ELE 102 ELECTRICAL SCIENCE-II Laboratory Manual

LABORATORY MANUAL OF ELE 102

ELECTRICAL SCIENCE-II

Prepared at Lovely Professional University With Participation & Valuable contributions from Er.Princejit Singh Saini Er. Harjinder Singh Bhatti

DEPARTMENT OF ECE, LPU, PHAGWARA (PUNJAB),

INDIA.

Inverting and non-inverting amplifiers using IC741. Opamp as summer, integrator and Diffrentiator. Counter Design using Flip Flops. Use of CRO, Function generator and power supply. Realization of MUX and DEMUX. Active Filter Design using OPAMPS. To plot the speed torque characteristics of a dc motor. To start and reverse the direction of an induction motor. To plot the speed torque characteristics of an induction motor. Interfacing of microcontroller with dc motor and LED. Driving an LED/Relay/motor using 8051 microcontroller output ports. To display alpha numeric characters using

2 3 4 5 6 7

8 9 10

EXPERIMENT NO - 1

1. Experiment: -. Realization & use of a MUX and a DEMUX. 2.Equipment and material Required: -

3.Learning objectives:- To understand the working of MUX and DEMUX. 4.PROCEDURE: - (IC 74153)

1. The Pin [16] is connected to + Vcc. 2. Pin [8] is connected to ground. 3. The inputs are applied either to A input or B input. 4. 5. If MUX A has to be initialized, Ea is made low and if MUX B has to be initialized, Eb is made low. Based on the selection lines one of the inputs will be selected at the output and thus verify the truth table

PROCEDURE: - (IC 74139)

1. The inputs are applied to either a input or b input 2. The demux is activated by making Ea low and Eb low. 3. Verify the truth table.

Parameters and plots:- NA Caution:- 1.connection should be tight.

2.Check the connection twice before working on live wires. 3.Donot touch any part of the live electrical conductors.

EXPERIMENT NO 2

1.Experiment: Use of CRO & study of Lissajous patterns, Function generator, power supply & Digital Multimeter. 2.Equipment and material Required:

S.No. 1 2 3 4

Apparatus CRO Function generator Power supply Digital multimeter

Specification

Quantity 01 01 01 01

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:-

THEORY:

To achieve the purpose, various controls are provided on front panel of electronic equipment. The operating controls provided on the front panel of instruments are ON/OFF switch, selector switch for current, voltage, resistance, range selection switch for frequency, time/div, volt/div, switch for channel selection and control knob for level, focus etc

PROCEDURE:1. Observe the given equipment. 2. Draw front panel diagrams of a) Signal generator/ Function generator b) CRO, c) Power supply 3. Identify the different operating controls and understand their functions. 4. List the different operating controls and write their functions.

Parameter and plot:-Plot the amplitude and frequency of all the waveforms that can be generated from function
generator.

Equipment 1: CRO

OBSERVATIONS: 1. Frequency/div: .. 2. Volt/div: .. 3. Intensity: .. 4. Focus: .. 5. Square wave testing: .. 6. AC/DC/GROUND: .. 7. UP/DOWN: .. 8. LEFT /RIGHT: .. 9. Make: .. 10. Model: ..

Equipment 2: Power supply

OBSERVATIONS: 1. Coarse: . 2. Fine: .

3. Voltage range: . 4. Resolution: . 5. Input: . 6. Make: .. 7. Model: ..

Equipment 3: Function generator

OBSERVATIONS: 1. Function selector: .. 2. Frequency ranges: .. 3. Amplitude: MinimumMaximum .. 4. Make: .. 5. Model: .. Equipment 4: Digital multimeter:OBSERVATIONS: Voltage(AC and DC) .. Current.. Frequency. Resistance Continuity check. Diode testing

Scope of result expected:- Student should know the application of CRO, Power supply, Function generator and
digital multimeter.

Caution:- 1.connection should be tight.

2.Check the connection twice before working on live wires. 3.Donot touch any part of the live electrical conductors.

EXPERIMENT NO 3
1.Experiment: - Inverting and non inverting amplifier using IC 741 2.Equipment and material Required:-

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:-

3. DESIGN PROCEDURE:1. Select the desired gain of the amplifier. 2. The gain of inverting amplifier is given by

3. The gain for non-inverting amplifier is given by

4. For example, if AF = 2, select R1 = 5 k , RF = 10k and RL = 10k

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in Fig. 2. Apply +12V to pin 7 and 12V to pin 4. Connect common terminal of power supply to ground on the breadboard. 3. Apply a dc voltage of 0.1V to the pin-2 of IC. Measure output. 4. Increase voltage in steps of 0.1V up to 1.0V and measure output.

OBSERVATION TABLE:

4.Parameters and plots:Plot the graph of Gain Vs Frequency for Inverting and Non-Inverting amplifiers 5.Scope of result expected:- Student should understand the difference between Inverting and Non-Inverting
amplifiers and frequency response of both

6.Caution:- 1.Connection should be tight.

2.Check the connection twice before working on live wires. 3.Donot touch any part of the live electrical conductors.

EXPERIMENT NO - 4 1.Experiment: - Verification of Truth table of Basic gates. 2.Equipment and material Required:S.No. 1 2 3 4 5 Apparatus AND Gate IC OR Gate IC NOT Gate IC Digital Trainer Kit Connecting Wires Specification 7408 7432 7404 Quantity 01 01 01 01 As per requirement

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:NOT Gate IC

X 0 1

Y=X 1 0

AND Gate IC

X 0 0 1 1

Y 0 1 0 1

F=X.Y 0 0 0 1

OR Gate IC

4. PROCEDURE:1. Verify the gates. 2. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram. 3. Switch on VCC and apply various combinations of input 4. Note down the output readings combinations of inputs. 5. The output is shown by the glow of LED. according to truth table.

5.Scope of results expected:- Student should understand the working of various logic gates and their application. 6.Caution:- 1.Connection should be tight.
2.Check the connection twice before working on live wires. 3.Donot touch any part of the live electrical conductors.

Experiment no:5 Experiment: How to convert a Galvanometer to a Voltmeter and Ammeter. 2.Equipment and material Required:-

S.No. 1 2

APPARATUS Galvanometer Resistors

Specification

Quantity 01

As per galvanometer specification.

As per requirement

DMM

01

AMMETER

Ammeter is an electrical measuring device, which is used to measure electric current through the modified form of galvanometer CONNECTION OF AMMETER IN CIRCUIT An ammeter is always connected in series to a circuit. SYMBOL

circuit. It is the

For latest information , free computer courses and high impact notes visit . CONVERSION OF GALVANOMETER INTO AMMETER Since Galvanometer is a very sensitive instrument therefore it cant measure heavy currents. In order to convert a Galvanometer into an Ammeter, a very low resistance known as "shunt" resistance is connected in parallel to Galvanometer. Value of shunt is so adjusted that most of the current passes through the shunt. In this way a Galvanometer is converted into Ammeter and can measure heavy currents without fully deflected. VALUE OF SHUNT RESISTANCE

www.citycollegiate.com Let resistance of galvanometer = Rg and it gives full-scale deflection when current Ig is passed through Vg = IgRg -------(i) Let a shunt of resistance (Rs) is connected in parallel to galvanometer. If total current through the circuit is I. it. Then,

Then current through shunt: Is = (I-Ig) potential difference across the shunt:

Vs= IsRs or Vs = (I Ig)Rs -------(ii)

But Vs =Vg (I - Ig)Rs = IgRg

VOLT METER Voltmeter is an electrical measuring device, which is used to measure potential difference between two circuit. CONNECTION OF VOLTMETER IN CIRCUIT Voltmeter is always connected in parallel to a circuit. SYMBOL points in a

CONVERSION OF GALVANOMETER INTO VOLTMETER Since Galvanometer is a very sensitive instrument, therefore it can not measure high potential difference. In order to convert a Galvanometer into voltmeter, a very high resistance known as "series resistance" is connected in series with the galvanometer. VALUE OF SERIES RESISTANCE

Let resistance of galvanometer = Rg and resistance Rx (high) is connected in series to it. Then (Rg + Rx).

combined resistance =

If potential between the points to be measured = V and if galvanometer gives full-scale deflection, passes through it. Then, V = Ig (Rg + Rx) V = IgRg + IgRx V IgRg = IgRx Rx = (V IgRg)/Ig

when current "Ig"

Thus Rx can be found.

4. PROCEDURE:-

As ammeter

1.Choose proper value of shunt resistance as per calculation.. 2.Connect the shunt resistance in parallel with galvanometer. 3.Check the output using DMM

As Voltmeter
1.Choose proper value of shunt resistance as per calculation.. 2.Connect the shunt resistance in series with galvanometer. 3.Check the output using DMM

5.Scope of results expected:- Student should understand difference between ammeter and voltmeter and how
to convert galvanometer into ammeter and voltmeter.

6.Caution:- 1.Connection should be tight.

2.Check the connection twice before working on live wires. 3.Donot touch any part of the live electrical conductors.

S.No. 1 2 3 4 5 6

APPARATUS Zener diode Resistors DMM Regulated power supply Bread Board Connecting wires

Specification

Quantity 01

1K

As per requirement 01

0-30v

01 01 As per requirement

Experiment No.:-6
1.Experiment:To find the voltage regulation of a given Zener diode 2.Equipment and material Required:-

3.Learning objectives: To understand the application of Zener diode as voltage regulator.

Circuit diagram:-

6. All the readings are tabulated. 7. The percentage regulation is calculated using the above formula 4.PROCEDURE:
1. Construct the circuit as shown above. OBSERVATIONS: -

A.

Static charact eristics

:-

2. Repeat the following steps: First with VS = 15 VDC, then repeat with with VS = 8 VDC. Applied voltage ZENER ZENER S.NO V (volts) VOLTAGE(V ) CURRENT(I Z ) Z

1 1Volt First with Ri = 390 2 connect VS to the circuit and measure VL after it has stabilized. As the diode heats up due , 2 to the current flow through it, the voltage will change until it reaches an equilibrium state. This heating effect will be 3 3 greatest with4 highest 4 the value of source voltage, lowest value of Ri and the largest value of RL. Wait until the 3rd digit on the meter does not change for about 5 seconds and then record the voltage reading. 5 5 6 k 6 a) With R = 1.8
b) Repeat with RL = 470 7 7 3. For each value of VS , calculate IL(mA) and IZ(mA) for each of the eight combinations of resistors (Ri and RL).
L

Error Analysis: Static characteristics

4. For each of the values of Ri; calculate the line regulation for RL = 470 Ohms and then the line regulation for RL = 1.8k Sr. (volts) VZ (volts) IZ ( mA)+ IZ (mA)Ohms. V applied-3% V applied + 3% V Z No +3% 3% 3% 2%

1 2 . 7

B. Regulation charact eristics S. No V 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

NL

:VFL (VOLTS) R
L

(VOLTS)

(K )

% REGULATION

Parameters plots:NA

and

5.Scope of results expected:- Student should understand the working of zenor diode as voltage regulator. 6.Caution:- 1.Connection should be tight.
2.Check the connection twice before working on live wires. 3.Donot touch any part of the live electrical conductors.

Experiment No:-7 1.Experiment: 2-way and 3-way control of staircase light

2.Equipment and material Required: s . n o 1 Apparatus Specifications Qty

Two way switch bulb holder bulb

2 3

1 1

4 5

Screwdriver Three-way switch Pliers connecting wires

1 3

6 7

1 As per requirements

3.Learning objectives: To understand the application of two-way and three-way switches

THEORY
In order to control one light point independently from two switches or more placed at different places on the staircases or in room corridors, this type of wiring is required. Wiring circuit diagram using two switches both of twoway type is shown in figure-2 whose schematic diagram is shown in figure-1.the phase wire is required to be connected to the common terminal C1 of the first two-way switch. According to the requirement, moving the dolly of the switches, the connections can be made either to the terminal B1 or A1 and B2 or A2.similarly, common terminal of the second two-way switch C2 is connected with the neutral point(N)through a lamp. two wires connect A1 & A2 and B1 & B2.one two-way switch is installed near the first step of the stair and the other two-way switch is installed at the end of the stairs at first floor.

FIG-1: Schematic diagram of staircase lighting

The movement of either switch dolly makes the circuit complete, and the lamp becomes ON.thus, either in position C1-A1-A2-C2 or C1-B1-B2-C2 of the switches, the lamp get phase current and hence becomes ON. On the other hand, in the other alternate positions of the switches, the lamp does not get phase current, and hence, remains OFF. In other words, the lamp can be made ON or OFF from ay one of the two switches.

Lamp

Neutral

A1 B1

A2 B2

Phase

Two way switches FIG-2: circuit diagram of two-way control of staircase lighting

Fig-3 circuit diagram of 3-way control of staircase light

4.Procedure:
1) connect the circuit and complete wiring as per circuit diagram shown in fig-2 & fig-3 2) 3) 4) Check the circuit connection properly. Do the continuity test before switching ON.

5.Scope of results expected:- Student should understand the working of zenor diode as voltage regulator 6. cautions
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Connections should be tight and correct. Do not touch the live conductor. Check all the switches and lamp before connecting it. Test the continuity after completing the circuit. Do not switch ON or OFF the lamp during testing the circuit.

EXPERIMENT NO-8 1. Experiment :- To analyze voltage rectification and filtering circuit. 2.Equipment and material Required: S. No. Apparatus Specifications Qty %age instrument error or component tolerance

1.

A 1-phase 230/15V, 5A transform er pn junction diodes Capacitor s IC voltage regulator C.R.O Multimete r 5A, 1N4001

2.

3.

0.01F, 100F

4.

7821

5. 6.

3.Learning objectives: To understand the process of rectification and filtering CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

4.PROCEDURE:
1 Select voltage regulator as per the the requirement of Dc supply voltage. If DC voltage required is +12V then regulator is 7812. 2 connect all the components as per the circuit diagram 3 measure AC voltage using multimeter and note it in the observation table 4measure DC voltage using multimeter at the output terminal and note it in the observation table 5.Parameters and Plots: Plot the graph of input voltage waveform and output waveform after rectification

OBSERVATION:-

INPUT V

OUTPUT V

5.Scope of results expected:- Student should understand the working of zenor diode as voltage regulator 6. cautions
Connections should be tight and correct. Do not touch the live conductor. Check all the switches and lamp before connecting it. Test the continuity after completing the circuit. Do not switch ON or OFF the lamp during testing the circuit.

EXPERIMENT-9 1.Experiment: - To operate 555 Timer in Monostable, Bistable and Astable mode to generate time delay of 5ms and
run a dc motor according to desired time delay.

2.Equipment and material Required: S . N o. A p p a r a t u s Specifications Qty %age instrument error or component tolerance

1. 5 5 5 Ti m e r 2. P PN2907A n p tr a n si st o r 3. C 0.01F, 22F, a 0.1F, 100F, p 220F, 10F a ci t o rs 4. R 10k,1k,1M,90k, e si 71k,143k, st a n c e s 5. C . R . O 6. S 3-15V u p pl y 7. D C m o t

o r

3. Learning objectives: To understand the operation of 555-Timer in Monostable,Bistable and astable modes PIN DIAGRAM:

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:555 Timer in Monostable mode for T=10sec

71k

Circuit for driving a dc motor using a 555 timer

143k 10F

Parameters and Plots:

For Monostable mode

For Astable mode

1.

For Bistable mode

4.PROCEDURE:

1. 2. 3. 4.

Connect the circuits as shown in diagram for monostabe, astable and bistable modes. Connect up a 3V - 15V DC power supply and test the circuit. Connect the circuit as shown in diagram for driving a dc motor, connect the motor terminals as shown. Calculate the time delay by given formulas.

CALCULATIONS:
For Monostable mode Calculate time period using formula T = 1.1.RC; For Astable circuit Duty cycle The time period can be split into two parts: T = Tm + Ts Mark time (output high): Tm = 0.7 (R1 + R2) C Space time (output low): Ts = 0.7 R2 C

Tm Duty cycle = Tm + Ts =

R1 + R2 R1 + 2R2 Frequency= 1.44/(R1+2R2)C

5.Scope of results expected: Understanding of 555-timers different working modes. 6.Caution:- 1.Connection should be tight.
2.Check the connection twice before working on live wires. 3.Donot touch any part of the live electrical conductors.

EXPERIMENT-10 1. Experiment:Summing and difference amplifiers using op-amps 2.Equipment and material Required: -

3. Learning objectives: To understand the use of operational amplifier as summing and difference circuits Circuit Diagram:-

Summing circuit using IC-LM348/741

Difference amplifier using IC-LM348/741

4.PROCEDURE: 1. Using power supply voltages of 15 VDC for the op-amp, construct an summing amplifier and difference
circuit (Fig. 1 and Fig. 2) with a gain of -10 using an input resistor of 1 K 2. Record both the positive and negative power supply voltages. 3. Connect an ac signal source set at 100 Hz (sinusoidal) to the input. Set the oscilloscope for X-Y display 4.observe the output Vout = - [V1( Rf / R1) + V2( Rf / R2) + V3( Rf /R3) + ...]

Observations:-

For Summing amplifier

S.NO

V1 input wave(V)

V2 input wave(V) wave(V)

Vo output

1.

For Difference amplifier

S.NO 1.

V1 input wave(V)

V2 input wave(V)

Vo output wave(V)

5.Scope of results expected: use of op-amp as summer and difference circuit 6.Caution:- 1.Connection should be tight.
2.Check the connection twice before working on live wires. 3.Donot touch any part of the live electrical conductors.