chiu ca giao din ca khoang hng
i vi hai lp cc ph m ting Czech pht trin lch hng khi chiu rng
ca n trong mt khong lng (13.3mm) l nh sau (cc kt qu o c tnh
bng mm):
Trm Bng
/u/ - 3.8 /i/ + 15.2
/o/ - 5.5 /e/ + 4.0
/f/ - 4.7 /s/ + 6.3
/x/ - 3.8
//
+ 1.7
/p/ - 2.5 /t/ + 0.5
/k/ - 2.6 /c/ + 12.7
/m/ - 2.5 /n/ + 8.9
8.2.10. Dt i lp vi bng phng
* Kch thch
ng tc dt t biu hin bng mt thay i i xung ca nhiu formant
hay thm ch ca tt c cc formant trong nh ph.
Cc nguyn m dt i lp vi bng phng: Ting Th Nh K /kus/
- /ks/, /kys/ - /kis/; /on/ - /an/; /n/ - /en/. Chng ti dng thut ng m
nhc theo qui c dn nhn cho c trng ny v trong khi phin m ng
m hc chng ta c th s dng mt du ging m nhc i cao hoc i
thp ch cc ph m dt. Cc v d ly t Rutulia, mt ngn ng Cp - ca
pha Bc: /iak
b
/ sng, nh - /iak/ tht, /
b
ar/ hn, na - /
b
ar/ ma
.
* Sn sinh
ng tc lm dt ch yu c sinh ra bng cch rt ngn b mt ca
mi (trn mi) vi s gia tng i km v di ca ng tc mm mi. y
th i lp dt v bng phng v mt ngun gc c xc nh bng thut ng
s thay i b mt v th i lp trm v bng l thay i khoang cng
hng.
Thay v b mt trc ca khoang ming, cung hng, n lt mnh c
th lin quan n nhng nh hng tng t ca ng tc lm bt. ng tc
tht hng c lp ny, c gi l hng ho tc ng n cc ph m bng v
306
lm long nt bng ca chng. Thc t l nhiu dn tc khng c cc ph m
hng ho ting m ca h, chng hn nh ting Bantus v ting Uzbeks,
thay th cc ng tc cu m mi ho i vi cc ph m hng ho v trn
mi. Hai qu trnh ny khng th xy ra trong mt ngn ng. Do chng s
c c x nh l hai bin th ca mt th i lp bt v bng phng. Hai k
hiu ng m t v t ln lt dng cho cc ph m hng ho v trn
mi c th c thay th bng mt k hiu n khi phin m ng m hc. Du
ging trong m nhc c i cao hoc i thp m chng ti dng cho cc ph
m trn mi ting Cp - ca, cng c th dng cho cc ph m hng ho ting
rp: /d
b
irs/ rng hm - /dirs/ ui con lc , /salb/ s ng inh vo gi
ch thp - /salb/ s cp ot.
V vic s dng t do s thay i mt sau i vi cc ph m trn v
i vi cc ph m bng.
8.2.11. ic i lp vi bng phng
*Kch thch
c trng ny t biu th vi ng tc hi i ln mt cht ca formant
th hai v n mt mc no cng ca cc formant cao hn.
Cc v d: Ting Nga /mat/ lm nhu - /mat/ m - /mat/ s tht
bi, /krof/ mu - /krof/ tr, .
* Sn sinh
gy nh hng c trng ny, khoang ming c rt ngn bng
cch nng ln mt phn li t vo ngc. S iu chnh ny, c gi l s
ngc ho, c thc hin ng thi vi ng tc cu m chnh ca mt ph
m cho trc v lin kt vi co gin ln hn ca cung hng so vi cc
ph m bng phng tng ng. gin n hng ca cc ph m bng bng
phng c gia thm cho cc ph m ic. ng tc co tht hng ca cc ph
m trm bng phng c thay th bng mt ng tc co gin cho cc ph m
ic. Do ng tc ca hng l c bit quan trng trong khi lm ic cc
ph m trm v c th, trong mt s hon cnh nht nh, tr thnh nhn t
chnh ca n.
* Thm nhn cc nt thanh tnh
307
d hiu ca cc ph m bng b suy gim nghim trng bng cch loi
b tn s cao ca chng, trong khi cc m v trm l kh c th nhn ra
c khi mt cc tn s thp. Ph m phc c lnh hi l t khi ph
cho cc tn s cao hn mt cch c th v l p khi ph cho cc tn s
thp mt cch c th.
Hai m v i lp nhau theo tiu ch trm v bng (v d., /u/ v /y/
hoc // v /i/ hoc /f/ v /s/) c xc nhn mt cch d dng l c v sng
bi cc ch th p li c nh hng, trong khi i lp bt v bng phng,
/u/ v // hoc /y/ v /i/ to ra cm gic v su, rng, sc nng v
cn i lp vi mng, cao, sng v chi. Nghin cu su hn vo
hai phng din ny ca cm gic thnh gic trong mi quan h ca chng vi
cc kch thch m hc khc nhau v vi nhng phn ng ca cng nhiu
ngi nghe v nt c c th gp phn lm sng t v gii hn nhng thuc
tnh m thanh khc nhau.
Truyn thng ng php rp ti cng v bo mp gia tng
cho cc ph m hng ho xt v mt kinh nghim thnh gic c cc nh
quan st Cp - ca p dng tng t cho cc ph m trn mi. Cc ph m
bng ic nh /s/, /t/ c nhng ngi th nghim cho bit l chng
sng hn mt cht xu so vi /s/, /t/ v cc m /f/, /p/ trm ic l mt ci
g c hn so vi /f/, /p/.
Nhiu ngi c tri ph cho c i tai ng m nhy cm mu sc
thng cp cc nguyn m l hu sc cn cc ph m l v sc, hi ti.
i lp gia cc m v trm v bng c tng quan vi nhng phn ng trng
- en, vng - xanh v xanh - , trong khi cc m v c thng c gn
vi nhng mu sc khong cch ln nht t trc trng - en. Nhng th
nghim trong khi pha trn nguyn m cho thy cc nguyn m trm v bng
khi c nghe ng thi th li khng c xc nhn l mt nguyn m n.
Php th ny c th em so snh vi mt kinh nghim tng t v cc mu -
trn thc t cc mu vng hi xanh (hi xanh da tri) v mu xanh (xanh l
cy) hi l khng tn ti.
308
* Din bin ca cc nt thanh tnh
Mi ngn ng u th hin t nht mt nt thanh tnh. Chng ti gi n
l c bn (primary). Hn na, mt ngn ng c th c mt hoc hai nt thanh
tnh th yu.
*Nt thanh tnh c bn
Cc ph m hu ht u c mt nt thanh tnh. Nh mt qui lut, cc ph
m long th hin th i lp trm v bng, vn cng thng thy c cc
ph m c. Ni cch khc, cc m hnh ph m thng gm c c cc m
rng ln cc m mi v cng thng i lp ln nhau gia cc m mc v cc
m ngc. Chng hn nh mt s ngn ng Trung u nh ting Czech,
Slovak, Serbocroatia v ting Hungary. Cc m v ph m ca nhng ngn
ng ny to thnh mt hnh vung, trong khi nhiu ngn ng nh ting
Anh v ting Php thng khng tch cc ph m c ca chng ra thnh cc
m v trm, v mt pht m v bng, v khung hnh ny s tr thnh mt
hnh tam gic:
Ting Czech Ting Php
mt vi ngn ng chu M v chu Phi khng c cc m mi, s vng
mt ca nhng m ny phn ln, u c th ln theo du vt n cch dng
truyn thng ca cc m mi trn (labret). Hn na, hu ht cc m hnh ph
m him hoi ny, vn u khng c th i lp trm v bng, nhng li c
mt nt thanh tnh khc: Dt v bng phng, chng hn nh cc ngn ng
Tlingit (Alaska), Iroquoi v Witchita (Oklahoma), so snh v d, cc cp t
ting Tlingit nh ja:k ca n - ja:k hn, s.
nhiu m hnh nguyn m ch c mt nt thanh tnh th thy 3 trng
hp sau y: a) ring ch c th i lp trm v bng; b) Him thy ring th
p t
k c
Trm
Bng
c
Long
k
p t
Trm
Bng
309
i lp det v bng phng; c) rt thng xuyn s pha trn gia hai th i
lp ny. Nhng v d v kiu loi th nht l ting Wichita v ting Slovak
vi nhng cp t ting Slovak nh mat /mac/ m - mt /mc/ bc h,
hay ring Nht trong m v trm i lp vi m /i/ c to ra m khng
c cc ng tc trn mi. Trong ting Nga minh ho cho kiu loi th hai cc
m v khp /u/ v /i/ i lp vi nhau ch nt dt/ bt (trn mi) vi bng
phng (khng trn mi) bi v nhng v tr nht nh c hai m v ny u
c biu hin bng cc bin th trc v mt s v tr khc biu hin bng
cc bin th sau: ydit chi khm - ydit ht
thuc, rvu Ti x - rv cc con ho. Trong nhng trng
hp ny ch mt trong hai qu trnh l cn yu mang tnh m v, trong khi
th qu trnh kia l mt nt d ch xut hin nhng bi cnh nht nh. Kiu
loi th ba, mt s pha trn khng th phn tch c ca c hai qu trnh,
u din ra trong ting Ty Ban Nha v ting : v d ting Ty Ban Nha
/puso/ N () b - /piso/ bc i - /poso/ cn, cu - /peso/ trng
lng. y trong th i lp trm v bng th khoang ming khng ngn
rng l lun lun c ng tc chm trn mi i km, trong khi th mt
khoang c ngn nh hn li khng bao gi c ng tc trn mi i km.
V vy trong nhng khun hnh ny ch c trm tt nht v bng tt nht l c
i lp nhau m thi.
Nu ch c duy nht mt nt thanh tnh cc nguyn m ca mt ngn
ng no , th n c th c gp c vo nt thanh tnh (hoc ch l) c bn
ca cc ph m, khng k mt khun hnh no trong ba khun hnh trn thc
s xy ra. V d, ting Nga s dng mt th i lp (bt/ dt v bng phng)
nh mt nt thanh tnh trong cc nguyn m, cn th i lp kia (trm v
bng) nh mt nt thanh tnh c bn trong cc ph m. Tuy nhin, s khc
nhau gia cc nt ny l tha bi v n thng i km vi th i lp gia cc
nguyn m v cc ph m, v kt qu l y ch c nhn t cn yu l yu t
nh danh chung ca hai nt thanh tnh ny.
Nt thanh tnh c bn hay duy nht thng gn lin vi cc nguyn m
long. y, cc nguyn m, cng nh cc ph m, to thnh mt hnh tam
gic hoc mt hnh vung hi ho.
Ting Wichita Ting rp
310
* Cc nt thanh tnh th yu
Trong nhiu ngn ng cc ph m s dng th i lp bt/ dt v bng
phng vi t cch nh mt c trng th yu, ngoi c trng c bn, chng
hn th i lp trm v bng. S lm bt c to ra bng cch ang t trng
thi chm trn mi th nhnh ra nh trong ting Caucasus v cng xut hin
trong mt s ngn ng bn a chu , chu Phi v chu M. N ch yu
nh hng n cc m mc, nhng i khi li lan ti c nhng ph m khc
na. Lot cc m v lm bt khc, cc ph m hng ho (ci gi l nhn
mnh) xut hin trong nhiu ngn ng Semit (X mt) v cc ngn ng ln
cn. Qu trnh ny c nh hng n cc ph m bng long (ph m rng)
v lm long i nt bng ca chng, trong khi cc ph m c, n li
thng pha trn vi th i lp c bn trm i lp vi bng v lm tng s
khc bit gia cc m ngc v cc m mc bng cch nh tro ln cc m
mc ng tc xit hng mnh.
S khc bit gia cc ph m rng v qut li c bit c trng ca
nhiu ngn ng n , l mt biu hin khc ca cng mt th i lp. C
ng tc xit hng ln ng tc ko di ca khoang ang cng hng din ra
trong khi to ra cc ph m nhn mnh l qui trnh th nht, cn i vi ph
m qut li th qui trnh th hai hnh nh thch hp hn.
Cc m lt v cc m nc cng tri qua qu trnh trn mi hay hng
ho v c th tham gia vo th i lp bt/ dt v bng phng. V th m ting
Circassia v ng tc bp thanh hu trn mi v khng trn mi: /a/ Ni!
- /a/ tay. Ting rp thng c s bt hi cng vi v khng cng vi
ng tc xit hng /hab
b
dam/ N ko xung. Th i lp ca cc ph m
ic v cc ph m bng phng ng mt phn quan trng, chng hn, trong
u
i
a
i
Tr
m
Bng
a
u
Tr
m
B
ng
c
Lo
ng
311
ting Gaelic, Rumani, Ba Lan, ting Nga v nhiu ngn ng khc cng vi
ting Nga. N ch yu nh hng n cc ph m bng long (cc m rng),
nhng i khi cng m rng n nhiu lp khc (cc m mi v cc m mc).
Trong mt vi ngn ng cc ph m trn mi (bt/ dt) v cc ph m
ngc ho (ic) c th cng tn ti, v d ting Abkhazia Caucasus thng
i lp mt m v bng phng nh /g/ vi m /g
b
/ bt tng ng mt ng v
vi m /g/ ic mt pha khc. Trong cc ngn ng n lp chng hn nh
ting Trung Dungan v ting Kashmiri, th hai th i lp cng tn ti hin
thc ho c bn kt hp c th: 1) khng ngc ho trn mi, 2) khng ngc
ho khng trn mi, 3) ngc ho trn mi, 4) ngc ho khng trn mi. (So
snh cc lot m /u/ - // - /y/ - /i/). Ting Kashmiri phn bit kha cnh
ny bn hnh thc khc nhau ca ng t (lm): /kar
b
/ - /kar/ - /kar/ -
/kar
b
/. cc m v ngc ho trn mi th formant th hai di chuyn gn hn
vo formant th ba trong khi ng thi tt c cc formant u di chuyn
xung tn s thp.
Cui cng kt hp gia cc m dt/ bt v cc m ic trong mt ngn
ng c th c mt hnh thc khc. Bn cnh cc ngn ng chng hn nh
ting rp vn hn ch vai tr t do ca hng vo ng tc xit li ca n
i vi ng tc lm long cc ph m bng, cn c mt vi ngn ng
Caucasus ng Bc vn thng s dng ng tc m rng hng lm ic
cc ph m trm. y l c im c bn ca ci gi l s lm mm nhn
mnh. C hai qu trnh ny - c th c rt ngn li xung thnh mt n
v nh danh thng thng: s mt dn c trng c bn thng qua s thay
i khoang hng. Kt qu l chng ta c th phin chuyn cc m rng c
khoang hng thu hp theo mt v ch cch tng t. Cc v d ly t ting
Lakkia (Caucasus ng Bc): /da:/ gia - /da:/ n v /ma/ ci
sng - /ma/ c n.
Trong rt nhiu ngn ng mt trong hai th i lp - trm v bng v bt
v bng phng - hot ng mt cch ring bit trong m hnh ng m.
312
9. C IM NG M C BAN CA TING VIT
9.1. m tit ting Vit
9.1.1. D n lu n
Ting Vit c xem l mt ngn ng n lp tiu biu m c im c
bn ca n l: m tit gi mt vai tr c bn trong h thng cc n v ngn
ng; vn t vng c bn ca ting Vit u l t n tit v mi m tit u
c kh nng tim tng tr thnh t; cc t khng bin hnh; mt m tit cng
ng thi l mt hnh v v ngha ng php c th hin ch yu bng trt
t t...
Trn phng din ng m, m tit ting Vit c xem l mt n v c
bn (trong cc ngn ng bin hnh l m v). m tit ting Vit c cu
trc n gin, lun gn lin vi thanh iu, c tch bit trong chui li ni
v c trong hnh thc ch vit.
Nhm lm sng t hn cc c im ng m ca ting Vit cng nh
phc v cho cc mc ch khc chng ti mun:
- a ra mt phng php c th nhm thng k tt c cc m tit xt v
mt kh nng c th to ra c trong ting Vit v bc u xc nh trong
thc t c bao nhiu m tit c s dng
- Trn c s cc con s thng k, chng ti ch ra cc qui tc ng m chi
phi thc t s dng cc m tit ting Vit.
9.1.2. Phng pha p
c th tin hnh thng k c tt c cc m tit xt v mt kh nng,
chng ti ngh mt cu trc m tit cho ting Vit v cng vi n l cc
loi hnh m tit.
a- Cu trc m tit
m tit
Thanh iu
Ph m u
Vn
m m m chnh m cui
Trong cu trc ny v tr nguyn m v thanh iu l bt buc tn ti, cc
v tr khc c th thiu.
b- Loi hnh m tit
Theo cu trc trn c bn loi hnh m tit:
242
Loi 1: Nguyn m
Loi 2: Nguyn m + ph m cui
Loi 3: Ph m u + Nguyn m
Loi`4: Ph m u + Nguyn m + ph m cui
- v tr ca nguyn m ng c lp kt hp vi thanh lm thnh mt
m tit c th c: 9 nguyn m n (c 3 nguyn m ngn [, , o v
] l khng tn ti c lp lm m tit); 24 nguyn m i v 16 nguyn
m ba.
- v tr ph m u c 21 ph m
- v tr m cui c 6 ph m
- v tr thanh iu c 6 thanh (vi cc m tit c ph m cui l -p, -t,
-c/ ch ch kt hp c vi hai thanh)
Cn c vo h thng ch quc ng hin hnh v qui tc kt hp ca
chng, chng ti c th tnh c tt c cc m tit c kh nng hnh thnh
trong ting Vit theo 4 loi cu trc m tit nu trn.
ST
T
m tit Thanh iu
ATSD ATKSD
Ph m
u
m
chnh
m
cui
Ngang Huyn Ng Hi Sc Nng
1 i i 6 0
2 i m im m m m m m 2 4
3 l i li l l l l l 5 1
4 l i m lim lm lm lm lm lm 4 2
4/0 3/1 1/3 4/0 2/2 3/1 17 7
Bng 9-5. Cu truc m tit c hinh thanh
xc nh c s lng m tit thc t s dng trong ting Vit,
chng ti da vo hai cun t in ca Hong Ph:
- T in ting Vit, NXB Nng, 1992
- T in chnh t, NXB Nng,
Nhng m tit c s dng cng c da vo cc tiu ch:
- Nhng m tit c ngha t vng
- S dng trong t ly (d bn thn hin nay khng c ngha hoc m ngha)
- Cc m tit c ngun gc l cc ngn ng dn tc nhng c m tit ho
- S dng trong ting a phng
243
- Tn ring thng dng (y l vn m khng ai c th nm bt c
tt c cc tn ring). V vy chng ti ch thng k nhng tn thng dng m
thi.
Thc t, nhng m tit c s dng ch c tnh n mt thi im
nht nh v s cn thay i. S cn nhiu m tit c dng trong cc t a
phng l cha th thng k c.
Theo hng ngang, chng ta s cng c s m tit s dng v khng s
dng. Theo hng dc, chng ta s cng c s lng m tit s dng v
khng s dng theo thanh iu.
9.1.3. K t qua
S lng m tit ting Vit: kh nng hnh thnh v thc t s dng
a- Bng kt qu thng k
b- Nhn xt v s lng m tit ting Vit
Qua thng k chng ti nhn thy:
Xt v mt cu trc m tit ting Vit th v mt l thuyt c c thy l
18.958 m tit. Tnh kh nng trong mi loi hnh cu trc chng ti nhn thy
nh sau
Loi hnh 1: Nguyn m
loi hnh ny s lng m tit c to ra v mt l thuyt nhiu nht
nguyn m i chim 0,81% tng s m tit ting Vit xt v mt kh nng.
Thc t s dng th s lng nguyn m i cng c s dng nhiu
nht chim 0,69% tng s m tit s dng trong thc t.
- Loi hnh 2: Nguyn m + Ph m cui
Trong loi hnh ny th kh nng ca nguyn m n + ph m cui (m,
n, ng/nh) v nguyn m i + Ph m cui (m, n, ng/nh) c s lng bng
nhau v chim 1,14% tng s m tit ting Vit xt v mt cu trc vi s
lng l 216 m tit. Cng tng t nh kt hp vi ph m cui m, n, ng/nh
th kt hp vi p, t, c/ch nguyn m n v nguyn m i cng c kh
nng to ra s lng m tit nh nhau ln lt l 72 m tit.
- Loi hnh 3: Ph m u + Nguyn m
Chng ta nhn thy loi hnh ny kh nng to ra m tit ca cc ph
m xt + nguyn m l ln nht chim 12,24%. Nhng thc t s dng li cho
244
thy khng phi ph m xt chim s lng ln nht m l ph m tc +
nguyn m chim 13,17% m tit s dng.
Ph m bn + nguyn m c s lng m tit v mt cu trc bng vi
s lng ph m bn + nguyn m to ra l 282 m tit mi loi chim 1,48%
cho tng loi.
Nhng vy tng qut li th s lng m tit loi hnh ny l 6114 m
tit trong khi ch s dng vi s lng l 2712 m tit.
- Loi hnh 4: Ph m + Nguyn m + Nguyn m cui
Trong loi hnh ny s lng m tit kh nng to ra l 11.960 m tit
trong s lng m tit s dng ch c 3667. Nh vy l s lng m tit s
dng l t hn rt nhiu ln so vi s lng m tit to ra.
m tit c s dng trong loi hnh ny ch chim 19,09% tng s m
tit ting Vit. Kh nng to ra m tit th loi c cu trc ph m xt + ph
m cui m, n, ng/nh l ln nht vi s lng l 2856 chim 15,06% trong khi
thc t s dng ch c 816 m tit chim 12,27%.
Qua s liu thng k chng ta nhn thy kh nng hnh thnh m tit c
dng ph m xt + nguyn m l ln nht so vi cc loi m tit khc ph m
khc.
S lng m tit ting Vit: phn b theo thanh iu
a- Bng kt qu thng k
b- Nhn xt v phn b thanh iu i vi m tit ting Vit
Nh bit thanh iu lun lun c mt mi kiu loi m tit. 6655
m tit s dng ng thi cng l 6655 thanh iu. Su thanh iu ca ting
Vit phn b mi tiu loi, c th l nh sau:
- Loi hnh 1: Nguyn m
C tng s 105 thanh iu c s dng trn tng s 300 thanh iu to
ra. S lng thanh iu c s dng nhiu nht thanh ngang: loi hnh
ny s lng thanh ngang l 50 trong c dng 29 thanh v m tit c cu
to l nguyn m i l nhiu nht. Ngc li thanh ng l thanh c s
dng t nht.
- Loi hnh 2: Nguyn m + Ph m
584 m tit ng thi cng l 584 thanh. Trn tng s 584 thanh ch c
174 thanh l c s dng. V kh nng, s lng m tit l nguyn m n
245
+ ph m bng s lng m tit c cu to nguyn m i + ph m. Ring
m tit l cc nguyn m ba c s lng rt t. Do s lng thanh iu
cng t. Thc t s dng ca loi hnh thanh iu ny l 174 chim2,61%.
- Loi hnh 3: Ph m u + Nguyn m
Trn tng s 6114 m tit to ra ch c 2712 m tit l c s dng,
trong thanh ng c s lng t nht v thanh ngang c s lng ln nht.
- Loi hnh 4: Ph m + Nguyn m + Ph m cui
Trn tng s 11960 thanh iu to ra ch c 3667 thanh iu s dng
trong thanh sc chim s lng ln nht v thanh ng c s lng t nht.
S lng thanh sc v nng i vi ph m cui p, t, c/ch l rt ln
(1166 thanh, chim 6,15% tng s thanh iu v mt kh nng hnh
thnh v chim 17,52% tng s thanh iu s dng).
Loi
hnh
Tiu loi
Tng s
m tit (v
mt l
thuyt)
18.958
% l
thuyt
Tng s
m tit
s dng
6.655
% s
dng
% s dng
trn l
thuyt
1 Nguyn m (NA)
n 54 0,28 35 0,53 0,18
i 156 0,82 64 0,69 0,33
Ba 90 0,47 6 0,09 0,03
300 1,58 105 1,57 0,54
2 NA + Ph m (PA) cui
NA n + PA cui m, n, ng/nh 216 1,14 73 1,09 0,38
+ p, t, c/ch 72 0,38 48 0,72 0,25
NA i + PA cui m, n, ng/nh 216 1,14 15 0,23 0,07
+ p, t, c/ch
NA ba + PA cui m, n, ng/nh 1 0,005 1 0,00 0,00
+ p, t, c/ch 1 0,005 1 0,01 0,00
584 3,08 174 2,57 0,89
3 PA u + NA
PA mi + NA 1098 5,79 455 6,84 2,37
PA bn + NA 282 1,48 160 2,40 0,83
PA rung + NA 282 1,48 124 1,86 0,64
PA qut li + NA 846 4,46 362 5,44 1,88
PA xt + NA 2322 12,24 735 11,04 3,82
PA tc + NA 1662 8,76 876 13,77 4,56
6114 33,25 2712 40,76 14,12
4 PA u + NA + PA cui
PA mi + NA + PA cui m, n, ng/nh 1632 8,60 399 5,99 2,07
+ p, t, c/ch 544 2,86 196 2,95 1,02
PA bn + NA + PA cui m, n, ng/nh 408 2,15 174 2,61 0,90
+ p, t, c/ch 136 0,71 64 0,96 0,33
PA rung + NA + PA cui m, n, ng/nh 408 2,15 101 1,52 0,52
+ p, t, c/ch 136 0,13 48 0,72 0,25
PA qut li + NA + PA cui m, n,
ng/nh
1224 6,45 253 3,80 1,31
+ p, t, c/ch 408 2,15 129 1,94 0,67
PA xt + NA + PA cui m, n, ng/nh 2856 15,06 816 12,27 4,25
246
+ p, t, c/ch 952 5,02 313 4,70 1,63
PA tc + NA + PA cui m, n, ng/nh 2448 12,91 792 11,90 3,79
+ p, t, c/ch 816 4,30 380 5,71
11.960 63,08 3667 55,08 19,09
Bng 9- 6.Cac loai hinh m tit co th c hinh thanh v ly thuyt va thc t
Loi
hnh
Tiu loi Ngang Huyn Ng Hi Sc Nng
Tng
s
%
1 Nguyn m
n 9 9 9 9 9 9 54 0,28
i 26 26 26 26 26 26 156 0,81
Ba 15 15 15 15 15 15 90 0,41
50 50 50 50 50 50 300 1,57
2 NA + PA cui
NA n + PA cui m, n, ng/nh 36 36 36 36 36 36 216 1,13
+ p,t, c/ch 36 36 72 0,38
NA i + PA cui m, n, ng/nh 36 36 36 36 36 36 216 1,13
+ p,t, c/ch 36 36 72 0,38
NA ba + PA cui m, n, ng/nh 1 1 1 1 1 1 6 0,03
+ p,t, c/ch 1 1 2 0,00
73 73 73 73 146 146 584 3,08
3 PA + NA
PA mi + NA 183 183 183 183 183 183 1098 5,67
PA bn + NA 47 47 47 47 47 47 282 1,48
PA rung + NA 47 47 47 47 47 47 282 1,48
PA qut li + NA 141 141 141 141 141 141 846 4,46
PA xt + NA 387 387 387 387 387 387 3222 12,24
PA tc + NA 277 277 277 277 277 277 1662 8,56
1019 1019 1019 1019 1019 1019 6114 32,25
4 PA u + NA + PA cui
PA mi + NA + PA cui m, n,
ng/nh
272 272 272 272 272 272 1632 2,86
+ p, t, c/ch 272 272 544 2,15
PA bn + NA + PA cui m, n, ng/nh 68 68 68 68 68 68 408 0,71
+ p, t, c/ch 68 68 136 2,15
PA rung + NA + PA cui m, n,
ng/nh
68 68 68 68 68 68 408 6,46
+ p, t, c/ch 68 68 136 2,15
PA qut li + NA + PA cui m, n,
ng/nh
204 204 204 204 204 204 1224 2,15
+ p, t, c/ch 204 204 408 15,06
PA xt + NA + PA cui m, n, ng/nh 476 476 476 476 476 476 2856 5,02
+ p, t, c/ch 476 476 952 12,91
PA tc + NA + PA cui m, n, ng/nh 408 408 408 408 408 408 2448 4,30
+ p, t, c/ch 408 408 816 63,09
1496 1496 1496 1496 2992 2992 11.960 100
2668 2668 2668 2668 4262 4262 18.95
8
Bng 9- 7. S phn b thanh iu trn tng s m tit c kh nng hnh thnh (18.958)
4.2. H formant cua nguyn m ting Vit
H thng nguyn m n ting Vit c nhiu nh nghin cu
phn loi v miu t bng phng php cm th thnh gic truyn thng.
247
Tuy nhin, nghin cu cc c trng m hc, trc tin l formant ca
h nguyn m ting Vit mi ch c cc tc gi Nguyn Vn i v V B
Hng cp n ln u tin.
Tc gi Nguyn Vn i (1973, 1974) xc nh tt c cc formant ca
mi nguyn m ting Vit v a ra mt s phn b ca cc formant. Theo
s ny, ngi c phi t tm gi tr tuyt i ca mi formant i vi mi
nguyn m, tnh theo n v Hertz (Hz).
Hai tc gi Nguyn Vn i v V B Hng (1975) nghin cu v a
ra kt qu hai formant quan trng nht (Fl v F2) i vi h thng nguyn m
n ting Vit trong khi so snh chng vi h thng nguyn m ting c.
Nhng tin b v iu kin k thut hin nay, c bit l cng ngh
thng tin cho php nghin cu mt cch ton in v c h thng cc c
trng m hc ca ting Vit ni chung v ca cc nguyn m ni ring phc
v cc i hi v l thuyt v thc tin.
Kho st li h formant ca 9 nguyn m n ting H Ni nhm cc
mc ch sau:
- Ting H Ni ni chung hay cch pht m H Ni l tiu biu cho
phng ng Bc B. T trc n nay, ting H Ni vn gi vai tr l ngn
ng ton dn trong cc lnh vc: sng tc vn hc, biu din ngh thut, dy
hc, s dng trn cc phng tin thng tin i chng... Vic xy ng c
mt h formnt cc nguyn m n theo cch pht m chun H Ni l c s
tip tc nghin cu cht lng cc nguyn m ca cc phng ng khc
trong ting Vit v so snh chng vi nhau nhm a n nhng kin gii m
v hc.
- S pht trin ca khoa hc k thut c hit l cng ngh thng tin t
ra nhu cu phi x l tn hiu m thanh ngn ng bng k thut s.
Chng ti la chn 10 cng tc vin (CTV) l ngi H Ni (5 nam
v 5 n) trong c 6 CTV l pht thanh vin ca i pht thanh v truyn
hnh H Ni c bng t liu phn tch gm 9 nguyn m n, di v c kh
nng ng c lp lm m tit trong ting Vit: /i, e, , , , a, u, o, /
Chng ti ch nh nghin cu h formant ca cc nguyn m ny trong
bi cnh c lp tc l khng ph thuc vo m u v m cui. Do vy, hai
nguyn m ngn / v / cha c xem xt ti. Mi nguyn m c
248
tng CTV c 3 ln (tng cng 27 ln c cho mt bng t liu phn tch i
vi mi CTV).
Cc CTV c la chn t nht u l th h th hai c sinh ra v ln
ln H Ni. Cch pht m ca h c cc nh chuyn mn xc nh mang
c trng ca ging H Ni.
Vic ghi m c tin hnh ti phng b m Trung tm ng m he thc
nghim, Vin ngn ng hc v ti phng thu ca i pht thanh v truyn
hnh H Ni bng my ghi m s chuyn dng MZ - R3 SONY.
Cc nguyn m c phn tch trn my Sonagraph 5500 ca Trung tm
ng m hc thc nghim ca Vin ngn ng hc. V cc nguyn m c c
c lp, khng b bi cnh chi phi nn chng ti c th o c gi tr tuyt
i cc formant ca tng nguyn m da vo nh ph (spectrogram). Mt
nguyn m c th c nhiu formant, tuy nhin chng ti ch la chn ba
formant c bn: F1, F2 v F3 cho mi nguyn m theo cch lm ca Lindlom,
B. (1986) v Deterding, D. (1997).
Chng ti s dng phng php thng k tnh gi tr trung bnh ca
tng formant trong mi nguyn m i vi mi CTV v gi tr formant trung
bnh ca 9 nguyn m n i vi ging nam v n.
Kt qu nghin cu c trnh by thnh hai phn:
Cc gi tr trung bnh ca F1, F2 v F3 ca cc nguyn m n tnh bng
n v Hertz (Hz) theo phng php truyn thng (Bng 1, 2 v 3) - Cc gi
tr trung bnh ca F1 v F2 ca cc nguyn m n tnh bng n v Bark (xin
xem gii thch phn sau) phn nh cm nhn cao ch quan i vi s
thay i cao khch quan ca m thanh (Bng 4, 5 v 6)
Khi nim formant ln u tin c nh vt l hc Hermann, L.(1889)
a ra ch s gia tng v cng m thanh ca mt hay mt nhm tn s,
to nn c trng ca mi nguyn m. Nhng nghin cu tip tc ca cc nh
ngn ng hc ngy cng hon thin khi nim ny (Lindblom, B., 1986;
Ladefoged, P. & Maddieson, I., 1990).
Mi nguyn m c xc nh bng hai formant c bn: Fl lin quan n
s cng hng ca khoang sau (khoang hng); F2 lin quan n s cng
hng ca khoang trc (khoang ming). Ngoi ra, ngi ta cn tnh c F3
lin quan n khoang hng v cc formant khc. Ngoi Fl v F2 c gi tr khu
249
bit gia cc nguyn m vi nhau, cc formant khc th hin sc thi c nhn
ca ngi ni.
Di y l kt qu nghin cu:
CTV1 CTV2 CTV3 CTV4 CTV5
F1 F2 F3 F1 F2 F3 F1 F2 F3 F1 F2 F3 F1 F2 F3
i 313 2440 3193 290 2220 3220 350 2300 2667 367 2380 3093 260 2473 3193
e 553 2158 2856 427 2200 2713 480 2240 2786 420 2106 3006 520 2020 2566
633 2093 2740 620 2053 2907 660 1947 2406 657 1913 2720 607 2247 2893
380 1303 2580 320 1440 2540 340 1320 2606 293 1533 2266 393 1313 2666
500 1273 2746 400 1453 2353 500 1333 2753 467 1320 2660 440 1393 2497
a 820 1662 2546 960 1840 2660 860 1626 2480 733 1563 3326 906 1620 3280
u 326 666 2840 280 693 2270 351 713 2650 386 706 2730 313 833 2690
o 480 826 3026 420 787 3253 486 826 2826 458 753 3026 447 853 3000
660 1080 2793 553 967 2346 720 1000 2673 713 1067 2658 661 1053 2820
Bng 9-8. Gi tr trung bnh cc Formant ca 9 NA n ting H Ni do cc CTV
nam pht m (n v l Hz)
250
CTV2 CTV3 CTV4
F2 F3 F1 F2 F3 F1 F2 F3 F1 F2 F3
2680 3610 493 2993 3606 480 3030 3570 433 2907 3490
2510 3173 467 2620 3353 467 2600 3327 493 2710 3190
2420 3050 460 2746 3387 455 2530 3380 560 2510 3213
1340 2787 500 1280 3310 487 1390 3320 440 1253 3044
1467 2727 480 1293 3340 554 1467 3440 420 1267 3160
1490 3060 940 1660 3050 960 1550 2813 950 1847 2500
660 480 720 980 500 767 453 890
840 3140 480 940 3300 467 940 3370 467 850 3190
1000 3190 500 894 2700 700 1140 2400 700 1110 3300
Bng 4.5- Gi tr trung bnh cc formant ca 9 nguyn m n ting H
Ni do cc CTV n pht m (n v l Hz)
NAM N
F1 F2 F3 F1 F2 F3
i 316 2363 3073 453 2914 3539
e 480 2145 2785 465 2608 3257
635 2050 2733 506 2560 3222
345 1382 2532 460 1298 3044
461 1354 2602 488 1379 3149
a 856 1662 2858 950 1669 2813
u 331 722 2690 468 759
o 458 809 3026 480 915 3210
661 1033 2658 654 1070 3134
Bng 4.6- Cc gi tr trung bnh ca F
1,
F
Nhn xt:
- S khc bit v cao ca cc formant gia ging nam v ging n
nh l mt tt yu v tn s c bn ca ging n lun cao hn ging nam v
c th cc khoang cng hng ca h c th tch nh hn l ca nam gii.
- i vi hu ht cc ging n m chng ti nghin cu, vic xc nh
F1 v F2 ca cc nguyn m dng sau trn mi l tng i kh khn. Nhiu
trng hp khng tm c F3 vn ny cng c nhiu nh nghin cu
nc ngoi cp n (Iivonen, A., 1992; Deterding, D., 1997).
Cc formant uc trnh by tnh bng n v Hz mang tnh cht khch
quan, nhng v phng din cm th, th vic nhn thy s khc bit v cao
251
li mang tnh cht ch quan, khng hon ton tng ng vi cao khch
quan, v d: tn s thp, ngi nghe cm nhn c s thay i cao t
600 Hz n 700 Hz, nhng tn s cao, mt cm nhn tng t chnh nhau
ti 250 Hz, chng hn t 3500 Hz n 3750 Hz (Ladefoged, P., 1999, tr. 79).
xc nh s tng quan gia cao khch quan (n v Hz) v s
cm nhn cao ch quan, cc n v Mel hay Bark (c th gi l gam thnh
hc) c cc nh khoa hc nu ra thng qua cc th nghim tm l - m hc:
- T l Mel gia F1 v F2 (Peterson & Barney, 1952; Ladefoged, 1975;
Bladon & Fant 1978; Wright, 1986).
- T l Bark gia F1 v F2 (Traunmller, 1976, 1981; Iivonen, 1987,
1989, 1992; Zwicker & Terhardt, 1980).
Mi tng quan gia ba n v Hz, Mel v Bark c Peter Ladefoged
trnh by nh bng di y:
Tn s o bng Cao o bng Tn s o bng Cao o bng
Hz Mels Hz Bark
20 0 20 0
160 250 100 1
394 500 200 2
670 750 800 3
1.000 1000 400 4
1420 1250 510 5
1900 1500 630 6
2450 1750 770 7
3120 2000 920 8
4000 2250 1080 9
1270 10
1480 11
1720 12
2000 13
2820 14
2700 15
252
3150 16
8700 17
4400 18
(Ladefoged, 1975, tr. 81)
Di y chng ti trnh by mi quan h gia F1 v F2 ca h nguyn
m ting H Ni trong mi tng quan gia n v Hertz v Bark:
Hnh 4.1- Gi tr trung bnh ca F
l
v F
2
ca cc nguyn m n ging
nam
Hnh 4.2- Gi tr trung bnh ca F
l
v F
2
ca cc nguyn m n ging
n
Nhn xt:
Cn c vo cc hnh 4.1 v 4.2 c th rt ra nhn xt: c s khc bit kh
xa v khong cch gam thnh hc tnh theo n v Bark gia hai ging nam v
n:
253
- i vi ging nam, khong cch cc nguyn m v m tnh theo Fl
tng i u n to thnh mt tam gic nguyn m hi ho (Tn s ca F1
lin quan n khoang hng. Kt qu nu trn chng t, i vi ging nam khi
pht m cc nguyn m, s thay i th tch ca khoang hng l kh r rng.
Ngc li, i vi ging n, tr nguyn m /a/, cc nguyn m cn li c
F1 rt gn nhau. iu chng t khoang hng, ging n, khi pht m cc
nguyn m cn li khng c s thay i ln v th tch. S khc bit gia cc
nguyn m ch th hin r F2 tc l s thay i th tch ca khoang ming.
Trong thc t, khi phn tch cc ging n, rt t CTV c F3 cc nguyn
m dng sau trn mi. Trong khi cc CTV nam c th tm c c F4
cc nguyn m ny.
Nh chng ti trnh by, vn formant ca nguyn m ting Vit
c tc gi Nguyn Vn Ai ln u tin bn ti (1973, 1974).
Tc gi dng Sonagraph nghin cu formant ca 11 nguyn m (c
hai nguyn m ngn) trn 3 CTV (1 n, 2 nam). S lng CTV cho nghin
cu, theo chng ti, l cn t. Mt khc, tc gi khng ni r CTV l ngi
vng no. V kt qu, tc gi ch nu ra vng tn s ca nguyn m /a/ l t
800 Hz n 1300 Hz; cn formant ca cc nguyn m khc ch c tnnh by
di dng mt s phn b (Nguyn Vn i, 1974, tr.37).
Hai tc gi Nguyn Vn i v V B Hng tip tc nghin cu v
formant ca nguyn m ting Vit 10 CTV (5 nam, 5 n) trong bi vit tip
theo (1975). Vn ng bn l cc tc gi cng khng xc nh r CTV l
ngi vng no. Thc t cho thy cht lng ca cc nguyn m thuc cc
vng phng ng khc nhau Vit Nam l rt khc bit. Mt khc, trong
phn kt qu, cc tc gi cng khng phn bit hai gi tr formant ca ging
nam v ging n; ng thi gi tr ca F1 v F2 ca cc formant c eng
b l mt di tn s kh rng.
Nhng kt qu nguyn cu v h formant ca 9 nguyn m n ting H
Ni c tch ri m chng ti trnh by gii hn phm vi nghin cu l
cc CTV ngi H Ni v kt qu nghin cu c tnh theo gii tnh. Vic
trnh by gi tr khch quan ca formant tnh bng Hz trong mi tng quan
vi gi tr cm nhn tnh bng n v Bark cho php chng ti a ra cc nhn
xt v s phn b ca h thng nguyn m n ting H Ni. y s l c s
254
chng ti tip tc nghin cu cc formant ny trong chui li ni lin tc
cng nh cc nguyn m c s tc ng ca thanh iu. Cc c trng m hc
khc ca ting Vit c nghin cu theo trnh t m t (nguyn m, ph m),
m tit bao gm c thanh iu v chui li ni gp phn lm sng t c im
n lp ca ting Vit.
4.3. M t s v n v phu m ting Vi t hi n a i
4.3.1. t vn
Trong ting Vit hin i, ph m c mt vai tr c bit quan trng,
lm thnh mt chnh th m thanh c pht m t nhin nht: m tit. Ph
m ting Vit c cc c im:
a) V v tr, ph m ng 2 v tr trong m tit: M u hoc kt thc
m tit;
b) V mt cu trc, ph m ting Vit u l cc ph m n, khng c
t hp ph m.
V mt lch s, ph m c lin quan n lch s hnh thnh h thng
thanh iu ting Vit. Chnh s chuyn i ca ph m (v c th mt phn
ca nguyn m) nn lm ny sinh v phn chia h thanh iu Vit ra thnh
hai vng m vc cao, thp, to thnh 6 thanh iu ( hoc 8 thanh iu) nh
hin nay. a ht ny, c th ni vic nghin cu ph m v mi quan h
ca n vi cc thnh t ng m khc c mt ngha cc k quan trng v n
lin quan n c im loi hnh hc n lp ca ting Vit. ng thi, kt
qu nghin cu ph m ting Vit cng c ng gp khng nh vo vic
nghin cu cc ngn ng cng loi hnh ni chung trong khu vc.
V mt phng din no , ph m ting Vit hin nay ang c mt s
vn mang tnh thi s t ra cho cc nh ng m hc v cho ngnh gio
dc hc, l:
a) Vn s chuyn i ( gim dn) ca h thng ph m u phng
ng Bc, tiu biu l hin tng /l/-/n/ bn cnh cc hin tng khc nh
/c/-//, /s/-//, /z/-//-/r/;
b) Vn gim bt s lng ca h thng ph m cui ca cc phng
ng khc.
255
T c im phng ng ca h thng ph m n vn chun ho
chng trong x hi ni chung, c bit l i vi gio dc ting Vit trong
nh trng i hi tnh cp bch ca vic nghin cu ph m v vic
xut cc gii php chun ho.
Vic chn c mt ting a phng chun (trong c h thng ph
m chun) nghin cu chng gc thc nghim, xc nh cc thng s
m hc phc v cho cng ngh tng hp v nhn dng ting Vit trong cng
ngh thng tin cng i hi cc nh ng m hc ting Vit phi quan tm. So
vi cc thnh t ng m khc, trong ng m hc th gii hin vn cha c
mt b n v xc nh ph m gc m hc. Do , vic miu t, xc
nh tng ph m gc m hc l mt thch thc to ln i vi cc nh
ng m hc ting Vit.
T nhng vn t ra, cho nn chng ti tin hnh nghin cu h thng
ph m ting Vit hai gc : a) Theo truyn thng, miu t ph m gc
sinh l cu m; b) Xc nh cc thng s m hc ca cc ph m. Mi gc
i hi chng ti phi c nhng phng php nghin cu ring. V s d
chng ti tin hnh nghin cu ph m hai gc khc nhau v kt qu t
c mi gc c th b sung ln cho nhau, ci ny lm tin cho ci
kia v ngc li. Mc ch cui cng l a ra c mt cch xc nh cc
ph m khc nhau gc m hc v trn c s lm c s cho vic m t
m v hc cc ph m.
Chng ti cng trnh by mt vn v h thng ph m ting Vit l:
vic nghin cu ph m ting Vit gc sinh l cu m c rt nhiu
chuyn gia ng m hc nghin cu v c lch s lu di. Do , lnh vc
ny, kt qu nghin cu ph m thnh cng hn nhiu so vi lnh vc kia.
V th, chng ti s k tha mt cch ti a nhng thnh tu nghin cu ph
m ca cc hc gi i trc. Th hai, vic nghin cu v m t ph m ting
Vit gc ng m hc thc nghim hin vn cha c mt cng trnh
nghin cu no, do ch cha c mt b n v xc nh chng khin cho
vic nghin cu chng gc ny lm ngi ngng cc nh ng m hc ni
chung. V vy, v phng din ny, chng ti s phi pht huy ti a nhng
quan st k lng c th c kt qu tin cy cho cng ngh tng hp v nhn
dng ting Vit. C th ni, y l ton b cng sc v l nhng ng gp
256
ca chng ti. Tuy nhin, chng ti khng t hi vng nhiu vo vic kt qu
nghin cu v ph m ca chng ti l chnh xc hon ton, v y mi ch
l c gng bc u m thi. Rt cn s tho lun t cc chuyn gia ng m
hc cng nh cc k s lp trnh ting Vit.
4.3.2. Phng php
xc nh s lng v cht lng ca cc ph m mi gc nghin
cu khc nhau, chng ti da vo nhng c s sau y:
4.3.2.1 Ngun ng liu
Chng ti chn 10 cng tc vin (CTV), gm 5 nam v 5 n cung cp
t liu. Cc CTV c yu cu c 1 bng t th c chng ti thit k sn
c cha tt c cc ph m ting Vit. Ng liu c ca cc CTV c ghi thu
vo my tnh v c x l, phn tch.
4.3.2.2 Phng php cm th thnh gic
xc nh s lng v cht lng cc ph m gc sinh l cu m,
chng ti s dng phng php cm th thnh gic. y l mt phng php
truyn thng dng trong m t cc ph m cng nh cc nguyn m v cc
yu t ng m khc ca cc th ting ni chung. Ci mi trong vic s dng
phng php ny l th php i lp trong vic miu t. Ton b d liu ca
tng ph m u c nghe trong s i lp vi cc ph m khc trong h
thng. C th chng ti s dng cc tiu ch sau y trong khi xc nh cc
ph m:
- V tr cu m (t hai mi tr vo trong n thanh hu)
- Phng thc cu m (gm: tc, xt, tc xt, rung)
- Thanh tnh: hu thanh/ v thanh
- Bt hi: bt hi/ khng bt hi
4.3.2.3 Phng php thc nghim
Chng ti quan st v phn tch cc ph m hai phng din khc
nhau: a) dng sng (waveform) vi s hu thun t vic quan st nh ph
(spectrum) v; b) din tin ca tng ph m theo thi gian (o bng mili giy
- ms). Do , chng ti ch yu tp trung vo vic m t din tin ca ph
m theo thi gian bng ms. y cng l kt nghin cu chnh ca chng ti
v ph m gc thc nghim.
257
4.3.3. Gii hn
V ting Vit c nhiu phng ng v th ng khc nhau cho nn chng
ti t gii hn phm vi nghin cu ca chng ti l phng ng Bc, c th l
ting H Ni bng cch chn cc CTV l nhng ngi sinh ra v ln ln H
Ni. Do , nhng kt qu nghin cu v ph m c trnh by l ca ting
H Ni.
4.3.4. Kt qu
4.3.4.1. H thng ph m u
C th trnh by h thng ph m u ting H Ni gm 19 ph m
bng bng khi qut di y:
nh
v
M
i
u li M
t
li
G
c
li
T
hanh
hu
phng thc b
t
q
ut
T
c
n
Bt hi t
K
hng
bt hi
V

thanh
p t c k
H
u
thanh
b d
Vang (mi) m n

X
t
n
V

thanh
f s

h
H
u
thanh
v z

Vang (bn) l
Bang 4.7- Danh sach phu m u ti ng Ha N i
258
So vi cc tc gi khc, s h thng ph m u ca chng ti c mt
vi im cn c gii thch.
- Trong h thng ph m u ting H Ni tn ti ph m [p] m theo
cc tc gi khc cho l cha nhp h. Trong thc t ting H Ni cng nh
ting Vit ni chung cc t tng thanh nh png png... (ting sng n);
nhn danh hay a danh cc ngn ng dn tc Vit Nam nh Plycu, Sa
pa...hay nhng t nhp ngoi in hnh nh: pin, p - n - xi - lin... c
ngi ni s dng ph bin.
- Trong quan im ca mnh, tc gi on Thin Thut c cp n m
tc thanh hu []. Thc t khi pht m cc nguyn m v nguyn tc hai dy
thanh thanh hu phi khp li sau bt ra to nn dao ng ca dy
thanh c gi l tn s c bn. Do vy ch l nhng hot ng t nhin
ca dy thanh khi to ra nguyn m. Mt khc hiu qu m hc ny c to
ra thanh hu l v tr ca cc hin tng to m (phonation) khc vi cc v
tr to ra ph m hay nguyn m b phn cu m (articulation). Do vy
chng ti khng xem [] l mt ph m trong ting H Ni.
M t cc ph m u ting H Ni
a- [p]/ [b] l hai ph m mi, tc i lp vi nhau v thanh tnh: v
thanh/ hu thanh
b- [t]/ [d] l hai ph m u li - rng, tc i lp vi nhau v thanh
tnh: v thanh/ hu thanh.
c- [c] l mt ph m li gia - ngc cng, tc v thanh
d- [k] l mt ph m gc li - ngc mm, tc v thanh
- [f]/ [v] l ph m mi - rng, xt i lp vi nhau v thanh tnh: v
thanh/ hu thanh.
e- [s]/ [z] l ph m u li rng, xt i lp vi nhau v thanh tnh: v
thanh/ hu thanh.
f- [] / [] l ph m gc li - ngc mm, xt i lp vi nhau v
thanh tnh: v thanh/ hu thanh.
g- [m] l ph m mi, mi v lun l ph m hu thanh.
h- [n] l ph m u li - rng, mi v lun l ph m hu thanh.
259
i- [] l ph m mt li gia - ngc cng, mi v lun l ph m hu
thanh.
k- [] l ph m gc li - ngc mm, mi v lun l ph m hu thanh
l - [t] l ph m u li - rng, bt hi duy nht trong h thng ph m
u ting H Ni, v thanh
m- [l] l ph m u li - rng, xt bn, hu thanh.
n- [h] l ph m xt hng: n c to ra do lung hi t phi i ra xt
vo thnh hng, v thanh.
4.3.4.2. M t h thng ph m cui ting H Ni
c im chung ca cc ngn ng n lp c thanh iu l m tit c
cu trc rt cht ch v s lng ph m cui c hn nhng lun to thnh th
di lp bn vng.
Xt v mt ng m, h thng ph m cui ting H Ni gm 8 ph m
i lp theo hai tiu ch: v tr cu m v phng thc cu m. Bn thn s
khc bit v phng thc ca cc ph m ny to nn s i lp v thanh
tnh: Cc ph m cui mi l hu thanh cn cc ph m cui tc lun l v
thanh. Cc ph m tc cui lm cho m tit ch c th kt hp c vi hai
thanh: sc v nng. Cc ph m cui trong ting H Ni c trnh by
nh sau:
V tr
Phng thc
Mi
u
li - rng
Mt
li - ngc
cng
Gc
li - ngc
mm
Mi m n

Tc p t c k
a- [m]/ [p] l cc ph m mi ch i lp vi nhau v phng thc: mi
v tc.
b- [n]/ [t] l cc ph m u li - rng ch i lp vi nhau v phng
thc: mi v tc.
c- []/ [c] l cc ph m mt li gia - ngc cng ch i lp vi nhau
v phng thc: mi v tc.
260
d- []/ [k] l cc ph m gc li - ngc mm ch i lp vi nhau v
phng thc: mi v tc.
V mt m v hc th cc ph m []/ [c] v []/ [k] c th ch c
xem l cc bin th ca hai m v duy nht /// /k/ v chng vo th phn
b b tc khi kt hp vi cc nguyn m. Tuy nhin, v c trng ng m th
l nhng m t c hiu qu m hc hon ton khc nhau cn phi c
phn loi v m t.
4.3.4.3. Ph m ting Vit gc m hc
Mi mt ph m trong mt m tit tch ri u c tng CTV pht m
3 ln. Trng ca mi ln c mt ph m s c xc nh mt cch chi
tit phn ph lc. y chng ti ch a ra trng trung bnh ca tng
ph m do mi CTV pht m. T , c th khi qut trng trung bnh
ca mi ph m tng gii: trung bnh nam v trung bnh n. Trt t cc ph
m phn loi theo trng s c chng ti thc hin ngay sau y ( s
liu c th xem phn ph lc):
a. Trng hp [p]
- [p] c di trung bnh khong 28 ms (ging nam), v khong 27 ms
(ging n).
b. Trng hp [t]
- [t] c di trung bnh khong 24ms (ging nam), v 28ms (ging n).
c. Trng hp [k]
- [k] c trng trung bnh khong 24ms (ging nam), 24 ms (ging n).
d. Trng hp [b]
- [b] c di trung bnh khong 78 ms (ging nam), v 81 ms (ging n).
. Trng hp [d]
- [d] c trng trung bnh khong 98ms (ging nam), 100ms (ging n).
e. Trng hp [ ]
- [] c trng trung bnh khong 100ms (ging nam), 112ms (ging
n)
Nh vy, cc cp ph m trn tuy cng v tr cu m v khc nhau v th
i lp v thanh/ hu thanh to nn s khc bit kh ln v trng : Cc
261
ph m v thanh ngn hn hn cc ph m hu thanh tng ng. Nu tnh
trung bnh ca tng nhm, c th thy cc ph m v thanh ch bng khong
28% so vi cc ph m hu thanh (ging nam): so snh 76ms v 276ms; v
bng khong 27% (ging n): so snh 79ms v 293ms.
By gi chng ta xt n cc trng hp cc ph m mi cng v tr vi
cc ph m trn l [m], [n], [] xem c s khc nhau v trng hay
khng gia chng do nh hng ca phng thc cu m v nt thanh tnh
can thip.
h. Trng hp [m]
- [m] c trng trung bnh khong 97ms (ging nam) v 87ms (ging
n).
i. Trng hp [n]
- [n] c trng trung bnh khong 97 ms (ging nam), 101 ms (ging n)
k. Trng hp [ ]
- [] c trng trung bnh khong 112ms (ging nam), 104 ms
(ging n)
So snh cc nhm ph m trn vi nhau chng ta c th thy c rng
nhm cc ph m mi khc xa vi cc ph m kia v trng (i vi ging
nam). Tuy nhin, tnh hnh c khc trong trng hp ging n. Trng
trung bnh ca nhm m mi rt gn vi trng ca cc ph m [b, d, ]
(so snh 292 ms v 293 ms). Do , phn bit c 2 nhm ph m ny
vi nhau trong nhn dng t ng phi gp rt nhiu kh khn. Tnh hnh
chng ti phi da thm vo nhiu tiu ch khc ng m khc ca ph
m.
l. Trng hp [ ]
- [] c trng trung bnh khong 82,6 ms (ging nam), 100 ms
(ging n)
m. Trng hp [c]
- [c] c trng trung bnh khong 64,5 ms (ging nam), 65 ms (ging
n)
n. Trng hp [f]/ [v]
262
- [f] c trng trung bnh khong 132,5 ms (ging nam), 138,5 ms
(ging n)
- [v] c trng trung bnh khong 110 ms (nam), 115 ms (n)
[f]/ [v] l cc ph m mi-rng, xt i lp vi nhau v thanh tnh. S c
mt ca nt hu thanh [v] khng lm cho trng ca n di hn m cn
lm cho n ngn hn so vi ph m tng ng v thanh. y l mt trng
hp c bit, khc vi s c mt ca nt hu thanh cc ph m khc. T
y, chng ti coi [v] phi c xp vo nhm ph m v thanh.
o. Trng hp [s]/ [z]
- [s] c trng trung bnh khong 108,9 ms (nam), 166,7 ms (n)
- [z] c trng trung bnh khong 128,4 ms (nam), 122,7 ms (n)
y ging nh trng hp [f]/ [v].
Nh vy, nhm cc ph m xt, v thanh [f, s, c] c trng tng i
ln, hn hn so vi cc ph m xt hu thanh tng ng.
. Trng hp [ ]
- [] c trng trung bnh khong 147,1 ms (nam), 137,3 ms (n)
p. Trng hp [ t ]
- [t] c trng trung bnh khong 57 ms (nam), 65 ms (n)
y l mt ph m bt hi duy nht trong h thng ph m u ting
Vit. Cn c vo trng c th xp n gn vi cc ph m [b, d, ].
q. Trng hp [l]
- y l mt ph m xt bn duy nht trong h thng. [l] c trng
trung bnh khong 102,7 ms (nam), 100,5 ms (n). Cn c vo trng ca
[l] chng ta c th khng nh y l mt ph m xt chnh danh v n rt gn
gi vi cc ph m xt khc trong h thng.
Tuy nhin, c mt thc t i vi [l] phng ng Bc ting Vit l n
rt d b nhm ln vi [n] trong pht m (v a s cc trng hp cc m tit
c [l] u c pht m thnh [n]). Trng ca hai ph m ny tng i
gn nhau (so snh 102,7 ms ca [l] vi 97 ms ca [n] ging nam, 100,5 ms
ca [l] vi 101 ms ca [n] ging n). khc phc tnh trng ny, trc
263
mt, theo chng ti, khi tin hnh nhn dng ging ni c nhn, cn chn cc
cng tc vin pht m phn bit hai ph m u ny.
s. Trng hp [h]
- [h] c trng trung bnh khong 99,2 ms (nam), 85 ms (n).
4.3.4.4.Trng cc ph m cui
Danh sch cc ph m cui c chng ti a ra phn trn (m t
cc ph m cui gc pht m). Di y l trng ca tng ph m.
a. Trng hp [m]/ [p]
- [m] c trng trung bnh khong 196,7 ms (nam), 192 ms (n)
- [p] c trng trung bnh khong 23,7 ms (nam), 18,8 ms (n)
b. Trng hp [n]/ [t]
- [n] c trng trung bnh khong 207,3 ms (nam), 194,7 ms (n)
- [t] c trng trung bnh khong 22,9 ms (nam), 18,4 ms (n)
c. Trng hp [ ]/ [k]
- [k] c trng trung bnh khong 21,4 ms (nam), 22,6 ms (n)
d. Trng hp [ ]/ [c]
- [c] c trng trung bnh khong 20,8 ms (nam), 19,7 ms (n)
So snh trng ca nhm cc ph m tc, hu thanh vi cc ph m
tc v thanh chng ta thy trng cc ph m tc hu thanh ln hn rt
nhiu so vi cc ph m tc v thanh tng ng theo tng cp i mt. V
trng ca cc ph m cui tc, v thanh ngn nh vy, cho nn vic nhn
dng chng gp rt nhiu kh khn. Nhiu khi chng ch nh l mt n tng
tc ch khng hn l ph m tc chnh danh. S xc nh chng phi da vo
nhiu yu t khc ca cc yu t ng trc n.
264
4.3.5. Kt lun
Chng ti miu t v phn tch phng din sinh l cu m ca cc
ph m ting H Ni cng nh cc thng s m hc c th l di ca h
thng ph m ting H Ni c o c, cc thng s c x l v nh
gi khch quan.
a- Trn phng din sinh l cu m, ph m l s tng ho ca cc yu t:
- S tham gia ca cc c quan cu m.
- V tr tip xc ch yu ca cc c quan cu m.
- Mc lng, cht ca s tip xc gia cc c quan cu m.
- Cch gii to lung hi cu m.
b- Trn phng din m hc, th gi tr trng l quan trng nht gp
phn phn loi h thng ph m v xc nh chng thuc vo cc nhm:
- Ph m tc
- Ph m xt
- Ph m mi, vang v bn ca ting H Ni
Chng ti rt ra mt s kt lun sau:
4.3.5.1. V cc ph m u
Cc ph m u c phn tch v miu t v mt sinh l - cu m theo
trnh t v tr t pha ngoi nhch vo pha trong.
Khi cu m cc ph m mi, hot ng ca hai mi (mi di bao gi
cng tch cc hn mi trn) l c bn v lun km theo s rt r v sau ca
li.
S tham gia ca li vo vic cu m cc ph m u ting Vit cho
thy hot ng ca li trc l hot ng ch yu cu to cc ph m u
(7/19 m). Do s lng ca cc ph m li trc chim mt t l ng k.
Cc tc gi i trc mi ch ra c mt (u li) trong hai b phn
ca li trc (u li v vnh li) tham gia vo vic cu m. i vi
nhng tc gi ny, cc m li trc chnh l m u li. Chng ti khng
nh, khng ch u li m ngay c vnh li cng tham gia vo hot ng
cu m. Ni cch khc, cc m li trc bao gm c vnh li v c m u
265
li. Hai b phn ny l hai kh quan pht m linh ng nht, gn nh khng
c phng thc cu m no l n khng tham gia.
Tnh cng, li ca c c nh hng n v tr cu m ca cc ph m.
Trong cng mt nhm cng mt phng thc cu m nhng cc m cng bao
gi cng c v tr cu m trc hn cc m li, chng hn trong cc m tc
vnh li [t, d, n, t
] th [t] c v tr cu m trc nht [n] c v tr cu m

sau nht. Trong cc m xt u li th [] c v tr cu m sau hn [k] v
[x] li c v tr cu m sau hn []...
Mc tip xc lng , cht gia cc kh quan pht m hay mc hot
ng ca cc c trong qu trnh cu m u c quan h trc tip vi thanh
tnh ca cc ph m. C th nhn xt mt cch khi qut rng, nhng ph m
c cu m cng l nhng ph m v thanh, nhng ph m c cu m li l
nhng ph m hu thanh.
cc ph m tc, m ca hm, ca ming v nng ca li
thng ln hn cc ph m xt cng v tr tng ng, vy phi chng cc
thng s cu m ny c lin quan n phng thc cu m: Vic to khe xt
(ting xt) ca cc ph m xt khng cn n m hm, m ming v
nng ca li ln nh khi to ting n ca cc ph m tc [] cc m ni
trn (hm v ming) cng ln dn t m u li trc n m li gia, li
sau. iu chng t, cu m cng su th m ca ming ca hm cng
ln.
4.3.5.2. V cc ph m cui
Ngoi tr hai ph m mi [-p, -m] cc ph m cui cn li u l m
li. S hot ng cn i cc b phn ca li, to nn s cn i ca cc
ph m cui. Ni cch khc, ta c hai ph m cui li trc, hai ph m
cui li gia v hai ph m cui li sau. V mt cu m, cc m ny to
thnh nhng cp ng v.
v mt cu m, cc cp ng v qu l nhng m c cng v tr cu m
[-p] v [-m] l cc cp m cui mi - mi
[-t] v [-n] l cc cp m cui li trc (vnh li)
[-c] v [-] l cc cp m cui gia (mt li)
[-k] v [-] l cc cp m cui li sau (gc li)
266
V phng thc cu m, cc cp m cui ng v u l nhng ph m
tc nhng l nhng ph m tc ngm. Ni cch khc cc m cui u l
nhng m mnh u. y l c im ng lu ca ting Vit v cc ngn
ng cng loi hnh, khc vi ph m cui ca cc ngn ng n u.
S hot ng ca dy thanh v ngc mm to nn th tng lin v
thanh tnh tng cp m cu, mt bn l cc ph m v thanh, mt bn l
cc ph m vang mi.
Tng t nh cc ph m u, th tng lin v mc hot ng cu
m ca c, tc th tng lin cng li tng cp m cui ng v u tng
ng vi th tng lin v thanh tnh.
Cng vi chc nng khc nhau trong cu trc m ca m tit, cc thng
s cu m ca ph m u v ph m cui cho thy, nhn chung cc ph m
cui c m ca hm ca ming, nng ca li ln hn so vi cc ph
m tng ng. Cc s liu ny cng chng t cc ph m u v cc ph m
cui thuc hai h thng ph m khc nhau ch khng phi cng mt h thng.
Phi chng y l nt ring c trng cho phng din sinh l cu m ca cc
ph m khng ch trong ting Vit m trong cc ngn ng cng loi hnh - cc
ngn ng n lp.
Nh bit, trong ting Vit , ph m l yu t i km, c phn b
cht ch trong cu trc ca m tit, do n c ngha ln i vi s tip
nhn ngn ng theo hai kha cnh: hiu ngn ng v sn sinh ra ngn ng.
Vi nhng kt qu t c, ti trnh by mt vi kh nng ng dng thc
tin...
Phc hi chc nng ngn ng cho tr em cm ic nhm mc ch gip
tr hc ni, hc vit, trc ht l bit cch cu m cc ph m ting Vit trn
s s tn dng ti a kh nng hot ng ca cc gic quan khc v phn
thnh lc cn li.
Tuy nhin cng phi tha nhn rng, mc d c c gng nhng cu m
ca tr vn b lch lc, do khng gim st c hiu qu ca s cu m. Cho
nn, yu cu t ra l trong phm vi cho php, gip tr t nhiu c th ni
c d cn rt hn ch v ht sc kh khn.
Cc ph m c kho st, trong thc t s dng cng c nhng bin
th khc nhau song song tn ti. Nhng bin th ny phn nh mi quan h
267
gia chun a phng v chun chung, gia chun h thng v chun
s dng ...
Trn quan im ngn ng hc x hi, chng ti cho rng, cc bin th
ny tn ti, pht trin hoc b loi b... tu thuc vo phm vi v chc nng
giao tip x hi ca chng. Ni cch khc, nu c x hi chn v tha nhn
th bin th s tr thnh chun mc ng m.
Tuy nhin, i vi cc ph m, yu cu ca chun chnh t bt buc v
cao hn chun chnh m.
4.4. Cc thanh iu ca ting Vit
Thanh iu l s nng cao hoc h thp ging ni trong mt m tit, c
tc dng phn bit cc t c ngha ging nhau. S khc nhau gia "l" v "l"
l s khc nhau v cao : m tit "l" c pht m cao, m tit "l" c
pht m thp.
Thanh iu l loi m v siu on tnh, n biu hin trong ton b phn
hu thanh ca m tit. mc vt l, phn thanh ca thanh iu chnh l
ng nt ca tn s m c bn F0. V cm th, thanh iu l s cm nhn v
thay i cao F0 (pitch) ca m tit .
Nh vy, nu ng iu l c trng ca cu, trng m l c trng ca t
th thanh iu l c trng ca m tit. Khng phi ngn ng no cng c
thanh iu. Ting Hn, ting Vit, ting Lo c thanh iu. Cc ngn ng
Anh, Php, Nga, Kh me khng c.
Ting Vit c su thanh iu. Trn ch vit, nm thanh c ghi li bng
nm du: huyn [`], sc [], hi [ ] ng [], nng [.], cn mt thanh khng
c ghi li bng mt du no c, ngi ta gi l thanh khng du.
Su thanh iu ca ting Vit c chia lm hai nhm ln l bng v
trc. Thanh khng du v thanh huyn thuc loi thanh bng c ng nt
tng i n gin. Thanh hi, thanh ng, thanh sc v thanh nng l nhng
thanh trc c ng nt thanh iu phc tp. Cc thanh ngang, sc ng thuc
m vc cao cn cc thanh huyn, hi v nng thuc m vc thp.
Thanh khng du: y l thanh iu cao, c ng nt vn ng bng
phng t u n cui.
268
Thanh huyn: So vi thanh khng du, thanh huyn l mt thanh thp.
ng nt vn ng ca thanh ny cng bng phng nh thanh khng du tuy
v cui c hi i xung. Nh vy, s khc nhau gia thanh khng du v
thanh huyn ch yu l cao. Mt s sinh vin nc ngoi hc ting Vit
pht m "ba" thnh "b" hoc ngc li, l do khng phn bit c hai
mc cao thp ca chng.
Thanh ng: Thanh ng bt u cao gn ngang thanh huyn nhng
khng i ngang m vt ln kt thc cao cao hn c thanh khng du.
thanh ng, ng nt vn ng b gy gia do qu trnh pht m c hin
tng b tc thanh hu. y l ch kh pht m i vi tr em v i vi
ngi nc ngoi hc ting Vit v hay b pht m thnh sc.
Thanh hi: y l mt thanh thp v c ng nt gy gia. cao lc
bt u ca thanh hi ngang thanh huyn. Sau khi i ngang mt on, thanh
ny i xung v li i ln cn xng vi ng i xung. cao lc kt thc
bng cao lc ban u. tr em mi hc ni, thanh hi thng c pht
m thnh thanh nng, v d "m ca" -> "m ca". min Nam v min
Trung, hai thanh ng v hi khng c phn bit v vy hay xy ra tnh trng
ln ln "du ng" v "du hi" khi vit chnh t.
Thanh sc: lc bt u, cao ca thanh sc gn ngang vi thanh khng
du nhng thanh sc khng i ngang m i ln. nhng m tit c m cui l
/p, t, k/ nh " bt cc", "np" th thanh sc vt cao ngay, gy n tng ngn.
phng ng min Trung c vng pht m mt s m tit mang sc thi thnh
thanh hi, v d " ch" thnh " ch".
Thanh nng: thanh nng l mt thanh thp v c ng nt xung dn.
nhng m tit c m cui /p, k, t/ nh "hc tp", "mt" thanh nng c pht
m xung ngay. thanh nng cng c hin tng tc thanh hu trong qu
trnh pht m.
S phn b thanh iu trong m tit lin quan cht ch vi thnh phn
m cui. nhng m tit c m cui l ph m tc v thanh /p, t, k/ ch c
th c thanh nng hoc thanh sc. Cc thanh khng du, huyn, ng, hi
khng th tn ti c nhng m tit loi ny. nhng m tit c m cui
khng v thanh, tt c cc thanh iu u c th xut hin.
269
Nh vy, trong 6 thanh iu th 2 thanh sc v nng c phm vi phn b
rng nht tt c cc kiu m tit.
Khi cc thanh iu cao thp khc nhau i lin nhau thng c nh hng
ln nhau, thanh cao i trc thanh thp i sau th thanh thp s bt u hi
cao hn thng l, ngc li thanh cao i sau thanh thp th s bt u thp
hn thng l.
270
PH LC I
TRNG TRUNG BNH CA PH M U
m
TB
Nam 1
TB
Nam 2
TB
Nam3
TB
Nam 4
TB
Nam 5
TB
Nam
TB
N 1
TB
N 2
TB
N 3
TB
N 4
TB
N 5
TB
N
pi 28,53 26,23 26,73 28,50 27,40 27,478 27,30 26,06 26,33 30,06 27,16 27,382
pa 26,70 24,86 27,86 27,56 25,60 26,516 25,90 26,20 24,40 26,90 27,26 26,132
pu 26,5 28,03 26,36 28,70 30,83 28,078 32,40 33,90 30,10 25,03 25,36 29,358
ti 23,76 25,00 27,13 30,96 32,20 27,81 28,80 29,20 29,30 27,36 23,46 27,624
ta 20,66 21,00 20,93 20,76 24,46 21,562 25,16 23,30 24,76 28,40 23,70 25,064
tu 23,60 22,50 21,50 23,53 24,96 23,218 30,80 28,83 32,83 30,83 30,86 30,83
ki 24,46 25,33 26,30 33,33 27,53 27,39 27,80 24,66 26,93 27,43 27,90 26,932
ca 19,90 22,73 22,80 25,36 21,63 22,484 23,06 22,66 20,46 24,96 20,83 22,394
cu 20,90 26,00 18,46 23,60 21,40 22,072 25,16 21,83 23,90 22,40 25,26 23,71
thi 49,66 56,00 61,13 57,36 56,30 56,09 60,10 74,93 62,26 58,13 62,70 63,624
tha 56,66 53,40 56,36 57,60 57,33 56,27 62,46 84,83 65,60 65,86 64,70 68,69
thu 44,90 68,10 55,96 64,00 61,36 58,864 66,73 82,56 73,16 53,03 46,73 64,442
chi 66,83 68,63 64,86 78,96 67,26 69,308 64,56 77,60 67,30 64,20 71,23 68,978
cha 67,53 57,86 54,00 66,96 56,30 60,50 60,46 63,90 62,30 61,76 64,03 62,436
chu 66,56 61,43 59,80 74,00 57,56 63,87 67,03 60,73 67,53 60,46 62,23 63,596
bi 75,00 78,00 89,10 63,63 63,66 73,878 87,70 84,80 86,20 71,53 72,83 76,078
ba 54,53 88,53 71,03 87,96 72,80 74,97 82,90 77,16 71,93 78,40 70,00 76,078
bu 97,66 87,40 82,36 98,30 63,46 85,836 69,93 78,46 103,13 107,90 77,13 87,31
i 75,93 84,50 77,03 73,63 88,60 79,938 83,56 64,90 88,93 95,93 67,96 80,256
a 84,63 70,90 71,90 90,90 62,90 76,246 63,40 71,23 85,03 105,96 59,40 77,004
u 109,50 76,36 69,36 84,13 70,16 81,902 65,50 67,10 107,16 90,76 89,93 84,09
phi 141,13 127,46 143,06 151,80 122,73 137,236 133,66 137,33 140,23 137,96 141,40 138,116
pha 111,13 91,60 133,50 193,53 105,33 127,018 130,90 138,90 149,23 146,30 128,60 138,786
phu 117,33 109,16 122,63 161,53 155,46 133,222 134,06 133,03 153,26 136,03 137,53 138,782
xi 174,43 142,16 158,63 227,30 131,30 166,764 185,06 201,33 163,83 166,86 170,90 177,596
xa 174,30 137,16 170,76 178,80 138,33 159,87 173,30 120,00 182,13 147,10 141,60 152,826
xu 166,16 130,46 167,23 201,96 149,33 163,028 173,73 174,73 162,23 172,30 168,10 169,818
khi 135,00 125,00 155,53 186,60 113,73 143,172 157,23 144,33 152,46 142,30 155,16 150,296
kha 121,13 152,16 108,43 192,60 124,83 139,83 151,53 139,66 152,90 145,90 116,16 141,23
khu 142,83 150,73 152,10 213,20 133,33 158,438 130,36 130,30 105,03 130,10 105,73 120,304
hi 104,50 91,76 91,50 105,33 94,30 97,478 90,16 98,70 83,36 74,66 84,13 86,202
ha 115,00 110,83 113,46 134,33 94,00 113,524 91,00 93,03 99,43 78,16 75,80 87,484
hu 82,53 80,93 79,83 114,26 76,13 86,736 82,66 83,83 84,96 77,06 77,43 81,188
vi 101,43 112,23 114,06 115,50 96,73 107,99 108,73 124,26 123,36 102,76 112,30 114,282
va 105,50 114,93 95,83 124,56 93,03 106,77 105,80 106,23 102,66 113,83 124,76 110,656
vu 127,13 104,40 121,03 126,23 96,73 115,104 130,00 110,50 122,53 119,60 116,90 119,906
di 132,46 121,96 123,83 123,70 140,33 128,456 118,80 134,13 135,46 134,66 113,66 127,342
da 130,03 120,13 113,46 121,03 111,50 119,23 110,80 110,33 113,83 118,70 118,10 114,352
du 116,26 110,30 108,00 115,66 121,20 137,536 119,63 138,90 123,70 132,13 118,00 126,472
ghi 182,56 169,73 167,238 170,02 171,60 171,58 181,09 173,273 175,081 175,021 174,987 175,171
ga 140.31 138,298 130,984 140,07 141,875 140,325 150,050 148,345 148,00 151,060 150,05 150,028
gu 120,01 118,257 123,85 125,926 126,012 126,028 128,937 130,02 129,281 129,873 130.00 130,015
mi 111,93 105,70 97,06 102,86 86,33 100,776 87,06 70,43 81,40 91,76 71,86 80,502
ma 108,96 84,46 80,36 92,83 86,73 94,112 88,26 76,60 81,56 87,10 89,43 84,59
mu 107,56 89,70 88,50 98,80 86,00 94,112 96,46 90,63 98,43 99,66 87,63 94,562
ni 99,10 94,16 98,76 79,66 78,06 89,948 107,66 95,96 96,03 111,46 117,20 105,662
na 108,33 84,53 84,70 128,96 76,70 969,644 104,66 108,80 100,13 103,20 102,83 103,924
nu 118,66 92,43 92,50 121,63 93,63 103,77 95,00 98,13 97,26 97,86 87,70 95,19
nhi 65,66 62,50 72,46 80,73 65,83 69,436 105,70 116,96 105,70 116,63 111,70 111,338
nha 90,06 80,16 96,90 94,53 78,40 88,01 87,66 97,66 89,26 95,63 91,36 92,314
nhu 89,00 89,93 105,03 94,36 83,56 90,376 100,36 90,30 107,66 100,40 93,23 98,39
nghi 103,30 101,73 103,96 128,33 84,80 104,424 100,86 93,83 109,76 101,10 106,46 102,402
271
nga 117,96 105,50 93,16 109,93 88,70 103,05 106,70 82,70 107,90 112,13 122,03 106,292
ngu 117,06 134,43 117,23 143,93 127,43 128,016 103,83 110,10 95,63 99,86 105,70 103,024
li 115,16 98,43 86,16 97,30 112,56 101,922 92,00 89,96 97,73 85,53 97,26 92,496
la 107,03 109,46 90,56 108,66 90,86 101,314 101,10 105,43 103,43 102,40 104,93 103,458
lu 107,46 102,06 96,63 133,56 85,56 105,054 101,80 103,00 104,13 109,83 106,93 105,138
272
PH LC II
TRNG TRUNG BNH CA PH M CUI
m
TB
Nam
1
TB
Nam 2
TB
Nam3
TB
Nam 4
TB
Nam 5
TB
Nam
TB
N 1
TB
N 2
TB
N 3
TB
N 4
TB
N 5
TB
N
im 226,80 155,30 167,03 206,06 191,40 189,318 227,50 204,33 193,36 186,30 172,76 196,85
am 222,33 189,30 156,53 196,43 199,50 192,818 202,03 176,76 139,23 201,00 144,36 172,676
um 281,96 187,30 171,03 199,36 200,23 207,936 250,60 212,73 182,83 203,33 182,66 206,43
in 276,80 182,50 172,50 196,26 204,76 206,564 250,70 200,23 193,56 210,26 168,53 204,656
an 232,90 190,53 173,36 200,06 210,10 201,39 211,93 170,93 158,36 185,8 192,93 183,99
un 284,86 186,60 194,06 205,76 199,76 214,208 221,53 197,90 184,86 192,20 180,63 195,424
inh 337,33 221,66 234,00 251,50 233,50 255,598 300,63 269,00 223,56 260,30 246,90 260,078
anh 310,60 220,53 229,23 219,93 187,23 233,624 261,83 206,76 216,46 230,70 204,20 223,99
nh 337,90 216,90 226,10 246,53 190,03 243,492 280,26 191,13 193,26 223,40 196,63 216,936
ung 364,23 236,30 228,23 229,23 228,16 257,23 222,40 197,33 237,93 236,23 185,93 215,964
ang 281,30 196,66 170,93 198,90 210,66 211,69 224,03 206,56 160,26 193,70 181,00 193,11
ng 368,66 234,40 239,93 198,93 219,10 252,20 293,93 177,20 237,83 203,20 200,73 222,578
p 25,83 21,46 26,33 25,43 21,96 24,202 19,76 19,46 17,53 18,70 16,56 18,402
p 19,66 21,53 22,60 19,93 19,60 20,664 21,90 19,06 15,30 19,26 18,00 18,704
p 24,63 27,56 28,16 28,20 23,30 26,37 18,16 17,20 18,16 23,96 19,13 19,342
t 23,63 18,43 26,36 20,40 20,13 21,79 20,96 18,76 20,30 22,60 20,30 20,584
t 26,60 22,50 25,86 22,56 20,20 23,544 19,83 13,76 13,06 18,03 14,00 15,736
t 22,56 24,33 26,93 23,76 19,13 23,342 20,83 17,66 19,26 18,30 17,83 18,776
ich 23,73 24,30 23,86 18,93 22,70 22,704 20,16 21,96 21,93 21,56 17,53 20,628
ch 19,50 21,03 21,10 20,43 19,13 20,238 17,90 18,26 19,10 16,90 15,66 17,564
ach 20,73 19,03 19,43 18,73 19,76 19,536 17,66 19,61 22,36 19,10 26,30 21,006
c 21,96 22,23 23,46 23,06 19,93 22,128 18,66 23,73 18,13 26,1 24,56 22,236
uc 21,80 21,33 24,26 24,10 22,73 22,844 20,00 25,76 21,30 21,03 24,76 22,57
ac 19,86 19,50 20,06 18,20 19,23 19,37 18,03 26,86 27,26 21,06 22,86 23,214
273
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279
280
MC LC
1. PHNG PHP PHN TCH TING NI THEO CC C TRNG .............1
2. CC M HNH NG DNG CHO NHN DNG TING NI........................28
3. HUN LUYN V NHN DNG TING NI..................................................76
4. MI TRNG TN HIU TING NI TRN IN THOI...........................119
5. TCH HP MODULE TNG HP TING VIT V CC CHUN TCH HP
TING NI...............................................................................................................151
6. C S D LIU NG M CHO NHN DNG V TNG HP TING VIT
165
7. TNG HP TING VIT....................................................................................193
8. C TRNG M HC V M V HC CA TING NI...........................234
9. C I M NG M C BA N CA TING VIT..........................................242
TI LIU THAM KHO........................................................................................274

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1.

PHNG PHP PHN TCH TING NI THEO

Trong , N l s mu d liu (sample) ca ca s.

Trong , N l s knh lc, m

l s khung tn hiu ln cn c dng (thng thng l 2).

Trong , N l s h s hay l bc ca d bo, cc a(i) l cc h s d

Trong , s(n) l tn hiu trong ca s, N l s lng mu trong ca s.

Nhn dng ting ni l m hnh phc tp theo nhiu mc khc nhau. Tn

Php bin i Fourier ca x (n) c th c tnh t bin i z khi:

Php bin i Fourier c th xem nh l php bin i z c c

Cho trc mt tn hiu lin tc:

c trng cho h thng.

. Chnh v tn hiu ting ni thay i theo thi

T nhn c phng trnh:

s ti thiu sai s trung bnh bnh phng d on cho on tn hiu S

Do phng trnh (****) c th c vit thnh:

H phng trnh ny cn c th c vit di dng ma trn nh sau:

Ngc li bit v chng ta s tm ra c gi tr cc tiu cng thc trn.

ii. Cho n = 1, 2, ,N, Cp nht li codevector

Ngoi ra ta nh ngha xc sut trng thi khi u (initial state

Qu trnh Markov miu t trn c gi l mt m hnh Markov quan

Vi cc gi tr thch hp A, B, , M, N, mt m hnh Markov n c

vi iu kin rng buc

v do vy ta c iu phi chng minh:

= 0.2, 0.5, .., 1.0.

Cu trc v cc tham s ca m hnh Markov n c nh ngha trong

l trng s ca dng stream s

Nh vy m hnh HMM ln s lun bt u bng m hnh u tin. Cc

Vi trng thi cui trong m hnh

i vi trng hp ca xc sut li backward

Cc gi tr khc ngoi cc gi tr trn c khi to bng 0. Vi t<T ta c

3.2.2. Hun luyn h thng nhn dng dng ANN

trong , u(n) l ngun kch tiu chun v G l h s khuch i ca

Theo m hnh ny, ngun kch u(n) c khuch i vi h s G l u

Tnh ton quy, chng ta tm gi tr ca ts(u+1) tho mn iu kin:

Chu k cao tn s c bn tng hp t

Vn phm phi ng cnh Stochastic

] th [t] c v tr cu m trc nht [n] c v tr cu m

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