TRNG I HC CN TH

VIN NGHIN CU PHT TRIN NG BNG SNG CU LONG

B MN TI NGUYN CY TRNG

GIO TRNH CY LA

Bin son: Nguyn Ngc

Cn Th/2008

THNG TIN V TC GI
PHM VI V I TNG S DNG
CA GIO TRNH
1. THNG TIN V TC GI
H v tn: NGUYN NGC
Sinh nm: 22/8/1956
C quan cng tc:
B mn: Ti nguyn cy trng Khoa: Vin NC Pht trin B
.........................................
Trng: i hc Cn Th
a ch Email lin h: nnde@ctu.edu.vn
2. PHM VI V I TNG S DNG
Gio trnh c th dng tham kho cho nhng ngnh no:
Nng hc, Trng trt, Bo v thc vt, Qun l t ai
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
C th dng cho cc trng no:...............................................................................
i hc Cn Th, i hc Nng Lm Tp. HCM, Cc i hc khc c chuyn ngnh
o to nh trn
...................................................................................................................................
Cc t kha ( ngh cung cp 10 t kha tra cu):............................................
Ging la, bnh hi la, su hi la, sinh l la, sinh trng la, k thut canh tc
la, cht lng la go, sinh thi cy la, bo qun la go, chn to ging la
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
Yu cu kin thc trc khi hc mn ny: ..............................................................
Sinh l thc vt, Nng ha th nhng, Bo v thc vt i cng, Trng trt i cng
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
xut bn in cha, nu c th Nh xut bn no:...................................................
xut bn quyt nh xut bn s 720/Q-HQGTPHCM, ngy 03/12/2008. Nh xut
bn i hc Quc gia Tp. H Ch Minh.
1

MC LC
THNG TIN TC GI ................................................................................................. 1
MC LC........................................................................................................................ 2
DANH SCH HNH ..................................................................................................... 11
DANH SCH BNG .................................................................................................... 17
CM T ........................................................................................................................ 19
M U ........................................................................................................................ 20
CHNG 1: V TR KINH T TNH HNH SN XUT V TRIN VNG CA
NGNH LA ................................................................................................................ 21
1.1. V TR KINH T CA LA GO .................................................................. 23
1.1.1. Gi tr dinh dng ........................................................................................ 23
1.1.2. Gi tr s dng .............................................................................................. 25
1.1.3. Gi tr thng mi ........................................................................................ 26
1.2. TNH HNH SN XUT LA GO TRN TH GII.................................. 27
1.3. TNH HNH SN XUT LA GO NC TA V NG BNG SNG
CU LONG .............................................................................................................. 34
1.4. NHNG TIN B GN Y V TRIN VNG CA NGNH TRNG
LA........................................................................................................................... 38
1.5. CU HI N TP ............................................................................................ 40
1.6. BI C THM ............................................................................................... 41
CHNG 2: NGUN GC V PHN LOI LA ................................................ 42
2.1. NGUN GC .................................................................................................... 42
2.1.1. Ni xut pht la trng................................................................................. 42
2.1.2. T tin la trng ........................................................................................... 43
2.1.3. Lch s ngnh trng la ................................................................................ 45
2.2. PHN LOI LA ............................................................................................. 46
2.2.1. Theo c tnh thc vt hc ........................................................................... 46
2.2.2. Theo sinh thi a l ..................................................................................... 47
2.2.3. Theo c tnh sinh l: Tnh quang cm ........................................................ 49
2.2.3.1. Nhm la quang cm ........................................................................... 49
2.2.3.2. Nhm la khng quan cm .................................................................. 50
2.2.4. Theo iu kin mi trng canh tc............................................................. 50
2.2.5. Theo c tnh sinh ho ht go ..................................................................... 51
2.2.6. Theo c tnh ca hnh thi .......................................................................... 52
2.3. CU HI N TP ............................................................................................ 53
2

2.4. BI C THM ............................................................................................... 53

CHNG 3: HNH TH HC V S SINH TRNG CA CY LA........... 54
3.1. CC GIAI ON SINH TRNG CA CY LA ..................................... 54
3.1.1. Giai on tng trng................................................................................... 55
3.1.2. Giai on sinh sn......................................................................................... 56
3.1.3. Giai on chn............................................................................................... 56
3.2. HT LA V S NY MM......................................................................... 59
3.2.1. Ht la........................................................................................................... 59
3.2.1.1. V la................................................................................................... 59
3.2.1.2. Ht go ................................................................................................. 59
3.2.2. S ny mm .................................................................................................. 60
3.3. MM LA V M NON................................................................................. 61
3.4. R LA.............................................................................................................. 62
3.4.1. R mm......................................................................................................... 62
3.4.2. R ph (cn gi l r bt nh) ..................................................................... 62
3.5. THN LA........................................................................................................ 64
3.6. L LA ............................................................................................................. 67
3.6.1. Phin l ......................................................................................................... 67
3.6.2. B l.............................................................................................................. 68
3.6.3. C l.............................................................................................................. 68
3.7. BNG LA ....................................................................................................... 70
3.7.1. Hnh thi v cu to ...................................................................................... 70
3.7.2. Qu trnh pht trin ca ng la v s tr bng ......................................... 71
3.8. HOA LA .......................................................................................................... 72
3.8.1. Hnh thy v cu to ..................................................................................... 72
3.8.2. S phi mu, th phn v th tinh................................................................ 73
3.9. CU HI N TP ............................................................................................ 75
3.10. BI C THM ............................................................................................. 75
CHNG 4: C IM SINH THI CY LA ................................................... 76
4.1. IU KIN KH HU THY VN ............................................................. 76
4.1.1. Nhit ........................................................................................................ 76
4.1.1.1. nh hng ca nhit thp ............................................................... 77
4.1.1.2. nh hng ca nhit cao ................................................................ 77
4.1.2. nh sng ....................................................................................................... 78
4.1.2.1. Cng nh sng............................................................................... 78
3

4.1.2.2. Quang k .............................................................................................. 79

4.1.3. Lng ma ................................................................................................... 82
4.1.4. Gi ................................................................................................................ 83
4.1.5. Thy vn ....................................................................................................... 84
4.1.5.1. Vng la ni......................................................................................... 86
4.1.5.2. Vng la cy 2 ln ............................................................................... 86
4.1.5.3. Vng cy la 1 ln ............................................................................... 86
4.2. IU KIN T AI ...................................................................................... 86
4.2.1. Yu cu t ai ............................................................................................. 86
4.2.2. t trng la ng Bng Sng Cu Long ................................................ 87
4.3. THI V - VNG TRNG LA NG BNG SNG CU LONG ...... 89
4.3.1. Canh tc la c truyn .................................................................................. 89
4.3.1.1. Vng la ni......................................................................................... 89
4.3.1.2. Vng la cy 2 ln ............................................................................... 90
4.3.1.3. Vng la cy 1 ln ............................................................................... 91
4.3.2. Cc h thng canh tc trn t la hin nay ................................................. 94
4.3.2.1. Vng ph sa nc ngt ........................................................................ 95
4.3.2.2. Vng nc tri nhim mn .................................................................. 97
4.4. CU HI N TP ............................................................................................ 99
CHNG 5: C IM SINH L CY LA...................................................... 100
5.1. TNH MIN TRNG CU HT LA .......................................................... 100
5.1.1. Nguyn nhn............................................................................................... 100
5.1.2. nh hng n sn xut ............................................................................. 100
5.1.3. Phng php php min trng.................................................................... 101
5.2. QUANG HP V H HP............................................................................ 101
5.2.1. Quang hp .................................................................................................. 101
5.2.2. H hp......................................................................................................... 105
5.3. DINH DNG KHONG CA CY LA.................................................. 107
5.3.1. t ngp nc v dinh dng khong ca cy la .................................... 107
5.3.2. Cht m (N) .............................................................................................. 108
5.3.3. Cht ln (P)................................................................................................. 111
5.3.4. Cht Kali (K) .............................................................................................. 112
5.3.5. Cht Silic (Si) ............................................................................................. 113
5.3.6. Cht st (Fe)................................................................................................ 114
5.4. CU HI N TP ......................................................................................... 116
4

5.5. BI C THM ............................................................................................. 116

CHNG 6: CI TIN GING LA .................................................................... 117
6.1. S LC V LCH S CNG TC CI TIN GING LA ................... 117
6.2. CC QUAN IM V KIU HNH CY LA NNG SUT CAO.......... 119
6.2.1. Khi nim v kiu cy chu phn ............................................................... 119
6.2.2. Khi nim v kiu cy la l tng............................................................ 119
6.2.3. Quan im ca cc nh nng hc ............................................................... 120
6.2.4. Kiu cy la cho cc vng sinh thi ........................................................... 121
6.2.5. Quan im tng hp ................................................................................... 122
6.3. CC PHNG PHP CI TIN GING LA ........................................... 123
6.3.1. Phc trng ging......................................................................................... 123
6.3.1.1. Chn lc dng thun .......................................................................... 123
6.3.1.2. Chn lc hn hp ............................................................................... 123
6.3.2. Lai to ......................................................................................................... 124
6.3.2.1. Cc phng php li ging la .......................................................... 124
6.3.2.2. Phng php chn lc cc th h con lai........................................... 126
6.3.3. Phng php s dng la u th lai ........................................................... 128
6.3.3.1. iu kin s dng la u th lai ........................................................ 128
6.3.3.2. Vt liu di truyn cn tht.................................................................. 128
6.3.3.3. Quy trnh sn sut ht u th lai ........................................................ 129
6.3.4. Phng php gy t bin .......................................................................... 132
6.3.5. Phng php cy m .................................................................................. 133
6.4. TIN TRNH CNG TC CI TIN GING LA ..................................... 134
6.4.1. Xc nh mc ch ca chng tnh ci tin ging la .............................. 134
6.4.2. Cc ngun vt liu ban u ........................................................................ 135
6.4.3. Lai to v chn lc ..................................................................................... 135
6.4.4. Quan st s khi ......................................................................................... 135
6.4.5. Trc nghim hu k .................................................................................... 135
6.4.6. So snh nng sut ....................................................................................... 135
6.4.7. Th nghim khu vc ha............................................................................ 135
6.4.8. Sn xut th ................................................................................................ 136
6.4.9. Sn xut i tr ........................................................................................... 137
6.5. CNG TC GING LA NG BNG SNG CU LONG................ 137
6.6. S LC CC T TN GING LA ...................................................... 138
6.7. CU HI N TP .......................................................................................... 140
5

6.8. BI C THM ............................................................................................. 140

CHNG 7: K THUT CANH TC ................................................................... 141
7.1. C S K THUT TNG NNG SUT LA ........................................... 141
7.1.1. Cc thnh phn nng sut la ..................................................................... 141
7.1.2. Cc bin php k thut tng nng sut la ................................................. 143
7.1.2.1. S bng trn n v din tch ............................................................. 143
7.1.2.2. S ht trn bng ................................................................................. 143
7.1.2.3. T l ht chc ...................................................................................... 144
7.1.2.4. Trng lng ht.................................................................................. 144
7.1.3. Nhng tr ngi chnh lm gim nng sut la trn ng rung................. 145
7.1.4. K thut ti a ho nng sut la ............................................................... 146
7.1.4.1. Khi nim v cy la l tng ........................................................... 146
7.1.4.2. K thut canh tc la hnh ch V....................................................... 146
7.2. K THUT CANH TC LA ....................................................................... 149
7.2.1. Phng php s thng................................................................................. 149
7.2.1.1. S t (s st, s mng) ..................................................................... 151
7.2.1.2. S kh................................................................................................. 154
7.2.1.3. S ngm.............................................................................................. 155
7.2.1.4. S chay ............................................................................................... 157
7.2.1.5. S gi ................................................................................................. 158
7.2.2. Phng php cy ........................................................................................ 160
7.2.2.1. Lm m .............................................................................................. 160
7.2.2.2. Chun b t ....................................................................................... 161
7.2.2.3. Cy la ............................................................................................... 161
7.2.2.4. Bn phn ............................................................................................ 162
7.2.2.5. Chm sc............................................................................................ 162
7.2.3. La ti sinh (la cht) ................................................................................. 163
7.2.3.1. iu kin cht thnh cng............................................................. 163
7.2.3.2. K thut canh tc la cht .................................................................. 164
7.3. CU HI N TP .......................................................................................... 166
7.4. BI C THM ............................................................................................. 166
CHNG 8: THU HOCH V BO QUN......................................................... 167
8.1. THU HOCH................................................................................................... 167
8.1.1. Thi im thu hoch................................................................................... 167
8.1.2. Chn rung lm ging ........................................................................... 167
6

8.1.3. Kh ln ging ............................................................................................. 167

8.1.4. Phng php thu hoch .............................................................................. 168
8.1.4.1. Gt la ................................................................................................ 169
8.1.4.2. Ct la ................................................................................................ 169
8.1.5. Ra ht.......................................................................................................... 170
8.1.5.1. p b ................................................................................................ 170
8.1.5.2. p cp .............................................................................................. 170
8.1.5.3. p la ............................................................................................... 171
8.1.5.4. Sut la .............................................................................................. 171
8.1.6. Lm sch ht (Gi la) ............................................................................... 173
8.2. PHI SY LA .............................................................................................. 174
8.2.1. Nguyn tc c bn ca vic phi sy ......................................................... 174
8.2.2. Cc phng php sy.................................................................................. 175
8.2.2.1. Phi nng ........................................................................................... 175
8.2.2.2. Sy la................................................................................................ 176
8.3. BO QUN HT LA .................................................................................. 177
8.3.1. Nguyn nhn lm gim cht lng ht ging khi bo qun....................... 177
8.3.2. Cc phng php bo qun ht ging ........................................................ 178
8.4. CU HI N TP .......................................................................................... 179
8.5. BI C THM ............................................................................................. 179
CHNG 9: PHM CHT HT ............................................................................ 180
9.1. TNG QUAN V PHM CHT HT .......................................................... 180
9.2. C TNH PHM CHT HT LA ............................................................ 180
9.2.1. m ht ................................................................................................... 180
9.2.2. sch ....................................................................................................... 181
9.2.3. rt ging ................................................................................................ 181
9.2.4. Kch thc ht ............................................................................................ 181
9.2.5. Ht rn nt .................................................................................................. 181
9.2.6. Ht non ....................................................................................................... 181
9.2.7. Ht h ......................................................................................................... 182
9.2.8. Ng mu vng (giu hi, m vng) ..................................................... 182
9.3. C TNH PHM CHT HT GO............................................................ 182
9.3.1. c tnh vt l............................................................................................. 182
9.3.1.1. xay xt .......................................................................................... 182
9.3.1.2. Go trng............................................................................................ 183
7

9.3.1.3. trng.............................................................................................. 184

9.3.1.4. Dng ht ............................................................................................. 184
9.3.1.5. Bc bng ............................................................................................ 184
9.3.2. c tnh ha hc ......................................................................................... 185
9.3.2.1. Hm lng amylose ........................................................................... 185
9.3.2.2. tr h ............................................................................................ 187
9.3.2.3. bn th gel .................................................................................... 187
9.3.2.4. Hm lng protein ............................................................................. 189
9.3.2.5. Mi thm............................................................................................ 189
9.4. GI TR THNG PHM............................................................................. 190
9.5. CHT LNG NU NNG ...................................................................... 191
9.6. CHT LNG V MT KHU V.............................................................. 192
9.7. S LO HA CA HT GO ..................................................................... 193
9.8. GO (LUC S PARBOILING) ......................................................... 193
9.9. SN PHM CH BIN T GO.................................................................. 194
9.10. TIU CHUN CHT LNG GO........................................................... 194
9.10.1. Tiu chun Philippines ............................................................................. 195
9.10.2. Tiu chun Thi Lan................................................................................. 196
9.10.3. Tiu chun M.......................................................................................... 196
9.10.4. Tiu chun Vit Nam................................................................................ 197
9.11. CU HI N TP ........................................................................................ 198
9.12. BI C THM ........................................................................................... 198
CHNG 10: CC THIT HI TRN RUNG LA ........................................ 199
10.1. CN TRNG HI LA (Insects)................................................................. 199
10.1.1. Ry nu (Brown planthopper: Nilaparvata lugens Stal.).......................... 199
10.1.2. Ry lng trng (White-back planthopper: Sogatella furcifera)................ 201
10.1.3. Ry xanh (Green leafhopper: Nephotettix spp.)....................................... 201
10.1.4. Ry bng (Zig-zag leafhopper: Recilia dorsalis) ..................................... 201
10.1.5. B xt hi (B ht) (Rice bug: Leptocorisa oratorius) ............................. 202
10.1.6. B gai (Hispa: Hispa armigera)................................................................ 203
10.1.7. B xt en (Rice black bug: Scotinophora lurida).................................... 203
10.1.8. B lch (Thrips: Baliothrips biformis) ..................................................... 203
10.1.9. D nhi (Mole cricket: grylotalpa africana) ............................................. 204
10.1.10. Su c thn (Stemborrer, cn gi l su nch hay su ng)................. 205
10.1.11.Su cun l, su xp l ............................................................................ 206
8

10.1.11.1. Su cun l nh (Leaf roller: Cnaphalocrosis medinalis).............. 206

10.1.11.2. Su cun l ln (Leaf roller: Pelopidas mathias)........................... 207
10.1.12. Su sng xanh v su o xanh................................................................ 207
10.1.13. Su phao (su eo) (Caseworm: Nymphula depunctalis) ...................... 208
10.1.14. Su keo (Cutworm: Spodoptera litura) v su cn chn (Armyworms:
Pseudoletia unipuncta, Spodotera mauritia) ......................................................... 208
10.1.15. Di c l (rui c l) (Whorl maggot: Hydrellia Philippina) ............. 209
10.1.16. Mui gy l hnh (Gall midge: Orseolia oryzae) ................................... 209
10.1.17. Su phao c b (New rice caseworm) .................................................. 210
10.2. BNH HI LA (Diseases) .......................................................................... 211
10.2.1. Bnh do nm (Fungus diseases) ............................................................... 211
10.2.1.1. Bnh chy l (o n: Rice blast) ................................................... 211
10.2.1.2. Bnh m nu (Brown spot) ............................................................ 212
10.2.1.3. Bnh gch nu (Narrow brown leaf spot) ........................................ 212
10.2.1.4. Bnh thang vng (Tr tri: False smut) ........................................... 212
10.2.1.5. Bnh m vn (Sheath blight) ......................................................... 213
10.2.1.6. Bnh thi b (Sheath rot) ................................................................. 214
10.2.1.7. Bnh thi thn (Stem rot)................................................................. 214
10.2.1.8. Bnh la von (La c, m c: Bakanane diseases) ..................... 215
10.2.2. Bnh do vi khun (Bacterial diseases)...................................................... 215
10.2.2.1. Bnh chy ba l (bc h: Bacterial leaf blight)............................... 215
10.2.2.2. Bnh sc trong (hay l trong: Bacterial leaf streak) ........................ 216
10.2.3. Bnh do siu vi khun (virus diseases)..................................................... 217
10.2.3.1. Bnh do ry nu truyn .................................................................... 217
10.2.3.2. Bnh do ry xanh truyn .................................................................. 218
10.2.3.3. Bnh do ry bng truyn.................................................................. 218
10.2.4. Bnh do tuyn trng (Nematode diseases) ............................................... 219
10.2.4.1. Bnh tim t sn............................................................................. 219
10.2.4.2. Bnh bu r.................................................................................... 219
10.3. CC TRIU CHNG DINH DNG BT THNG.............................. 220
10.3.1. c do mn............................................................................................... 220
10.3.2. c do phn.............................................................................................. 221
10.3.3. c do cht hu c................................................................................... 221
10.3.4. Cc triu chng dinh dng bt thng khc .......................................... 222
10.4. NHNG THIT HI KHC ........................................................................ 222
9

10.4.1. Bnh vng l chn sm ............................................................................. 222

10.4.2. Bnh lem lp ht ....................................................................................... 223
10.4.3. Nhn gh (Oligonycus oryzae)................................................................. 224
10.4.4. c bu vng (Golden appple snail: Pomacea canaliculata (Lamarck) .. 224
10.4.5. S ng .................................................................................................. 225
10.4.6. Chim v chut........................................................................................... 225
10.5. CU HI N TP ........................................................................................ 226
10.6. BI C THM ........................................................................................... 226
TI LIU THAM KHO.......................................................................................... 227
BI C THM: NN CAO TIM NNG NNG SUT LA......................... 231
I. TM LC......................................................................................................... 231
II. M U ............................................................................................................ 231
III. GIA TNG TC QUANG HP ............................................................... 231
IV. GIA TNG SINH KHI .................................................................................. 232
V. GIA TNG CH S THU HOCH .................................................................. 232
VI. CC THNH PHN NNG SUT................................................................ 233
VII. GIA TNG PHN TRM HT NY........................................................... 234
VIII. CC YU T GII HN VIC TO HT ................................................ 238
1. S cung cp carbohydrate................................................................................. 238
2. Tc to ht ................................................................................................... 239
3. Lc ko ca sc cha thp............................................................................ 239
4. Gii hn v cu trc.......................................................................................... 240
IX. KIU CY NGH ...................................................................................... 240
1. Nhy chi km.................................................................................................. 240
2. Bng to ............................................................................................................. 241
3. Thn dy ........................................................................................................... 241
4. Bng ch c nhnh gh bc nht....................................................................... 241
5. B mch cung hoa ln .................................................................................... 241
6. C ht trung bnh .............................................................................................. 241
7. L dy v thng ng ....................................................................................... 241
8. Quang hp cao di iu kin PAR thp......................................................... 241
9. H hp duy tr thp ........................................................................................... 242
10. Thi gian sinh trng trung bnh.................................................................... 242
11. Chiu cao cy trung bnh ................................................................................ 242
X. CC YU CU PHT TRIN CH YU ...................................................... 242
10

DANH SCH HNH

Hnh

Tn hnh

Trang

1.1 Cc quc gia sn xut v tiu th la go trn th gii

21

1.2 Mc tiu th go bnh qun trn u ngi ca mt s nc Chu

23

1.3 Bin ng gi go cc loi trn th trng th gii t 1991-1998

27

1.4 Phn b cc quc gia trng la trn th gii

28

1.5 Phn b nng sut la trn th gii

31

1.6 Sn lng la sn xut v lng go xut khu hng nm ca Vit Nam

35

2.1 Ni xut x la trng

43

2.2 Lch s tin ho ca cc loi la trng

44

2.3 Phn b la trng trn th gii

48

2.4 Phn loi la trn th gii theo a hnh v ch nc

51

3.1 Biu sinh trng ca mt ging la 120 ngy khng quang cm

54

3.2 Cc kiu sinh trng khc nhau ca cy la

55

3.3 S tch lu carbohydrate trong cc b phn khc nhau qua cc giai on

sinh trng ca cy la

57

3.4 S pht trin ca ht la qua cc giai on sau khi tr

57

3.5 So snh 3 giai on sinh trng ca cy la c thi gian sinh trng

khc nhau

58

3.6 Cu to ca mt ht la

59

3.7 Cu to ca mt ht go

59

3.8 Cc thi k ny mm ca ht la

60

3.9 Cy m non v cch tnh tui l trn cy la

61

3.10 Phu thc ct ngang ca r la trng thnh

62

3.11 Cc loi r la

62

3.12 S pht trin ca r la trong nhng iu kin mc nc ngm khc

nhau

63

11

3.13 Phu thc ct ngang ca lng trn thn v gc

64

3.14 Cc r bt nh trn than cy la nc su v la ni

65

3.15 Cu to mt n v tng trng ca cy la, thn chnh v chi

65

3.16 S sinh trng ng hng ca chi, l v r cy la v cc kiu ra chi

ca cy la khi c 13 l

66

3.17 Phu thc ct ngang ca phin l

67

3.18 Phu thc ct ngang ca b l

68

3.19 Hnh thi ca c l vi tai l v tha l

68

3.20 Hnh thi, kch thc v tui th ca tng l la

69

3.21 Hnh thi v cu to ca mt bng la

70

3.22 Cc giai on pht trin ca ng la

71

3.23 Trnh t pht trin ng trn mt bi la

72

3.24 Hnh thi v cu to mt hoa la

73

3.25 S phi mu v s th phn

74

4.1 S cn bng bc x song ngn trn rung la lc tr bng vi LAI=5

78

4.2 Bin thin di ngy trong nm cc v khc nhau trn Bc bn

cu

79

4.3 c tnh quang cm ca cc ging la ma tiu biu BSCL

80

4.4 Biu thu vn v lng ma hng nm BSCL

82

4.5 S cn bng nc vng r rung la nc

83

4.6 Lch s pht trin din tch la, cc vng trng la v cc kiu canh tc
la c truyn BSCL trong nhng nm 1970s

85

4.7 Cc nhm t chnh BSCL

87

4.8 C cu thi v cc vng trng la c truyn ca BSCL trong nhng

nm 1970s

93

4.9 H thng thu li BSCL

94

4.10 C cu thi v cc vng trng la ca BSCL hin nay

96

4.11 Cc vng sinh thi nng nghip chnh BSCL

97

12

5.1 Tng quan gia cng nh sng v quang hp ca l la

104

5.2 nh hng ca gc l trn s quang hp v LAI thch hp ca qun th

rung la

105

5.3 S pht trin ca cy la cc mc m bn khc nhau

109

5.4 Con ng bin i cht m trong rung la ngp nc

111

5.5 Nhng thay i v nng ca ln ho tan trong dung dch t theo thi
gian ngp nc

112

5.6 Hin tng thiu m, ln v kali

113

5.7 S t bo biu b ca l la vi vai tr ca silic

113

5.8 Hin tng thiu silic v thiu Mg trn cy la

114

5.9 Hin tng thiu st v tha st

114

5.10 Bin thin nng Fe++ trong dung dch t sau khi ngp nc

115

6.1 Cc kiu cy la cho tng lai

121

6.2 S phng php trng dn

126

6.3 S phng php chn lc theo gia ph

127

6.4 S tng qut ca chng trnh rt ngn cc th h lai (RGA)

128

6.5 C s di truyn ca vic s dng la u th lai

129

6.6 S tng qut tin trnh cng tc chn to ging c s tham gia ca
ngi dn

136

6.7 Trnh t kho nghim v cng nhn ging cy trng

139

6.8 Trnh t cc cng on lai ging la truyn thng

140

7.1 S ng gp tng i ca cc thnh phn nng sut la qua tng

thi k sinh trng khc nhau

142

7.2 Khi nim v s st gim nng sut la t rung nng dn so vi nng

sut tim nng v nng sut th nghim

145

7.3 Lc biu th c s k thut canh tc hnh ch V

147

7.4 c im cc bin php canh tc la s BSCL

150

7.5 S vi v s hng rt ph bin BSCL hin nay

152

7.6 Cc thi k bn phn v iu chnh mc nc rung cho la s t vi

153

13

ging la c thi gian sinh trng 100 ngy

7.7 Cc thi k bn phn v iu chnh mc nc rung cho la s kh vi
ging c thi gian sinh trng 100 ngy

155

7.8 Cc thi k bn phn v iu chnh mc nc rung cho la s ngm

vi ging c thi gian sinh trng 100 ngy

156

7.9 Cc thi k bn phn v iu chnh mc nc rung cho la s chay vi

ging c thi gian sinh trng 100 ngy

158

7.10 Cc thi k bn phn v iu chnh mc nc rung cho la s gi gia

ging la c thi gian sinh trng 100 ngy v ging la ma a
phng

159

7.11 Cc thi k bn phn v iu chnh mc nc rung cho la cy vi

ging c thi gian sinh trng 120 ngy

162

7.12 Cc thi k bn phn cho v la cht

165

7.13 K thut ct r v sinh trng ca v la cht

165

8.1 Rung la khng ng so vi rung rt ging

168

8.2 My gt xp dy

168

8.3 Thu hoch la bng vng gt

169

8.4 Ct la bng lim

169

8.5 p la bng b

170

8.6 p cp

171

8.7 p la trn sn bng tru hay b

171

8.8 Sut la bng my sut bn c gii

172

8.9 p la bng my sut

172

8.10 My gt p lin hp

173

8.11 Gi la

174

8.12 nh hng ca m ht v phng php phi sy trn cht lng xay

ch ca la

174

8.13 Phi la dng nh nng mt tri

175

8.14 Cc kiu sy la

176

8.15 Mt s nng c cm tay dng trong sn xut la BSCL

179

14

9.1 Tin trnh xay xt ch bin go

183

9.2 Phn cp ht go theo ln v v tr ca vt c

184

9.3 Cu trc ca amylase

186

9.4 Cu trc ca amylopectin

186

10.1 Hnh dng v vng i ca ry nu v ry nu nh

200

10.2 Hnh dng ca ry lng trng

201

10.3 Hnh dng v trng ca ry xanh

201

10.4 Hnh dng ry bng

202

10.5 So snh kch thc ry bng, ry nu v ry xanh

202

10.6 Ry Chu M

202

10.7 B xt hi v cch gy hi

202

10.8 B gai

203

10.9 B xt en

203

10.10 B lch v cch gy hi

204

10.11 D nhi v cch gy hi

204

10.12 Triu chng thit hi, trng, u trng v thnh trng ca cc loi su c
thn

205

10.13 Su cun l nh v su xp l

206

10.14 Su cun l ln

207

10.15 Su sng v su o

207

10.16 Su phao

208

10.17 Su keo v su cn chn

208

10.18 Di c l

209

10.19 Mui gy l hnh

209

10.20 Su phao c b

210

10.21 Bnh chy l

210

10.22 Bnh m nu

212
15

10.23 Bnh gch nu

212

10.24 Bnh than vng

212

10.25 Bnh m vn

213

10.26 Bnh thi b

214

10.27 Bnh thi than

214

10.28 Bnh la von

215

10.29 Bnh chy ba l

216

10.30 Bnh sc trong

216

10.31 Cc bnh siu vi khun do ry nu truyn

217

10.32 Cc bnh siu vi khun do ry xanh truyn

218

10.33 Cc bnh siu vi khun do ry bng truyn

218

10.34 Bnh tim t sn

219

10.35 Bnh bu r trn la

220

10.36 Ng c do mn

220

10.37 Ng c st

221

10.38 Triu chng ng c cht hu c

222

10.39 Triu chng thiu cc nguyn t i lng

222

10.40 Triu chng thiu cc nguyn t vi lng

223

10.41 Bnh vng l chn sm

223

10.42 Bnh lem lp ht

223

10.43 Nhn gi v cch ph hi

224

10.44 c bu vng hi la

225

10.45 Cc i tng dch hi khc trn la

225

16

DANH SCH BNG

Bng

Ta bng

Trang

1.1 c lng s ngi dng la go nh l ngun lng thc chnh

mt s nc Chu

22

1.2 Thnh phn ho hc ca la go so vi 3 loi ht ng cc

24

1.3 So snh thnh phn ho hc ca go trng v cm

25

1.4 Gi xut khu go so vi la m v bp t nm 1955-1990

26

1.5 Din tch, nng sut v sn lng la trn th gii qua cc nm

29

1.6 Cc quc gia c din tch sn xut la ln nht th gii

30

1.7 Cc quc gia c nng sut la cao nht th gii

31

1.8 Cc quc gia c sn lng la ln nht th gii

32

1.9 Cc quc gia xut khu go quan trng trn th gii

33

1.10 Din tch, nng sut v sn lng la Vit Nam qua cc nm

34

1.11 Th trng xut khu go ch yu ca Vit Nam

36

1.12 Gi go xut khu ca Vit Nam so vi mt s nc

36

1.13 S lng l gi tr go xut khu ca Vit Nam

37

1.14 Din tch, nng sut v sn lng la BSCL

38

1.15 Din bin xu hng ci tin ging la

39

2.1 Cc loi Oryza vi s nhim sc th, kiu gien v phn b i l

46

2.2 c trng hnh thi v sinh l tng qut ca 3 nhm ging la

48

2.3 Phn loi go da vo hm lng amylose trong tinh bt

51

2.4 Phn loi da vo chiu di ht go v t l di/ngang

52

3.1 Cc giai on pht trin ca ng la

71

4.1 p ng ca cy la i vi nhit cc giai on sinh trng

76

5.1 So snh cc c tnh quang hp ca cy C-3 v cy C-4

102

5.2 Mt s c trng v quang hp ca cy la

103

17

6.1 c tnh cc kiu cy la cho tng lai

121

6.2 Din tch v nng sut la u th lai Vit Nam

132

6.3 Din tch v nng sut s xut ht ging la u th lai Vit Nam

133

6.4 Cc ging la t bin thnh cng

133

7.1 S ng gp ca cc thnh phn nng sut vo nng sut la

142

9.1 So snh hiu qu ca 4 h thng xay xt la

183

9.2 Phn loi go theo dng ht

184

9.3 Phn loi go da vo hm lng amylose

185

9.4 Tng quan gia nhit ho h v tan r ca go

187

9.5 Phn loi go theo bn th gel

188

9.6 Phn loi cc ging go t cc nc Chu da trn hm lng

amylose, tr h v bn th gel

188

9.7 Bin thin cc tnh trng phm cht ht theo ma v to Cn Th

190

9.8 Tiu chun cht lng go ca Philippines

195

9.9 Tiu chun go xut khu Thi Lan

196

9.10 Tiu chun go xut khu ca M

196

9.11 Tiu chun cht lng go xut khu ca Vit Nam

197

10.1 Cc bnh siu vi khun trn la

217

18

CM T
Xin chn thnh cm t Gs.Ts.V Tng Xun, Cu Gim c Vin Nghin Cu v
Pht Trin H Thng Canh Tc, i Hc Cn Th, ng gp nhiu kin qu bu
trong tin trnh bin son v sa cha b sung gio trnh ny. Cm n C Qunh Nh
gip a bn tho vo my vi tnh.
Cm n cc bn ng nghip c nhiu ng gp qu bu c v t liu, hnh
nh v gip ti trong qu trnh chun b gio trnh ny.
Gio trnh ny khng th hon thnh nu khng c s ng vin, h tr chn tnh
v c tinh thn ln vt cht ca Kim Oanh v Ngc c, Ngc in. Hy vng y l mn
qu cho c gia nh.
Knh dng ln ba m v gia nh ti.

Nguyn Ngc

19

M U

La l cy lng thc quan trng nht ca nc ta v t bit l ng Bng

Sng Cu Long (BSCL). Trng la l mt ngh truyn thng ca nhn dn Vit Nam
t rt xa xa, c l khi ngi Vit c xa bt u cng vic trng trt th cy la c
quan tm u tin. Kinh nghim sn xut la hnh thnh, tch ly v pht trin cng
vi s hnh thnh v pht trin ca dn tc ta. Nhng tin b ca khoa hc k thut trong
nc v th gii trn lnh vc nghin cu v sn xut la thc y mnh m ngnh
trng la nc ta vn ln bt kp trnh tin tin ca th gii.
Nhng nm gn y, Vit Nam tham gia vo th trng la go quc t vi sn
lng go xut khu hng nm ng th 2 4 trong s cc nc xut khu go nhiu
nht th gii. BSCL l va la ln nht ca c nc, gp phn quan trng trong
thnh qu chung . Trng i Hc Cn Th mt Trung Tm Vn ha Khoa hc v
K thut ca BSCL c nhng ng gp tch cc cho sn xut la trong vng, di
nhiu hnh thc khc nhau, trong chc nng o to i ng cn b khoa hc k thut
cho BSCL l ht sc quan trng.
T sau ngy gii phng n nay, Trng cung cp cho BSCL hng ngn k
s trng trt, hng chc thc s, tin s v cn tip tc o to hng nm. Trong chng
trnh o to, cy la bao gi cng chim mt t trng ng k. Nhu cu v mt ti liu
chun, cp nht ha v BSCL ha sinh vin tham kho l ht sc cn thit. Do ,
bng kin thc v kinh nghim c nhn v n lc hc hi ng nghip, cng vi vic
tra cu sch bo, ti liu trong v ngoi nc, chng ti c gng son tho gio trnh ny
nhm phc v yu cu trn.
Gio trnh ny c pht trin da trn Gio trnh cy la c xut bn trong
T sch i Hc Cn Th nm 1994, c sa cha, b sung v cp nht. Nhng thay i
quan trng l s sp xp li cc chng hp l hn, b sung chng Phm cht ht,
tng cng ti liu tham kho, b sung kin thc tng phn v hnh nh minh ho.
Mc d chng ti c gng rt nhiu trong vic bin son v sa cha, gio trnh
cng khng trnh khi nhng sai st nht nh. Mong cc ng nghip v bn c vui
lng ng gp gio trnh ngy cng tt hn, p ng yu cu o to ca nh trng.

Nguyn Ngc

20

CHNG 1: V TR KINH T TNH HNH SN XUT V TRIN

VNG CA NGNH TRNG LA
1.1 Gi tr kinh t ca la go.
1.2 Tnh hnh sn xut la go trn th gii.
1.3 Tnh hnh sn xut la go nc ta v BSCL
1.4 Nhng tin b gn y v trin vng ca ngnh trng la.
*********
La l cy trng thn thit, lu i nht ca nhn dn ta v nhiu dn tc khc trn
th gii, t bit l cc dn tc Chu . La go l loi lng thc chnh ca ngi dn
Chu , cng nh bp ca dn Nam M, ht k ca dn Chu Phi hoc la m ca dn
Chu u v Bc M. Tuy nhin c th ni, trn khp th gii, u cng c dng n
la go hoc cc sn phm t la go. Khong 40% dn s trn th gii ly la go lm
ngun lng thc chnh. Trn th gii c hn 110 quc gia c sn xut v tiu th go
vi cc mc khc nhau (Hnh 1.1). Lng la c sn xut ra v mc tiu th go
cao tp trung khu vc Chu . Nm 1980, ch ring Chu c hn 1,5 t dn
sng nh la go, chim trn 2/3 dn s Chu (Bng 1.1). Con s ny theo c on
tng ln gn gp i. i vi nhng ngi ny, la go l ngun nng lng chnh cho
cuc sng hng ngy ca h.

Cc quc gia sn xut v tiu th go trn th gii

91-194 kg thc/ngi/nm
51-90
21-50
<20
Khng c sn xut la

(16)
(14)
(21)
(60)
(116)

Hnh 1.1. Cc quc gia sn xut v tiu th la go trn th gii (FAO, 1997)

21

Bng 1.1. c lng s ngi dng la go nh l ngun lng thc chnh

mt s nc Chu
Quc Gia

Ngi n go

Dn s
(Triu)

T l (%)

S ngi (Triu)

Trung Quc

956

63

601

660

65

429

Indonesia

147

80

118

Nht Bn

116

70

81

Bangladesh

90

90

81

Pakistan

80

30

24

Vit Nam

50

90

45

Philippines

49

75

37

Thi Lan

48

80

38

Nam Triu Tin

38

75

29

Min in

35

90

32

i Loan

17

70

12

Sri Lanka

15

90

14

Nepal

15

60

Kampuchia

90

2325

67

1559

Tng Cng
Ngun: Huke, 1980.

c bit i vi dn ngho: go l ngun thc n ch yu. Cc nc ngho

thng dng go l ngun lng thc chnh, khi thu nhp tng ln mc tiu th go c xu
hng gim xung, thay th bng cc loi thc n cung cp nhiu protein v vitamin hn
l nng lng. Bangladesh v Thi Lan c mc tiu th go cao nht vo nhng nm
1960 (tng ng 180 kg/ngi/nm), n nm 1988 gim xung cn khong 150 kg.
Pakistan v Trung Quc c mc tiu th go bnh qun thp do s dng cc ng cc thay
th khc nh bp v la m (Hnh 1.2).

22

1960
1988

In
d
In
do ia
ne
si
a
Ja
pa
n
K
or
ea
N
e
P pal
ak
P ista
hi
lip n
pi
ne
s
Ta
iw
Th an
ai
la
nd

an
gl
a

de
sh
Ch
in
a

Kg go/ngi/nm

200.00
180.00
160.00
140.00
120.00
100.00
80.00
60.00
40.00
20.00
0.00

Hnh 1.2. Mc tiu th go bnh qun trn u ngi ca mt s nc Chu

Vit Nam hin nay mc tiu th go bnh qun vn cn mc cao, khong 120
kg/ngi/nm. Theo s liu ca B Nng Nghip M (USDA, 2007), tng nhu cu tiu
th go trung bnh hng nm ca c th gii c t 410 triu tn (2004-2005), tng ln
n khong 424,5 triu tn (2007), trong khi tng lng go sn xut ca c th gii lun
thp hn nhu cu ny. Cng theo c quan ny, hng nm th gii thiu khong 2-4 triu
tn go, c bit nm 2003-2004 s thiu ht ny ln ti 21 triu tn.
i vi mt s quc gia nh Vit Nam, Thi Lan, Min in (Myanmar), Ai Cp
la go chim mt v tr quan trng trong nn kinh t quc dn, khng phi ch l ngun
lng thc m cn l ngun thu ngoi t i ly thit b, vt t cn thit cho s pht
trin ca t nc.
1.1. GI TR KINH T CA LA GO
1.1.1. Gi tr dinh dng
Go l thc n giu dinh dng. So vi la m, go c thnh phn tinh bt v
protein hi thp hn, nhng nng lng to ra cao hn do cha nhiu cht bo hn (Bng
1.2). Ngoi ra, nu tnh trn n v 1 hecta, go cung cp nhiu calo hn la m do nng
sut la cao hn nhiu so vi la m.

23

Bng 1.2. Thnh phn ha hc ca la go so vi 3 loi ht ng cc

Ch tiu

Go la
M

Bp

Cao
Lng

Go lc

(Nx6.25) (%)

12,3

11,4

9,6

8,5

Cht bo

(%)

2,2

5,7

4,5

2,6

Cht ng bt

(%)

81,1

74,0

67,4

74,8

Cht x

(%)

1,2

2,3

4,8

0,9

Tro

(%)

1,6

1,6

3,0

1,6

Nng lng

(cal/100g)

436

461

447

447

Thiamin (B1)

(mg/100g)

0,52

0,37

0,38

0,34

Riboflavin (B2)

(mg/100g)

0,12

0,12

0,15

0,05

Niacin (B3)

(mg/100g)

4,3

2,2

3,9

4,7

Fe

(mg/100g)

10

Zn

(mg/100g)

(Tnh trn trng lng kh)

Protein

Lysine

(g/16gN)

2,3

2,5

2,7

3,6

Threonine

(g/16gN)

2,8

3,2

3,3

3,6

Methionine + Cystine

(g/16gN)

3,6

3,9

2,8

3,9

Tryptophan

(g/16gN)

1,0

0,6

1,0

1,1

Ngun: McCanco v Widdowson, 1960: Khan v Eggum, 1978 v Eggum, 1979.

Gi s mt ngi trung bnh cn 3200 calo mi ngy th mt hecta la c th nui

2055 ngi/ngy hoc 5,63 ngi/nm, trong khi la m ch nui c 3,67 ngi /nm,
bp 5,3 ngi/nm. Hn na, trong go li c cha nhiu acid amin, thit yu nh:
Lysine, Threonine, Methionine, Tryptophan hn hn la m.
Trong ht go, hm lng dinh dng tp trung cc lp ngoi v gim dn vo
trung tm. Phn bn trong ni nh ch cha ch yu l cht ng bt (Bng 1.3). Cm
hay lp v ngoi ca ht go chim khong 10% trng lng kh l thnh phn rt b
dng ca la, cha nhiu protein, cht bo, khong cht v vitamin t bit l cc
vitamin nhm B.
Tm gm c mm ht la b tch ra khi xay ch, cng l thnh phn rt b dng,
cha nhiu protein, cht bo, ng, cht khong v vitamin.

24

Bng 1.3. So snh thnh phn ha hc ca go trng v cm

Ch tiu
(Tnh trn trng lng kh)

Go trng

Cm

Tinh bt

(% anhydroglucose)

89,8

9,7

Amylose

(%)

32,7

6,7

ng tng s

(% glucose)

0,4

6,4

Si th (x)

(%)

0,1

9,7

Cht bo

(%)

0,6

22,8

Protein th

(%)

7,7

15,7

Tro

(%)

0,56

10,6

Ln

(%)

0,09

1,7

Fe

(mg/100g)

0,67

15,7

Zn

(mg/100g)

1,3

10,9

Lyzine

(g/16gN)

3,8

5,6

Threonine

(g/16gN)

3,7

4,1

Methionne + Cystine

(g/16gN)

4,9

4,7

Tryptophan

(g/16gN)

1,2

1,2

Thiamin

(B1) (mg/100g)

0,07

2,26

Riboflavin

(B2) (mg/100g)

0,03

0,25

Niacin

(B3) (mg/100g)

1,6

29,8

Ngun: Eggum, 1979 (Resurreccion v cng tc vin, 1979; Singh v Juliano, 1977; Cagampang v cng
tc vin, 1976).

1.1.2. Gi tr s dng
Ngoi cm ra, go cn dng ch bin nhiu loi bnh, lm mi trng nui
cy nim khun, men, cm m, Go cn dng ct ru, cn, Ngi ta khng th
no k ht cng dng ca n.
Cm hay ng hn l cc lp v ngoi ca ht go do cha nhiu protein, cht
bo, cht khong, vitamin, nht l vitamin nhm B, nn c dng lm bt dinh dng
tr em v iu tr ngi b bnh ph thng. Cm l thnh phn c bn trong thc n gia
sc, gia cm v trch ly du n
Tru ngoi cng dng lm cht t, cht n chung cn dng lm vn p, vt liu
cch nhit, cch m, ch to carbon v silic.

25

1.1.3. Gi tr thng mi
Trn th trng th gii, gi go xut khu tnh trn n v trng lng cao hn rt
nhiu so vi cc loi ht cc khc. Ni chung, gi go xut khu cao hn go la m t 2
3 ln v hn bp ht t 2 4 ln. Thi im khng hong lng thc trn th gii vo
khong nhng nm 1970 lm gi c cc loi ng cc trn th trng th gii tng vt
t ngt: gi go t 147 dola/tn (1972) tng ln n 350 dola/tn (1973), la m t 69
(1972) ln 137 dola/tn (1973) v bp t 56 (1972) ln 98 dola/tn (1973). Gi go t
nh cao vo nm 1974 l 542 dola/tn, trong khi go thm c sn Basmati (go s 1 th
gii) ln n 820 dola/tn. Sau , gi go gim dn v tng ln tr li trn 430 dola/tn
trong nhng nm 1980 1981 ri gim xung v c khuynh hng n nh khong
200 250 dola/tn, tc vn mc gp i gi la m v gp 3 bp. Nhn chung, t nm
1975-1995 gi go th gii bin ng kh ln v mc cao.
Gi go th gii trong nhng nm 90 bin ng kh ln, trong nm 1993 thp
nht, sau tng dn ln v tng i n nh t nm 1997-1998. Gi go Vit Nam (5%
tm) bn trn th trng th gii mc trung bnh t 220-290 dola/tn. T nm 2000 tr
i, gi go th gii tng u v n nh mc 10% nm (Bng 1.4).
Bng 1.4. Gi xut khu go (dollar/tn) so vi la m v bp t nm 1955 1990
Nm

Goa

1955

142

62

49

1960

125

59

43

1965

136

58

55

1970

144

57

58

1975

363

138

120

1980

434

191

125

1985

216

173

112

1990

291

183

114

1995*

352

2000*

177

2001*

186

2002*

194

2003*

215

2004*

268

2005*

290

2006*

293

Go la m

Bp c

Ngun: IRRI, 1990.

Ghi ch:

a. Go trng 5% tm; b. Go m s 1 tiu chun Canada; c. Bp vng s 2.

S liu t nm 1995 tr i (*) theo Wailes v Chavez, 2006

26

US$/tn

Hnh 1.3. Bin ng gi go cc loi trn th trng th gii t 1991-1998

(IRRI, 2005)

1.2. TNH HNH SN XUT LA GO TRN TH GII

Din tch trng la trn th gii gia tng r rt t nm 1955 n 1980. Trong
vng 25 nm ny, din tch trng la trn th gii tng bnh qun 1,36 triu ha/nm
(Bng 1.5). T nm 1980, din tch la tng chm v t cao nht vo nm 1999 (156,77
triu ha) vi tc tng trng bnh qun 630.000 ha/nm. T nm 2000 tr i din tch
trng la th gii c nhiu bin ng v c xu hng gim dn, n nm 2005 cn mc
152,9 triu ha. Din tch trng la tp trung Chu (khong 90%) (Hnh 1.4).
Cc nc c din tch la ln nht theo th t phi k l n , Trung Quc,
Indonesia, Bangladesh, Thi Land. Vit Nam ng hng th 6 trc Min in (Bng 1.6).
Nng sut la bnh qun trn th gii cng tng khong 1,3 tn/ha trong vng 30
nm t 1955 n 1985, t bit l t sau cuc cch mng xanh ca th gii vo nhng
nm 1965 1970, vi s ra i ca cc ging la thp cy, ngn ngy, khng quang cm,
m tiu biu l ging la IR5, IR8. Cc ging la ny c yu cu k thut cao hn, to
iu kin cho cc nc pht trin tng nhanh sn lng la bng con ng tng nng
sut nh c iu kin pht trin h thng thy li hon chnh v u t phn bn, k
thut cao. Do , n nhng nm 1990 dn u nng sut la trn th gii l cc nc
Triu Tin, c, M, Nht Bn, Ty Ban Nha (IRRI, 1990).

27

Cc quc gia sn xut la phn theo din tch (1995)

Trn 10 triu ha
>1-10 triu ha
>0,1-1 triu ha
<0,1 triu ha
Khng trng la

(3)
(14)
(30)
(64)
(116)

Cc quc gia sn xut la phn theo sn lng (1995)

Trn 10 triu tn
>1-10 triu tn
>0,1-1 triu tn
<0,1 triu tn
Khng trng la

(11)
(19)
(33)
(48)
(116)

Hnh 1.4. Phn b cc quc gia trng la trn th gii (FAO, 1997)
Trong Nht Bn v Ty Ban Nha c nng sut la dn u th gii trong nhiu
nm. Trong khi cc nc c din tch la ln, iu kin t nhin kht nghit, thiu iu
kin u t, ci to mi trng canh tc v khng th u t vo nng nghip cao, nn
nng sut la vn cn rt thp v tng chm. iu ny lm nng sut la bnh qun trn
th gii cho n nay vn cn khong 4,0 4,1 tn/ha, ch bng chng phn na nng
sut la cc nc pht trin (Bng 1.5 v 1.7).

28

Bng 1.5. Din tch, nng sut v sn lng la trn th gii qua cc nm
Nm

Din tch

Nng sut

Sn lng

(triu ha)

(t/ha)

(triu tn)

1961

115,50

1,87

215,65

1965

124,98

2,03

254,08

1970

133,10

2,38

316,38

1975

141,97

2,51

357,00

1980

144,67

2,74

396,87

1985

143,90

3,25

467,95

1990

146,98

3,53

518,21

1995

149,49

3,66

547,20

1996

150,17

3,78

567,84

1997

151,00

3,82

576,76

1998

151,68

3,82

578,86

1999

156,77

3,89

610,63

2000

153,94

3,89

598,40

2001

151,71

3,94

597,32

2002

147,53

3,85

568,30

2003

147,26

3,98

585,73

2004

150,31

4,06

610,84

2005

152,90

4,12

629,30

Ngun: FAO, 2006

29

Bng 1.6. Cc quc gia c din tch sn xut la ln nht th gii (triu ha)
TT Quc gia

1990

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

42.69

44.71

44.90

41.20

42.50

42.10

43.40

Trung Quc

33.52

30.30

29.14

28.51

26.78

28.62

29.09

Indonesia

10.50

11.79

11.50

11.52

11.48

11.92

11.80

Bangladesh

10.44

10.80

10.66

10.77

10.73

10.25

10.52

Thi Lan

8.79

9.89

10.13

9.99

9.51

9.87

9.98

Vit Nam

6.04

7.67

7.49

7.50

7.45

7.45

7.33

Myanmar

4.76

6.30

6.41

6.38

6.53

6.86

7.01

Philippines

3.32

4.04

4.07

4.05

4.01

4.13

4.20

Brazil

3.95

3.66

3.14

3.15

3.18

3.73

3.92

10

Pakistan

2.11

2.38

2.11

2.23

2.46

2.52

2.62

11

Nigeria

1.21

2.20

2.12

2.19

2.21

2.35

2.49

12

Nht Bn

2.07

1.77

1.71

1.69

1.67

1.70

1.71

Th gii

147.0

153.9

151.7

147.5

147.3

150.3

152.9

Ngun: FAO, 2006

n nm 2005, theo thng k ca FAO (2006), dn u nng sut la l M, ri

n Hy Lp, El Salvador, Ty nan Nha vi trn 7 tn/ha (Bng 1.7). Trong , El
Salvador c mc tng nng sut rt nhanh trong nhng nm gn y. Nht Bn, Hn
Quc v c nng sut la tng i cao v n nh nht. Vit Nam ng vo nhm 20
nc c nng sut cao, c bit l vt tri trong khu vc ng Nam nh thu li
c ci thin ng k v p dng nhanh cc tin b k thut v ging, phn bn v bo
v thc vt. Nng sut la cao tp trung cc quc gia nhit i hoc n i c kh hu
n ho hn, chnh lch nhit ngy v m cao hn v trnh canh tc pht trin tt
hn. Cc nc nhit i c nng sut bnh qun thp do ch nhit v m cao, su
bnh pht trin mnh v trnh canh tc hn ch.

30

Bng 1.7. Cc quc gia c nng sut la cao nht th gii (t/ha)
TT Quc gia

1990

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

6.20

7.04

7.28

7.37

7.48

7.83

7.44

Hy Lp

6.00

7.00

7.12

7.38

7.00

7.81

7.24

El Salvador

4.33

5.79

6.03

5.94

6.78

6.64

7.21

Ty Ban Nha

6.32

7.07

7.58

7.22

7.28

7.20

7.05

Peru

5.23

6.59

6.69

6.69

6.79

6.44

6.90

Nht Bn

6.33

6.70

6.64

6.58

5.85

6.42

6.65

Uruguay

4.45

6.38

6.70

5.86

5.90

6.77

6.60

Hn Quc

6.21

6.71

6.84

6.35

5.92

6.94

6.57

Th Nh K

4.96

6.03

6.10

6.00

5.72

7.00

6.56

10

6.03

5.58

5.85

6.27

6.41

6.63

6.40

11

Php

5.95

5.84

5.36

5.69

5.61

5.71

5.73

12

Vit Nam

3.18

4.24

4.29

4.59

4.64

4.86

4.89

Trung bnh
th gii

3.53

3.89

3.94

3.85

3.98

4.06

4.12

Ngun: FAO, 2006

Cc quc gia trng la phn theo nng sut

>6 tn/ha
(10 nc)
>4-6 tn/ha
(21 nc)
>2-4 tn/ha
(45 nc)
<2 tn/ha
(35 nc)
Khng trng la (116 nc)

Hnh 1.5. Phn b nng sut la trn th gii (FAO, 1997)

31

Mc d nng sut la cc nc Chu cn thp nhng do din tch sn xut ln

nn Chu vn l ngun ng gp rt quan trng cho sn lng la trn th gii (trn
90%). Cc quc gia dn u v sn lng la theo th t l Trung Quc, n ,
Indoniesia, Bangladesh, Vit Nam, Thi Lan v Myanmar, tt c u nm Chu . Nh
vy, c th ni Chu l va la quan trng nht th gii.
Bng 1.8. Cc quc gia c sn lng la ln nht th gii (triu tn)
TT Quc gia

1990

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

Trung Quc

191.61

189.81

179.30

176.34

162.30

180.52

182.04

111.52

127.40

139.90

107.60

132.20

128.00

136.57

Indonesia

45.18

51.90

50.46

51.49

52.14

54.09

53.98

Bangladesh

26.78

37.63

36.27

37.59

38.36

36.24

39.80

Vit Nam

19.23

32.53

32.11

34.45

34.57

36.15

35.79

Thi Lan

17.19

25.84

26.52

26.06

29.34

29.30

29.20

Myanmar

21.32

21.92

21.81

23.15

24.72

25.36

Philippines

9.89

12.39

12.95

13.27

13.50

14.50

14.60

Brazil

7.42

11.09

10.18

10.46

10.33

13.28

13.19

10

Nht Bn

13.12

11.86

11.32

11.11

9.74

10.91

11.34

11

7.08

8.66

9.76

9.57

9.07

10.54

10.13

12

Pakistan

4.89

7.20

5.82

6.72

7.27

7.54

8.32

Th gii

518.21

598.40

597.32

568.30

585.73

610.84

629.30

Ngun: FAO, 2006

Vit Nam c tng sn lng la hng nm ng th 5 trn th gii (Bng 1.8),

nhng li l nc xut khu go ng hng th 2 th gii hin nay vi sn lng go
xut khu bnh qun trn di 4 triu tn/nm (Bng 1.9).
Thi Lan lun l nc xut khu go dn u th gii, hn hn Vit Nam (th 2)
c v s lng v gi tr, do c th trng truyn thng rng hn v cht lng go cao
hn. M, n , Pakistan cng l nhng nc xut khu go quan trng, sau Vit Nam.
Theo IRRI, la go sn xut ra ch yu l tiu dng ni a, ch c khong 6-7% tng
sn lng la go trn th gii c lu thng trn th trng quc t (IRRI, 2005).

32

Bng 1.9. Cc quc gia xut khu go quan trng trn th gii (1000 tn)
TT

Cc quc gia v lnh th

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

Thailand

7.521

7.245

7.552

10.000

8.250

Vit Nam

3.528

3.245

3.795

4.200

3.900

2.541

3.295

3.834

3.000

3.350

1.936

6.650

4.421

2.800

2.500

Pakistan

2.417

1.603

1.958

1.800

2.100

Trung Quc

1.847

1.963

2.583

800

800

Uruguay

806

526

675

700

800

Ai Cp

705

468

579

700

700

Argentina

368

224

170

250

400

10

Min in

670

1.002

388

100

400

11

EU-25

265

359

220

225

300

12

617

366

141

225

250

24.414

27.813

27.550

25.728

24.511

Tng
Ngun: FAO, 2006

Wailes v Chavez (2006), tin on trong vng 10 nm ti, nng sut la th gii
tip tc tng bnh qun trn 0,7% hng nm. By mi phn trm tng trng v sn
lng la th gii s t n (37%), Indonesia, Vit Nam, Thi Lan, Myanmar v
Nigeria. Trong khi mc tiu th go cng tng bnh qun 0,7%, tuy nhin, do tc tng
dn s nhanh hn nn hng nm mc tiu th go bnh qun u ngi s gim khong
0,4% mi nm. n v Trung Quc vn s l nc tiu th go nhiu nht v c
khong 50% lng go tiu th ton th gii. Cn i gia sn xut v tiu th go th
gii, ng cng d on gi go th gii s tng bnh qun 0,3% mi nm v lng go
lu thng trn th trng th gii cng gia tng trung bnh 1,8% nm. Khong nm 2016,
lng go trao i ton cu s t 33,4 triu tn (17% cao hn mc k lc nm 2002). D
vy, lng go lu thng trn th trng th gii cng ch chim khong 7,5% lng go
tiu th hng nm. Cng vi mc tng nng sut v gim mc tiu th trn u ngi,
n v Thi Lan s l nc xut khu go nhiu nht th gii. Go xut khu t
Pakistan s gim, trong khi Vit Nam s n nh v mc tiu th trong nc tng nhanh
hn mc sn xut. Uruguay, Myanmar, v c cng c d on l s tng lng go
xut khu do s phc hi sn xut gn y. Nhu cu nhp khu go trong 10 nm ti ca
cc nc Chu Phi v Trung ng d on s chim gn 42% lng go nhp khu trn
th gii. Nigeria d on s nhp khu 2,4 triu tn vo nm 2016. Sn xut la Trung
ng b tr ngi do thiu nc, nn cc nc Iran, Iraq, Saudi Arabia v Ivory Coast vn
tip tc gia tng nhp khu do tng dn s v tng mc tiu th go bnh qun u ngi.
33

Cng trong khong thi gian ny, gn 30% sn lng go nhp khu ca th gii s
thuc v cc nc E.U., Mexico, Hn Quc v Philippines.
1.3. TNH HNH SN XUT LA GO NC TA V NG BNG SNG
CU LONG
Trong thi gian chin tranh, din tch trng la c nc dao ng trong khong 4,40
4,90 triu ha, nng sut c tng nhng rt chm, ch khong 700 kg la/ha trong vng
hn 20 nm. Sn lng la tng cng ca 2 min ch trn di 10 triu tn (Bng 1.10).
Sau ngy gii phng (1975), cng vi phong tro khai hoang phc ha, din tch la
tng ln kh nhanh v n nh khong 5,5 5,7 triu ha. Nng sut bnh qun trong cui
thp nin 1970 gim st kh nghim trng do t ai mi khai hoang cha c ci to,
thin tai v su bnh c bit l nhng nm 1978 1979 cng vi c ch qun l nng
nghip tr tr khng ph hp. Bc sang thp nin 1980, nng sut la tng dn do cc cng
trnh thy li trong c nc, c bit l BSCL bt u pht huy tc dng. C ch qun
l nng nghip thong hn vi ch trng khon sn phm trong sn xut nng nghip.
Nm 1982, nc ta chuyn t nc phi nhp khu go hng nm sang t tc
c lng thc. Tip theo l mt lot chnh sch ci cch rung t v i mi nn
kinh t theo c ch th trng, nng dn c giao quyn s dng rung t nn quan
tm, phn khi hn v c ton quyn quyt nh trong cc qu trnh sn xut ca h,
nng sut tng ln nhanh chng. Nng sut la gia tng vt bc t di 3 tn/ha trong
nhng nm ca thp nin 1980s, ln n gn 4,9 tn/ha vo nm 2005. Sn lng la
tng hn 3 ln so vi nm 1975.
Bng 1.10. Din tch, nng sut v sn lng la Vit Nam qua cc nm
Din tch

Nng sut

Sn lng

(Triu ha)

(t/ha)

(Triu tn)

1955

4,42

1,44

6,36

1960

4,60

1,99

9,17

1965

4,83

1,94

9,37

1970

4,72

2,15

10,17

1975

4,94

2,16

10,54

1980

5,54

2,11

11,68

1985

5,70

2,78

15,87

1990

5,96

3,21

19,14

1995*

6,77

3,69

24,96

2000*

7,67

4,24

32,53

Nm

34

2001*

7,49

4,29

32,11

2002*

7,50

4,59

34,45

2003*

7,45

4,64

34,57

2004*

7,45

4,86

36,15

2005*

7,33

4,89

35,79

Ngun: Tng Cc Thng K VN, 2005; (*) FAO, 2006

n nm 1989, go Vit Nam (VN) li ti ha nhp vo th trng lng thc th

gii v chim lnh ngay v tr quan trng l nuc xut khu go ng hng th 3 ri 2 trn
th gii sau Thi Lan (Hnh 1.6). T nm 1997 n nay, hng nm nc ta xut khu
trung bnh trn di 4 triu tn go, em v mt ngun thu ngoi t rt ng k. Hin
nay, Vit Nam ng hng th 6 th gii v din tch gieo trng la v ng hng th 5 v
sn lng la. Ht go Vit Nam chng nhng bo m yu cu v an ninh lng thc
trong nc m cn gp phn rt quan trng trong th trng la go th gii.

40000

Sn lng la

Sn lng (tn)

35000
30000
25000
20000
Sn lng go xut khu

15000
10000
5000
0

Go xut khu

Sn lng la

Hnh 1.6. Sn lng la sn xut v lng go xut khu hng nm ca Vit Nam
Kt qu phn tch cho thy th trng xut khu go chnh ca VN trong 15 nm
qua, th nht l cc quc gia ng Nam (chim khong 40-50% lng go xut khu),
th hai l cc quc gia Chu Phi (chim khong 20-30%), mt th trng kh n nh
(Bng 1.11). Cc th trng khc l Trung ng v Bc M, nhng lng go xut khu
sang cc nc ny khng n nh, c bit l trong giai on 2001-2004. Cc th trng
ny thng thay i theo tnh hnh chnh tr v x hi.
Trong nhng nm qua, go xut khu ca VN tng trng v s lng v cht
lng cng nh m rng th trng. n nm 2003, ngoi cc th trng truyn thng ca
35

VN nh l Iraq, Iran (Trung ng), th trng Chu (Indonesia, Philipines), VN m

rng v pht trin thm mt s th trng tim nng nh l Chu Phi, M La Tinh v EU.
Yu t quan trng nh hng cc doanh nghip xut khu go ca VN l t kinh
nghim nn thiu kh nng duy tr v khai thc cc th trng nhiu bin ng ny. y
l th trng c nhu cu cao v kh nng thanh ton rt tt. Nu h c mi lin kt tt
hn v t chc th trng tt h s nng cp hng ngch v gi tr xut khu go ca VN.
Bng 1.11. Th trng xut khu go ch yu ca Vit Nam (1000 tn go)
TT

Quc Gia

1991

1992

Indonesia

58,2

59,6

Philippine

7,8

1993

1995

2001

2002

2003

- 168,7 511,9

510,8

784,8

821,1

4,0 104,4

603,8

429,4

492,8

Malaysia

69,3 234,8 143,9 156,3 147,7

217,7

201,8

600,0

Iraq

10,0

93,4

90,9

501,6

860,0

283,0

Cuba

43,8

58,8 108,0 158,2 200,0

264,8

296,3

250,0

Nga

37,9

70,7

76,1

5,1

155,4

175,2

65,0

Iran

42,5

61,4

30,9

5,3

Senegal, Congo,
Algery

237,1 739,9 460,0 299,3 300,1

2,1

52,5

1994

27,5

Ngun: FAO v USDA, 2004

V gi c, go VN dn dn c nng ln tng ng vi go Thi Lan, vo

cng mt thi im v cp loi go. iu ny cho thy, cht lng go v quan h th
trng ca go VN c th cnh tranh ngang hng vi go Thi Lan trn th trng th
gii (Bng 1.12).
Bng 1.12. Gi go xut khu ca Vit Nam so vi mt s nc (gi FOB, USD/tn)
Loi go

u thng 12/1997

Cui thng 1/1997

Thi 100B (100% go nguyn)

285

280

Thi 5% tm

280

275

Thi 25% tm

245

245

Vit 5% tm

275

275

Vit 25% tm

245

245

n 5% tm

275

36

n 25% tm

225

Pakistan 15-20% tm

235

Pakistan 25% tm

225

235

230

Ngun: Bu v Lang, 2000

Tng sn lng v gi tr go xut khu ca Vit Nam cng tng ln r rt k t

lc nc ta tham gia th trng xut khu go th gii, nm 1989 (Bng 1.13).
Bng 1.13. S lng v gi tr go xut khu ca Vit Nam (B Thng Mi)
Gi tr

Nm

Lng go xut khu

(tn)

(1000 USD)

Gi bnh qun
(USD/tn)

1989

1.372.567

310.249

226

1990

1.478.206

275.390

186

1991

1.016.845

229.875

226

1992

1.953.922

405.132

207

1993

1.649.094

335.651

204

1994

1.962.070

420.861

214

1995

2.025.127

538.838

266

1996

3.047.899

868.417

285

1997

3.682.000

891.342

242

1998

3.793.087

1.006.000

265

Ngun: Bu v Lang, 2000

Ring ng Bng Sng Cu Long, t sau 1975 n nay, vic sn xut la vn

ln mnh m, cng vi s pht trin ca h thng thy li v thy nng ni ng, cng
nhng tin b k thut c p dng rng ri trn ng rung, tr thnh vng trng im
sn xut la xng ng ca c nc. T vng la ni mnh mng, An Giang, ng Thp,
vng trng phn ng Thp Mi, T Gic long Xuyn, vi ch mt v la ma, nng
sut thp v bp bnh nay chuyn dn thnh vng la 2-3 v ngn ngy nng sut
cao, n nh; cng vi nhng h thng canh tc a dng gp phn rt ng k vo sn
lng lng thc v lng nng sn hng ha xut khu hng nm ca c nc. Nng
sut bnh qun c nm ca ton ng bng gia tng t 2,28 t/ha (1980) n 3,64 t/ha
(1989) v 4,8 t/ha (2004), c bit c mt s huyn c th t c nng sut bnh qun
trn 6,5 t/ha/v v 12 17 t/ha/nm vi 2 3 v la (Bng 1.14).
37

Bng 1.14. Din tch, nng sut, sn lng la BSCL trong nhng nm gn y
Nm

Din tch

Nng sut

Sn lng

(Triu ha)

(t/ha)

(Triu tn)

1980

2,30

2,28

5,30

1986

2,29

3,09

7,08

1988

2,31

3,29

7,60

1989

2,44

3,64

8,88

1990

2,55

3,73

9,51

2000

3,94

4,03

16,70

2001

3,78

4,24

15,97

2002

3,83

4,62

17,47

2003

3,79

4,62

17,50

2004

3,79

4,80

18,22

Ngun: Tng Cc Thng K, 2005.

Hin nay, vi tng din tch gieo trng la gn 3,9 triu ha, trong tng s 7,30
triu ha din tch gieo trng la c nc (chim 53,4%), ng Bng Sng Cu Long
ng gp hn 18,2 triu tn la trong tng sn lng khong 36 triu tn la ca c nc,
chim t l 50,5%. Hn 80% sn lng go xut khu hng nm l t ng bng sng
Cu Long (Nguyn Ngc , 2006).
1.4. NHNG TIN B GN Y V TRIN VNG CA NGNH TRNG LA
Ni chung, trn th gii hin nay c rt nhiu tin b trong ngnh trng la. Cng
ngy cng nhiu rung t c ci to. Cc ging la mi nng sut cao, khng su
bnh v thch nghi vi nhiu iu kin mi trng khc nhau c s dng rng ri.
Phn bn c p dng nhiu hn v ng k thut hn. Cc tin b k thut trong canh
tc la c ng dng rng ri hn, nh s hng, bn m theo nhu cu ca cy la bng
cch s dng bng so mu l (1998), ng dng IPM (Integrated Pest Management), 3
gim, 3 tng (Gim ging, gim phn, gim thuc bo v thc vt; tng nng sut, tng
cht lng v tng li nhun). Vn c gii ha c p dng rng ri trong hu
ht cc khu cng vic sn xut la cc nc tin tin. Vit Nam, vic c gii ha
c a vo trong cc khu chun b t, ra ht bng my sut kh ph bin. mt s
ni v trong mt s trng hp, my phun thuc tr su v my gt la cng c p
dng. Nhng tin b ni bt nht trong ngnh trng la BSCL l cng tc ci tin
ging. Vin nghin cu la Quc T (IRRI: International Rice Research Institute)
Philippines gp phn ht sc tch cc vo cng tc ny. Rt nhiu ging la IR
(improved rice) c IRRI phng thch hoc thng qua cc chng trnh chn to ging
quc gia v ang c s dng rt rng ri hu ht cc nc Nam v ng Nam
Chu . Trong , ni bt nht l IR8. C th ni IR8 gp phn ht sc tch cc lm
nn cuc cch mng xanh trn th gii nhng nm thp nin 60. Chng trnh nh gi
v s dng ti nguyn di truyn trn la (GEU: Genetic Evaluation and Utilization)
38

c IRRI tin hnh trong nhiu nm vi s hp tc ca nhiu quc gia v ang ng

gp ng k vo vic nng cao nng sut v sn lng la cc quc gia Nam v ng
Nam Chu , c bit l Vit Nam. Ti BSCL, Trng i Hc Cn Th l c quan
khoa hc i u trong cng tc nghin cu phc v sn xut la ngay t nhng ngy u
sau gii phng. K n l Trung Tm Nghin Cu Nng nghip Long nh, Tin Giang
(trung tm ny sau c chuyn i thnh Vin Nghin Cu Cy n qu min Nam). n
nm 1977, Vin Nghin cu La Mn c thnh lp gp phn y nhanh vic
nghin cu ci tin ging v ng dng k thut tin tin vo sn xut. Bn cnh cn
c vai tr ca Vin Khoa hc k thut Nng nghip min Nam (Tp. H Ch Minh).
Xu hng ci tin ging la trn th gii, ni chung, v BSCL, ni ring, pht
trin qua nhiu giai on vi mc tiu v kiu nh gi khc nhau (Bng 1.15).
Trong thp nin 60 70, mc tiu chn to ging l nng cao nng sut ch da
vo ngoi hnh ca cy la m thi. Trong sut thi gian di, s ra i v pht trin cc
ging la ngn ngy, thp cy chu phn, nng sut cao to iu kin nng cao nng
sut la mt cch r rt so vi cc ging la ma quang cm, di ngy cao cy. Tuy
nhin, s pht trin v mt din tch ca n ch gii hn mt s vng c iu kin thm
canh cao, c nc ti, t ai c ci to, s dng phn bn cao, Cc yu cu
ny khng th c c phn ln din tch trng la cc nc ang pht trin thuc
Chu , ni m iu kin canh tc l thuc vo nc tri l ch yu, t ai cha c
ci to v mc u t ca nng dn rt hn ch. Thm vo , kh hu nng m ca vng
Nam v ng Nam Chu ny l iu kin rt thun li cho su bnh pht trin, nht
l trn cc rung la canh tc nhiu v/nm bng cc ging mi ny lm nng sut gim
st rt nghim trng trong nhng nm cui ca thp nin 70.
Bng 1.15. Din bin xu hng ci tin ging la
Giai on
(Thp nin)
1960s 1970s

Mc tiu
Nng cao nng sut

Da vo c tnh hnh thi v

nng hc nh thn thp, l thng
ng, ngn ngy v khng quang
cm.

n nh nng sut

Da vo cc c tnh khng su
bnh, kh nng chng chu thch
nghi vi mi trng khng thun
li.

CCH MNG XANH

1980s
GING VI MI
TRNG
1990s
SINH L V PHM
CHT
2000s
PHM CHT V TNH
CHNG CHU

Kiu nh gi

Nng cao tim nng Da vo cc c tnh sinh l, sinh

nng sut v phm ha ca cy la.
cht ht
Ci thin phm cht Da vo c tnh di truyn, sinh
ht, mi thm v l v tnh chng chu, c bit i
tng cng tnh vi ry nu, bnh do virus
chng chu
39

iu ny thi thc vic chuyn hng mc tiu nghin cu l n nh nng

sut bng ging khng v chng chu vi su bnh v cc iu kin mi trng kh
khn, nhm m rng din tch, ng thi gi vng c nng sut nhng vng kh
khn bng cch li dng nhng kh nng chng chu v tnh thch nghi vi mi trng
ca ging. y cng l xu hng ci tin ging la ng bng sng Cu Long trong
thp nin 80.
Trong sut 3 nm thp nin t sau ngy m ra cuc cch mng xanh, nng sut la
bnh qun cao trong sn xut ch trn di 5 6 tn/ha. Nhm ph v ci trn nng sut
lm mt cuc cch mng khc trong nng sut la, nhiu nh khoa hc cho rng mc
tiu ny ch c th t c thng qua con ng sinh l v di truyn nhm ci thin qu
trnh sinh l ha ca cy v ci tin phm cht ht. S dng la u th lai (F1), gy t
bin, cng ngh gien, l nhng n lc theo hng gia tng nng sut v nng cao
cht lng ht la trong thp nin 90.
Sang u thp nin 2000, do s bng pht ca dch hi trn la, c bit l ry nu
v cc bnh virus do ry nu truyn lm thit hi nghim trng v phc tp trn din
rng, vic ci thin hn na phm cht ht kt hp tng cng tnh chng chu tr
thnh mc tiu ca thi k ny. Trn c s khai thc cc ngun gien sn c m ci thin
c tnh di truyn ca ging khng cn trng v bnh hi, c bit nhm vo ry nu v
bng vng ln, ln xon l, ng thi i su vo khai thc cc ging la c phm cht
cao, bao gm c mi thm. Vic s dng i tr cc ht ging thun rt nng cao cht
lng go xut khu v tiu dng ni a cng c ch trng trong giai on hin nay.
Nhn vo qu trnh pht trin v cc tin b trong ngnh trng la trong my thp
nin gn y v cc n lc hin ti, cho php chng ta tin tng vo trin vng tt p
ca ngnh trng la nc ta ni chung v ng Bng Sng Cu Long ni ring. Cng
vi cc chnh sch kinh t i mi ngy cng hon thin, ngi nng dn an tm, phn
khi sn xut, mng li nghin cu phc v sn xut v khuyn nng kh pht trin,
trnh k thut tng ln, c s h tng ngy cng pht trin, ngnh trng la nc ta
c c s vng chc pht trin nhanh chng hn lm giu cho t nc. Tuy nhin,
trong mi trng hi nhp hin nay, bn cnh nhng li th sn c v nhiu c hi c
m ra, ngi nng dn trng la v ngnh sn xut la ng bng sng Cu Long phi
i mt vi nhiu thch thc m ch c nhng gii php cn c, ton din v ng b th
mi c th chim c li th pht trin vng chc v lu di.
1.5. CU HI N TP
1. Gi tr dinh dng v gi tr s dng ca la go.
2. K tn 10 quc gia sn xut la ln nht th gii.
3. K tn 10 quc gia c nng sut la cao nht th gii.
4. Phn tch cc nguyn nhn dn n vic pht trin sn xut la ng bng sng
Cu Long t nm 1975 n nay.
5. M t din bin xu hng ci tin ging la t thp nin 1960 n nay: thi k,
mc tiu v kiu nh gi.

40

1.6. BI C THM
Nguyn Ngc , 2006. Farmers, Agriculture and Rural Development in the Mekong
Delta of Vietnam. Nh xut bn Gio Dc.

41

CHNG 2: NGUN GC V PHN LOI LA

2.1 Ngun gc
2.1.1. Ni xut pht la trng
2.1.2. T tin la trng
2.1.3. Lch s ngnh trng la
2.2. Phn loi
**************
Cy la trng hin nay tri qua mt lch s tin ha rt lu di v kh phc tp,
vi nhiu thay i rt ln v c im hnh thi, nng hc, sinh l v sinh thi thch
nghi vi iu kin khc nhau ca mi trng thay i theo khng gian v thi gian. S
tin ho ny b nh hng rt ln bi 2 tin trnh chn lc: chn lc t nhin v chn lc
nhn to. Hiu bit v ngun gc cy la trng gip ta hnh dung c qu trnh tin ha
v hiu c iu kin mi trng cng nhng yu cu sinh thi t nhin m cy la cn
cho nhu cu sinh trng v pht trin t bit ca n. iu ny s rt cn thit cho cng
cuc nghin cu ci tin ging v bin php k thut gia tng nng sut la.
2.1. NGUN GC
V ngun gc cy la, c nhiu tc gi cp ti nhng cho ti nay vn cha
c nhng d liu chc chn v thng nht. C mt iu l lch s cy la c t lu v
gn lin vi lch s pht trin ca nhn dn cc nc Chu .
2.1.1. Ni xut pht la trng
Makkey cho rng vt tch cy la c xa nht c tm thy trn cc di ch o c
vng Penjab n , c l ca cc b lc sng vng ny cch y khong 2000 nm.
Vavilov (1926), trong nghin cu ni ting ca ng v s phn b a dng di
truyn ca cy trng, cho rng la trng c xem nh pht trin t n .
Roschevicz (1931) phn cc loi Oryza thnh 4 nhm: Sativa, Granulata,
Coarctata v Rhynchoryza, ng thi khng nh ngun gc ca Oryza sativa l mt
trng hp ca nhm Sativa, c l l Oryza sativa f. spontanea, n , ng Dng
hoc Trung Quc.
Chowdhury v Ghosh th cho rng nhng ht thc ha thch c nht ca th gii
c tm thy Hasthinapur (Bang Uttar Pradesh - n ) vo khong nm 1000
750 trc Cng Nguyn, tc cch nay hn 2500 nm.
Theo Grist D.H cy la xut pht t ng Nam , t lan dn ln pha Bc.
Gutchtchin, Ghose, Erughin v nhiu tc gi khc th cho rng ng Dng l ci ni
ca la trng. De Candolle, Rojevich li quan nim rng n mi l ni xut pht
chnh ca la trng. inh Dnh (Trung Quc) da vo lch s pht trin la hoang trong
42

nc cho rng la trng c xut x Trung Quc. Mt s nh nghin cu Vit Nam li

cho rng ngun gc cy la l Min Nam nc ta v Campuchia.
Sampath v Rao (1951) cho rng s hin din ca nhiu loi la hoang n v
ng Nam chng t rng n , Min in hay ng Dng l ni xut x ca la
trng. Sato (Nht Bn) cng cho rng la c ngun gc n , Vit Nam v Min in.
Tuy c nhiu kin nhng cha thng nht, nhng cn c vo cc ti liu lch s,
di tch kho c, c im sinh thi hc ca cy la trng v s hin din rng ri ca cc
loi la hoang di trong khu vc, nhiu ngi ng rng ngun gc cy la l vng
m ly ng Nam , ri t lan dn i cc ni. Thm vo , s kin thc t l cy
la v ngh trng la c t rt lu vng ny, lch s v i sng ca cc dn tc
ng Nam li gn lin vi la go minh chng ngun gc ca la trng.
Chang (1976), nh di truyn hc cy la ca Vin Nghin Cu la Quc T
(IRRI), tng kt nhiu ti liu khc nhau v cho rng vic thun ha la trng c th
c tin hnh mt cch c lp cng mt lc nhiu ni, dc theo vnh ai tri di
t ng bng sng Ganges di chn pha ng ca dy ni Hy-M-Lp-Sn (Himalayas
- n ), ngang qua Bc Min in, Bc Thi Lan, Lo v Vit Nam, n Ty Nam v
Nam Trung Quc.

Hnh 2.1. Ni xut x la trng (Oka, 1964)

(1. Bc Trung Quc; 2. n -Ty Tng; 2a. ng Nam ; 3. Mng C;
4. Ty ; 5. a Trung Hi; 6. Phi Chu; 7. Trung M; 8. Nam M)

2.1.2. T tin la trng

Hai loi la trng hin nay l Oryza sativa L. Chu v Oryza glaberrima
Steud. Chu Phi, m xut x ca n cn c nhiu nghi vn.
Watt (1892) (theo Oka, 1964) cho rng t tin ca Oryza sativa l loi la hoang
ph bin Oryza sativa f. spontanea, v suy lun rng cc ging la c ht trng khng ru
n t var. rufipogon ca la hoang, cc ging la vng nc su v vng mn l t
43

var. coarctata, vi ging Aus v Aman (Indonesia) l t var. bengaliensis v cc

ging la c cht lng cao thm l t var. abuensis.
Sampath v Rao (1951) cho rng O. perennis Moench (k c O. longistaminata) l
t tin ca c 2 loi la trng Oryza sativa v Oryza glaberrima.
inh Vn L (1978), Bi Huy p (1980) cho rng Oryza fatua c kh nng l t
tin trc tip ca la trng hin nay. Sampath (1962) v Oka (1964) xem Oryza perennis
Moench, l t tin chung ca c 2 loi la trng Chu v Chu Phi. Porteres (1956)
cho rng t tin chung ca la trng l mt loi hnh la ni c th sinh sn bng cn
hnh (thn ngm) nhng khng cho bit tn n l g. Sharma v Shastry (1965) th cho
rng Oryza nivara, mt loi la hoang hng nin vng trung tm n l t tin trc
tip ca loi la trng Chu .
Chang (1976) tng kt nhiu t liu nghin cu v a ra c s tin ha ca
cc loi la trng hin nay Chu v Chu Phi nh hnh 2.1.
T tin chung
CHU

CHU PHI

La hoang
a nin

rufipogon (AA)

longistaminata (AbAb)

La hoang
hng nin

nivara (AA)

La trng
hng nin

sativa (AA)

Indica

Javanica

spontanea

stapfii

barthii (AgAg)

glaberrima (AgAg)

Japonica

Hnh 2.2. Lch s tin ha ca cc loi la trng (Chang, 1975).

(AA, AbAb, AgAg): K hiu loi nhim sc th

Theo ng, c 2 loi la trng u c chung mt thy t, do qu trnh tin ha v

chn lc t nhin lu i, phn ha thnh 2 nhm thch nghi vi iu kin 2 vng
a l xa ri nhau l Nam ng Nam Chu v Chu Phi nhit i. Oryza sativa L.
tiu biu nhm la trng Chu c t tin trc tip l Oryza nivara, mt loi la hoang
hng nin. Oryza glaberrima Steud. cng tin ho t mt loi la hoang hng nin khc,
thng gi l Oryza breviligulata Chev. et Poehr. hoc l Oryza barthii A. Chev.. Hai
loi c hng nin O. spontanea v O. stapfii cng c th lai tp vi cc loi la hoang t
tin cho ra cc loi la trng tng ng. Hin nay, nhiu ngi t ra ng vi quan
im v gi thuyt ny. Oka (1964) cng cho 1 s tng t, nhng cho rng loi trung
gian l O. perennis thay v O. rufipogon v O. longistaminata.

44

2.1.3. Lch s ngnh trng la

Oka (1988) trong quyn Ngun gc la trng cho rng vic thun ho cy lng
thc c khi s gn 10.000 nm nay. Ring cy la, Candolle (1982) cho rng vic
thun ho la trng xy ra Trung Quc, mc d khng bc b ngun gc ca la n
, do c nhiu la hoang hin din y.
Theo nhiu ti liu ca Trung Quc th ngh trng la c Trung Quc khong
2800 2700 trc cng nguyn. Vit Nam, t cc di ch ng u v trng ng
ng Sn c in hnh ngi gi go, cng vi cc v tru chy thnh than chng t
ngnh trng la c cch y t 3330 4100 nm (V Tng Xun, 1984). Thm vo
, inh Vn L (1978) cng cho rng khong 4000 3000 trc cng nguyn, ngi
ta tm thy nhng di tch nh bn nghin ht la, ci v chy gi go.
De Datta (1981) li cho rng ngnh trng la nhiu khu vc m ca Chu
nhit i v nhit i c l l bt u khong 10.000 nm trc. Trong , n c l
c lch s trng la c xa nht v c s hin din ca rt nhiu loi la hoang .
Tuy nhin, ng cho rng tin trnh thun ha la trng u tin xy ra Trung Quc. Cc
bin php k thut nh nh bn v cy, u tin c pht trin min Bc v Trung
ca Trung Quc, ri sau truyn sang ng Nam Chu . Canh tc la nc c trc
vic canh tc la ry Trung Quc, nhng nhiu vng i ni ng Nam Chu th
vic canh tc la ry li c trc la nc. Cn v cch thc trng trt th tin ha t
du canh du c sang gieo thng, nhng rung nh canh, ri mi ti bin php cy la
rung nc c b bao (Chang, 1976).
Nh vy, c th ni rng lch s pht trin ngnh trng la bt ngun t Chu ,
ri t lan trn ra cc vng khc trn th gii thng qua nhiu con ng. Khng c g
nghi ng rng Nam Chu l ni xut pht ch yu ca cc ging la indica (la tin)
m sau c tm thy x Ba T c i v nhiu khu vc khc Chu Phi. Loi hnh
japonica (la cnh) t Trung Quc lan sang Triu Tin v Nht Bn. n khong thp
nin 1950, mt s nh nghin cu Nht Bn thm mt nhm th 3 l javanica gi
cc ging la Bulu v Gundil ca Indonesia. Theo Chang v Bardenas (1965) nhm
Hsien (Tin) bao gm cc ging la Ceylon, Nam v Trung Trung Quc, n ,
Java, Pakistan, Philippines, i Loan v cc khu vc nhit i khc, cn nhm Kng
(Cnh) bao gm cc ging la min Bc v ng Trung Quc, Nht Bn v Triu Tin.
Chu u c th tip nhn la trng thng qua x Ba T c, khu vc Trung hoc
trc tip t Trung Quc. Cc quc gia Chu M la tinh nhn la trng ch yu t Ty
Ban Nha (Spain) v B o Nha (Portugal). Cy la c xa M n t Chu u v
vng Vin ng. Cn s du nhp ca Oryza sativa L. vo Chu Phi th thng qua cc du
khch t cc qun o Malayo Polynesia vi th k trc cng nguyn. Mt kh nng
khc l t Sri Lanka v Indonesia thng qua bin Oman ri ti Somalia, Zanzibar v
Kilua (Carpenter, 1978, theo De Datta, 1981).
Cn Oryza glaberrima c l xut x t vng nhit i Ty Chu Phi, khong 1500
nm trc cng nguyn (Porteres, 1956, theo De Datta, 1981).

45

2.2. PHN LOI LA

2.2.1. Theo c tnh thc vt hc
La l cy hng nin c tng s nhim sc th 2n = 24. V mt phn loi thc vt,
cy la thuc h Gramineae (ha tho), tc Oryzeae, chi Oryza. Oryza c khong 20 loi
phn b ch yu vng nhit i m ca Chu Phi, Nam v ng Nam Chu , Nam
Trung Quc, Nam v Trung M v mt phn c Chu (Chang, 1976 theo De Datta,
1981). Trong , ch c 2 loi l la trng, cn li l la hoang hng nin v a nin. Loi
la trng quan trng nht, thch nghi rng ri v chim i b phn din tch la th gii
l Oryza sativa L. Loi ny hu nh c mt khp ni t m ly n sn ni, t vng
xch o, nhit i n n i, t khp vng ph xa nc ngt n vng t ct si ven
bin nhim mn phn Mt loi la trng na l Oryza glaberrima Steud., ch c
trng gii hn mt s quc gia Ty Phi Chu v hin ang b thay th dn bi Oryza
sativa L. (De Datta, 1981).
Tateoka (1963, 1964) (trong Oka, 1988) li phn bit 22 loi, trong , cng thng
nht 2 loi la trng O. sativa L. v O. glaberrima Steud. ng xem dng la Chu Phi
(O. perennis Moench) nh l mt loi ring, O. barthii A. Chev., v dng la Chu v
Chu M thuc v loi O. rufipogon Griff. ng cng b sung 2 loi mi: O. longiglumis
Jansen v O. angustifolia Hubbard (Bng 2.1).
Bng 2.1. Cc loi Oryza theo Takeoka (1963) vi s nhim sc th, kiu gien v
phn b a l
Nhm/loi

2n

Kiu gien

Phn b a l

Sativa L.

24

AA

Khp th gii, la trng

Rufipogon Griff. (=perennis Moench)

24

AA

Chu , Chu M

Barthii A. Chev. (=longistaminata)

24

AA

Chu Phi

glaberrima Steud.

24

AA

Chu Phi, la trng

breviligulata A. Chev. et Roehr. (=barthii 24

theo Clayton, 1968)

AA

Chu Phi

australiensis Domin

24

EE

Chu c

eichingeri A. Peter

24

CC

Chu Phi

punctata Kotschy

24, 48 BB, BBCC Chu Phi

officinalis Wall.

24

CC

Chu

minuta J.S. Presl

48

BBCC

Chu

Nhm Oryzae

46

latifolia Desv.

48

CCDD

Chu M

alta Swallen

48

CCDD

Chu M

grandiglumis Prod.

48

CCDD

Chu M

Nhm Schlechterianae
schlechteri Pilger

New Guinea

Nhm Granulatae
meyeriana Baill. (=granulata theo Nees et 24
Arn.

Chu

Nhm Ridleyanae
ridleyi Hook. F.

48

Chu

longiglumis Jansen

48

New Guinea

Nhm Angustifoliae
brachyantha A. Chev. et Roehr.

24

FF

Chu Phi

angustifolia Hubbard

24

Chu Phi

perrieri A. Camus

24

Malagasy

tisseranti A. Chev.

24

Chu Phi

48

Chu

Nhm Coarctatae
Coarctata Roxb.
Ngun: Oka, 1988

Trong gio trnh ny, chng ta ch tho lun v loi la trng ph bin Oryza
sativa L. m thi.
2.2.2. Theo sinh thi a l
T 200 nm trc cng nguyn, cc ging la Trung Quc c phn thnh 3
nhm: Hsien, Keng v np. Nm 1928 1930, cc nh nghin cu Nht Bn a
la trng thnh 2 loi ph: indica v japonica trn c s phn b a l, hnh thi cy
v ht, bt dc khi lai to v phn ng huyt thanh (Serological reaction).
Nhm Indica (= Hsien = la tin) bao gm cc ging la t Sri Lanka, Nam v
Trung Trung Quc, n , Pakistan, Indinesia, Philippines, i Loan v nhiu nc
khc vng nhit i. Trong khi nhm Japonica (= Keng = la cnh) bao gm cc
ging la t min Bc v ng Trung Quc, Nht Bn v Triu Tin, ni chung l tp
trung cc vng nhit i v n i. Cc nh nghin cu Nht Bn sau thm
47

mt nhm th 3 javanica t tn cho ging la c truyn ca Indonesia l bulu v

gundil. T Janvanica c gc t ch Java l tn ca mt o ca Indonesia. T
Japonica c l xut x t ch Japan l tn nc Nht Bn. Cn Indica c l c ngun
gc t India (n ). Nh vy, tn gi ca 3 nhm th hin ngun gc xut pht ca cc
ging la t 3 vng a l khc nhau. Bng 2.2 so snh c tnh ca 3 nhm ny.
Bng 2.2. c trng hnh thi v sinh l tng qut ca 3 nhm ging la
c tnh

INDICA

JAVANICA

JAPONICA

Thn

- Thn cao

- Thn cao trung bnh

- Thn thp

Chi

- N bi mnh

- N bi thp

- N bi trung bnh

- L rng, xanh nht

- L rng, cng, xanh nht - L hp, xanh m

Ht

- Ht thon di, dp

- Ht to, dy

- Ht trn, ngn

- Ht hu nh khng c - Ht khng c ui hoc - Ht khng ui ti c

ui
c ui di
ui di

Sinh hc

- Tru t lng v lng ngn - Tru c lng di

- Tru c lng di v dy

- Ht d rng

- t rng ht

- t rng ht

- Tnh quang cm rt - Tnh quang cm rt yu

thay i

Ngun: Chang, 1965.

KH HU V PHN B CA CY LA

Nhit i
nhit i
n i
Khng trng la

Hnh 2.3. Phn b la trng trn th gii

48

- Tnh quang cm rt
thay i

2.2.3. Theo c tnh sinh l: Tnh quang cm

La, ni chung, l loi cy ngy ngn, tc l loi thc vt ch cm ng ra hoa
trong iu kin quang k ngn.
Trong iu kin nhit i Bc bn cu, di ngy thay i c chu k trong
nm ty theo v tr tng i ca tri t v mt tri, khi tri t quay trn qu o ca
n. Chng ta c th cn c vo 4 thi im quan trng nht trong nm nh du s
chuyn i ca di chiu sng trong ngy:
-

Ngy Xun phn (khong 21/3 dl) khi ng i biu kin ca mt tri ngay
xch o ca tri t, ngy v m di bng nhau. Sau ngy ny ng i biu
kin ca mt tri lch dn ln pha Bc cho nn Bc bn cu, ngy s dn dn
di hn m.

Ngy H ch (khong 22/6 dl) khi ng i biu kin ca mt tri ln n gii hn

trn cng pha Bc ca tri t, cn gi l Bc ch tuyn. Ngy ny di nht trong
nm Bc bn cu. Sau ngy ny, ng i biu kin ca mt tri lch dn v pha
Nam, ngy tr nn ngn li (nhng ngy vn cn di hn m) Bc bn cu.

Ngy Thu phn (khong 23/9 dl) khi ng i biu kin ca mt tri v ngay
xch o, ngy v m li bng nhau. Sau ngy ny mt tri tip tc lch dn v
pha Nam, ngy ngn dn li hn na Bc bn cu (ngy ngn hn m) v phn
nhn c nh sng mt tri Bc bn cu nh hn phn ti.

Ngy ng ch (khong 22/12 dl) khi ng i biu kin ca mt tri trng vi Nam
ch tuyn th Bc bn cu ngy s ngn nht trong nm. Sau ngy ny mt tri lch
dn v pha Bc tr v xch o ng ngy xun phn v ti lp li chu k mi.

Phn ng i vi quang k ( di chiu sng trong ngy) thay i tu theo ging

la. Da vo mc cm ng i vi quang k ca tng ging la, ngi ta phn bit 2
nhm la chnh: nhm quang cm v nhm khng quang cm.
2.2.3.1. Nhm la quang cm
Nhm la quang cm l nhm ging la c cm ng vi quang k, ch ra hoa
trong iu kin nh sng ngy ngn thch hp, nn gi l la ma, tc la ch tr v
chn theo ma. Ty mc mn cm vi quang k nhiu hay t, mnh hay yu ngi ta
phn bit: la ma sm, ma l hoc ma mun. Phn ln cc ging la c truyn ca ta
u l ging la quang cm.
Cc ging la cm ng yu vi quang k s bt u ra hoa khi ngy bt u ngn
dn sau ngy thu phn, tc thng 9 10 dl v cho thu hoch thng 10 11 dl nh cc
ging la Tiu, Sc so, Sa mo, Sa quay ( BSCL), Ba trng, Bt ngot, D, Ho, Mui
(min Trung), T tp, Chanh, Gi ni, C cung, Cao ph xuyn, Bn (min Bc) khi
trng trong iu kin ca BSCL. Cc ging ny c gi l la ma sm. Nh vy, la
ma sm l nhm ging la c quang cm yu, trng tri v vn tr c nhng thi
gian sinh trng thay i khng nhiu.
Nhm ging la ma l l nhng ging la c phn ng trung bnh i vi quang
k, tr vo thng 11 dl v chn vo thng 12 dl. Trong iu kin BSCL, la ma l
trng tri v c th tr c nhng thi gian sinh trng thay i nhiu v la pht dc
khng bnh thng. Ba thit, Nng nhun, Mt bi, Trng ha bnh, Nng co , Bng
inh, Tt n, La phi, Tri my thuc nhm ny.
49

Nhm ging la ma mun l nhng ging la c phn ng rt mnh i vi

quang k. Cc ging la ny ch tr trong khong thi gian nht nh trong nm, khi
quang k ngn nht vo thng 12 hoc c khi n u thng 1 dl. Thi gian sinh trng
ca cc ging ny thay i rt ln ty theo thi im gieo cy sm hay mun. Mt s
ging khng th tr c nu trng tri v (gieo vo thng 11 12 dl). Tiu biu cho
nhm ny l cc ging Ti nguyn, Nanh chn, Tu hng, Nng thm mun, Np v
ga, Tu lai, Thm a, Nng nghip, Tm sanh, Lng tong, Ngc chn, Hu ht cc
ging ny phn b cc vng trng nc ngp su v rt mun.
c tnh quang cm rt hu ch trong cng tc chn ging la thch nghi vi ch
nc mt khu vc sn xut c th. nhng vng t cao, ven bin canh tc nh
nc ma, cc ging la ma sm v l t ra rt thch hp v chng tr v chn khi dt
ma v nc ngt cn. Mn c th xm nhp lm thit hi cc rung la nu s dng
cc ging la mun. Ngc li, nhng vng trng, nc ngp su v rt mun khi ma
ma chm dt, cc ging la ma mun mi thch hp. Cc ging la ma sm trng
trong nhng vng ny s tr bng khi mc nc trn rung cn cao v cho thu hoch khi
rung cn nhiu nc gy tht thot rt ln.
Tuy nhin, c tnh quang cm s gy tr ngi rt ln cho vic thm canh tng v
v cc ging la ny ch c th trng c 1 v/nm m thi.
2.2.3.2. Nhm la khng quang cm
Hu nh cc ging la mi lai to phc v cho vic thm canh tng v hin nay u
khng quang cm. Cc ging la ny li ngn ngy (90 120 ngy) hoc trung ma (120150 ngy) c thi gian sinh trng hu nh khng thay i khi trng trong cc thi v khc
nhau nn c th trng c nhiu v 1 nm v c th trng bt c lc no trong nm, min
bo m nc ti v yu cu dinh dng. IR8, IR20, IR26, TN73 2, NN3A, NN6A,
cc ging la MTL250, MTL322, MTL384, MTL392,. hoc OMCS2000, OM1490,
OM3536 IR42 (NN4B), MTL83 u thuc nhm khng quang cm.
2.2.4. Theo iu kin mi trng canh tc
Da vo iu kin mi trng canh tc, c bit l nc c thng xuyn ngp rung
hay khng, ngi ta phn bit nhm la ry (upland rice) hoc la nc (lowland rice).
Trong la nc ngi ta cn phn bit la c ti (irrigated lowland rice), la nc tri
(rainfed lowland rice), la nc su (deepwater rice), hoc la ni (floating rice) (Hnh 2.4).
Ty theo c tnh thch nghi vi mi trng, ngi ta c la chu phn, la chu
ng, la chu hn, la chu mn
Tu theo ch nhit khc nhau, ngi ta cng phn bit la chu lnh (cc ging
japonica), la chu nhit (cc ging indica).

50

 su mc nc

Mc
nc
ngm

La cn (ry)
10%

La c ti
45%

La nc tri
30%

La nc su
11%

La ni
4%

Hnh 2.4. Phn loi la trn th gii theo a hnh v ch nc (De Datta, 1981).
2.2.5. Theo c tnh sinh ha ht go
Ty theo lng amylose trong tinh bt ht go, ngi ta phn bit la np v la
t. Ta bit rng tinh bt c 2 dng l amylose v amylopectin. Hm lng amylopectin
trong thnh phn tinh bt ht go cng cao tc hm lng amylose cng thp th go cng
do. Chang (1980) phn cp go da vo hm lng amylose nh bng 2.3.
Bng 2.3. Phn loi go da vo hm lng amylose trong tinh bt
Cp

Hm lng Amylose (%)

Loi go

<3.0

3.1 10.0

Rt thp (go do)

10.1 15.0

Thp (do)

15.1 20.0

Trung Bnh (hi do)

20.1 25.0

Cao Trung bnh

25.1 30.0

Cao

Np

Ngun: Chang, 1980.

Ngi ta phn bit hai nhm ny da vo phn ng n mu i vi dung dch

potassium iodide iodine (lg potassium iodide + 0,3g iodine trong 100 ml nc), bt go
np s nhum mu nu ca dung dch v bt go t s c mu xanh thm do s n
mu ca amylose.

51

2.2.6. Theo c tnh ca hnh thi

Da vo c tnh hnh thi ca cy la, ngi ta cn phn bit theo:
-

Cy: cao (>120 cm) trung bnh (100 120 cm) thp (di 100 cm).

L: thng hoc cong r, bn l to hoc nh, dy hoc mng.

Bng 2.4. Phn loi da vo chiu di ht go v t l di/ngang
Loi ht

Theo FAO i
vi go trng

Theo USDA i
vi go lc

Theo IRRI i
vi go lc

> 7.00

> 7.50

Di

6.00 6.99

6.6 7.5

6.61 7.50

Trung bnh

5.00 5.99

5.5 6.6

5.51 6.60

< 5.00

< 5.5

< 5.50

> 3.0

> 3.0

> 3.0

2.1 3.0

2.1 3.0

Mp

2.0 3.0

< 2.1

1.1 2.0

Trn

< 2.0

< 1.1

Theo chiu di ht (mm)

Rt di

Ngn
Theo t l di/ngang
Thon di
Trung bnh

Bng: loi hnh nhiu bng (n bi mnh) hoc to bng (nhiu ht), dng bng
tm hoc xe, c bng h hoc c knh (ty theo tr ca c bng so vi c l
c), khoe bng hoc giu bng (ty theo chiu di v gc l c hay l ng v
ty tr ca bng ra khi b l c), dy nch hay tha nch (ty ng ht trn
cc nhnh gi ca bng la).

Ht la: di, trung bnh hoc trn (da vo chiu di v t l di/ngang ca ht la).

Ht go: go trng hay hoc nu, tm (mu ca lp v ngoi ht go); c bc

bng hay khng; dng ht di hay trn. Cc c tnh ny rt quan trng nh hng
ti gi tr thng phm ca go trn th trng trong v ngoi nc.

Nh vy, sau qu trnh din bin lu di v phc tp la hoang c thun ha

thnh la trng v la trng hnh thnh nhiu loi hnh sinh thi khc nhau t loi hnh
a nin sang hng nin; t vng nhit i nng m n nhng vng nhit i v n i;
t vng t ngp su, m ly ln nhng vng cao t dc v thng xuyn b kh hn;
t dng la t cng cm, n nhiu sang loi hnh la np, do v t n; t dng cao cy,
di ngy, quang cm sang loi hnh thp cy, ngn ngy, khng quang cm. l c mt
qu trnh chuyn bin ca cy la thch nghi v tn ti trong nhiu iu kin mi
trng khc nhau v lun bin i. cng l kt qu ca mt qa trnh chn lc t
nhin v nhn to ht sc tch cc do tc ng ca mi trng v con ngi. Hiu bit
iu ny s rt hu ch cho cng tc ci tin ging la hin ti v tng lai.
52

2.3. CU HI N TP
1. V s lch s tin ho ca cc loi la trng theo Chang (1975).
2. So snh cc c trng hnh thi v sinh l tng qut ca 3 nhm ging la indica,
javanica v japonica.
3. Tnh quang cm ca cy la v phn loi la theo tnh quang cm.
4. Phn loi la theo cc c tnh phm cht ca ht go
2.4. BI C THM
1. Chang, T.T. et al, 1981. Descriptors for rice Oryza sativa L. . IRRI, Philippines.
2. Oka, H.I., 1988. Origin of Cultivated Rice. Japan Scientific Societies Press,
Tokyo. ELSEVIER Amsterdam Oxford Newyork Tokyo.
3. Takahashi, N., 1995. Physiology of dormancy. Science of the rice plant. Volume
two, Physiology. Edited by Takene Matsuo et al, pp. 45-57.

Oryza officinalis

Oryza meyeriana

Oryza rufipogon
Oryza minuta

Oryza granulata

53

CHNG 3: HNH TH HC V S SINH TRNG CA CY LA

3.1. Cc giai on sinh trng ca cy la

3.2. Ht la v s ny mm
3.3. Mm la v m non
3.4. R la
3.5. Thn la
3.6. L la
3.7. Bng la
3.8. Hoa la
*********
Cy la thuc loi Ha tho (Graminae), tc Oryzae, loi Oryza. Trong , Oryza
sativa L. l tn ca la trng ph bin nht hin nay. Hiu r cu to v c tnh sinh
trng ca cc b phn cy la ta mi c th c nhng bin php k thut thch hp, iu
khin s sinh trng ca cy la trong tng giai on t nng sut cao nht.
3.1. CC GIAI ON SINH TRNG CA CY LA
i sng cy la bt u t lc ht ny mm cho n khi la chn. C th chia lm
3 giai on chnh: giai on tng trng (sinh trng dinh dng), giai on sinh sn
(sinh dc) v giai on chn (Hnh 3.1).

Hnh 3.1. Biu sinh trng ca mt ging la 120 ngy khng quang cm
54

3.1.1. Giai on tng trng

Giai on tng trng bt u t khi ht ny mm n khi cy la bt u phn
ha ng. Giai on ny, cy pht trin v thn l, chiu cao tng dn v ra nhiu chi
mi (n bi). Cy ra l ngy cng nhiu v kch thc l ngy cng ln gip cy la nhn
nhiu nh sng mt tri quang hp, hp th dinh dng, gia tng chiu cao, n bi v
chun b cho cc giai on sau. Trong iu kin y dinh dng, nh sng v thi tit
thun li, cy la c th bt u n bi khi c l th 5-6. Chi ra sm trong nng m
gi l chi ngnh tr. Sau khi cy, cy m mt mt thi gian hi phc, bn r ri n
bi rt nhanh, cng vi s gia tng chiu cao, kch thc l n khi t s chi ti a th
khng tng na m cc chi yu bt u ri dn (chi v hiu hay cn gi l chi v ch),
s chi gim xung. Thi im c chi ti a c th t c trc, cng lc hay sau
thi k bt u phn ha ng ty theo ging la (Hnh 3.2).

Pha sinh dc

Hnh 3.2. Cc kiu sinh trng khc nhau ca cy la

A: La cc sm (75-85 ngy); B: La ngn ngy (90-110ngy); C: La trung ma (120-150 ngy)
PI = Tng khi s khi, F = Tr bng, H = Thu hoch

Thi gian sinh trng ca cc ging la ko di hay ngn khc nhau ch yu l do

giai on tng trng ny di hay ngn. Thng cc ging la rt ngn ngy v ngn
ngy c giai on tng trng ngn v thi im phn ha ng c th xy ra trc (A)
hoc ngay khi cy la t c chi ti a (B). Ngc li, cc ging la di ngy (trn 4
thng) thng t c chi ti a trc khi phn ha ng (C). c bit, cc ging la
ma quang cm mnh, nu gieo cy sm, th sau khi t chi ti a, cy la tng trng
55

chm li v ch n khi c quang k thch hp mi bt u phn ha ng tr bng.

Thi gian ny cy la sng chm, khng sn sinh g thm gi l thi k ngng tng
trng, c khi rt di (hnh 3.5). Do , i vi cc ging la quang cm mnh, cn b tr
thi v gieo cy cn c vo ngy tr hng nm ca ging, lm th no thi k ngng
tng trng ny cng ngn cng tt, nhng phi bo m thi gian t cy n phn ha
ng t nht l 2 thng, cy la c thi gian n bi, bo m s bng trn n v
din tch sau ny.
Thng thng, s chi hnh thnh bng (chi hu hiu hay cn gi l chi c ch)
thp hn so vi s chi ti a v n nh khong 10 ngy trc khi t c chi ti a. Cc
chi ra sau , thng s t ri i khng cho bng c do chi nh, yu khng kh nng
cnh tranh dinh dng, nh sng vi cc chi khc, gi l chi v hiu. Trong canh tc,
ngi ta hn ch n mc thp nht vic sn sinh ra s chi v hiu ny bng cch to iu
kin cho la n bi cng sm cng tt v khng ch s mc thm chi t khong 7 ngy
trc khi phn ha ng tr i, tp trung dinh dng cho nhng chi hu hiu.
3.1.2. Giai on sinh sn
Giai on sinh sn bt u t lc phn ha ng n khi la tr bng. Giai on
ny ko di khong 27 35 ngy, trung bnh 30 ngy v ging la di ngy hay ngn
ngy thng khng khc nhau nhiu. Lc ny, s chi v hiu gim nhanh, chiu cao
tng ln r rt do s vn di ca 5 lng trn cng. ng la hnh thnh v pht trin qua
nhiu giai on, cui cng thot ra khi b ca l c: la tr bng. Trong sut thi gian
ny, nu y dinh dng, mc nc thch hp, nh sng nhiu, khng su bnh v
thi tit thun li th bng la s hnh thnh nhiu hn v v tru s t c kch thc
ln nht ca ging, to iu kin gia tng trng lng ht sau ny.
3.1.3. Giai on chn
Giai on chn bt u t lc tr bng n lc thu hoch. Giai on ny trung bnh
khong 30 ngy i vi hu ht cc ging la vng nhit i. Tuy nhin, nu t rung
c nhiu nc, thiu ln, tha m, tri ma m, t nng trong thi gian ny th giai on
chn s ko di hn v ngc li. Giai on ny cy la tri qua cc thi k sau:
-

Thi k chn sa (ngm sa): cc cht d tr trong thn l v sn phm quang hp

c chuyn vo trong ht. Hn 80% cht kh tch ly trong ht l do quang hp
giai on sau khi tr. Do , cc iu kin dinh dng, tnh trng sinh trng, pht
trin ca cy la v thi tit t giai on la tr tr i ht sc quan trng i vi qu
trnh hnh thnh nng sut la (Hnh 3.3). Kch thc v trng lng ht go tng
dn lm y v tru. Bng la nng cong xung nn gi l la cong tri me. Ht
go cha mt dch lng mu trng c nh sa, nn gi l thi k la ngm sa.

Thi k chn sp: ht mt nc, t t c c li, lc by gi v tru vn cn xanh.

Thi k chn vng: ht tip tc mt nc, go cng dn, tru chuyn sang mu
vng c th ca ging la, bt u t nhng ht cui cng cht bng lan dn
xung cc ht phn c bng nn gi l la ui, l gi ri dn.

Thi k chn hon ton: Ht go kh cng li, m ht khong 20% hoc thp
hn, ty m mi trng, l xanh chuyn vng v ri dn. Thi im thu hoch
tt nht l khi 80 % ht la ng sang mu tru c trng ca ging (Hnh 3.4).
56

Hnh 3.3. S tch ly carbohydrate trong cc b phn khc nhau

qua cc giai on sinh trng ca cy la

Phi mu

Ngm sa

Vo chc

Chn sp

Chn hon ton

Hnh 3.4. S pht trin ca ht la qua cc giai on sau khi tr

57

0 10

35

60

GIAI ON TNG
TRNG

90 ngy

GIAI ON
SINH SN

GIAI ON
CHN

CY LA 90 NGY (khng quang cm)

10

40

GIAI ON TNG
TRNG

70
GIAI ON
SINH SN

100 ngy
GIAI ON
CHN

CY LA 100 NGY (khng quang cm)

10

60

GIAI ON TNG TRNG

90

GIAI ON SINH SN

120 ngy
GIAI ON CHN

CY LA 120 NGY (khng quang cm)

Gieo

N bi

Chi ti a

GIAI ON TNG TRNG

PHA CM
NG QUANG
K

Lm ng

Tr

GIAI ON SINH SN

Chn
GIAI ON CHN

CY LA MA (5-6 thng) (quang cm)

Hnh 3.5.

So snh 3 giai on sinh trng ca cy la c thi gian

sinh trng khc nhau
58

3.2. HT LA V S NY MM
3.2.1. Ht la:
(ng hn l tri la) Gm c: phn v la v ht go (Hnh 3.6).
3.2.1.1. V la:
V la gm 2 v tru ghp li (tru ln v tru nh). gc 2 v tru ch gn vo
hoa c mang hai tiu dnh. Phn v chim khong 20% trng lng ht la.

Ru

1
2

3
4
5

Ngang

Dy

5
6

Di

1. Go lc
2. Tru trn (nh)
3. Tru di (ln)
4. Trc hoa
5. My (tiu dnh)
6. Cung hoa

Hnh 3.6. Cu to ca mt ht la
3.2.1.2. Ht go:
Bn trong v la l ht go. Ht go gm 2 phn:
- Phn phi hay mm (embryo): nm gc di ht go, ch nh vo hoa, v pha
tru ln.

Hnh 3.7. Cu to ca mt ht go
59

- Phi nh: chim phn ln ht go cha cht d tr, ch yu l tinh bt (phn go chng
ta n hng ngy). Bn ngoi ht go c bao bc bi mt lp v la mng cha nhiu
vitamin, nht l vitamin nhm B (Hnh 3.7). Khi xay xt (giai on ch trng) lp ny
trc ra thnh cm mn.
3.2.2. S ny mm
Ht la trong khi bo qun vn cn cha mt lng nc nht nh t 12-14%
trng lng kh. Khi ngm trong nc, ht ht nc v trng ln, m trong ht gia
tng n 25% th c th ny mm c. Khi y tinh bt trong phi nh b phn gii thnh
nhng cht n gin cung cp cho mm pht trin. Thi gian ht nc nhanh hay
chm ty theo ht ging c hay mi, v tru mng hay dy, nhit nc ngm cao hay
thp. Ni chung, nhit khng kh cao, nc m, ht ging c hay v ht mng d thm
nc th ht ht nc nhanh, mau t ti m cn thit. Ngm qu lu, ht ht nhiu
nc, cc cht dinh dng ha tan v khuych tn ra ngoi mi trng lm tiu hao cht
d tr trong phi nh, ng thi lm cho nc ngm b chua, ht b thi v ny mm yu.
Hm lng nc trong ht thch hp cho qu trnh ny mm bin thin t 30-40% ty
iu kin nhit . Nhit thch hp cho ht la ny mm t 27-37 0 C . Nhit thp
hoc cao hn khong nhit ny, ht la s ny mm yu v thi gian ny mm ko di.
Trong iu kin nhit v m thch hp th mm la s pht trin xuyn qua
v tru v xut hin ra ngoi: ht ny mm (germination) (Hnh 3.8). So vi nhiu ht
ging khc th ht la ny mm cn t oxy hn. Trong iu kin bnh thng, sau khi
mm ht ph v v tru th r mm s mc ra trc, ri mi n thn mm. Tuy nhin,
nu b ngp nc (mi trng ym kh) th thn mm s pht trin trc. Khi l u tin
xut hin, th cc r th cp s bt u xut hin gip cy la bm cht vo t, ht
nc v dinh dng (Hnh 3.8H).

D
F

Hnh 3.8. Cc thi k ny mm ca ht la: bt u ny mm (A), mm ht pht

trin (B), n khi c l u tin (C). Ny mm trong iu kin thong
kh (D), trong iu kin ym kh (F) v s pht trin ca r th cp (H)

60

3.3. MM LA V M NON
La l cy n t dip. Khi ht ny mm th r mm (radicle) xut hin trc, sau
n thn mm (coleoptile). Thn mm c bao bc bi mt l bao mm (dip tiu),
di khong 1 cm. K , l u tin xut hin, c cu to ging nh mt l bnh thng
nhng cha c phin l, gi l l th nht hay l khng hon ton. Sau n l th 2, l
ny c y phin l v b l nhng phin l nh v c hnh mi vit rt c th, di
khong 2-3 cm. Tip tc l th ba, t, nm, su. . . Cc l mc i nhau, l ra sau mc v
pha i din vi l trc (Hnh 3.9). Trong iu kin thiu oxy v thiu nh sng, thn
mm ko di ra, ta phn bit c trung dip (cn gi l lng s khi = mesocotyl), on
gia ht la v dip tiu (l bao mm).

L 2 (l
tht u
tin)

A: Cy m c 2 l tht

B: Cy m c l th 6

Ny mm ngoi sng

C: Cy m n tui cy

Ny mm trong ti

Hnh 3.9. Cy m non v cch tnh tui l trn cy la

Ngi ta m s l trn thn tnh tui cy m. Cy m c bao nhiu l l c by
nhiu tui. Trong giai on u, cy la ra l nhanh, trung bnh 3-4 ngy mt l. T lc
ny mm n khi cy m c 3-4 l (khong 10-12 ngy sau khi ny mm) cy la ch
61

s dng cht dinh dng d tr trong ht go (phi nh). T tui m 3,7 tr i, cy bt

u cuc sng t dng.
Nhit thch hp cho cy m pht trin l t 25-30 0 C . Di 15 0 C v trn 40 0 C
cy ngng sinh trng. Nu thiu oxy th mm la vn di nhanh chng, thn mm yu
trong khi r pht trin chm, ngn v t.
3.4. R LA
Cy la c 2 loi r: r mm v r ph
3.4.1. R mm
R mm (radicle) l r mc ra u tin khi ht la ny mm. Thng mi ht la ch
c mt r mm. R mm khng n su, t phn nhnh, ch c lng ngn, thng di khong
10-15 cm. R mm gi nhim v ch yu l ht nc cung cp cho phi pht trin v s
cht sau 10-15 ngy, lc cy m c 3-4 l. Cc r th cp c th mc ra khi r mm b
thit hi. R mm cn c nhim v gip ht la bm vo t khi gieo s trn ng.
3.4.2. R ph: (cn gi l r bt nh)
R ph mc ra t cc mt (t) trn thn la. Mi mt c t 5-25 r ph, r ph
mc di, c nhiu nhnh v lng ht. Ti mi mt c 2 vng r: vng r trn to v khe,
vng r di nh v km quan trng hn. Trong giai on tng trng, cc mt ny
thng rt kht nhau v nm di mt t, nn r la to thnh mt chm, do , r la
cn gi l r chm. Tng r ph u tin mc ra mt u tin ngay trn trc trung dip
(mesocotyl).

Hnh 3.10.

Phu thc ct ngang ca r la

trng thnh

Hnh 3.11. Cc loi r la

t kh r mc thnh chm to, s r nhiu hn, mc rng ra v n su xung t

c th n 1m hay hn na tng kh nng ht nc.

62

 t ngp nc, b r t n su n 40 cm. Bn trong r c nhiu khong trng n

thng vi thn v l. Nh c cu to c bit ny m r la c th sng c trong iu
kin thiu oxy do ngp nc (Hnh 3.10). nhng ni ngp nc su (vng la ni), khi
r ph mc ra nhiu nhng mt gn mt nc d ht khng kh. i khi ngi ta
cn thy r mc ra t trc trung dip khi s su hoc ht c x l ha cht (Hnh 3.11).
giai on tr bng, r la chim 10% trng lng kh ca ton thn (bin thin
t 5-30% ty ging), giai on m t l ny vo khong 20%.
R c nhim v ht nc v cht dinh dng nui cy, gip cy bm cht vo t,
cho nn b r c khe mnh th cy la mi tt c. Trong iu kin bnh thng r non
c mu trng sa, r gi s chuyn sang mu vng, nu nht ri nu m, tuy nhin phn
chp r vn cn mu trng. B r khng pht trin, r b thi en biu hin tnh trng mt
cn bng dinh dng trong t, cy la khng hp thu c dinh dng nn ci cc, l
vng, d b bnh v ri dn nu khng c bin php x l kp thi. S pht trin ca b r
tt hay xu ty loi t, iu kin nc rung, tnh trng dinh dng ca cy v ging la.
Nhng ging la ry (sng vng cao, khng ngp nc) hoc cc ging la chu hn gii
thng c b r pht trin mnh, n su v rng, tn dng c lng nc him hoi trong
t, mc su ca r ty thuc vo mc nc ngm cao hay thp (Hnh 3.12).

Loi V

Loi IV

Loi III
Loi II
Loi I

Mc nc ngm

Thot nc tt

Thot nc km

Hnh 3.12.

S pht trin ca r la trong nhng iu kin mc nc ngm

khc nhau

63

3.5. THN LA
Thn la (stem) gm nhng mt v lng ni tip nhau, Lng l phn thn rng
gia 2 mt v thng c b l m cht. Thng thng cc lng bn di t pht trin
nn cc mt rt kht nhau, ch c khong 3-8 lng trn cng bt u vn di khi la c
ng ng (2-35 cm). Thit din ca lng c hnh trn hay bu dc vi thnh lng dy
hay mng v lng di hay ngn ty tng loi ging v iu kin mi trng, c bit l
nc (Hnh 3.13).
ng knh ngoi
ng knh trong

Xoang li
B
mch

Bng kh

B mch

Hnh 3.13. Phu thc ct ngang ca lng trn thn (A) v gc (B)

(A)
R
bt
nh

(B)

R bt nh

10

11

12

Thng

Hnh 3.14. Cc r bt nh trn thn cy la nc su (A) v la ni (B)

64

Cy la no c lng ngn, thnh lng dy, b l m st thn th thn la s cng

chc, kh ng v ngc li. Nu t rung c nhiu nc, s cy dy, thiu snh sng,
bn nhiu phn m th lng c khuynh hng vn di v mm yu lm cy la d
ng. La b ng th s ht dinh dng v quang hp b tr ngi, s vn chuyn cc
cht b cn tr, h hp mnh lm tiu hao cht d tr a n ht lp nhiu, nng sut
gim. S ng cng sm, la b thit hi cng nhiu v nng sut cng gim.
c bit nhng vng nc ngp su v ln nhanh, cy la c c tnh vn lng
rt khe vt ln khi mt nc, trung bnh 2-3 cm/ngy cc ging la ni. ng
thi r ph mc ra rt nhiu cc mt trn cao gn mt nc ht oxy v dng cht.
Thn la c khi di n 2-5 m v mt lng la c th di 30-40 cm (Hnh 3.14). Nhng
nm l ln nc ln nhanh, kh nng vn lng ca mt s ging la ni c th t ti 58 cm/ngy.
Trn thn la cc mt thng phnh ra. Ti mi mt la c mang 1 l, mt mm
chi v hai tng r ph. Mt n v tng trng ca cy la gm 1 lng, 1 mt, 2 vng r,
1 l v 1 chi, c th sng c lp c (Hnh 3.15). Thn la c nhim v vn chuyn
v tch tr cc cht trong cy. Trong iu kin y dinh dng v nh sng, mm chi
s pht trin thnh mt chi tht s, thot ra khi b l. Ta phn bit:
-

Chi bc nht (chi s cp): chi xut pht t thn chnh.

Chi bc hai (chi th cp): xut pht t chi bc nht.

Chi bc ba (chi tam cp): xut pht t chi bc hai.

Phin l
Tha l

Thn

Tai l

Mt

B l

B l

Lng
Chi ph
Mt
(t)
Lng

B l

R ph

Hnh 3.15. Cu to mt n v tng trng ca cy la (A), thn chnh v chi (B)

Trong iu kin thun li, y dinh dng v nh sng, cy la thng bt u
mc chi u tin mt th hai, ng thi vi l th nm trn thn chnh (chi ngnh
tr). Sau c ra thm mt l mi th cc chi tng ng s xut hin.

65

S ra l, ra chi v ra r ca cy la tun theo mt quy lut nht nh. Quy lut

ny gi l quy lut sinh trng ng hng ca Katayama v ra l, ra chi v ra r: khi l
th n trn thn chnh xut hin th ti mt l th n 3 chi s xut hin v r ph
cng mc ra. Th d: khi l th 5 (n=5) trn thn chnh mc ra, th chi v r mt th 2
cng xut hin (n-3=5-3), khi l th 6 trn thn xut hin, th chi v r mt th 3 cng
xut hin, v.v Quy lut ny khng ch p dng trn thn chnh m trn tt c cc chi
ph (Hnh 3.16). Trng hp ngoi l l khi cy ra l th 4 th ch c r mt th 1 ra m
khng c chi, v lc ny cy la cn qu non mi bt u t dng nn khng dinh
dng tch ly sinh ra chi.
Theo quy lut ny, khi cy la ra l th 13 (Hnh 3.15 C), trong iu kin thun li
(c bit l y dinh dng v nh sng trong iu kin nhit thch hp) th cy l
s c 9 chi bc nht, 21 chi bc hai, 10 chi bc ba v 1 thn chnh. Tng cng c 41
chi/bi.
6
5

3 2 32 2 1 2 23 2 21 22 11

01

1 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 3 3 2 3 2 2 1 2 2 3 32 33

7
5
6

4
4

3
3
2
1

10

9
8

2
3

3
1

3
2

Chi th
cp
Chi s cp

Hnh 3.16.

S sinh trng ng hng ca chi, l v r cy la (A v B) v

kiu ra chi ca cy la khi c 13 l (C) (Fujii, 1974)
(0: thn chnh, 1: chi cp 1; 2: chi cp 2; 3: chi cp 3)

Tuy nhin, trong iu kin khng thun li nh gieo s qu dy, cy su, nc

nhiu, thiu dinh dng th mm chi s thoi ha i m khng pht trin thnh chi
c, la n bi km. Cc chi mc sm s cho bng to v ngc li. Cc chi mc qu
tr khi cy la sp bt u phn ha ng thng nh yu v sau cht i m khng
thnh bng c, gi l chi v hiu. Trong canh tc ngi ta hn ch n mc thp nht
s chi v hiu tp trung dinh dng nui cc chi hu hiu cho bng tt sau ny.
66

Ngi ta c th xc nh chi v hiu v chi hu hiu ngay khi cy la bt u

phn ha ng, da vo chiu cao hoc s l trn chi:
+ Chiu cao:

- Chi hu hiu khi c chiu cao cao hn 2/3 so vi thn chnh.

- Chi v hiu khi chiu cao thp hn 2/3 so vi thn chnh.

+ S l trn chi:

- Chi hu hiu khi c trn 3 l.

- Chi v hiu khi c di 3 l.

Nh vy, thi im bt u phn ha ng, chi no c chiu cao khong 2/3

chiu cao thn chnh hoc c khong 3 l, th c th tr thnh chi hu hiu nu iu kin
dinh dng v mi trng sau thun li; ngc li, s cht i v tr thnh chi v hiu.
3.6. L LA
La l cy n t dip (1 l mm). L la mc i 2 bn thn la, l ra sau nm
v pha i din vi l trc . L trn cng (l cui cng trc khi tr bng) gi l l
c hay l ng. L la gm phin l, c l v b l.
3.6.1. Phin l

Hnh 3.17. Phu thc ct ngang ca phin l

Phin l (leaf blade) l phn l phi ra ngoi nh sng, b phn quang hp ch yu
ca cy la nh vo cc t bo nhu m c cha nhiu ht dip lc. C th xem l la l nh
my ch to nn cc cht hu c cung cp cho ton b hot ng sng ca cy, thng qua
hin tng quang hp, bin quang nng thnh ha nng. L la c th quang hp c c
2 mt l. Phin l gm 1 gn chnh gia v nhiu gn song song chy t c l n cht l.
Phin l cha nhiu b mch ln nh v cc bng kh ln pht trin gn chnh, ng thi
hai mt l u c kh khu. Mt trn phin l c nhiu lng hn ch thot hi nc v
iu ha nhit . Cc t bo nhu m ca phin l c cha nhiu ht dip lc (lc lp) mu
67

xanh, ni xc tin cc phn ng quang hp ca cy la (Hnh 3.17). Cng cha nhiu ht

dip lc, l la cng c mu xanh m, quang hp cng mnh.
3.6.2. B l
B l (leaf sheath) l phn m ly thn la. Ging la no c b l m st thn th
cy la ng vng kh ng hn. B l c nhiu khong trng ni lin cc kh khng
phin l thng vi thn v r, dn kh t trn l xung r gip r c th h hp c trong
iu kin ngp nc (Hnh 3.18). Mu sc ca b l thay i ty theo ging la, t mu
xanh nht, xanh m sang dc tm v tm. Ngoi vai tr trung gian vn chuyn kh v cc
cht dinh dng, b l cn l ni d tr cc cht dinh dng t r ln v cc sn phm
quang hp t phin l a xung trc khi phn phi n cc b phn khc trong cy.

Hnh 3.18. Phu thc ct ngang ca b l

3.6.3. C l
C l (colar) l phn ni tip gia phin l (leaf blade) v b l. C l to hay nh
nh hng ti gc ca phin l. C l cng nh, gc l cng hp, l la cng thng
ng v cng thun li cho vic s dng nh sng mt tri quang hp. Ti c l cn c
2 b phn c bit gi l tai l v tha l (Hnh 3.19).
-

Tai l (auricle): l phn ko di ca mp phin l c hnh lng chim un cong hnh

ch C hai bn c l.

Tha l (ligule): l phn ko di ca b l, m ly thn, cui ch i.

ln v mu sc ca tai l v tha l khc nhau ty theo ging la. y l hai b

phn c th phn bit cy la vi cc cy c khc thuc h Ha tho ( cy c khng
c hai b phn ny).
Tha l

C l

Hnh 3.19. Hnh thi ca c la vi tai l v tha l

68

Tai l

Mi ging la c mt tng s l nht nh. cc ging la quang cm, tng s l

c th thay i i cht ty theo ma trng, bin thin t 16-21 l. Cc ging la ngn
ngy thng c tng s bin thin t 12-16 l.

Phin l

B l

Hnh 3.20. Hnh thi, kch thc v tui th ca tng l la

(Hoshikawa, 1975 v Arashi, 1955)

Ngoi ra, tc ra l, chiu di v tui th ca tng l ph thuc vo ging, iu

kin mi trng v giai on sinh trng ca cy la. Ni chung, i vi cc ging la
cao sn ngn ngy, trong iu kin nhit i, giai on sinh trng u trc khi phn
ha ng, trung bnh 4-5 ngy ra 1 l. Cng v sau tc ra l cng chm li, trung bnh
7-8 ngy ra 1 l. Nu tnh theo ch s nhit, th s pht trin ca mt l cn 100 -ngy
(nhit trung bnh trong ngy x s ngy) giai on trc khi tng khi s khi v
khong 170 -ngy sau khi tng khi s khi. Sau khi xut hin, l vn di ra nhanh
chng v hot ng tch cc khi t c kch thc ti a (Hnh 3.20). Ging la ma
a phng cng di ngy th tc ra l cng chm.

69

 xc nh tui ca cy la, ngi ta dng ch s tui l:

S l mt giai on no
Ch s tui l (%) = ---------------------------------------- x 100
Tng s l

3.7. BNG LA
Bng la (panicle) l c mt pht hoa bao gm nhiu nhnh gi c mang hoa
(spikelet).
3.7.1. Hnh thi v cu to:
(Hnh 3.21)

Hnh 3.21. Hnh thi v cu to ca mt bng la

Sau khi ra s l nht nh th cy la s tr bng. Bng la l loi pht hoa
chm gm mt trc chnh mang nhiu nhnh gi bc nht, bc hai v i khi c nhnh
gi bc ba. Hoa la c mang bi mt cung hoa ngn mc ra tng nhnh gi ny.

70

Bng la c nhiu dng: bng tm hoc xe (do cc nhnh gi bc nht to vi trc

bng mt gc nh hay ln), ng ht tha hay dy (tha nch hay dy nch), c h hay c
kn (c bng thot ra khi b l c hay khng) ty c tnh ging v iu kin mi trng.
3.7.2. Qu trnh pht trin ca ng la v s tr bng
Khi bng la cha tr cn nm trong b l ta gi l ng la. T lc hnh thnh
ng la n khi tr bng ko di t 17 35 ngy, trung bnh l 30 ngy. Cc thi k
pht trin ca ng la c th quan st bng cc t trng ca hnh thi nh trnh by
bng 3.1 v hnh 3.22.
Bng 3.1. Cc giai on pht trin ca ng la
Cc thi k pht trin ca ng
la

Ch s l
(%)

Xut
hin l
th n k
t trn
xung

Chiu
Ngy
Thi
di ng trc khi
gian
la
tr
ko di
(mm)

(ngy)

1. Tng c bng

76-80

L 4

32-29

2. Phn ha nhnh gi

80-86

L 3

29-23

3. Phn ha hoa (TKSK)

87-92

L 2

1-15

23-15

4. Phn ha t bo m ht phn

95

L c

15-50

15-13

5. Gim nhim

97

50-200

13-11

6. Hnh thnh ht phn

100

Di

11-07

7. Ht phn chn

100

Di

07-00

Ngun: Matsushima, 1970

Hnh 3.22.

Cc giai on pht trin ca ng la (A) S gim nhim xy

ra khi c l c trng vi c l di n (B, hnh gia)
(Suge, 1973)

71

Khi l c xut hin th ng la di ra nhanh chng v hai lng trn cng cng
tng nhanh, y ng la thot ra khi b ca l c: La tr bng (flowering). Thi gian
tr di hay ngn ty theo ging, iu kin mi trng v ng u trong rung la.
Nhng ging la ngn ngy thng tr nhanh hn, trung bnh t 5-7 ngy. Nhng ging
la di ngy c khi tr ko di 10-14 ngy.
Thi gian tr cng ngn cng trnh c thit hi do tc ng xu ca mi trng
nh, gi, ma, nhit thp Mt bng la khi bt u xut hin n khi tr hon ton
mt 3-4 ngy hoc lu hn (5-6 ngy) ty ging v iu kin mi trng. Trnh t phn
ho v pht trin ng trn mt bi la c bt u t thn chnh (bng ci), n cc
chi bc nht (chi cp 1), chi bc hai (cp 2), chi bc 3 (cp 3), v.v. (Hnh 3.23).

Bng ci

Hnh 3.23. Trnh t pht trin ng trn mt bi la

3.8. HOA LA
3.8.1 Hnh thi v cu to
Ht la khi cha th phn, th tinh th gi l hoa la (spikelet). Hoa la thuc loi
dnh hoa, gm tru ln (di), tru nh (trn) tng ng vi dnh di v dnh trn, mt
b nhy ci, mt b nh c (hoa lng tnh t th). B nhy ci gm mt bu non v
vi nhy ch i vi hai num tn cng hng phn. B nh c gm 6 ch (tua nh)
mang 6 bao phn, bn trong cha nhiu ht phn. Bn trong hai v tru, ch gn st vi
bu non c hai my hoa (vy c) gi nhim v ng m hai v tru khi hoa n. Trn
nh ca tru di i khi ko di ra thnh ru hay ui (Hnh 3.24). S ht c ru nhiu
hay t, di hay ngn ty ging la v ma trng. c tnh ht c ru l c tnh hoang di
v di truyn tri, thng thy trn hu ht cc ging la hoang. Cc t hp lai vi ging
la hoang thng cho th h con lai vi ht c ru di. Ht c ru khng phi l c tnh
c a chung trong cng tc chn ging.

72

3.8.2. S phi mu, th phn v th tinh

S phi mu hay n hoa l mt lot bin c xy ra trong qu trnh n v ng hai
v tru, thng ko di khong 45-60 pht.

Bao phn
Ru (ui)

B nh c

Ch nh
nh ht

Tru trn
(nh)
Tru di
(ln)

Nm

Gn

Vi nhy

B nhy ci

Bu non
hoa

Tiu dnh

Cung hoa

Nm
Vi nhy

Bu non

Hnh 3.24. Hnh thi v cu to mt hoa la

a: bao phn; f: ch nh c; st: num nhy ci; sty: vi nhy; o: bu non; lo: vy c (my hoa;
r: hoa; p: tru trn (nh); l: tru di (ln); g: tiu dnh; g: cung hoa.

Ni chung, khi la tr bng th hoa la no xut hin trc s phi mu trc, nn

s n hoa s tin hnh t trn chp bng xung n c bng. S n hoa thng xy ra
cng ngy hoc khong 1 ngy sau khi tr bng. Trn mt bng la, t lc bt u xut
hin n khi c bng thot hon ton ra khi b l c mt khong 3-4 ngy trong iu
kin thi tit v dinh dng tt. Do , cc hoa la trn phn bng tr ngy hm trc th
hm sau s phi mu hay n hoa v cc hoa la trn phn bng tr ngy hm nay th
73

ngy mai s phi mu Trong iu kin nhit i, hu ht cc ging la thng phi

mu trong khong 8 gi sng n 13 gi tra, tp trung t 9-11 gi. Nu thi tit tt,
nhiu nng, nhit cao, s phi mu c th xy ra sm hn (khong 7 gi sng), ngc
li c th tr hn (t 4-5 gi chiu).
Khi c nh sng, cy la bt u quang hp, cc sn phm quang hp c tch
ly u tin hai vy c, do vy c ht nc trng to ln p vo bu non v y hai
v tru m ra. ng thi 6 ch nh c cng di ra nhanh chng a bao phn ra ngoi.
Cc bao phn b b ra theo chiu dc, ht phn ri ra ngoi (s tung phn) v rt trn
nm nhy ci. Khi ht phn bm vo nm nhy ci, ta gi l hin tng th phn
(Hnh 3.25). Sau khi s th phn xy ra, hoa la b kch thch v cc sn phm quang hp
t vy c c chuyn vo nui bu non, do vy vy c mt nc, dn dn co li lm
hai v tru khp li (thi gian t lc 2 v tru m ra n khi khp li hon ton mt
khong 45 pht). S th phn c th xy ra ngay trc khi tru m v ht phn ch c th
sng c khong 5 pht sau khi ri khi bao phn (tung phn). Trong khi nm nhy
ci c th hot ng ko di t 3-7 ngy. nhit 43 0 C trong 7 pht th ht phn mt
sc ny mm trong khi b nhy ci vn sng v hot ng bnh thng. Ngi ta ng
dng iu ny trong lai to: dng nc m 43 0 C kh c.

Hnh 3.25. S phi mu (A v B) v s th phn (C)

Sau khi th phn th ht phn s mc mm vo bn trong bu non v s th tinh
xy ra. Khong 5-6 gi sau khi th phn th s th tinh hon tt, nhn ca ht phn
phi hp c vi nhn ca bu non v bu non bt u pht trin. By gi, cc cht
dinh dng d tr thn l v cc b phn khc s c chuyn nhanh vo trong bu
non. Trng lng ht tng nhanh dng lng, c nh sa nn gi l thi k ngm sa.
Thi gian trng lng ht t ti a thay i ty ging v iu kin ngoi cnh, nht l
nh sng v nhit . nhit 28 0 C phn ln cc ging la u t trng lng ht ti
a vo khong 13-20 ngy sau khi th phn. vng n i, thi gian ny thng ko di
hn do ch nhit thp hn. Sau , s vn chuyn v tch ly dinh dng vn tip tc
nhng mc chm dn, ng thi ht la mt nc dn, dch lng trong ht t t c
li v ht chuyn t chn sa sang chn sp v chn vng ri n chn hon ton. vng
nhit i, thi im chn hon ton khong 30 ngy sau khi tr. Lc m trong ht
74

cn khong 20% hoc t hn nu thi tit kh ro v m ht c th cao hn n 25%

nu gp lc tri ma m.
Nng sut la cao l kt qu tng hp ca nhiu yu t t vic chn ging tt, k
thut canh tc hp l, phng tr su bnh ng lc, n vic b tr thi v thch hp
la lm ng, tr bng, th phn, th tinh v ngm sa c y v thun li.
Nu qu trnh phn ha ng b tr ngi th bng la s t ht, ht nh, nhiu hoa
b thoi ha. Nu s tr bng, phi mu, th phn xy ra trong iu kin khng thun li
th s c nhiu ht lp. Trong thi k ngm sa, nu thi tit xu, la b ng hay thiu
dinh dng cy la s sn sinh ra nhiu ht lng (ht khng no y).
Hiu bit v cc c tnh hnh th v sinh trng ca cy la s rt hu ch trong
vic vn dng iu khin qu trnh sinh trng v pht trin ca cy bng cc bin php k
thut canh tc thch hp bo m t nng sut la cao nht trong tng iu kin c th.
3.9. CU HI N TP
1. M t v tho lun cc giai on sinh trng ca cy la.
2. Cc yu t nh hng n s ny mm ca ht la.
3. M t v tho lun s mc mm, ra l ca cy la non.
4. c tnh ca r la.
5. Gii thch quy lut sinh trng ng hng ca Katayama v ra l, ra chi v ra r
cy la.
6. M t v tho lun cc giai on pht trin ca ng la v s tr bng.
7. Tho lun s phi mu, th phn v th tinh ca hoa la.
3.10. BI C THM
Yoshida, S., 1981. Fundamentals of rice crop science. IRRI, Philippines (Ting Anh).
Hay C s khoa hc cy la, bn dch ting Vit ca Trn Minh Thnh xut bn nm
1992.

75

CHNG 4: C IM SINH THI CY LA

4.1 iu kin kh hu thy vn

4.2 iu kin t ai
4.3 Thi v, vng trng la ng bng sng Cu Long
*********
Cy la thch nghi rt rng vi nhiu iu kin sinh thi khc nhau t v 350
Nam-530 Bc. iu kin sinh thi c nh hng trc tip n i sng cy la, n quyt
nh loi hnh cy la, c cu ging la, thi v gieo cy, bin php canh tc v hnh
thnh cc vng trng la khc nhau.
4.1 IU KIN KH HU-THY VN
4.1.1. Nhit
Nhit c tc dng quyt nh n tc sinh trng ca cy la nhanh hay
chm, tt hay xu. Trong phm vi gii hn (20-30 o C), nhit cng tng cy la pht
trin cng mnh. Nhit trn 40 o C hoc di 17 o C, cy la tng trng chm li.
Di 13 o C cy la ngng sinh trng, nu ko di 1 tun l cy la s cht. Phm vi
nhit m cy la c th chu ng c v nhit ti ho thay i ty theo ging la,
giai an sinh trng, thi gian b nh hng l tnh trng sinh l ca cy la (Bng 4.1).
Ni chung, cc ging la n i chu ng nhit thp gii hn cc ging la nhit i
v ngc li. Cy la gi chu ng gii hn cy la non; thi gian b nh hng cng
di, cy la cng suy yu th kh nng chu ng cng km.
Bng 4.1. p ng ca cy la i vi nhit cc giai on sinh trng khc nhau
Giai on sinh trng

Nhit ( o C)
Ti thp

Ny mm

Ti cao

Ti ho

10

45

20 35

12 13

45

25 30

16

35

25 28

Vn l

7 12

45

31

N bi ( nhnh)

9 16

33

25 31

Hnh thnh cy m
Ra r

Tng khi s khi

Pht trin ng
Th phn
Chn

15

15 20

38

22

35

30 33

12 18

30

20 25

Ngun: Yoshida, 1981

76

i vi la nc, c nhit khng kh ln nhit nc u c nh hng trn

sinh trng v pht trin ca cy la. Sut t u n khi tng khi s khi, nh sinh
trng ca l, chi v bng nm trong nc nn nh hng ca nhit rt quan trng.
Tuy nhin, s vn di ca l v s pht trin chiu cao chu nh hng c nhit nc
v khng kh. n khi ng la vn ra khi nc, vo khong giai an phn bo gim
nhim, th nh hng ca nhit khng kh tr nn quan trng hn. Do , c th ni
rng, nhit nc v khng kh nh hng trn nng sut v cc thnh phn nng sut
la thay i ty giai on sinh trng ca cy. Trong giai an sinh trng ban u, nhit
nc nh hng n nng sut thng qua vic nh hng ln s bng trn bi. Giai
on gia nhit nc nh hng ln s ht trn bng v phn trm ht chc. n giai
an sau, nhit khng kh s nh hng ln nng sut thng qua nh hng trn phn
trm ht chc v trng lng ht. Trong phm vi nhit t 22-31 o C tc tng trng
ca cy la hu nh gia tng theo ng thng cng vi s gia tng nhit . H s nhit
Q10 c nh ngha l mc gia tng sinh khi ca cy la khi nhit tng ln 10 o C.
i vi sinh trng ca cy la sau khi ny mm Q10 thng bng 2 v gim dn khi
nhit tng ln qu 32 o C.

Tc tng trng (t + 10) o C

Q 10 =

--------------------------------------------------Tc tng trng t o C

4.1.1.1. nh hng ca nhit thp:

Thit hi do nhit thp c th xy ra ni c v cao v c nhng vng ni
cao nhit i trong ma lnh, khi nhit trung bnh ngy xung di 20 o C. Nhit
thp lm gim hoc ngng hn s ny mm ca ht, lm m chm pht trin, cy m m
yu, ln li, l b mt mu, tr tr, bng b nghn, phn cht bng b thoi ha, s th
phn b nh tr, kh nng bt th cao, ht lp nhiu v chn ko di bt thng. Cc
ging la khc nhau phn ng vi nhit thp khc nhau. Bn phn ln c th lm gim
thit hi do nhit thp.
4.1.1.2. nh hng ca nhit cao:
Thit hi do nhit cao thng xy ra vng nhit i trong ma nng vo gia
tra khi nhit vt qu 35 o C v ko di hn 1 gi ng h. nhit cao cht l b
kh trng, trn l c nhng dy v m b mt mu, n bi km, chiu cao gim, s ht
trn bng gim, bng la b trng, ht thai ha nhiu, ht bt th cao, ht chc gim.
Ni chung, nhit thch hp nht cho cy la l 26-28 o C, nhit thay i ty
theo cao , v v ma trong nm. Cng ln pha Bc nhit cng tr nn khc khe,
yu t nhit nh hng rt quan trng n vic trng la. Ring BSCL, nhit
trung bnh trong nm thay i rt t, trung bnh t 26-27 o C. hu khp cc ni trong
vng, tng nhit nm ln ti 9500-10000 o C, trong khi tng tch n cn thit ca cy la
trung bnh l 3500-4500 o C i vi cc ging la trung ma v khong 2500-3000 o C i
vi cc ging la ngn ngy. Do , BSCL, ngi ta c th trng la quanh nm v
trng c nhiu v 1 nm vn c kh nng cho nng sut cao min bo m c nc
ti. Yu t quyt nh ma v y l t ai v ch nc. Tuy nhin, BSCL,
77

bin ng nhit gia ngy v m (bin nhit) kh mnh, nht l vo nhng thng
ma kh, bin nhit ngy v m c th t ti 8-10 o C to iu kin thun li cho qu
trnh tch ly cht kh trong cy, gip cy la pht trin tt v cho nng sut cao. Nng sut
la v ng Xun thng cao hn cc v khc trong nm, ngoi cc yu t ph ca t
cao hn (do c b sung trong ma l), bc x mt tri di do hn, th bin nhit
ngy v m cao cng l yu t quan trng l gii cho hin tng ny.
4.1.2. nh sng
nh sng nh hng rt ln n sinh trng, pht trin v pht dc ca cy la
trn 2 phng din: cng nh sng v di chiu sng trong ngy (quang k).
4.1.2.1. Cng nh sng:
Cng nh sng nh hng trc tip n s quang hp ca cy la, th hin
ch yu bng nng lng nh sng mt tri chiu trn n v din tch t (lng bc
x). Bc x mt tri gm: nh sng trc x (nh sng chiu trc tip), nh sng phn x
(nh sng phn chiu), nh sng tn x (nh sng khuych tn) v nh sng thu
quau c tc dng nht nh i vi quang hp ca qun th rung la (Hnh 4.1).
Thng thng, cy la ch s dng c khong 65% nng lng nh sng mt tri chiu
ti rung la. Trong iu kin bnh thng, lng bc x trung bnh t 250-300
cal/cm2/ngy th cy la sinh trng tt v trong phm vi ny th lng bc x cng cao
th qu trnh quang hp xy ra cng mnh. Bc x mt tri nh hng ln n cc giai
an sinh trng khc nhau v nng sut la, c bit cc giai on sau.

Hnh 4.1. S cn bng bc x sng ngn trn rung la lc tr bng

vi ch s din tch l = 5
(Bc x hot ng quang hp c th hin bng phn gch cho)

Giai on la non: nu thiu nh sng cy la s m yu, mu l t xanh nht

chuyn sang vng, la khng n bi c.
Thi k phn ha ng: nu thiu nh sng th bng la s ngn, t ht v ht nh,
ht thoi ha nhiu, d b su bnh ph hi.
78

Thi k la tr: thiu nh sng s th phn, th tinh b tr ngi lm tng s ht

lp, gim s ht chc v ht pht trin khng y (ht lng), ng thi cy c khuynh
hng vn lng d ng.
Giai on la chn: nu rung la kh nc, nhit khng kh cao, nh sng
mnh th la chn nhanh v tp trung hn; ngc li thi gian chn s ko di. Kt qu t
nhiu th nghim cho thy, thi k cn nng lng mt tri cc trng nht i vi la l
t lc phn ha ng n khong 10 ngy truc khi la chn, v s tch ly tinh bt trong
l v thn bt u ngay t khong 10 ngy trc khi tr v c chuyn v vo ht rt
mnh sau khi tr.
BSCL, lng bc x hng nm rt di do, p ng yu cu sinh trng v
pht trin ca cy la gn nh quanh nm. S gi nng ton nm trung bnh ln ti 2000
2400 gi. Sut cc thng ma kh, s gi nng vt qu 200 gi mi thng, nht l thng
3, trung bnh c 7 8 gi nng mi ngy. Trong nhng thng ma ma, lng bc x
tng i thp (7 8 gi nng/ngy), nht l vo thng 6 v 9. Do , nu bo m c
cc yu t khc nht l nc ti, th trng la trong ma nng (v ng Xun) s c tim
nng cho nng sut cao hn ma ma (v H Thu v Thu ng). Ngoi ra, iu kin canh
tc, ch nc, dinh dng, mt gieo cy v kiu hnh cy la khc nhau c nh
hng n qu trnh quang hp, s dng nh sng mt tri ca rung la rt nhiu.
4.1.2.2. Quang k:
Quang k l khong thi gian chiu sng trong ngy tnh t lc bnh minh n lc
hong hn.
La l cy ngy ngn, cho nn quang k ngn iu khin s pht dc ca cy la.
N ch lm ng v tr bng khi gp quang k ngn thch hp (cc ging la quang
cm). Quang k thay i nhiu theo v v theo ma trong nm (Hnh 4.2). v 44
o
Bc (gn gii hn pha Bc vng trng la Nht Bn), di ngy trong nm thay i
t 9-15 gi 30 pht. Tuy nhin, ti xch o n ch thay i t 12 gi 6 pht n 12 gi 8
pht, ch khc bit c 2 pht. So vi cy vng n i, cc cy vng nhit i nhy cm
hn i vi s khc bit nh trong di ngy (Chang, J. H, 1968).

Hnh 4.2. Bin thin di ngy trong nm cc v khc nhau trn Bc bn cu

(Yoshida, 1981).

79

Da vo phn ng i vi quang k, ngi ta phn bit sinh trng ca cy la ra

lm 2 pha:
* Pha dinh dng cn bn (Basic vegertative phase BVP): l giai an sinh
trng sm, khi cy cn non khng b nh hng bi quang k. hu ht cc ging la
pha ny di khong 10 63 ngy. Mt cch n gin c tnh thi gian ny l ly s
ngy t ny mm n tr bng quang k ti ho (s ngy n tr ngn nht) tr cho 35
ngy. iu ny gi nh rng thi gian t tng khi s khi n tr bng l 35 ngy.
* Pha cm ng quang k (Photoperiod-sensitive phase-PSP): l giai on cm
ng vi ngy ngn ra hoa. T c tnh cm ng ny ngi ta a ra khi nim quang
k ti ho v quang k ti hn. Quang k ti ho l di ngy m thi gian t
gieo n tr bng ngn nht i vi hu ht cc ging la. Quang k ti ho ca la bin
thin t 9-10 gi. Quang k di hoc ngn hn quang k ti ho u lm chm s tr
bng v s chm tr ny ty thuc vo s mn cm ca ging. Quang k ti hn l
quang k di nht m cy vn cn c th tr bng c v di hn quang k ny cy
khng th tr bng i vi hu ht cc ging la. Quang k ti hn ca la bin thin t
12-14 gi ty ging. di ca pha cm ng quang k (PSP) c xc nh bng cch
ly thi gian sinh trng di nht (trong iu kin quang k ti hn) tr cho thi gian
sinh trng ngn nht (trong iu kin quang k ti ho). di ca PSP l thc o s
mn cm ca ging i vi quang k. Quang k ti hn cng ngn, PSP cng di v
quang k ti ho ngn cng gn lin vi PSP di (Vergara v Chang, 1976). Trong iu
kin quang k di lin tc, mt s ging vn trong tnh trng sinh trng dinh dng
sau 12 nm trng, do quang k di vt qu mc quang k ti hn.
BSCL, quang k trong nm bin thin t 10:00-13:30 gi/ngy. Ma ng ngy
ngn - ngn nht l ngy ng ch (22/12 dl), ma h di hn v di nht l ngy h ch
(22/6 dl). Cc ging la c cm ng vi quang k ngn (quang cm) ch tr bng vo
nhng thi im nht nh trong nm, lc m quang k bt u ngn dn t sau ngy thu
phn (23/9 dl). Cc ging la a phng trng BSCL phn ln u c c tnh ny nn
gi l la ma (la tr v chn theo ma). Th d: la Trng Tp tr vo cui thng 11 dl
v chn vo cui thng 12 dl hay la Ti Nguyn tr vo cui thng 12 dl v chn vo cui
thng ging dl, cho d gieo cy cc thi im sm mun khc nhau (Hnh 4.3).
Thng

10

11

12

Ging Trng Tp

Gieo

Tr Chn

Ging Ti Nguyn

Gieo

Tr

Hnh 4.3. c tnh quang cm ca cc ging la ma tiu biu BSCL

80

Chn

Do , i vi la ma, khi nim thi gian sinh trng khng c gi tr nhiu, m

chnh thi im la tr hoc la chn mi l yu t quan trng trong sn xut.

Phn ng vi quang k

c tnh

Khng mn cm

PSP rt ngn (di 30 ngy) v BVP thay i t ngn n di.

Mn cm yu

Thi gian sinh trng tng ln r rt khi quang k di hn 12

gi. PSP c th vt qu 30 ngy, nhng s tr bng vn xy
ra bt k quang k no.

Mn cm mnh

Thi gian sinh trng tng ln r rt khi quang k tng;

khng th tr bng c khi quang k vt qu mc gii
hn; BVP thng ngn (khng qu 40 ngy).

Da vo tnh cm ng khc nhau i vi quang k, ngi ta chia cc ging la ra

lm 3 nhm: khng mn cm, mn cm yu v mn cm mnh.
Khng c mt ranh gii r rt gia cc nhm ny. Mi s phn chia u c tnh
tng i. Tuy nhin, da trn c s ny, ta c th phn chia cc ging la a phng
ng bng Sng Cu Long thnh 3 nhm chnh:
-

La ma sm: t hay khng quang cm, tr vo thng 9 10 dl nh: Sc So, Sa

Mo, La Tin.

La ma l: quang cm trung bnh, tr vo thng 11 dng lch nh: Ba Thit,

Bng inh, Nng Nhun, Mt Bi

La ma mun: quang cm mnh, tr t thng 12 dng lch nh: Trng Tp, Tri
Cho, Chu Hng V, Huyt Rng, ui Tru, Tu Hng, Nng Tri, Trng
Hng, Tu Binh

Do tnh quang cm, li phi gieo cy trc khi nc ngp su trn rung nn cc
ging la ma thng c thi gian sinh trng rt di v ch trng c mt v la trong
nm. Trong khi cc ging la mi (la ci thin) c lai to v chn lc theo hng
khng quang cm hoc rt t quang cm li ngn ngy (3 4 thng) nn c th gieo cy
bt c lc no trong nm v trng c nhiu v mt nm nh: NN3A, NN6A, NN7A,
NN8A, MTL250, MTL384, MTL392, OM 1490, OM 3536, Tuy nhin, trong iu kin
canh tc hon ton da vo nc tri, tnh quang cm ca la rt cn thit khi s khi
u ca ma ma khng th d on c, trong khi thng chm dt kh n nh. Mt
ging la quang cm mnh s cho thu hoch khi ma ma kt thc, nc trn rung va
cn, cho d xung ging sm hay mun do ma ma n sm hay tr. Mt ging la
khng quang cm c thi gian sinh trng n nh, s b thit hi do thiu nc vo cui
v, nu c trng trv ma ma n mun. Ngoi ra, hu ht cc ging la c truyn
trong vng nhit i u c tnh quang cm nhiu hay t, c thi gian sinh trng di v
cao cy. Khi cc ging ny c trng sm v bn m cao, chng c xu hng ng
nn nng sut ht thp. Khi trng cc ging ny trhn, chng thng c thi gian sinh
trng ngn v thp cy hn, do tng s khng ng. Kinh nghim trng la cy 2
ln vng trng thp thuc BSCL l mt bin php canh tc ht sc c o nhm i
ph vi iu kin mi trng khc nghit v nhm hn ch s sinh trng dinh dng
qu mc ca cc ging la ma mun di ngy.
81

4.1.3. Lng ma
Trong iu kin thy li cha hon chnh, lng ma l mt trong nhng yu t
kh hu c tnh cht quyt nh n vic hnh thnh cc vng trng la v cc v la
trong nm.
Trong ma ma m, lng ma cn thit cho cy la trung bnh l 6 7 mm/ngy
v 8 9 mm/ngy trong ma kh nu khng c ngun nc khc b sung. Nu tnh lun
lng nc thm rt v bc hi th trung bnh 1 thng cy la cn mt lng ma khong
200 mm v sut v la 5 thng cn khong 1000 mm.
BSCL, lng ma hng nm trung bnh t 1200 2000 mm nhng phn phi
khng u, gy ngp ng gia ma ma nhiu ni, ma kh li khng nc ti.
Ngay trong ma ma, i khi li c mt khong thi gian nng hn ko di lm tr ngi
cho s sinh trng ca cy la. Hng nm, ma ma thng bt u t thng 5 11 dl,
cao nht vo thng 09 10 dl, lng ma c th ln n 300 400 mm/thng v thng
c trn 20 ngy ma (Hnh 4.4). Biu bin ng lng ma trung bnh hng nm th
hin r 2 nh (thng 5-6 v thng 9-10 dl). Gia 2 nh l khong thi gian t ma vo
cui thng 7, u thng 8. Thng t nng hn ny ko di khong 2 tun l, dn gian
gi l hn B Chng.

40000

350

35000

300

30000

250

25000

200

20000
150

15000

100

10000

Lng ma (mm)

Lu lng sng Cu
Long (m3/s)

Nu cng tc thy li c thc hin tt, rung la ch ng nc th ma khng

c li cho s gia tng nng sut la. Ngc li ma nhiu, gi to, tri m u, t nng, cy
la pht trin khng thun li. Ma cn to iu kin m thch hp cho su bnh pht
trin lm hi la.

50

5000
0

0
I

II

III

IV V

VI VII VIII IX

XI XII

Thng

Lu lng sng Cu Long (m3/s)

Lng ma (mm)

Hnh 4.4. Biu thy vn v lng ma BSCL (bnh qun 1990-2000)

Trong vic lp n pht trin sn xut mt khu vc no , vic tnh ton nhu
cu nc cho la tht cn thit bo m tnh kh thi ca n v cn i t l din
tch, c cu ma v trng la trong khu vc. Phng php n gin l da vo s cn
bng nc. S cn bng nc c th c kho st vng r i vi mt rung no ,
82

hoc c th xem xt trn mt phm vi rng ln hn nh chu trnh thy vn ca c khu

vc (Hnh 4.5). Trong trng hp n gin nht v khng n lng nc chy trn,
s cn bng nc c th tnh bng cng thc sau:
dW =

(P + I)

(E + LS)

(Ngun vo) (Ngun ra)

Trong , dW c th l s thay i m t rung cao (la ry), hoc s thay
i su mc nc trong rung la c bao. P l tng lng ma v I l tng lng
nc ti trong thi gian nht nh. Trn t dc, nc chy trn trn b mt t rung
cao xung rung thp hn hoc nc t chy vo rung do thy triu cng c xem l
ngun vo. Ngun ra l s mt nc thng qua bc thot hi (E), hin tng thm lu v
r r (LS). tnh dW, ta cn bit su ca tng r v m ca t. Ngoi ra tnh
nhu cu nc hoc thi gian ti, cn c s hiu bit v iu kin m ban u ca t
v kh nng gi nc ca t.

Nc ngm

Hnh 4.5. S cn bng nc vng r rung la nc

4.1.4. Gi
BSCL thuc vng nhit i gi ma, mt nm c 2 ma gi r rt trng vi 2 ma
ma v kh:
-

Ma kh (t thng 12-04 dl) hng gi thnh hnh l gi ng Bc lnh v kh.

Ma ma (t thng 05 11 dl) hng gi thnh hnh l gi Ty Nam nng v

m, nhiu ma, thng c ging gi ln gy thit hi nh ca, cy trng v nh
hng xu n s sinh trng ca cy la. Thng nhiu ging nht l thng 5 vi
trn 20 ngy ging. T thng 06 10 dl, mi thng c 15 20 ngy ging. Gi ln

83

c th lm cho cy la ng, thn l bm dp l ca ng ca cc mm bnh

xm nhp, nht l bnh chy ba l (Xanthomonas oryzae).
giai on lm ng v tr, gi mnh nh hng xu n qu trnh hnh thnh v pht
trin ca ng la, s tr bng, th phn, th tinh v s tch ly cht kh trong ht b tr ngi
lm tng t l ht lp, ht lng (go khng y v tru) lm gim nng sut la. Tuy nhin, gi
nh gip cho qu trnh trao i khng kh trong qun th rung la tt hn, to iu kin thun
li cho qu trnh quang hp v h hp ca rung la gp phn tng nng sut.
4.1.5. Thy vn
BSCL mi c khai ph cch y hn 300 nm v la l cy trng u tin
cung cp lng thc cho cng ng dn c tin phong ny. Ngi dn u tin nh c
ti nhng khu vc t cao ven sng v trng la quanh nh ni c t tt v t b ngp su
trong ma l. Khi dn s ngy cng tng, nhu cu lng thc ngy cng cao, din tch
trng la c ln dn vo ni ng v nhng vng kh khn hn nh ngp l, phn,
mn. Lch s pht trin din tch trng la c ghi nhn nh hnh 4.6A.
C th ni, BSCL, iu kin thy vn quyt nh ch nc, ma v, tp qun
canh tc v hnh thnh cc vng trng la khc nhau. Ni chung, hng nm nc bt u
ngp rung thng 0708 dl ty ni, v t cao nht vo thng 0910 dl trng vi nh cao
ca ma ma, sau gim dn n thng 12-1 dl th kh rung. mi ni ty theo a
hnh cao hay thp, gn hay xa sng m thi gian ngp nc v ngp su cn khc nhau.
T , hnh thnh cc vng trng la, kiu canh tc v ma v khc nhau (Hnh 4.6B).

84

1880

1900

1915

1920

1905

1910

1930

1985

Vnh
Thi
Lan
Bin
ng

Vng la ni
Vng la cy 2 ln
Vng la cy 1 ln
Rng ngp mn
t hoang
Vng ni

Hnh 4.6. Lch s pht trin din tch la (A), cc vng trng la v cc kiu canh
tc la c truyn ng Bng Sng Cu Long trong nhng nm 1970 (B)

85

Tu iu kin canh tc, c bit l ch ngp l, m nng dn BSCL chn

lc v s dng la ging la khc nhau. y l kt qu ca qu trnh chn lc t nhin v
nhn to c th trong canh tc la ca ngi dn BSCL. C hn 1600 ging la c
truyn khc nhau c canh tc BSCL c tm thy, su tp v bo tn ti Vin
Nghin Cu Pht Trin BSCL, trng i hc Cn Th (Nguyn Ngc , 1985). T
khi bt u du nhp cc ging la cao sn ngn ngy vo nhng nm 1967-1968 vi
ging u tin l IR8, cng vi s pht trin ca h thng thu li, din tch la ma c
truyn ngy cng b thu hp v h qu l s mt dn ngun gien ging la BSCL. n
nay, hn s ging ny khng cn hin din trong sn xut, do s thay th ca cc
ging la cao sn ngn ngy khng quang cm, vi tc nhanh t sau khi t nc
thng nht, c bit l trong nhng nm 1980-1990. Cc ging la ny thch nghi c bit
vi cc iu kin canh tc khc nhau, c bit l t ai (phn, mn,) v ch nc
(kh hn, ngp ng,). i km vi cc ging la thch nghi c bit ny l cc k thut
canh tc rt c o v y sng to c th khai thc hiu qu cc iu kin t nhin
rt khc nghit BSCL trong thi gian khai ph ng bng cho n khi cc cng trnh
thu li c thit lp rng ri. Cc cng c truyn thng khai ph t ai v dng
trong sn xut la (t chun b t, gieo cy, thu hoch, ra ht,) cng c nng dn
ch to cho ph hp vi cc iu kin canh tc a dng ny. Nhng nng c truyn thng
ny, cng vi cc kin thc bn a trong canh tc la c truyn cng dn b mai mt.
4.1.5.1. Vng la ni:
Nc l t thng ngun sng Mekong trn v ngp rung sm (thng 07 dl) v
tip tc dng ln n su trn 1 mt, c ni n 23 m vo thng 0910 dl. Ngi ta
dng nhng ging la c c tnh vn lng nhanh c th ngoi theo mc nc v s
thng vo u ma ma hng nm.
4.1.5.2. Vng la cy 2 ln:
y l vng trng, nc rt chm, khu vc trung tm ca ng bng, thng
trng nhng ging la ma mun, cao cy, di ngy, gieo m, cy gim (cy ln 1), mt
thi gian cho la n bi ri mi bng ln v cy ln 2 trn din rng (cy lin). Cc
ging la ny cho thu hoch vo thng 1-2 dl hng nm.
4.1.5.3. Vng la cy 1 ln:
y l vng cao v trung bnh, nc rt nhanh hoc b nhim phn, nhim mn
ven bin thng s dng nhng ging la ma l cho thu hoch trc khi rung kh vo
thng 12 v u thng 1 dl, ch lm 1 v la mt nm.
Cc thng tin chi tit hn v k thut canh tc tng nhm la c truyn ny c
trnh by phn 4.3.
4.2. IU KIN T AI
4.2.1. Yu cu t ai
Ni chung, t trng la cn giu dinh dng, nhiu hu c, ti xp, thong kh,
kh nng gi nc, gi phn tt, tng canh tc dy b r n su, bm cht vo t v
huy ng nhiu dinh dng nui cy. Loi t tht hay t tht pha st, t chua hoc trung
tnh (pH = 5,5-7,5) l thch hp i vi cy la. Tuy nhin, mun trng la t nng sut
cao, t rung cn bng phng v ch ng nc. Trong thc t, c nhng ging la c
86

th thch nghi c trong nhng iu kin t ai khc nghit (nh: phn, mn, kh hn,
ngp ng) rt tt.
4.2.2. t trng la ng Bng Sng Cu Long
ng bng sng Cu Long l vng t tr c thnh lp khng qu 10.000 nm,
do ph sa sng Mekong bi p v do tc ng ca hin tng bin li. C mi ln bin
li, mt dy t mi c thnh lp li cc dy ging ct song song vi b bin rt
in hnh cc tnh Bn Tre, Tr Vinh, Sc Trng, Bc Liu. Tc ng ca dng chy
ca sng Cu Long v triu bin (bin ng vi ch bn nht triu v Vnh Thi Lan
vi ch nht triu) hnh thnh nn vng ph sa ven sng v t phn t nh n
nng ti cc vng trng ng Thp Mi, T gic Long Xuyn, vng trng Ty Nam
sng Hu v bn o C Mau. Cho ti u thp nin 80, hn 75% din tch t canh tc
BSCL u nh vo nc tri, i b phn t ai cn phi c ci to mi c th
trng la tt c. Nhng nm gn y, nh vo vic m rng cc h thng thu li ln,
va v nh m din tch c th ti tiu tng ln n trn 75%.
Mt cch tng qut, c th chia t ng bng sng Cu Long lm 4 nhm chnh
(Hnh 4.7):

Vnh
Thi
Lan

Nhm t

Bin
ng

t mn

t phn

t ph sa

t i ni v than bn

Hnh 4.7. Cc nhm t chnh ng bng sng Cu Long (N.N. , 2006)

87

(1) Nhm t mn: chim khong 800.000 ha (21%) phn b dc theo b bin.
Thiu nc ngt v b nhim mn vo ma kh l hn ch chnh trong sn xut la
vng ny. Thm vo , rng c b chn vi lu nm di lp t ph sa to nn loi
t phn tim tng v hin ti kt hp vi mn cng lm cho vic sn xut la gp nhiu
kh khn hn. cc vng t ph sa b nhim mn, la b c ch yu do s tch ly cc
ion Cl v Na + . y ch trng la c trong ma ma khi cc mui c c ra
tri (nng mui di 2 %o) v phi thu hoch khi dt ma.
(2) Nhm t phn: chim khong 1,6 triu ha (41%), vi khong 500.000 ha
(13%) phn hin ti v 1,1 triu ha t phn tim tng (28%) c pH rt thp, tp trung
vng trng ng Thp Mi, T gic Long Xuyn v Ty Nam sng Hu. vng ny,
vic trng la gp tr ngi rt nghim trng. t phn cha nhiu loi mui ha tan m
thnh phn ch yu l sulfat st v sulfat nhm. Ba khu vc t phn ch yu BSCL
l vng ng Thp Mi, khu t gic Long Xuyn v vng trng Ty Sng Hu.
Mt cch tng qut, trn phn ln cc loi t phn trng la BSCL thng 3
tng chnh: tng A, tng B, tng C.
Tng A: cn gi l tng canh tc, c mu nu en, nhiu cht hu c v cc ng r
cha phn hy ht, t ti xp.
Tng B: gi l tng phn, t st nng, mu xm, rt d cht, c nhiu m r
(Fe 2 O 3 ) ln nhiu ng phn vng ti (jarosite) dc theo ng r hoc ng nt trong
t. Tng ny tch t nhiu cht c ra tri t tng A xung nn cn gi l tng tch t.
Tng C: gi l tng mu cht hay tng phn tim tng. t st rt mm nho, ym
kh, mu xm xanh, c ln xc b thc vt cha phn hy mu en.
Gia cc tng c s chuyn tip t t v mu sc v mn ca ht t, s hin
din ca cc m r hoc ng phn v cht hu c.
Cn c vo s sp xp cc tng t, chng ta c th bit c lch s to thnh t
ni . Ti cc vng t ngp nc, u tin xut pht t tng t ging nh loi C (gi
l tng mu cht) c cha rt nhiu cht hu c v cht khong sinh phn (pyrite) cha
nhiu FeS 2 . Khi mu cht (pyrite) cn ngp nc th n khng gy c cho cy trng
nn gi l t phn tim tng. Nhng khi t b kh lu ngy, pyrite b oxid ha tr thnh
cc hp cht cha nhiu FeSO 4 (jarosite), nht l vng dc theo ng r c, c mu vng
ti, pH gim thp khi ngp nc tr li rt c i vi cy trng (hnh thnh tng phn
B). Trn t ny cy b c ch yu do pH thp (t qu chua) v s hin din ca ion
H + , Fe 2+ , Al 3+ vi nng cao: t phn hin ti hay phn c nh.
Trong ma kh, mc nc trong t gim xung su ti u, lu ngy cc ng
phn s c to thnh ti , tng B cng dy v mt ng phn cng cao: t cng
phn hn. t phn cng gi, cc hp cht jarosite dn dn b oxid ha thnh Fe 2 O 3 , cc
ng phn chuyn sang mu nu r (m r), pH tng ln t t v tnh c hi gim dn c
th trng la c.
Cc vng t trng, trm thy hoc thy triu ln xung hng ngy, t khng c
thi gian kh, thng ch c tng A v C, khng c tng B: t phn tim tng.
(3) Nhm t ph sa: chim khong 1,1 triu ha (28%) nm ven sng Tin v sng
Hu. t ph sa l t c hnh thnh v pht trin trn trm tch bin v sng ngi.
88

Khu vc ven sng Tin v sng Hu, cc knh o nc ngt l vng t ph sa ngt
mu m khng b nh hng ca mn, phn. Ty theo a hnh, khong cch t sng rch v
mc pht trin ca t, ngi ta phn bit t ph sa ven sng cha phn ha, t ph sa
pht trin c tng loang l vng v t ph sa gly m ly xa sng. y l vng rt
thch hp cho sn xut nng nghip c bit l sn xut la, cy n tri v rau mu.
(4) Nhm t i ni v than bn chim khong 400.000 ha (10%). t i ni tp
trung vng By Ni (An Giang) v H Tin, rt thch hp cho vic trng hoa mu, nhng
mu m thp, thiu nc v d b xi mn. t than bn tp trung vng rng U
Minh thuc 2 tnh Kin Giang v C Mau. Ng c hu c l tr ngi chnh trong vic
canh tc vng ny.
t xm bc mu cng c tm thy dc theo bin gii Kampuchia thuc cc
tnh Long An, ng Thp v mt phn Kin Giang.
Ngoi ra, ng bng sng Cu Long chu nh hng ca l hng nm, c khong
hn 500.000 ha t b ngp su trong ma l (trn 50 cm).
Tm li, BSCL vi iu kin kh hu nhit i gi ma, nhit cao v t bin
ng trong nm, lng bc x di do l iu kin thun li cho vic trng la. Tuy
nhin, do lng ma nhiu nhng phn b khng u, t ai, a hnh phc tp gii
hn nng sut la rt nhiu v hnh thnh nhng vng trng la khc nhau vi ch
nc, c cu ging la, ma v, tp qun canh tc rt a dng.
4.3. THI V - VNG TRNG LA NG BNG SNG CU LONG
4.3.1. Canh tc la c truyn
Nh cp trn, ng Bng Sng Cu Long vi tnh cht t ai, a hnh
phc tp, ch nc khc nhau hnh thnh nhng vng trng la khc nhau.
4.3.1.1 Vng la ni
Theo s liu thng k 1984, BSCL, din tch la ni chim khong 500.000 ha
bao gm cc tnh An Giang, ng Thp, mt phn Long An, Kin Giang, Cn Th. Mc
nc l trn rung cao nht hng nm ln n 1,5-5 m vo thng 10-11 dl. Sau , nc
bt u rt xung dn t nhng vng gn cc sng chnh, n thng 1, 2 dl th rung kh,
cng l thi im thu hoch la. (Hnh 4.8).
y, nng dn thng ch lm 1 v la 1 nm bng cch s kh vi cc ging
la ni nh: Nng Ty, Nng Tri, Nng m. L Rng, Nng Chi, Trng Hng, Tu
Binh Cc ging la ny c c tnh chu hn tt vo u v v vn lng rt nhanh
(elongating), vt nc gii khi nc l v. Khi nc rt, thn la nm di trn mt nc
v lng trn cng vn dy tr bng (cn gi l kh nng qu = kneeing). Nng sut
la thng rt thp, trung bnh 1-2 tn/ha.
Sau khi thu hoch vo thng 1-2 dl, rung c kh vi lp r rt dy. Khi rm
r kh, ngi ta t ng, ci i phi t v dit c. n thng 4 dl, khi bt u c
ma ngi ta cy tr li cho t b ra v ti xp, cui thng 4, u thng 5 dl bt u s.
Ht ging kh c trn vi DDT bt 75% (t l 1 kg thuc cho 100 kg ht) hoc BHC
ht 10% (10 kg thuc cho 100 kg ht) nga d, kin, chim, chut. Ngi ta s vi vi
mt trung bnh 80-100 kg ht/ha. Sau , thng ba li 1 ln lp ht trnh chim n
v gip ht la gi m tt, sm ny mm sau nhng trn ma u ma. Nm no ma
89

trhoc sau khi la mi mc m nng hn ko di, thng ging b cht v phi gieo li
23 ln. Khi nc l bt u ln ng vo khong thng 7 dl, cy la ln (khong 2
thng tui) pht trin mnh, sc chu ng v vn theo mc nc, trung bnh 3-8
cm/ngy (nn gi l la ni). Nhng nm l ln, v sm, nc l ln qu nhanh, cy la
khng vn kp theo nc s b cht hng lot.
Vn chm sc, bn phn cho la ni thng gp kh khn v t c quan tm
v din tch ln v nc qu su. Khi nc rt, la bt u lm ng v tr , n khi rung
kh th cng va lc thu hoch la. Thi gian thu hoch bt u t khong cui thng 12
dl nhng vng gn sng v trdn n thng 1-2 dl nhng vng su trng xa sng.
mt s ni, sau khi thu hoch la ngi ta tranh th s mt v mu ngn ngy,
thng l m, u xanh tn dng m t, tng thu nhp gia nh v lp r dy gi
m c kh lu.
4.3.1.2 Vng la cy 2 ln
Trc nm 1975, din tch la cy 2 ln chim khong 250.000 ha, ri rc vng
trng, nc rt chm h lu sng Cu Long, bao gm Vnh Long, Sa c (ng
Thp), Cn Th, V Thanh, Long M, Phng Hip (Hu Giang), Mn (Cn Th). c
im vng ny l mc nc ln nhanh vo thng 8-9 dl v rt chm (n cui thng 1-2
dl). Mc nc trung bnh cao nht t 0,4-0,8 m; c ni n 1m. Cn phi c cy m to
khe, cao chu ng c iu kin nc ngp su khi cy (khong 30-50 cm). Cy
m thng thng khng p ng c yu cu ny, nn cn phi qua thm 1 giai on
gi l cy gim (cy 1 ln) ri mi cy lin (cy ln 2). Cy m t nng m th 2 ny
gi l la cy, cho nn phng php cy la 2 ln cn gi l cy la cy, trong khi
phng php cy la 1 ln th gi l cy m. Ging la ph bin y l cc ging la
ma mun, thu hoch thng 12 dl nh Tri Cho, Chu Hng V, Huyt Rng, ui
Tru, Nng Ch, Trng Tp, Trng La, Trng Ln, Tu Hng, Mng Chim
(1) Lm m
M c gieo sm vo thng 5 dl theo phng php ta l trn cc b lip hoc
nhng ming rung gn ngun nc ti. t c cuc xi v bm nh, xong ti nc
cho mm. Dng ci chy nn thnh nhng l trn ng knh 8 cm, su 1-2 cm. on ri
ht ging ngm cho ny mm gn vo y l, lp ht bng tro tru, xong ph ln
mt lp c kh v ti m hng ngy. Khi cy m mc cao khong 5 cm, ngi ta co
lp v kh ny i, 15 ngy sau khi gieo, ngi ta ti phn urea cho m mc tt v cao.
Khong 25-30 ngy sau khi gieo, m s c nh ln, b li tng b v chuyn n
rung cy ln 1 (cy gim). Cn khong 100 m2 m cy 1000 m2 t gim.
(2) Cy ln 1 (cy gim):
Lc ny (khong thng 6 dl), nh lng ma ng li trn rung nhng ch
trng, ngi ta ba trc, nh bn nhuyn v cy vi khong cch khc nhau, mt
trung bnh l 30x30 cm, mi bi 8-10 tp m. Thi gian cy la rung gim ny khong
2-2,5 thng. Ngi ta chm bn tch cc cy la n bi to, cy c nhiu din tch
sau ny. Thi gian u, rung la gim ch pht trin nh lng nc ma gi li. V
sau, mc nc sng dng cao b sung cho rung la. Trung bnh 1 cng (1000 m2) t
la gim cy cho 0,5-0,8 ha (5-8 cng) t cy lin ty la n bi to hay nh.

90

(3) Cy ln 2 (cy lin hay cy la cy):

t thng c cy i vo u ma kh, n thng 7 dl cy tr v trc khi cy,
ba trc, nh bn nhuyn, ch sch c ri mi cy, lc ny rung c nc kh
nhiu. Nu khng ci i c, rung c c nhiu, ngi ta dng phng pht sch c,
xong co ra khi rung. Trc khi cy, ngi ta dng phng lm c li ln na (ch),
ri c th ba hay trc li hay khng ty t cng hay mm. Lc by gi, mc nc trn
rung cao. Khong cui thng 8 u thng 9 dl, cy la gim c bng ln tng bi
bng dao chuyn dng (dao bng la) c cn cong lm im ta cho bn tay, n thng
ng, mi nhn ca dao xuyn vo t, li rt bn ct t r, nh bi la ln v cht
ht r. Sau , cc cy la gim ny c chuyn n rung cy ln 2 (cy lin). Vic
chuyn la gim n rung cy lin cng c thc hin vi nhiu kiu khc nhau, tu
theo mc nc rung cao hay thp v chuyn i xa hay gn. Nu rung cn, ngi ta b
m la gim ny li thnh tng b ri dng n sc c 2 u nhn m xuyn qua
b m v gnh i. Nu rung c nc, ngi ta cht m la gim y ln xung vi ngn
m quay xung, phn gc hng ln trn, ri ko xung n ni cy lin. y, bng
cch p xung tr li, la s c cht thnh tng m trn mt nc, ngn hng ln v
gc ngm trong nc. Nu rung nc su, ngi ta cht thnh tng m ln, ri ko
trn mt nc n ni cy, dng cc tre hoc cy sy cm gi c nh v tr ca m
m khng b gi thi tri i ni khc. Nng dn thng nh th 2-3 ngy cho cy
la ra r mi ri mi cy. Cy la lc ny c chi to khe v cao khong 70-80 cm rt
thch hp cy trong iu kin mc nc cao v tip tc ln xung theo thy triu.
V phi chun b t trong khi mc nc cao nn t cng, li phi cy cy m to,
nn khi cy ngi ta dng cy nc bng g xoi l, cng lc , bi la c x ra
lm nhiu cm t 3-4 chi v nht ngay vo l va xoi. Khong cch cy trung bnh 3035 cm mi bi.
Vn c di trong rung la thng khng ng k, tuy nhin cn trng v bnh
thng gy thit hi nng do thi gian sinh trng ca cy la qu di. c bit l bnh
tim t sn (do tuyn trng thn Ditylenchus angustus gy ra) thng xy ra v gy thit
hi nng cho nhng vng la b ngp su v nc rt chm ny.
n thng ging, thng 2 dl nm sau la s chn, v phn ln cc ging la cy 2
ln u l nhng ging la ma mun, quang cm mnh. Nng sut la cy 2 ln trung
bnh 3-4 tn/ha. Nhng nm 1980, mt s din tch gn sng rch tng v H Thu
vi ging cao sn ngn ngy, sau khi cha din tch cy gim. La H Thu s s
cy vo thng 4-5 dl v thu hoch trong thng 8-9 dl, ri lp v ngay vi la ma bng
kiu cy 2 ln ny.
n u thp nin 90, nhng ni c h thng thy nng kh tt, ngi ta c
khuynh hng b v la ma thay bng v la ng Xun vi cc ging cao sn ngn
ngy, c cu H Thu ng Xun vng ny cho thy c nhiu trin vng. Hin nay,
din tch la cy 2 ln BSCL hu nh khng cn ng k na, tp trung ch yu
vng ven rng U Minh.
4.3.1.3 Vng la cy 1 ln
Vng la cy 1 ln chy di dc theo b bin t Long An, G Cng, Bn Tre, Tr
Vinh, Sc Trng, Bc Liu, C Mau, chim din tch khong 1,5 triu ha, canh tc ch
yu da vo lng nc tri ma.

91

Hng nm vng ny, thi v tng i tr hn 1 thng so vi cc vng khc

cho nc ma ra bt mui mn v phn. Do iu kin t ai khng ng u nn
hnh thnh 2 kiu ma v khc nhau. Mi kiu nh th s dng nhng ging la sm
mun cng khc nhau.
(1) Vng la 1 v:
Ni chung nng dn phi ch n khi ma nhiu ra phn, ra mn mi chun
b gieo s c (thng 6, thng 7 dl). Cui ma ma, t ai li b nhim phn, nhim
mn nn ngi ta dng ch yu l cc ging la ma l khi dt ma th la cng
tr v sp chn. y l vng t cao, rt t b nh hng thy triu, canh tc ch yu da
vo nc ma, mc nc cao nht khng su qu 0,5 m.
Cc ging la ph bin nh: Ba Thit (Sc Trng). Tri My (Minh Hi), Tm
Vut La (Bc Liu), Chm Rut La (C Mau), C ung (G Cng), Mt Bi (Bc
Liu, Sc Trng), Np B Bng (Long An), c Phng Ln (G Cng, M Tho), Nng
Keo (Bn Tre, Tr Vinh), Nng Thm (Long An)
Ngi ta thng lm m t ti nhng ch trng trong rung hoc gn ngun
nc vo thng 6 dl.
Thng thng khi m c 1,5-2 thng th bt u nh cy. Khong cch cy tu
ging la v loi t, trung bnh khong 30x30 cm. Thi gian cy tp trung thng l
trong thng 8-9 dl. Vn c di, su bnh thng gy thit hi ln cho din la ny
nhng nng dn t lu . Thi gian thu hoch t thng 12 n u thng 1 dl nm sau.
Nng sut la thng thp v khng n nh, trung bnh 2-2,5 tn/ha.
Hin nay, cc ging la a phng dn dn c thay th bi cc ging la
trung ma ci thin, cho nng sut cao, khng quang cm, khng c mt s loi cn
trng v bnh chnh, m ra mt trin vng ln cho vng ny. Cc ging la ph bin
nh NN4B (IR42), NN5B (IR48), MTL 83 cho nng sut bnh qun 4-5 tn/ha trn
din rng.
(2) Vng hai v la a phng:
Vng ny nm gn khu vc la cy 2 ln, lng nc ma cung cp cho c hai
v la mt nm vi ging la ma sm khng hoc t quang cm, sau lm mt v na
vi ging la ma mun. Vic trng la 2 v ny c thc hin ngay trc khi du
nhp ging la cao sn ngn ngy u tin (IR8) vo nm 1967.
Cc ging la ma sm ph bin nh Tiu Trng, Tiu (Bn Tre), Sa Bao, Sa
Mo (Long An), Sc So (Cn Th) vng ny ngi ta bt u lm m v u vi cc
ging sm vo khong gia thng 4 n thng 5 dl. Nng dn thng cy tui m 30
ngy vi khong cch 25x25 cm, cha li va din tch t lm m cho v sau.
Ngay khi thu hoch xong v trc vo thng 9 dl, ngi ta cy tip v la th hai
khi tui m c 2 thng. V hai thng c thu hoch trong khong thng 12 n
thng 1-2 dl. Nng sut v 1 thng khng qu 2 tn/ha, v nng sut la v 2 t 3-3,5
tn/ha. Nh vy, vic tng v c nng dn BSCL p dng ngay t u thp nin
60, trc khi c la thn nng (la cao sn ngn ngy).
n thp nin 80, trn phn ln din tch la v 1 cc ging la a phng
c thay bng nhng ging la cao sn ngn ngy khng ry nu nh NN3A, NN7A,
IR21717, IR13240 a nng sut bnh qun ln n 4 tn/ha/v, c kh nng m
rng thm canh tt.
92

Thng

H sinh thi nng

nghip

10

11

12

Vng la ni
Thu
ho
ch

La ni, ging ma
trung (l), s kh

La ni
Cy

M 1

Vng la nc su
La cy 2 ln, la
ma cao cy, chn
mun

Ba

S
kh

M 2
La cy 2 ln

Thu
ho
ach

Gieo

Cy
1

Cy
2

Vng la nc tri
Vng 1 v: La cy 1
ln, la ma sm v
ma trung (l)

Gieo

Vng 2 v: La ma
sm v 1, La ma
trung (l) v 2, cy 1
ln

Cy

Cy

La cy 1 ln

La cy 1 ln

Gieo

La cy 1 ln

Gieo
Cy

Hnh 4.8. C cu thi v cc vng trng la c truyn ca BSCL

trong nhng nm 1970s (Nguyn Ngc , 1994)
Ngoi ra, do b l thuc nc tri, thi v rt khc khe mt s ni nh Thnh Tr
(Sc Trng) k thut s gi c nng dn p dng kh ph bin. Trong k thut
ny, ht ging la ngn ngy c trn chung vi ht ging la ma di ngy vi mt t
l nht nh, s mt ln vo u ma ma. Khong 3-3,5 thng sau ngi ta thu
hoch la ngn ngy, la ma s tip tc pht trin v c chm sc nh v la ma
bnh thng thu hoch vo cui thng 12 hoc thng ging dl. K thut ny p dng
trong khong thp nin 1980-1990.

93

4.3.2. Cc h thng canh tc trn t la hin nay

Cc ging la mi, cao sn ngn ngy, khng quang cm, c th trng c bt c
v no trong nm v trng c nhiu v mt nm nu bo m c vn ti tiu
tt. T khi cc ging la mi c ph bin rng ri, thu li c ci thin (Hnh 4.9)
v vn p dng khoa hc k thut mi trn ng rung c y mnh, BSCL
hnh thnh nhiu vng la cao sn 2-3 v la/nm cho thu hoch bnh qun 8-12 tn
la/ha/nm, mt s trng hp c th ln n 15-16 tn/ha/nm.
Vng la cao sn pht trin rt nhanh trong nhng nm gn y. La cy 2 ln
hu nh ch cn l t vng ven rng U Minh, trong c cu lp v (cy sau khi thu
hoch la H Thu), thay bng c cu 2 v la cao sn ngn ngy H Thu v ng Xun.
Din tch la ni gim rt nhanh t khong 400.000 ha nm 1984 xung ch cn
khong 30.000 ha An Giang nm 1992, bnh qun mi nm gim hn 40.000 ha do s
pht trin nhanh ca h thng thy li v thy nng ni ng ng Thp Mi v vng
T Gic Long Xuyn. Hin nay, din tch la ni ch cn khong vi trm ha Tnh Bin
v Tri Tn.

Vnh
Thi
Lan

Bin ng

Hnh 4.9. H thng thu li ng bng sng Cu Long

(Nguyn Ngc , 2006)

T nhng nm 2000 tr i, di p lc ca th trng v su bnh (c bit l dch

ry nu, bnh vng ln v ln xon l, vic chuyn dch c cu cy trng, a dng ho
sn xut trn t la c nng dn ng bng sng Cu Long tch cc y mnh.
Hn 10% din tch gieo trng la hng nm c chuyn sang trng mu hoc nui
94

trng thu sn c gi tr cao hn. H thng canh tc, c cu ma v v ging la rt a

dng ty iu kin sinh thi tng ni trn nn t la (Hnh 4.10).
4.3.2.1 Vng ph sa nc ngt
C cu 3 v la ch yu tp trung nhng vng ng rung c kin thit tt,
c ngun nc ngt b sung v phng tin cung cp nc nh M Tho, Chu Thnh,
Cai Ly, Ci B (Tin Giang), mt phn Long An dc theo quc l 1. Ngi ta lm 3 v
la 1 nm: H Thu Thu ng ng Xun bng phng php s thng vi cc ging
la ngn ngy cht lng cao nh: OM1490, OM3536, Jasmine85, VND20, VD95-20,
MTL250, MTL384, MTL466,
- V H Thu t thng 4 n thng 8 dl.
-

V Thu ng t thng 8-9 n thng 11-12 dl.

V ng Xun t thng 11-12 n thng 3-4 dl.

95

H sinh thi nng

nghip

Thng
1

Vng ph sa nc ngt
3 v la

HYV

3
X

HT

XH

8
T

9
10
Ma v

HYV

HYV

Mu

HYV

2 La + 1 Mu

HYV

2 La

HYV

HYV

2 La + C/Tm

HYV

HYV

11

12

C/Tm nc ngt
M

Vng nc tri nhim mn

La ma 1 v

La ma a
phng
M

La trung ma cao
sn

Trung ma cao sn

2 La
* HYV La ma

HYV
M
La ma
HYV

* HYV Trung
ma cao sn

M Trung ma cao sn

1La + C/Tm

M Trung ma cao sn
Tm nc l

Tm/c nc ngt

Ghi ch: X:La ng Xun, XH: La Xun H, HT: La H Thu, T: La Thu ng, HYV (High
Yielding Variety): La cao sn ngn ngy

Hnh 4.10. C cu thi v cc vng trng la ca BSCL hin nay

(Nguyn Ngc , 2006)

96

Nng dn vng ny c tp qun trng la ci thin rt lu i so vi cc vng

khc nn trnh thm canh cao. Nng sut bnh qun c th trn 12-15 tn/ha/nm. Gn
y, phng php s chay c pht trin mnh m trong v H Thu vng ny
tranh th thi v, trnh cng thng v lao ng v sc ko, tit kim nc ng thi
hn ch la b nh hng c do phn trong ma kh. Sau khi thu hoch lu ng Xun,
t c gi kh trong khong 1 tun l, ngi ta ri rm u khp rung phi ri t,
trc khi s ht ging kh hoc ngm 24 gi. Ngay sau khi s nc c a vo
ngp rung, gi nc li trong rung 24 gi cho t m ri rt ra. Sau t c gi
m lin tc ht la ny mm. Mi cng on chm sc t v sau ging nh trng
hp s t.
C cu 2 la + 1 mu t ra thch hp v kh ph bin trong nhng nm 20002006. C cu ny ph bin l La H Thu la ng Xun mu Xun H. Cc loi cy
mu c trng rt a dng tu tnh thch nghi t ai v nhu cu th trng tng a
phng, ph bin l bp lai, da hu, b , khoai lang, v cc loi rau mu ngn ngy,
h, kiu,...
vng u ngun sng Cu Long dc theo hai b sng Tin v sng Hu, ngi
dn thng trng hai v la H Thu v ng Xun. Do nc l v rt sm cho nn v H
Thu vng ny thng c bt u vo khong thng 3, 4 dl vi cc ging la ngn ngy
(90 100 ngy) bng phng php s thng v thu hoch vo thng 7, thng 8 dl trc
khi l ngp rung, trnht l n gia thng 9 dl. Trong thi gian gia ma l, t rung
c b trng, n khong thng 11 dl, nc rt ti u ngi ta tin hnh s la ng
Xun ti . Ging la dng trong v ny cng l nhng ging la rt ngn ngy
chi ph bm nc v bo m nng sut la. Thi im xung ging tr nht l cui
thng 12 dl. V ng Xun thu hoch r vo cui thng 2, u thng 3 dl. Sau khi thu
hoch xong v ng Xun li phi chun b xung ging H Thu ngay. Gn y,
nhiu din tch vng ny, ni mc nc l hng nm kh cao rt thch hp nui
trng cc loi thu sn, nh tm cng xanh, c ng trn rung bng phng php ng
qung, hoc trng cc loi cy thu sinh nh rau nht. Nhiu ni b hn v la H Thu
nui tm sau v la ng Xun em li li nhun cao gp nhiu ln so vi la. Nhiu
vng vi h thng bao khp kn nh khu vc Bc Vm Nao, thuc huyn Ch Mi v
Ph Tn (An Giang), ngi dn c th trng 3 v la hoc 2 la + mu ch ng ti
tiu, trong khu bao vi tn sut 3 nm x l mt ln.
4.3.2.2 Vng nc tri nhim mn
Vng ny vn cn chim din tch kh ln cc tnh ven bin tri di t Long An,
Tin Giang, Bn tre, Tr Vinh, Sc Trng, Bc Liu, C Mau v Kin Giang. Ti vng
ny, c cu ph bin trn t la vn l la 2 v (H Thu bng ging la cao sn ngn
ngy s kh v cy lp v bng cc ging la a phng, hoc bng cc ging la cao
sn ngn ngy hoc trung ma). Vng kh khn hn vn tip tc duy tr c cu 1 v la
ma hoc la trung ma cao sn nh IR42, MTL83, ST5. c bit vng ven bin c cu
la + Tm s hoc tm chuyn canh ang pht trin mnh m do li nhun hp dn ca
vic nui tm. C cu la + tm t ra bn vng v t ri ro hn nui tm chuyn canh.
C cu 2 mu + 1 la thch hp c vng ngt ch ng nc, ln vng ven bin
nc l nhng c ngun nc ngt b sung vo ma kh, bng h thng kinh o dn
nc ngt t vng thng ngun hoc khai thc nc mt bng cc ging cn (1,5-2m,
vng t ging ct) hoc nc ngm bng ging khoan.

97

Vnh
Thi Lan
Bin
ng

Ch thch:
Vng ph sa nc ngt
Vng ng Thp Mi
T gic Long Xuyn
Vng ni
Vng trng Ty sng Hu
Vng ven bin
Bn o C Mau

Hnh 4.11. Cc vng sinh thi nng nghip chnh ng bng sng Cu Long
(Nguyn Ngc , 2006)

Do , c th ni c cu ma v, k thut canh tc la BSCL bin chuyn

rt nhanh chng cng vi s pht trin ca h thng thy li, s cc tin b khoa hc k
thut trong ngnh trng la, c bit l ging lu mi ngn ngy nng sut cao khng su
bnh. ng thi cc chnh sch nng nghip v xut nhp khu hp l kch thch
ngi nng dn mnh dn u t pht trin sn xut v s dng t ai tt hn. Mng
li khuyn nng c ch trng v y mnh trong nhng nm gn y gp phn h
tr c lc nng dn khai thc t ai ca h c hiu qu v a dng hn, kt hp canh
tc la vi cc cy trng khc hoc kt hp trng la vi vic nui tm, c, hay chn
nui Hin nay, cc m hnh canh tc trn t la BSCL ht sc phong ph, a
dng, em li li tc cao hn v iu ha hn trong nm cho ngi nng dn. a dng
ho sn xut, tng nng sut v cht lng nng sn hng ho, c bit l la go l xu
hng tt yu ca sn xut nng nghip, ni chung v sn xut la ni ring BSCL
trong bi cnh hi nhp kinh t quc t nh hin nay.

98

4.4. CU HI N TP
1. Tho lun nh hng ca nhit trn sinh trng v pht trin ca cy la. ng
dng thc tin.
2. Tho lun nh hng ca cng ng sng trn sinh trng v pht trin ca cy
la. ng dng thc tin.
3. Tho lun nh hng ca di chiu sng trong ngy (quang k) trn sinh
trng v pht trin ca cy la. ng dng thc tin.
4. Tho lun k thut canh tc la ni ng bng sng Cu Long.
5. Tho lun k thut canh tc la cy 2 ln ng bng sng Cu Long.
6. Tho lun cc h thng canh tc trn t la ch yu ng bng sng Cu Long
hin nay.
4.5. BI C THM
De Datta, S.K., 1981. Principles and practices of rice production. John Wiley & Son Inc.,
Canada.

99

CHNG 5: C IM SINH L CY LA

5.1. Tnh min trng ca ht la

5.2. Quang hp v h hp
5.3. Dinh dng khong ca cy la
*********
5.1. TNH MIN TRNG CA HT LA
5.1.1 Nguyn nhn
Min trng hay hu min l trng thi sng chm (ng ngh) ca ht la sau khi
thu hoch mt thi gian mt thi gian nht nh. Min trng c nh ngha, mt cch
tng qut, l hin tng m ht cn sng vn khng ny mm hoc ny mm rt chm,
ngay c khi c t trong iu kin nhit , m v oxygen thch hp cho s ny
mm. Hin tng ny thng gp khi dng ht ging la mi gt gieo s. Nhng
ging la mi ngn ngy thng c thi gian min trng khong 2-3 tun l, cc ging
la a phng cng di ngy, thi gian min trng cng lu, c khi n trn 60 ngy
nh cc ging Tri my, Trng ln Trong thi gian min trng, ht rt kh ny
mm hoc ny mm rt t.
Nguyn nhn min trng ch yu l do v ht cn mi, dy, t thm nc v
thm kh. Min trng cng c th xy ra do phi pht trin cha y hoc c cht
ngn cn s ny mm trong ht. Takahashi (1995) phn bit 6 nguyn nhn gy ra
min trng: (1) mm cha chn hnh thi, (2) mm non v sinh l, (3) v ht cng c
hc, (4) s khng thm ca v ht, (5) s hin din ca cc cht ngn cn v (6) s c
ch ca h thng chuyn ho c bit. Acid abscisic (ABA), annonalide l nhng cht
ngn cn s ny mm quan trng c tm thy trong ht la.
5.1.2 nh hng n sn xut
Min trng c li l hn ch c s ht la ny mm ngoi ng khi cha gt,
trong iu kin m t, lm gim nng sut v phm cht go. c tnh ny rt cn thit
i vi cc ging la trng vng nhit i, ni c nhit , m cao, rung m t
ngay vo thi im thu hoch la.
Tuy nhin, trong iu kin tng v hin nay, c rt nhiu trng hp phi s
dng ngay ht ging mi gt gieo s cho kp thi v. Trong trng hp ny, min
trng tr thnh yu t gii hn gy kh khn trong sn xut.

100

5.1.3 Phng php ph min trng

Phng php ph min trng ty thuc vo loi min trng. ph min trng,
ngi ta c th dng nhit cao v kh; bc v tru; dng ho cht hoc p dng cht
iu ho sinh trng. Trong thc t, ngi ta c th ph min trng ht la bng cch
phi nng lin tc 4-7 ngy (ban m c th phi sng) v x l bng nc m 3 si +
2 lnh (khong 52-53 0 C) trong 15 pht, xong ngm bnh thng.
C th dng axit nitric (HNO 3 ) hay axit sulfuric (H 2 SO 4 ) pha vi nc sch
nng 0,1-0,2 N; ngm ht ging trong 24 gi vi dng c bng snh s hay thy
tinh, nha, xong x sch bng nc thng v . Bin php ny hu hiu nht, sau khi
x l, t l ny mm c th t trn 90 %.
Nu c iu kin, c th sy la nhit 52-53 0 C trong 96 gi cng ph c
min trng. Trong nghin cu vi lng ht ging t, ngi ta c th bc v tru cn
thn khng lm h mm ht cng gip ht ny mm tt. Tuy nhin, bng cch ny ht
thng d b nm mc tn cng, tn nhiu cng sc.
i vi nhng trng hp min trng do nguyn nhn sinh ho, th min trng
c th l do s thay i hormone, thnh lp v tch lu cc cht ngn cn ny mm.
Trong s nhng nguyn nhn gy ra min trng th nhng thay i hormone trong giai
on chn ng vai tr rt quan trng.
GA c vai tr quan trng trong giai on phn chia t bo, trng n ca phi v
phi nh sau khi ht th tinh. Khi GA t do c chuyn thnh dng hp cht, th tin
trnh tch lu tinh bt xy ra. Khi ht chn, hm lng GA t do thp hn. IAA c tm
thy dng t do trong tin trnh to ht, nhng gim nhanh chng khi ht chn.
Cytokinin cng c tng hp trong c th sng tng ng vi s pht trin ca ht
non. Acid abscisic (ABA) c hot ho trong tin trnh to ht v cng gim nhanh
chng khi ht chn. C kh nng ABA d phn vo vic kim sot tnh min trng v s
ny mm ca ht. Trong trng hp ny, c th dng GA3 trung ho hoc khng ch
ABA, gip ht ny mm tt hn. C mi quan h rt gn gia s tch lu cc cht d tr
v s thay i hormone trong qu trnh to ht sau khi th tinh. Tuy nhin, mi quan h
gia s thay i hormone v min trng th khng r rng. Vai tr ca ethylene (C2H4),
gn y c xem xem nh l mt trong s nhng hormone, cng khng r. Roberts
(1964) khm ph cc cht c ch h hp nh cyanide (CN), azid (N3), hydroxylamine
(NH2OH) v malonate, c th ph c min trng (Takahashi, 1995).
5.2. QUANG HP V H HP
5.2.1 Quang hp
Quang hp l hot ng tng hp cht hu c ca cy xanh t CO2 v nc H2O
nh nng lng nh sng mt tri. Hin tng ny xy ra cc phn c mu xanh ca
cy, ch yu l l nn gi l dip lc. y l qu trnh hp th v chuyn quang nng
thnh ha nng tch tr trong cc phn t Carbohydrate.
nh sng
n CO2 + n H2O

(CH2O)n + n O2
dip lc
101

Quang hp l mt qu trnh phc tp, c th c khi qut ha thnh 3 bc sau y:

- Qu trnh khuych tn ca kh CO2 n lc lp: CO2 trong khng kh (bnh
thng khong 300 ppm hay 0,03%) c khuych tn qua kh khng n lc lp.
- Phn ng sng: Cy xanh s dng nng lng nh sng mt tri phn gii
nc, to ra phn t oxy (O2), cht kh Nicotinamid adenin dinucleotid phosphate
(NADPH) v Adenosin triphosphate (ATP).
nh sng
2H2O + 2ADP + 4NADP + 2Pi

O2 + 2ATP + 4NADPH
dip lc

- Phn ng ti: NADPH v ATP b kh ngoi nh sng, c dng kh CO2

thnh Carbohydrate v cc hp cht khc. Phn ng ny khng i hi nh sng nn gi
l phn ng ti.

CO2 + 2ATP + 4NADPH

(CH2O) + H2O + 4NADP + 2ADP + 2Pi

Trong qu trnh quang hp, t CO2 chuyn thnh Carbohydrate phi thng qua 1
trong 2 qu trnh sinh ha: con ng C3 hoc con ng C4. La thuc nhm cy
quang hp theo con ng C3, trong , CO2 trc ht c kt hp vi Ribulose-1,5diphosphate to thnh 2 phn t c cha 3 carbon l 3 phosphoglyceric acid (PGA)
bt u chu trnh Calvin. Cy C-4 c nhiu li im hn C-3 (Bng 5.1). N c tc
sinh trng mnh hn, thch nghi tt vi iu kin nhit cao, nh sng mnh v
lng nc cung cp hn ch, hiu qu s dng nc cao hn.
Bng 5.1. So snh cc c tnh quang hp ca cy C-3 v cy C-4
c tnh

Cy C-3

Cy C-4

1. Nhit ti ho cho quang

hp

15-30 0C

30-45 0C

2. Cng nh sng ti ho
cho quang hp

30-50 % nh sng y

100% nh sng y

3. Vn tc quang hp trn n v
din tch l

iu kin ti ho cy C-4 cao hn cy C-3

khong 2 ln

4. Vn tc sinh trng ti a
trong iu kin ti ho

34-39 g/m2/ngy

50-54 g/m2/ngy

5. Hiu qu s dng nc

1,49 mg cht kh/g

nc

3,14 mg cht kh/g

nc

Ngun: Yoshida, 1981.

102

Khi cy quang hp, th ng thi cng din ra qu trnh h hp bnh thng, gi

l h hp bng ti. Cho nn quang hp m ta o c l s chnh lch gia quang hp
tht s v h hp (bng ti). Khc vi cy C-4, ngoi h hp bng ti, cc cy C-3 cn
c qu trnh h hp nh sng. y l 2 qu trnh hon ton khc nhau. H hp bng ti
hay h hp bnh thng din ra ty th, cn h hp nh sng li c tin hnh trong
peroxisomes. H hp nh sng khng sn sinh ra mt phn t ATP no c v cng
khng cung cp bt c mt khung carbon no cho vic sinh tng hp trong cy.
V l cy C-3, nn la c im b CO2 cao, c hin tng h hp nh sng v
thiu lc lp trong b mch (Bng 5.2).
Cng quang hp thun ca l la thay i theo v tr, hng l, tnh trng
dinh dng, tnh trng nc v giai on sinh trng ca cy. Trong iu kin nh sng
bo ha, cng quang hp thun vo khong 40-50 mg CO2 /dm 2 /gi (hnh 5.1).
Khng c quang hp cy khng th sng v pht trin c. Quang hp mnh
hay yu ty thuc vo cng d nh sng, nng CO2 trong khng kh, iu kin sinh
l, dinh dng ca cy v cu to ca qun th rung la.
Bng 5.2. Mt s c trng v quang hp ca cy la
Cc c trng

Gi tr o c

nh sang

iu kin o c

im b: 400-1000 lux

25 0C, 300 ppm CO2

Bo ha: 45-60 klux

30 0C, 300 ppm CO2

20-33 0C

Nhit ti ho

(i vi ging japonica)

300 ppm CO2, 50 klux

25-35 0C

CO2

(i vi ging indica)

300 ppm CO2, 50 klux

im b: 55 ppm

25 0C, > 10 klux

Nhit ti ho

Cng
thun

quang

hp

40-50 mg CO2/dm2/gi

Con ng sinh ha

C-3

Lc lp b mch

Khng

H hp nh sng

Ngun: Yoshida, 1981

103

Bo ha nh sng

nh sng l ng lc ca quang hp. Cy la bt u quang hp c ngay khi

cng nh sng 400 lux. Quang hp gia tng theo cng nh sng v t n
mc cao nht khi cng nh sng ln n khong 40000-60000 lux.

Hnh 5.1. Tng quan gia cng nh sng v quang hp ca l la

(Yoshida, 1981)

Cho nn, tri trong sng, nhiu nng cy la quang hp tt th nng sut mi cao.
Khi bc x mt tri khng thay i, th cng quang hp s gia tng khi di ngy
gia tng. nh hng ca di ngy n quang hp c xem l mt im u vit ca
kh hu n i so vi nhit i.
Nng CO2 trong khng kh cng cao, iu kin sinh l dinh dng ca cy
y , quang hp cng mnh. Ngoi ra, cu to qun th rung la tt: mt thch
hp, nhiu l, l xanh ti, b l thng ng l iu kin tt rung la s dng c
nhiu nh sng cn thit cho quang hp hu hiu hn. Ch s din tch l LAI (t s
gia din tch l/din tch t) tt nht l 5-6 vng nhit i, i vi cc ging la cao
sn thp cy. LAI cn thit quang hp c ti a ty thuc vo hng l trong tn
l v n quyt nh mi trng nh sng trong qun th rung la. S hp th nh sng
ca qun th rung la c th c m t bng nh lut Beer nh sau:
I
Ln ----- = - k F
I0
Trong :
I 0 = Cng nh sng ti trn tn l.
I = Cng nh sng trong qun th khi LAI = F.
F = Tng din tch l tch ly trn n v din tch t. F = 0 trn tn l v
t gia tr ti a mt t (gi tr ny c xem l LAI).
k = H s hp thu ca l (khng n v).

104

k ty vo gc l hoc hng l, i vi la k bin thin t 0,4 l thng n

0,8 l r (Hayashi v Ito, 1962). Th d nu cng nh sng ti b gim 95 % sau
khi i qua tn l th F c tnh nh sau:
(a) i vi l thng (k = 0,4):
ln (0,05/1,00)

2,303 * log (0,05/1,00)

2,303 * log (1,00/0,05)

F = ------------------- = ------------------------------- = ---------------------------------- = 7,5

(- 0,4)

(- 0,4)

(- 0,4)

(b) i vi l r (k = 0,8):
Ln (0,05/1,00)
F = ---------------------- = 3,7
(- 0,8)
Nh vy, l thng ng nhn cng nh sng trn n v din tch l thp hn
trng hp l r, nn cho php nh sng mt tri xuyn su xung bn di tn l. Do
, tn l ng c LAI ti ho ln hn v kh nng quang hp cao hn (Hnh 5.2).
Cc nghin cu cho thy rng khong 80-90 % cht kh trong cy c to
thnh l do quang hp, phn cn li l cht khong ly t t.

Hnh 5.2. nh hng ca gc l trn s quang hp v LAI thch hp

ca qun th rung la (Van Keulen 1976)
5.2.2. H hp
H hp l qu trnh oxid ha, phn gii cc cht hu c cung cp nng lng
cho hot ng sng ca cy trng: duy tr v pht trin. y l qu trnh s dng cc
cht hu c to ra t quang hp cung cp nng lng v cc hp cht hu c cn
thit cho qu trnh sinh tng hp cc cht trong cy. Trong qu trnh ny, oxy c s
dng v CO2 c thi ra. S sinh trng c lin quan cht ch vi h hp, khng th c
105

sinh trng m khng c h hp. Sinh trng l qu trnh sn sinh ra cc cht hu c

mi hoc tng hp ra cc thnh phn mi trong cy t cc hp cht trung gian v nng
lng trong cc hp cht cao nng (ATP) sinh ra t h hp. Th d, nhng cu t chnh
ca t bo cy nh protein, lipid v cellulose c tng hp nh c qu trnh h hp.

(CH2O) + O2

CO2 + H2O + Q

Nhit cng cao, quang hp v h hp cng mnh, vt cht sn sinh ra cng

nhiu, cy sinh trng cng khe. Cho ti lc sn phm sinh ra t quang hp khng
b p vt cht tiu hao do h hp th cy ngng pht trin v xu i. Nhit ban ngy
m, ban m lnh hn ch tiu hao do h hp, cy la pht trin thun li, tch ly nhiu
cht kh nui cy v tch ly nhiu vt cht trong ht, nng sut gia tng. Gi nh to
iu kin khuych tn cc cht kh trong rung la, gip qu trnh quang hp v h hp
thun li hn. Ngc li, nng nhiu, nhit cao, rung thiu nc, cy la h hp
mnh, thot hi nc nhiu lm cy b ho, sinh trng nh tr.
Ngi ta cn phn bit 2 loi h hp: h hp sinh trng v h hp duy tr. Mac
Cri (1970) ngh cng thc h hp sau:

k * Pg

H hp sinh trng

c*W
H hp duy tr

Trong :
R = H hp tng cng ca ton cy trong 24 gi.
k = H s h hp sinh trng (# 0,25).
Pg = Quang hp tng s trong 12 gi (ban ngy).
c = H s h hp duy tr (# 0,015).
W = Trng lng kh ton cy.
Khi cy la cn non, sinh trng mnh th h hp sinh trng l ch yu, trong
khi cy la cng gi th h hp duy tr li cng chim u th. Theo Yoshida (1981), h
hp sinh trng ca cc loi cy khc nhau khng khc nhau nhiu v cng khng b
nh hng bi nhit . Ngc li, h hp duy tr thay i theo loi cy v l qu trnh
ph thuc nhit (Q10 khong 2,2). tng hp ra 1 g cht kh ca l cn c 1,36 g
cht hu c; to c 1 g ht la cn 1,20 g cht hu c, trong khi phi tn ti 2,16 g
nguyn liu to ra 1 g ht u phng. Hiu bit v h hp duy tr cn tng i t i
so vi h hp sinh trng. Tuy nhin, ngi ta bit rng qu trnh h hp duy tr din ra
mnh m nht trong cy l qu trnh chuyn ha protein v qu trnh vn chuyn cht
106

tan duy tr nng ion trong t bo cy. Khong 10% protein trong l c ti tng
hp li hng ngy. Qu trnh ny tiu th khong 28-53 mg glucose/g protein/ngy,
tng ng vi 7-13 mg glucose/g cht kh ca l/ngy. Chi ph duy tr nng cc
ion trong l tnh ra khong 6-10 mg glucose/g cht kh/ngy v chi ph duy tr mng
t bo cng vo khong 1,7 mg glucose/g cht kh/ngy. Nh vy, tng chi ph h hp
duy tr c tnh khong 15-25 mg glucose/g cht kh/ngy i vi cy la.
Ngoi h hp bng ti tng cng nh ni trn, cy la cn c th xy ra hin
tng h hp nh sng khi cng nh sng v nhit mi trng qu cao. Nh
trnh by trn, h hp nh sng khng sn sinh ra mt phn t ATP no c v cng
khng cung cp bt c mt khung carbon no cho vic sinh tng hp trong cy. Do ,
h hp nh sng l mt im hn ch v l qu trnh c nh hng xu n sinh trng
ca nhng cy quang hp theo con ng C-3 nh la.
5.3. DINH DNG KHONG CA CY LA
5.3.1. t ngp nc v dinh dng khong ca cy la
t ngp nc to ra mt mi trng ng u cho cy la sinh trng v ht
cht dinh dng. Trong dt ngp nc, r la thng thiu oxy v qu trnh kh oxy
xy ra hng lot, vic trao i kh gia t v khng kh b cn tr. Ch vi gi sau khi
ngp nc, cc vi sinh vt s dng ht oxy c trong nc hoc rt ra t t. Nng
kh CO2, kh methane, H2 v acid hu c tng ln r rt do hot ng ca cc vi sinh vt
ym kh. c th sng c trong iu kin ngp nc, cy la c nhng kh nng
thch nghi rt c bit.
u tin l kh nng vn chuyn oxy. trnh b nghn r, cy la pht trin
cc t bo v cc c quan c bit vn chuyn khng kh t l, thn xung r. Vic
vn chuyn oxy t thn l xung r c xem l s khuych tn vt l ca khng kh
thng qua h thng khng bo v cc phn rng trong cy. Khi oxy c vn chuyn t
thn l xung r v t gc r n chp r th s lng oxy c th b tiu hao hoc c
cc t bo trn dc ng i tiu th. Do , r cng di th p sut oxy chp r cng
thp. Khi r di khong 40 cm, p sut ca oxy chp r ch cn khong 1/10 p sut
oxy ti gc. R s ra chm hoc dng li khi p sut oxy gim xung r rt, v oxy rt
cn cho s phn chia t bo chp r. Do , trong mi trng ym kh, s pht trin
ca r hon ton ty thuc vo lng oxy t trn l chuyn xung, chiu di r cng
gim i rt nhiu so vi mi trng thong kh.
Th hai l nng lc oxid ha ca h r nh s khuych tn oxy t r ra ngoi
mi trng xung quanh. Kh nng oxid ha t cc i phn r cch chp r khong 4
5 cm v r non oxid ha mnh hn r gi. Nng lc oxid ha ca r l do s lng
peroxid hidro quyt nh hn l do hot tnh ca enzyme peroxidase. Cc r gi c th
c hot tnh ca peroxid hidro cao hn r non, nhng nng lc oxid ha thp hn do s
lng peroxid hidro c sinh ra t hn. Nng lc oxid ha ca r la c tng quan
thun vi cng h hp, do h hp c xem nh l tiu chun chn on
nhanh chng hot tnh trao i oxy v kh nng oxid ha ca r la.
Th ba l kh nng pht trin cc r bt nh trn mt t v trong nc, nht l
i vi cc ging la ni, hp thu oxygen trn mt t v trong nc h tr cho b r
bn di, trong trng hp nc ngp su, s vn chuyn oxy t l xung r b hn ch.
Th t l r la c kh nng h hp ym kh cao hn so vi cc loi cy trng khc.
107

Cui cng l r la c kh nng loi tr cc tc hi ca mt s c cht mt

mc nht nh. R la c th oxid ha st trong vng r, do gi c nng st
trong mi trng thp di mc c th gy c cho cy. R la cng c th loi tr st
b ngoi mt r, do ngn cn c s xm nhp ca st vo trong r. R la li c
kh nng gi st li trong t bo r, do lm gim qu trnh vn chuyn st t r v
thn l. l c ch ch yu gip cy la thch nghi c trong iu kin ngp nc v
t v.
V phng din dinh dng, trong t ngp nc ammonium l dng m chnh
cung cp cho cy la; ng thi cy la chu ng v s dng c c hiu qu nng
m ammonium tng i cao. t ngp nc lm tng hm lng ln d tiu so vi
t khng ngp nc. Tuy nhin, i vi t c kh nng gi cht ln trong keo t
hoc c nh ln dng bt ng nh trn t phn vi lng Fe 2+ , Al 3+ di ng cao v
khi nhit khng kh thp, th vic bn phn ln cho cy la rt cn thit. Ngoi ra,
khi ngp nc nng kali, st, mangan v silic cng tng ln. Tuy nhin, hm lng
Fe 2+ cao thng gy c hi cho cy la.
Ngp nc cn gip cho qu trnh iu ha nhit rung la tt hn v hn ch
c di gip cy la pht trin c thun li.
pht trin, cy la cn nhiu loi dng cht. C nhng cht cy cn vi s
lng ln, gi l cht a lng nh N, P, K, Si, Ca, Mg C cht cy cn nhng vi s
lng rt t, gi l cht vi lng nh Fe, Zn, Cu, lu hunh Thiu hoc tha mt
trong cc cht ny, cy la s pht trin khng bnh thng. Ba loi dng cht chnh
cy la cn dng nhiu l N, P, K. Cy la cn nhiu Si hn c N, P, K nhng do t
cung cp nn cy thng khng c triu chng thiu.
5.3.2. Cht m: (N)
m l cht to hnh cy la, l thnh phn ch yu ca protein v cht dip lc
lm cho l xanh tt, gia tng chiu cao cy, s chi v kch thc l thn. Do , da
vo mu sc v kch thc l, chiu cao v kh nng n bi ca cy la, ngi ta c th
chn on tnh trng dinh dng m trong cy. Vic nghin cu ng dng bng so
mu l bn phn m hp l cho la c thc hin Nht Bn, Vin Nghin cu
La quc t (IRRI) v Vit Nam (Nguyn Ngc , 1998). Hin nay k thut ny
c ph bin rt rng ri trong sn xut la BSCL gp phn lm gim chi ph sn
xut, gim thit hi ca su bnh, tng nng sut v hn ch lu tn nitrat trong t v
trong nc do bn d tha m.
Khc vi cc cy trng cn, cy la c th hp thu v s dng c hai dng m
nitrat ( NO3- ) v ammonium (NH4+), m ch yu l m ammonium, nht l trong giai
on sinh trng ban u. Cy la thch ht v ht m ammonium nhanh hn nitrat.
D vy, cy la vn khng tch ly ammonium trong t bo l, lng ammonium d
tha s c kt hp thnh asparagin trong l. Ngc li, khi nng nitrat trong mi
trng cao th cy la s tch ly nhiu nitrat trong t bo. iu lm cho ngi ta cho
rng, cy la c kh nng kh nitrat thp hn i vi ammonium. V mt nng lng
sinh hc, vic ng ha m nitrat cn nhiu nng lng hn m ammonium, v m
nitrat trc ht phi c kh thnh ammonium.
thc vt thng ng, k c cy la, hu ht qu trnh kh m nitrat din ra
trong l xanh v ngoi sng, Lc cng nh sng cao, tc khuch tn CO2 khng
108

p ng cho nhu cu quang hp nn nng lng cn kh nitrat c th c cung

cp t nng lng tha do phn ng quang ha to ra trong qu trnh quang hp. Trong
trng hp ny, qu trnh kh nitrat c tin hnh mt cch lng ph, khng s dng
cc cht ng ha c tng hp nn cc cht cn thit. Tuy nhin, lc cng
nh sng thp, qu trnh kh CO2 (phn ng ti) v qu trnh kh nitrat c th cnh
tranh ln nhau. Trong tt c trng hp, tc ng ha m nitrat thnh m hu c
trong cy la u b nh tr. pH gn trung bnh (6-7), ammonium ngn cn vic hp
th mangan, nhng khi pH tng ln th s hp th mangan tng ln tr li.
cc giai an sinh trng ban u, m c tch ly ch yu trong thn l,
khi la tr, khong 48-71 % m c a ln bng.
Nu thiu m, cy la ln hn li, n bi t, chi nh, l ngn hp, tr nn vng
v ri sm, cy la ci cc khng pht trin (Hnh 5.3).
Trong cy, m d dng c chuyn v t l gi sang l non, t m trng
thnh sang m mi thnh lp nn triu chng thiu m thng xy ra trc tin l
gi ri lan dn n cc l non.
Giai on sinh sn, nu thiu m cy la s cho bng ngn, t ht, ht nh v c
nhiu ht thoi ha.
Tha m, cy la pht trin thn l qu mc, m non, mm, d ng, tn l rm
rp, lng m t do trong cy cao, nn cy d nhim bnh lm gim nng sut rt ln.
Tsunoda (1964) cho rng cc ging la phn ng vi phn N thp c b l di,
rng, mng, cong r, mu l xanh nht, thn cao v yu r (nhm la ma a phng).
Cc ging la phn ng vi phn N cao c l ngn, hp, y, thng ng, mu l xanh
m, thn thp v cng r (nhm la cao sn ngn ngy).

Hnh 5.3. S pht trin ca cy la cc mc m bn khc nhau

Trong t ngp nc, lng phn m bn vo thng b mt i do nhiu nguyn
nhn khc nhau (Hnh 5.4).
Do , t l m cy ht c trn lng m bn vo, ch vo khong 30-50 %
vng nhit i (De Datta, 1979), ty thuc vo tnh cht t, phng php, s lng,
thi gian bn m v nhng k thut khc. T l ny c xu hng cao khi mc m bn
thp, v bn m su vo trong t hoc bn thc cc thi k sinh trng v sau. Hiu
109

sut s dng m l s kg ht la kh thu c khi cy hp thu 1 kg m. vng nhit

i, hiu sut s dng m vo khong 50, tc nu mi kg m cy la ht c s sn
sinh ra khong 50 kg ht. Nh vy, nu so vi lng m bn vo rung, vi t l s
dng m thng thng l 30-50%, th hiu sut s dng m s l 15-25, tc (0,3
0,5) * 50 = 15-25 kg la/kg m bn. Nh vy, ta c th tnh ton nng sut la v nhu
cu phn m theo cng thc:

Y = Y0 + dYf
Hoc Y = Y0 + (Hiu sut s dng phn m) * Nf
Trong :
Y = Nng sut ht cui cng
Y0 = Nng sut thu c khi khng bn m
dYf = Phn nng sut tng ln khi bn m
Nf = Lng m bn
Cng thc ny th hin mi tng quan gia nng sut mun t c vi iu
kin t ai mi trng v lng phn m bn vo.
Cc loi phn m ph bin hin l Urea 46%N, SA (Sulfat ammonium) 21% N.
24 NO3 + 24 H2O + 48 H+

24 NH4+ + 48 O2
24 NO3 + 5 C6H12O6 24 H+
H+

12 N2 + 30 CO2 + 42 H2O

24 NH4+ + 5 C6H12O6 + 48 O2

12 N2 + 30 CO2 + 66 H2O + 24

110

Chiu di chuyn
S bin i
Nc mt
Tng oxid ho
Tng kh

Bc hi

Bc hi

Vi su

Cy
la

Bn trn mt

Phn N

Vng r

Khuch tn

Khuch tn

Vng r b oxid ho

Trc
di
+

NH4

NH4
+

NH4

trong dung dch

trao i

Kh m
Amn ho
Vi sinh vt

C nh

c nh trong keo st

Hnh 5.4. Con ng bin i cht m trong rung la ngp nc (De Datta, 1980)
5.3.3. Cht ln (P)
Ln l cht sinh nng (to nng lng), l thnh phn ca ATP, NADP. Thc
y vic s dng v tng hp cht m trong cy, kch thch r pht trin, gip cy la
mau li sc sau khi cy, n bi mnh, kt nhiu ht chc, tng phm cht go, gip la
chn sm v tp trung hn. Ln cn l thnh phn cu to acid nhn (acid nucleic),
thng tp trung nhiu trong ht. Cy la cn ln nht l trong giai on u, nn cn
bn lt trc khi s cy. Khi la tr, khong 37 83 % cht ln c chuyn ln bng.
Khi ngp nc, hm lng ln ha tan gia tng t 0,05 ppm n khong 0,6 ppm,
sau gim xung v n nh khong 40-50 ngy sau khi ngp (Hnh 5.5).
Hm lng ln di ng trong dung dch t ph thuc vo pH. pH = 4-8 cc
ion ch yu c mt trong dung dch t l H2PO4 v HPO4 2 . i vi nng sut ht,
hiu qu ca phn ln cc giai on u cao hn cc giai on cui, do ln cn thit
cho s n bi. Nhu cu tng s v ln ca cy la t hn m.

111

Hnh 5.5. Nhng thay i v nng ca ln ha tan trong dung dch t

theo thi gian ngp nc (Ponnaperuma, 1965)
Hin tng thiu ln thng xy ra t phn, do b c nh bi cc ion st,
nhm hin din nhiu trong iu kin pH thp. Thiu ln, cy la cng ln hn li, n
bi km, l rt thng hp v mu sm hn bnh thng hoc ng sang mu tm bm, la
s tr v chn mun, ht khng no y v phm cht gim. Trong t nhin ln khng
dng t do m thng l dng hp cht oxit ha (P2O5). Cc loi phn ln ph bin
hin nay l super ln (ln lm thao) 18-20% P2O5 d tiu, Ln Vn in
(Thermophosphat) 8-10% P2O5 d tiu, apatit ( nghin) 2-4% P2O5 d tiu. Ln cng
hin din trong nhiu loi phn hn hp nh DAP (18 N - 46 P2O5 0 K2O), NPK,.
5.3.4. Cht Kali (K)
Kali cn gi l b tt (potassium), kali gip cho qu trnh vn chuyn v tng
hp cc cht trong cy, duy tr sc trng ca t bo, gip cy cng cp, tng kh nng
chng su bnh, chng ng , chu hn v lnh khe hn, tng s ht chc trn bng v
lm ht no y hn. Kali tp trung ch yu trong rm r, ch khong 6-20% trn bng.
Thiu kali (K) cy la c chiu cao v s chi gn nh bnh thng, l vn xanh
nhng mm r, yu t, d ng, d nhim bnh nht l bnh m nu
(Helminthosporium oryzae), l gi ri sm. Thiu kali thng xy ra t thot thy
km, t trm thy, do cc c cht sinh ra trong iu kin ym kh ngn cn s hp
th K ca cy la. t phn cy la thiu K thng kt hp vi triu chng ng c
do st. Thiu kali cn c th xy ra trn t ct, ngho dinh dng. Khi t ngp nc,
nng kali trong dung dch t tng ln. Nhu cu kali i vi giai on sinh trng
u ca cy la cao, sau gim xung v li tng ln giai on cui. Ngoi ra, do
cy la cn kali vi s lng ln nn vic bn b sung phn kali cho la ko di n lc
tr bng l rt cn thit.
Phn kali ph bin hin nay l Clorua Kali (KCl) 60% K2O v Sulphat Kali
(K2SO4) 48% K2O. Ngoi ra cn c cc loi phn hn hp 2 hay 3 cht nh:
DAP: 18-46-0 (18% N, 46 % P2O5, 0%)
NPK: 16 16 8 (16% N, 16% P2O5, 8% K2O)
NPK: 20 20 15 (20% N, 20% P2O5, 15% K2O)
112

V Natri c th thay th kali trong mt s qu trnh rt quan trng nh l duy tr

sc trng ca t bo, nn khi Kali b hn ch, bn mui NaCl cng c th ci thin c
sinh trng ca cy la. nh hng i khng ca Natri n s hp th Kali ca cy la
thay i theo mc Kali bn vo. Ch khi no bn Kali vi s lng cao, th Natri mi lm
gim s hp thu Kali. iu ny hm rng, khi lng phn Kali hn ch, th hm lng
Natri tng i cao, c th c li cho dinh dng cy la trong iu kin t mn t ven
bin. Tuy nhin, bn NaCl thay th Kali lu di c th ph hy c cu t, lm t
chai cng hn v c th gy c do mn.

Hnh 5.6. Hin tng thiu m (B), ln (C) v kali (D)

5.3.5. Cht Silic (Si)
Cy la hp th Silic nhiu hn bt k cht dinh dng no (t 890 n -1018
kg/ha/v). Trong cy, Silic tp trung ch yu trong thn l (khong 60%), 1 phn trn
bng (khong 20%).

Hnh 5.7. S t bo biu b ca l la vi vai tr ca Silic (Yoshida, 1965)

113

Silic c vai tr quan trng trong cy. Ngi ta nhn thy rng Silic lm tng b
dy ca vch t bo, gip cy la cng cp, chng ng khng s xm nhp ca mm
bnh v s tn cng ca cn trng, lm l thng ng, nhiu bng, gim thot hi nc
gip cy chu hn khe hn (Hnh 5.7). Silic cng lm tng lc oxid ho ca r v ngn
cn s hp thu Fe v Mn qu mc.
Ngoi ra, cy la cn cn nhiu cht khc nhng vi lng t v t c th tha
mn hu ht cc nhu cu ny. Thiu Mg cng lm cho l l b mm yu do lm gim sc
trng ca t bo.

Hnh 5.8. Hin tng thiu silic (A) v thiu Mg (B) trn cy la
5.3.6 Cht st (Fe)
St l thnh phn cu to ca Chlorophyll (dip lc t) v mt s phn ha t
trong cy. Cy la cng cn st nhng vi lng nh. Nng Fe2+ trong l di 70 ppm
cy la c triu chng thiu st. S thiu st xy ra t trung tnh, t kim v thng
xy ra t cao, t ry hn l t ngp nc. Tuy nhin, nng Fe2+ cao (trn 300
ppm) cy la li b c. Triu chng c do st in hnh cy la l s xut hin nhng
m r mu nu t chp l v lan dn dc theo gn l xung cc phn bn di lm c
l b , bi la ci cc, r khng pht trin, mu vng nu.

Hnh 5.9. Hin tng thiu st (A) v tha st (B)

114

Ng c st thng xy ra t c pH thp (t phn) nn thng c gi l la

b phn. Nng Fe2+ cao t phn lm b r b h hi, gim s hp th dng cht,
nht l ln v Kali nn nh hng n cy la cng trm trng hn. Cc ging la khc
nhau th tnh chu phn cng khc nhau. Cn o mng thot phn, bn vi ci to
t, ngn s bc phn trong ma kh, ng thi bn thm phn ln v phn Kali cho la.
R la c 3 kh nng phn ng li vi tc dng c hi ca st (Tadano v Yoshida,
1978):
- Kh nng oxid ha st trong vng r lm gim nng Fe2+ .
- Kh nng loi tr st b mt la nhm ngn cn s xm nhp ca st vo trong
r. Thiu K, Ca, Mg, P, Mn cy la b gim nng lc loi tr ny.
- Kh nng gi st li trong t bo r, do lm gim s vn chuyn Fe2+ t r n
thn l. Ging T Tp c kh nng ht Fe2+ trong t cao hn cc ging khc nn
chu phn tt hn.
Khi t ngp nc, hm lng Fe2+ trong dung dch t gia tng nhanh chng v
thng t n mc ti a khong 40-50 ngy sau khi ngp sau gim dn do s ra
tri v c nh ca cc hp cht khc trong t (
Hnh 5.10). t c pH cng thp th nng Fe2+ ho tan trong dung dch t khi ngp
nc cng cao. Do , cho t ngp nc sm trc khi gieo trng la cng l bin php
m phn. t phn, gim hin tng oxid pyrite thnh jarosite v hn ch hin
tng mao dn st t cc tng t di ln tng canh tc, ngi ta thng khng
rung kh hon ton, m gi mc thu cp ngang pha trn tng sinh phn, kt hp vi
cy i ct t cc ng mao dn v o mng phn gip thot c cht ra khi
rung sm vo u ma ma.

S ngy ngp nc

Hnh 5.10. Bin thin nng Fe++ trong dung dch t sau khi ngp nc
(Yoshida, 1965)

115

5.4. CU HI N TP
1. Tnh min trng ca ht la: nguyn nhn, nh hng v cch x l.
2. Cc c trng v quang hp ca cy la v ng dng trong canh tc.
3. t ngp nc v dinh dng khong ca cy la.
4. Vai tr ca cht m trong sinh trng v pht trin ca cy la.
5. Vai tr ca cht ln trong sinh trng v pht trin ca cy la.
6. Vai tr ca cht kali trong sinh trng v pht trin ca cy la.
5.5. BI C THM
De Datta, S.K., 1981. Principles and practices of rice production. John Wiley & Son Inc.,
Canada.
Yoshida, S., 1981. Fundamentals of rice crop science. IRRI, Philippines (Ting Anh).
Hay C s khoa hc cy la, bn dch ting Vit ca Trn Minh Thnh xut bn nm
1992.

116

CHNG 6: CI TIN GING LA

6.1 S lc v lch s cng tc ci tin ging la
6.2 Cc quan im v kiu hnh cy la nng sut cao
6.3 Cc phng php ci tin ging la
6.4 Tin trnh cng tc ci tin ging la
6.5 Cng tc ging la BSCL
6.6 S lc cch t tn ging la

*********
Cuc cch mng trong vng nhit i c nh du bng s ra i ca nhng
ging la nng sut cao, khng ng v p ng mnh vi phn bn. Nhng ging la
ny gip cho nng dn vng nhit i c th theo kp nng dn vng n i v mt
nng sut v sn lng. Nhng ging la mi u tin cho thy r vic chn to ging
l mt phng tin hu hiu ci thin nng sut v sn lng la. Tuy nhin, trong
giai on ny mc tiu chn to ging ch yu nhm vo vic ci tin cc c trng hnh
thi ca cy gia tng nng sut. Dn dn, do nhng hn ch ca cc ging la mi
trong kh nng thch nghi vi cc iu kin mi trng khc nghit. Khi m rng din
tch canh tc la v s pht trin ngy cng cao ca cc loi su bnh, ngi ta thm vo
cc mc tiu chn to ging tnh thch nghi v chng chu vi cc iu kin mi trng
khng thun li v khng su bnh. Khi t c nng sut tng i cao (nh kiu
cy thch hp) v n nh (nh tnh chng chu tt), mc tiu chn to ging li c
nng ln trn c s sinh l, sinh ha ca cy la nng cao tim nng nng sut hn
na, ng thi phm cht ht go cng c ch ci thin.
6.1 S LC V LCH S CNG TC CI TIN GING LA
Cng tc ci tin ging la trn th gii bt u pht trin t u th k 20, ch
yu da trn vic chn lc dng thun v chn lc hn hp t cc ging la ang c
trng ph bin. Cc nh chn ging Indonesia, in hnh l H. Siregar, c l l nhng
ngi u tin thc hin vic chn lc t cc vt liu lai ph bin trm th nghim
trung tm ti Bogor v dn dn thay th c cu ging la thch nghi vi cc iu kin t
ai, kh hu trn ton o Java. n , cng cuc ci tin ging la bt u t nm
1911 ng Bengal (by gi l Bangladesh). Nm 1929, Hi ng Hong gia v nghin
cu nng nghip (Imperial Council of Agricultural Research = ICAR) h tr cho cc
chng trnh chn to ging la nhiu tiu bang. Kt qu l xc nh c nhiu ging
la lm nn tng cho vic lai to, ci thin v pht trin cc ging la nng sut cao v n
nh, khng c mt s su bnh chnh. in hnh nh cc ging la c s dng ht
sc rng ri trong chng trnh lai to ging la quc gia v quc t nh:
Nng sut cao: Latisail, T141, T90, GEB24.
117

 Khng su bnh; TKM6, Ptb18, Ptb21, Ptb33, Eswarkora.

Chu hn: N22, Dular
Chu mn v kim: Pokkli, SR26B.
Chu ngp: FR13A, FR 43B.
Ti Min in, mt quc gia xut khu go c truyn thng, 19 ging la c
phng thch vo u th k 20 vng Nam v 8 ging la vng Bc Min in, vi
mc tiu nng sut v cht lng cao.
Sri Lanka, t hp lai u tin gia Murungakayan 302 v Mas (t Indonesia),
cho ra 2 ging H-4 (go ) v H-5 (go trng). Trong , H-5 l ging la chu phn bn
cao v khng bnh chy l.
Indonesia, cc ging la c truyn c chn lc v trng ph bin thuc 2
nhm: tjereh (Indica) v bulu (javanica).
Ti Thi Lan, vic chn lc cc ging la c go thon di, ngon cm c thc
hin t lu. n cui thp nin 1950, mt chng trnh chn to ging la qui m
c tin hnh chn ging la khng bnh chy l (Blast), ng thi 5 ging la ni
cn cho min Bc, ng Bc v ng bng min Trung c phng thch.
Nht, nng sut la tng t 3,7 t/ha nm 1916, ln n 5 t/ha nm 1966, nh
cc n lc rt ln trong cng tc lai to c bt u trn qui m ln t nm 1927, cho 12
vng sinh thi khc nhau theo hng nng sut cao, chu phn, khng su bnh, chu
lnh, go ngon v thch nghi rng vi iu kin mi trng.
Thng 5/1926, ti Hi ngh v sn xut la Nht Bn c t chc i Bc (i
Loan), cc ging la Nht c du nhp vo i Loan di thi Nht chim ng c
t tn la Bng Lai (ponlai), ngha l la tri t ch Horai trong ting Nht. Sau ,
ngi ta thc hin cc chng trnh lai to vi mc tiu nng sut v sn lng cao, thi
gian sinh trng ngn. Taichung 65 l ging la Bng Lai ci tin, c trin vng nht
trong thi k trc th chin ln th hai. Cc ging la ny to iu kin thm canh
tng v i Loan. Cc ging la Bng lai khng cm ng nhit v quang k, cng
cho nng sut k lc Ty Phi v n .
Ti M, cc nghin cu hp tc v chn to ging la bt u nm 1909 vi
vic hnh thnh Trm nghin cu Crowley Tiu bang Louisiana. N lc tp trung chn
lc cc ging la c thi gian sinh trng v dng ht khc nhau t trn, trung bnh n
di. Mt s ging c pht trin t chng trnh nh: Colusa (nm 1917, ht trn).
Zenith (1936, ht trung bnh) v Rexoro (1928, ht di).
Ring khi nim v mt chng trnh lai to gia indica x japonica c bt
u M t cui thp nin 1930 v u nhng nm 1940, coi nh l mt bc chuyn
tip gia chng trnh ci tin ging c in v hin i. Nm 1951, theo ngh ca
Tiu ban nghin cu la quc t v s h tr ca T chc Lng Nng th gii (FAO),
mt chng trnh lai ging indica x japonica a quc gia u tin c thc hin. Tt c
cc quc gia Chu tham gia chng trnh bng cch gi ht ging indica tt nht n
Vin nghin cu la Trung tm (CRRI) Cuttack, n , lai vi cc ging japonica.
Ht ging F2 ca cc t hp lai c gi tr li cho cc quc gia thnh vin chn lc.
Tuy nhin, cuc cch mng tht s trong ngnh trng la trn khp Chu , l s
pht trin cc ging la thp cy nng sut cao. Mt trong nhng s kin c ngha trong
118

lch s ci tin ging la l s ra i ca ging la indica thp cy Taichung Native 1

(TN1). Ging ny c chn t t hp lai gia Dee-geo-woo-gen v Tsai-yuan-chung
c thc hin nm 1949 ti Trm Ci tin Nng Nghip huyn Taichung, i Loan.
Nm 1962, trong s 38 t hp lai c thc hin IRRI (Vin Nghin Cu La Quc t
Philippines), t hp thnh cng nht l t hp th 8 vi dng lai trin vng c xc
nh ngay th h F4: IR8-288-3. y l con lai ca ging Peta, mt ging la indica
khng bnh, cao cy, n bi mnh ca Indonesia, v ging Dee-geo-woo-gen, mt ging
la thp cy trng i Loan trc nm 1951. N cho nng sut vt c ging TN1, mt
s ging la indica c xem l c nng sut cao nht thi by gi. Da trn kh nng
cho nng sut cao v tnh thch nghi rng ri ca n cc vng c ti, IRRI t tn
cho IR8-288-3 l IR8 vo thng 11 nm 1966 v phng thch cho sn xut i tr. C th
ni IR8 t m nt cuc cch mng xanh trn th gii trn lnh vc sn xut lng
thc bn cnh cc thnh cng ca vic chn to v pht trin thnh cng cc ging la m
nng sut cao.
6.2 CC QUAN IM V KIU HNH CY LA NNG SUT CAO
Trong thc t trng la, nng sut cao t c l do tng mc u t c bit l
phn bn, trong m gi vai tr quan trng nht, cho nn c s ca vic chn to
ging la nng sut cao l kh nng p ng vi phn m.
6.2.1 Khi nim v kiu cy chu phn
Tsunoda (1964) nhn xt rng:
Cc ging la p ng vi m thp, c l di, rng, mng, cong r, mu xanh
nht v cao cy, yu r, kh c th tng nng sut do chng rt d b ng .
Cc ging la p ng vi m cao c l ngn, hp, dy, thng ng, mu xanh m
v thp cy, cng r, c th trng dy v u t phn bn cao tng nng sut.
Theo ng, phin l dy mu xanh m t b mt mt nh sng do phn x, l ngn
hp v thng ng to kh nng tn dng nh sng mt tri tt nht, c mc che rp
thp nht, to iu kin tng nng sut bng vic trng dy hp l. Gim kch thc l v
gc l thng gip cho s phn b nh sng trn ton b tn l c ng u v gim
cng h hp, do , c th tng nng sut ngay c trong iu kin nh sng thp.
Thp cy, cng r gip cy la chng ng, bo m nng sut.
6.2.2 Khi nim v kiu cy la l tng
Matsushima (1970) ngh kiu hnh cy la l tng bao gm 6 c im sau y:
1) Cy phi c s ht cn thit trn n v din tch t c nng sut mong mun.
2) Thn thp, bng ngn v c nhiu bng trnh ng v gia tng phn trm ht chc.
3) Ba l trn cng phi ngn dy v thng ng gia tng hiu qu s dng nh
sng v do gia tng phn trm ht chc.
4) Duy tr kh nng hp th N, ngay c thi k sau khi tr gia tng phn trm ht chc.

119

5) C cng nhiu l xanh trn thn cng tt (s l xanh c th xem nh l ch s biu

hin sc khe ca cy).
6) Tr lc thi tit thun li c th nhn c nhiu nng sau khi tr, nhm gia
tng sn phm quang hp thi k chn.
Trong , c tnh hnh thi quan trng nht ca cy la l tng l 3 l trn cng
ngn, dy v thng ng kt hp vi thn thp.
6.2.3 Quan im ca cc nh nng hc
Yoshida (1981) v De Datta (1981) cho rng cc c im hnh thi cn c ch
c bit l:
Thn thp, cng chc.
L thng ng: cch sp xp l l tng l trong tn l cc l trn ng v r dn
khi xung n cc l di.
N bi nhanh.
Thi gian sinh trng trung bnh khong 120 ngy, v ng cho rng 120 ngy
dng nh ti ho la cho nng sut ti a cc mc m bn cao trong vng
nhit i. ng cn cho bit ch s din tch l (LAI) cn thit quang hp ti a
l 5-6 trong giai on sinh sn (t lm ng tr i) v gi c nhiu l xanh hot
ng n khi hon tt thi k to ht tch cc gp phn quan trng trong vic tch
ly dinh dng trong ht lm tng nng sut la.

120

6.2.4 Kiu cy la cho cc vng sinh thi

IRRI (Vin nghin cu la quc t, 1992) ngh cc kiu hnh la cho cng tc to
ging trong tng lai ty theo tng iu kin mi trng c th nh m t hnh 6.1.

Hnh 6.1. Cc kiu cy la cho tng lai

(1) Cy la s thng vng ch ng nc
(2) Cy la cho vng nc tri
(3) Cy la cho vng b nh hng thy triu.
(4) Cy la a nin cho vng t dc
(5) Cy la cho vng la nc su
Bng 6.1. c tnh cc kiu cy la cho tng lai (IRRI, 1992)
c tnh

S bng/bi

3-4

6-10

5-7

5-7

5-7

Chi v hiu

Khng

Khng

Khng

Khng

Khng

S ht/bng

200-250

150-200

150-200

100-150

150-200

cng thn

Rt cng

Rt cng

Rt cng

Cng

L trn
thng l
di cong

Thng di,
xanh m

Chiu cao (cm)

Thi gian sinh
trng (ngy)

Hi r ti
Dy, thng
Hi r
ng, xanh hoc thng, thng ng
m
xanh m
90

130

130

130-150

Vn lng

100-130

120-150

Quang cm

a nin

Quang cm

Khe

Rng v

Rng v

Su v dy

R kh sinh

121

B r

Tnh chng
chu

Khng
nhiu loi
su bnh

pht trin
sm

su

cn

Khng
nhiu loi
su bnh,
chu ngp
min trng
mnh

Khng
nhiu loi
su bnh,
chu ngp,
chu phn,
chu mn

Khng
nhiu loi
su bnh,
kh nng
c nh
m

5-7

3-4

3-4

Go thm

13-15
Tim nng nng
sut (t/ha)
Ch s thu
hoch =
c tnh khc
0,6

Khng
nhiu loi
su bnh

4-5
_

Vin Nghin cu La Quc t (IRRI) Philippines cng vi Vin Nng Nghip

Nhit i quc t (IITA, Nigeria), Hip hi pht trin la go ty Phi (WARDA), Vin
Nghin Cu Nng Nghip Nhit i (IRAT) Chu Phi, v trung tm Nng Nghip Nhit
i Quc t (CIAT, Colombia) ng gp rt tch cc trong vic su tp, nh gi v bo
qun cc ngun ti nguyn di truyn ca la trong khu vc lin h; ng thi t c
nhng thnh cng ng k trong cng tc lai to ci tin ging la trn th gii.
6.2.5 Quan im tng hp
Benito S. Vergara (1987) da vo khi nim mi v vic gia tng s ht my, ngh
mt kiu cy sau y:
Nhy chi km, ch cc chi bc nht pht trin m thi.
Bng to b p kh nng nhy chi km.
Thn dy c nhiu b mch, t ng , gip cho bng to hn v s tch ly
carbohydrate tt hn.
Bng ch c nhnh gi bc nht c nhiu ht my cao v t ht lp lng hn.
B mch cung hoa ln chuyn ch cc cht ng ha tt hn.
C ht trung bnh.
L dy v thng ng.
Quang hp cao di iu kin PAR thp vic cung cp carbohydrate khng b
hn ch trong ma ma.
H hp duy tr thp.
Thi gian sinh trng trung bnh c th tch ly carbohydrate trc khi tr s
rt ch cho vic sn xut bng ln v ht nng hn.

122

 Chiu cao cy trung bnh vi ch s thu hoch (HI) bng 0,55, vic ny s khng
ch lm cy khng ng, gim h hp duy tr, m cn quan trng hn na l vic
phn phi carbohydrate vo ht t ti ho.
6.3 CC PHNG PHP CI TIN GING LA
Cc phng php chn lc ging la trng c t lu thng qua cc hot
ng ca ht th h nng dn ny sang th h nng dn khc bng cch chn ra ging
mi t cc ging c ang s dng. Khi khoa hc pht trin v k thut mi ra i th cc
phng php chn to ging khc, tch cc hn c pht trin. Ty mc ch, c s
vt cht v phng tin sn c trong tay, nh lai to s quyt nh s dng phng php
no ci tin ging la.
6.3.1 Phc trng ging
Phc trng ging la l khi phc li thun rt v cc c tnh ban u ca
ging. Phng php ny thng c s dng i vi cc ging la v ang sn xut,
nhng sau mt thi gian thiu chn lc gi gn tt nn thoi ho, do b ln tp hoc
bin d trong qu trnh canh tc hoc do mi trng bin i. Qun th ca ging khng
cn ng u, nng sut, tnh chng chu v cht lng suy gim. c th phc hi
thun rt v cc c tnh nguyn thu ca ging hoc l ci tin theo hng tt hn mt
s c tnh mong mun no , ngi ta c th s dng mt trong 2 cch sau y:
6.3.1.1. Chn lc dng thun
Phng php ny i hi qun th c bn ca ging gc ban u phi c bin
ng di truyn nht nh, v vic chn lc ch da trn nhng s khc bit v cc tnh
trng c th di truyn c m thi. i vi phng php ny, u tin ngi ta chn lc
mt s lng c th nht nh c cc c tnh mong mun t qun th ban u c bin
ng di truyn. Bc th 2 l trng mi c th c chn lc thnh nhng hng ring
bit nh gi v lc thun. Bc cui cng l so snh cc dng la c trin vng vi
cc dng khc v ging gc ban u trong cc th nghim nng sut c lp li. Cc dng
la c nng sut cao nht s c phng thch nh mt dng thun. Phng php ny
thng c s dng trong vic lm thun cc ging la ang trng gi vng hoc
nng cao nng sut v cc c tnh tt ca n.
6.3.1.2. Chn lc hn hp
Chn lc hn hp khc vi chn lc dng thun l cc c th c chn c cng
mt c trng ging nhau s c gom chung li to ra mt ging mi. Cc ging
pht trin t phng php ny vn cn gi c tnh a dng di truyn trong qun th
mi: mc d c t kiu gen hn qun th nguyn thy, nhng vn phong ph hn trong
trng hp chn dng thun. S lng kiu gen v bin ng kiu gen ty thuc vo
bin ng di truyn ca qun th nguyn thy v cng chn lc. Phng php ny
n gin, d lm, thch hp trong iu kin phng tin v kinh ph hn ch, nng dn
c hun luyn cng c th lm c. vi quc gia, phng php chn lc hn hp
c s dng rt rng ri lc thun cc ging la ang ph bin hoc duy tr thun
di truyn ca cc ging la mi.
C hai cch chn lc hn hp. Mt l, chn nhng c th ng ging hoc c cng
c tnh mong mun ri gom chung li trng cc th h sau, v tip tc lm nh th n
123

khi t c thun mong mun. Hai l, kh b nhng c th khc dng hoc khng c
nhng c tnh mong mun ri thu hoch ring nhng c th ng ging cn li lm
ging cho v sau. Cch th hai n gin, d lm hn nhng thun mong mun thp
hn v i hi phi thc hin lin tc. Cch ny ch dng i vi cc qun th t ln tp,
duy tr thun rt ca ging sau mi v canh tc. Nu ngi nng dn thc hin vic
chn lc thng xuyn nh vy th thun rt ca ging c th duy tr rt lu, khng
phi thay i ging thng xuyn sau mi 2-3 v nh hin nay.
6.3.2 Lai to
Phng php ny nhm to ra nhng bin ng di truyn mi v ti t hp cc
gien mong mun bng cch lai ging nhn o. Cc dng lai sau c cho t th v
chn lc theo nhiu kiu khc nhau.
6.3.2.1 Cc phng php lai ging la
Trong khun kh gio trnh ny, chng ti ch tm tt cc phng php lai to
ging la ph bin.
* Lai n: Lai gia 2 ging cha v m mt ln A/B hoc A*B, trong , tn ging m
c vit trc v tn ging cha c vit sau.
Cy m
A

Cy cha
B

F1
Chn lc

* Lai kp: Hai ging la A v B lai vi nhau, ng thi hai ging C v D cng c lai
vi nhau. Sau dung con lai ca chng lai vi nhau. K hiu nh sau: A/B/C/D tc l:
Cy m
A

Cy cha
B

Cy m
C

F1a

Cy cha
D

F1b

F1

Chn lc

124

* Lai ba: Hai ging A v B lai vi nhau ri s dng con lai F1 lai vi ging C (cy C c
th l cy cha hay m ty mc ch lai to). K hiu nh sau: A/B//C tc l:

Cy m
A

Cy cha
B

Cy cha hoc
m C

F11

F12

Chn lc

* Hi giao: Phng php ny dng cc con lai F1 lai ngc li vi ging cha hoc m
nhm cng c v tng cng mt s tnh trng c bit no di truyn t cha hoc m
vo cc con lai. Nhc im c bn ca phng php ny l thiu ging cha m cn thit
ch ci tin thm mt c tnh no m thi (De Datta, 1981). Phng php hi giao
c s dng trong chng trnh lai to ca IRRI chuyn tnh khng bnh la c t
cy la hoang di Oryza nivara sang nhng ging la ln c kiu cy thch hp v dng
c rng ri trong vic chn to ging la khng ry nu. Nm 1977, nhiu ging la
c ph bin c mang gien Bph-1, mt gien n tri c tnh khng ry nu 1, hoc Bph2, mt gien n ln khng ry nu 2. C th ni rng cch nhanh nht v chc chn nht
kt hp cc gien ny vo nhng ging tt l phng php hi giao (Jenning Coffman
v Kauffman, 1979).
K hiu nh sau:
A/B//B

A/2*B

: Hi giao 1 ln vi ging cha.

A/B//B///B

A/3*B

: Hi giao 2 ln vi ging cha.

A//A/B

A*2/B

: Hi giao 1 ln vi ging m.

A///A//A/B

A*3/B

: Hi giao 2 ln vi ging m.

Hi giao vi ging m

Hi giao vi ging cha

Cy m
A

A*2/B
A*3/B

Cy m
A
Cy m
A

Cy cha
B

BC1

Cy cha
B

BC1

BC2

Chn lc

A/2*B

Cy cha
B

F11

BC2

125

Chn lc

A/3*B

6.3.2.2 Phng php chn lc cc th h con lai

* Phng php trng dn: (Hnh 6.2)
Cc c th c cc c trng hnh thi v nng hc ging nhau s c gom chung li
v trng nh l mt qun th duy nht. Vic chn lc tip tc nh th t th h ny sang th
h khc cho n khi thun. Phng php ny c ng dng rt rng ri Nht Bn.
Chn cha m

Lai to

F1

F2, F3, F4, F5, F6 thu hoch gom chung, khng chn lc

Chn cc cy kho mnh c c tnh tt

Trc nghim cc dng tt

So snh nng sut cc dng tt nht

GING MI

Hnh 6.2. S phng php trng dn

Ni chung, vic chc lc cc th h con lai u tin i vi cc tnh trng di
truyn s lng nh nng sut thng c hiu qu thp, c bit trong trng hp chn
lc c th. Ngc li vic chn lc cc th h sau nhm lm thun ging th c hiu qu
nhiu hn i vi cc c tnh ny. Trong trng hp nh vy, chn lc theo phng
php trng dn nhng th h u tin t ra thch hp hn phng php ph h i vi
mc tiu nng cao nng sut, c bit l trong chng trnh chn to ging c nh, khi
kinh ph v phng tin c hn. Tit kim lao ng l li ch quan trng nht ca phng
php trng dn. Thm vo , cc quy trnh rt ngn chu k chn to ging trong nh
knh (RGA) ch c th ng dng c bng phng php trng dn m thi.
u im ni bt ca phng php ny l n gin v tin li. Tuy nhin, s cnh
tranh trong qun th phn ly do s khc bit v kiu hnh v cc c im sinh l gia
cc c th c th lm gim i hoc loi tr nhng dng phn ly c gi tr.
* Phng php gia ph (ph h)
Phng php ny c s dng rng ri v thnh cng nht trong vic ci tin
ging la. N i hi nhiu thi gian c th nh gi thng xuyn cc c th ngoi
ng hoc trong nh knh t v ny sang v khc, hu c c s vng chc khi quyt nh
loi b nhng dng khng thch hp v tp trung n lc vo nhng dng c gi tr.
Trong phng php ny, mi dng c trng thnh nhng hng ring bit vi cc
dng khc. Cc c th c chn t mi dng lai c trng thnh nhng hng ring bit
126

trong v k tip. Cng vic ny c tip tc khi khng cn s phn ly trong qun th na.
Trong tt c cc phng php chn to ging, phng php gia ph i hi ngi chn
ging phi quen thuc vi cc c im ca dng ang s dng v s tng tc gia kiu
gien vi iu kin ngoi cnh trn s th hin cc tnh trng. Cch ghi chp lai lch t
nhng th h u tin cho php nh chn ging c th theo di n tng hng nhng c th
chn v kh nng di truyn mt tnh trng no . Tuy nhin, phng php chn lc ny
khng c hiu qu cao i vi cc tnh trng c kim sot bi nhiu gien.
Chn cha m

LAI TO

- Khng bo v
- Loi nhng cy t th
- Chn nhng cy lai

Trng cy F1

- t nht 2000 cy/t hp

- Khng bo v
- Ch trng tnh khng su bnh
- Chn lc c th

Trng cy F2

Trng v chn c th cc th h
F3, F4, F5, F6.

- Trng thnh tng dng

- Chn c th tt trn tng dng
- Kt hp thanh lc nhiu tnh trng

Trc nghim v nh gi nng

sut cc dng thun

GING MI

Hnh 6.3. S phng php chn lc theo gia ph

* Phng php rt ngn cc th h lai: (RGA = Rapid Generation Advance)
Phng php rt ngn cc th h lai l mt hnh thc b sung ca phng php
trng dn.
Bng cc k thut iu khin nhit cao v quang k ngn thch hp, ngi ta c
th trng c 2-3 th h cy lai trong mt nm. Khng c s chn lc no trong thi
gian ny. n th h F5 hoc F6 cc qun th trng dn c trng trong cc iu kin
mi trng khc nghit hoc p lc cao ca cn trng v bnh nh gi. Cc c th c
tnh chng chu tt, c kh nng khng cn trng v bnh cao c trng ring thnh
hng nh gi su hn v lc thun.

127

Chng trnh quc gia

Chng trnh quc t

Lai to

Lai to
F1

RGA (F2F5)
Trng dn

Chn theo gia ph

TH NGHIM

Hnh 6.4. S tng qut ca chng trnh rt ngn cc th h lai (RGA=Rapid

Generation Advance)
6.3.3 Phng php s dng la u th lai
u th lai l s dng cy lai F1 sn xut, li dng u th v sc sng ca ht, s
sinh trng, nng sut v tnh chng chu vt tri so vi trung bnh ca cha m, hoc hn
hn c cha m tt nht hay l hn hn ging i chng tu yu cu ca nh chn to ging
(Nanda, 2001). u th lai c p dng rng ri v thnh cng trn bp, k v cao
lng. Gn y, nghin cu v ng dng u th lai thu c nhiu thnh cng trn la.
6.3.3.1 iu kin s dng la u th lai
Cc yu cu cn thit nht i vi vic ng dng u th lai l:
(1) S hin din ca c tnh u vit tht s th h F1 ngha l con lai F1 tt hn
cy cha hoc m tt, ch khng phi ch l tt hn trung bnh ca 2 cha m trong
nhng trng hp d hp t hoc tri hn ging i chng.
(2) C sn nhng dng bt th c di truyn t bo cht v dng phc hi tnh hu th
(3) Kh nng u ht ca cc dng bt th c mt t l chp nhn c thng qua
s th phn cho.
6.3.3.2 Vt liu di truyn cn thit
Quy trnh sn xut la u th lai i hi c 3 dng la c bit:
Dng bt th c di truyn t bo cht (CMS = cytoplasmic-genetic male sterile
dng A) l nhng cy mang mt loi t bo cht c bit gy bt th kt hp vi
alen mang gien hu th ln trong nhn (rfrf) s sn xut ht phn lp, nhng bu
non v b nh ci bnh thng c th th phn, th tinh v to ht nu c giao
phn cho.
128

 Dng duy tr (maintainer dng B) c kh nng duy tr tnh cht bt th ca dng

CMS (dng A) trong i con lai. Dng B c t bo cht bnh thng v nhn
mang gien hu th ln. Th h F1 ca t hp lai cho A x B s vn duy tr tnh bt
th c t bo cht nh cy m (dng A).
Dng phc hi (restorer dng B) mang gien hu th tri trong nhn v t bo
cht bt th hoc bnh thng. Th h F1 ca t hp lai cho, A x B s cho ht
phn hu th bnh thng. Dng bt th c di truyn t bo cht cng thng
c xem nh l dng bt th c (A) v dng duy tr (B) tng ng ca n, ch
khc nhau yu t trong t bo cht m thi, yu t di truyn trong nhn c 2
dng hon ton ging nhau (rfrf).
Hu thu

Bt thu

RfRf N x
(S)
Phuc hi
R

Bt thu

rfrf S

rfrf S

Bt duc
A (CMS)

Hu thu

Bt duc
A (CMS)

Rfrf S

Duy tr
B

rfrf

F1 hu thu

rfrf N

F1 bt thu

Hnh 6.5. C s di truyn ca vic s dng la u th lai

A=Dng bt dc c di truyn t bo cht
B=Dng duy tr
R=Dng phc hi
6.3.3.3 Quy trnh sn xut ht u th lai
Phng php sn xut ht la u th lai c trnh by tm tt trong hnh 6.5 gm
3 bc sau y:

129

Bc 1: Nhn dng A nh bc 3 c lng ht ging cn thit.

Bc 1
NHN DONG A (CMS)
Nhn dng m

rfrf S

Bt duc
A (CMS)

rfrf N

Duy tr
B

rfrf

F1 bt thu

Bc 2: Nhn dng B v R bng phng php nhn ging thng thng

Bc 2: Nhn dong B (Duy tr) va dong R (Phuc hi)
V dng B v R khng mang nhn t c bt dc trong t
bo cht (N) nn t th nh cc ging la bnh thng

RfRf N
(S)

rfrf N

Dng
phc
hi (R)
t th

Dng
duy tr
(B) t
th

Bc 3: Nhn ht lai A x R

Bc 3: San

xut hat lai

RfRf N x
(S)
Phuc hi
R

rfrf S

Bt duc
A (CMS)

Rfrf S

130

F1 hu thu

 tng nng sut ht lai, cn lu :

iu chnh ngy gieo ca 2 dng chng tr cng mt lc.
T l cy cho phn (dng R)/cy lm m (dng A) l mt hng dng R xen k 6
hng dng A. T l ny c th thay i ty kh nng phi hp ca chng, kh nng
cho phn ca dng R, iu kin thi tit v nhiu yu t khc.
Cc dng la phi trng thng gc vi hng gi.
Cch ly rung sn xut ht ging khi cc rung la khc t 40-100m theo khng
gian v t nht 21 ngy theo thi gian trnh ln tp khng kim sot c.
C th ct bt l c khi la tr hoc p dng dung dch Gibberelin (30ppm) trc
khi la tr kch thch bng la tr thot cao hn ln khi l c s d dng nhn
phn cho hn.
Khi la tr vo nhng ngy tri yn tnh, t gi c th tng cng th phn cho bng
cch dng dy thng ko ngang trn rung la 3-5 ln vo thi im la tung phn.
Nhiu ging la u th lai c pht trin thnh cng Trung Quc t nm
1974 (Yuan v Fu, 1995). Ngi ta phi nghin cu xc nh kh nng phi hp ca 1 t
hp 3 dng ny. Nhiu dng c bt th t bo cht c xc nh v pht trin thuc
nhm indica v japonica. Mt s dng A ni bt c xc nh Trung Quc nh: ErChiu-Nam 1A, Zhenshan 97A, V20A, Yar-Ai-ZhaoA, Chan-Bao 1A, Lien-tong-TsaoA.
Hai ging la ca IRRI, IR24 v IR26 c xem nh l cc dng phc hi (R) rt hu
hiu cho cc dng trn. Trung Quc c th xem l nc c nhiu thnh cng nht trong
vic ng dng k thut la u th lai. Cng tc nghin cu v cc dng ny c bt
u Trung Quc t nm 1964 nhng mi cho n nm 1974 th vic sn xut la u th
lai mi t c thnh cng tht s c ngha. Trong nm 1978, din tch trng la u
th lai Trung Quc ln n 4,2 triu ha. Trong th nghim la u th lai F1 c th cho
nng sut vt hn cha me tt ca n t 10-21%. Tuy nhin, trong sn xut trn din
rng Trung Quc, ngi ta ghi nhn mc tng nng sut t 20-30% cao hn cc ging
la lai to theo phng php thng thng. Nng sut la cao nht t c t F1 u th
lai to theo phng php thng thng. Nng sut la cao nht t c t F1 u th lai
l 12 t/ha (Chang,1979).
Ngoi la lai 3 dng, hin nay nhiu nh nghin cu trn th gii v pht trin
k thut to ging la lai 2 dng (Hong Tuyt Minh, 2002).
Hin nay, la u th lai c pht trin rng ri hng chc triu ha Trung
Quc, n v nhiu quc gia khc. Vit Nam, la u th lai (thng quen gi l la
lai) bt u c nghin cu t nm 1983 (Hong Tuyt Minh, 2002). Vic s dng
la u th lai trong sn xut Vit Nam pht trin kh mnh cc tnh pha Bc v mt
s tnh min Trung t nhng nm 1990 (bng 6.2), vi ngun ht ging ch yu nhp ni
t Trung Quc. Gn y, Cng ty Bayer Crop Sciences du nhp v ph bin ging la
lai BTe-1, Trung tm Nghin cu La lai, Vin Khoa hc K thut Nng nghip Vit
Nam cng nghin cu thnh cng v a vo sn xut ging la lai 2 dng TM4
(11S/MH.86).

131

Bng 6.2. Din tch v nng sut la u th lai Vit Nam

Nm

Din tch (ha)

Nng sut (t/ha)

1992

11.137

6,66

1993

34.828

6,71

1994

60.007

5,84

1995

73.503

6,14

1996

102.800

6,58

Ngun: Yuan (1997)

Vit Nam cng bt u sn xut c ht ging la lai t nhng nm 1990.
Nng sut ht lai kh thp, nhng dn dn c ci thin thng qua vic chn lc cc cha
m c kh nng phi hp tt hn v hon thin dn k thut sn xut ht lai (bng 6.3).
Bng 6.3. Din tch v nng sut sn xut ht ging la u th lai Vit Nam
Nm

Ma kh

Ma ma

Din tch (ha)

Nng sut
(kg/ha)

Din tch (ha)

Nng sut
(kg/ha)

1993

141,4

550

13,2

550

1994

52,0

630

71,0

400

1995

46,0

760

55,0

1.150

1996

169,0

2.100

98,0

1.150

Ngun: Yuan (1997)

6.3.4 Phng php gy t bin

Tia X, tia Gamma v Neutron l nhng bc x ion ha rt hu hiu trong vic gy
t bin. Ethyl-methane sulfonatem (EMS) l mt trong s nhiu tc nhn ha hc gy
t bin v ang c s dng trong ci tin ging la. Gy t bin l mt phng
php h tr rt c gi tr trong cng tc chn to ging la, c bit l khi ngi ta mun
ci tin 1 hoc 2 c tnh c th xc nh d dng trong 1 ging la thch nghi rt tt.
Phng php t bin c t 3 u im (IAEA, 1971)
(1) N c th ci tin mt c trng no ca ging m khng lm nh hng ng
k n ton b sinh trng ca n v thi gian cn thit cho nhng ci tin nh
vy ngn hn nhiu so vi trng hp ch dng phng php lai to thng thng.
132

(2) N tiu biu cho 1 phng php c nht c th thc hin c to ra mt c

tnh mi m khng th tm thy trong cc qun th la t nhin. y l mt
phng php d lm nht v nhanh chng nht nu c tnh mong mun nm
trong mt kiu gien khng thch hp.
(3) N to ra kh nng ph v cc lin kt gien cht, to iu kin chuyn v v ti t
hp cc gien.
Ngi ta p dng thnh cng phng php t bin thay i cc c tnh
nng hc quan trng nh chiu cao, thi gian tr v chn, tnh khng bnh v gia tng
trng lng ht v hm lng protein trong go. Bng 6.4 lit k mt vi ging la
c pht trin thnh cng t phng php gy t bin mt s nc trn th gii.
Bng 6.4. Cc ging la t bin thnh cng
Tn ging

Quc gia

Nm

Reimei

Nht bn

1966

Jagannath

1969

IRAT 13

Ivory Coast

1974

Calrose 76

1976

Hokuriku-100

Nht Bn

1976

M-7

1977

RD-6

Thi Lan

1977

TNB100 *

Vin La Mn

1990s

TNB128 *
Ngun: De Datta (1981), (*) tc gi b sung

Theo t chc Nguyn t v nng lng th gii (IAEA) th n nm 1991 c

278 ging la chn to bng phng php t bin c a vo sn xut. Vit Nam,
cng c mt s ging la t bin thnh cng c trng i tr c bit min
Bc Vit Nam nh VN10, DT10, DT11, A20, Xun s 4, Xun s 5,.
6.3.5 Phng php cy m
K thut ny s dng cc t bo dinh dng t nh sinh trng hoc cc b phn
non ca cy cy vo mi trng dinh dng thch hp to ra cc Callus (nhm t bo
sng) nh bi. Cc t bo nh bi ny c th c x l bng cc cht gy t bin v
c thanh lc trong ng nghim (in vitro) chn ra nhng t bin c tnh chng chu
tt vi thuc dit c, phn mn, thiu dinh dng, c cht v nhng hn ch v nng
sut khc (De Datta, 1981).
K thut ny cng c th dng cc bao phn non t trn mi trng dinh dng
cn bn cho t bo cy v thm vo mt s cht iu ha sinh trng nh 2,4-D v
Naphtalene acetic acid (NAA). Cc t bo n bi pht trin thng qua vic cy bao phn
s to ra nhng cy thun chng. Ngi ta thy rng, khong 40% cc cy pht trin t
133

cc callus n bi ny tr thnh cy nh bi do vic nhn i nhim sc th

(Chromosomes) khi phn ha thnh cy. V cc cy c c t vic cy bao phn l
nhng cy thun chng nn ngi ta c th thanh lc ngay lp tc tnh khng su bnh,
cc c tnh nng hc v tim nng nng sut. Cc dng ni bt c th c nhn ra
nhanh chng thng qua cc chng trnh nhn ging thng thng v chng s khng cn
phn ly cc th h sau. Tuy nhin, cy m c 3 kh khn chnh:
(1) Kh nng di truyn cc c tnh hnh thi ca cy cy m c th b mt nhanh
chng trong qu trnh canh tc lin tc.
(2) Ch mt t l nh cc bao phn c th to callus.
(3) Vi cy c th b bch tng (albino), s cy xanh bnh thng pht trin t cc
callus bin thin t 5-90%
Trung Quc vi ging la mi nh Mu-hua 1 (Heilongjiang/Sin-siu Shanghia)
v Wan-dan 7 (Guangxi) l nhng ging c pht trin t vic cy bao phn ca cc
dng lai u t (Shen, 1980 trong De Datta, 1981).
Ngoi ra, hin nay, vi s tin b ca cng ngh sinh hc di truyn phn t, ngi
ta cn p dng cc phng php ci tin ging hin i nh chuyn np gen. c mt
s kt qu ni bt trn u nnh (vi gen chng bnh r) v trn bp (vi gen giu lysine).
Cc ging u nnh v bp bin i gen ny c s dng rt ph bin M v Trung
Quc. i vi la ngi ta ng dng vic chuyn np gen thnh cng to ra ging
la giu Vitamin A (ging la Golden rice) ca cng ty Monsanto (M). y l phng
php ci tin ging tch cc v ch ng hon too theo mun con ngi, da vo vic
thay i cu trc ADN ca nhn t bo. Ngi ta c th chuyn mt on hay c gen
quyt nh mt tnh trng no t cy ny sang cy khc bng cch s dng sng bn
gen trc tip vo v tr nht nh trn si ADN hoc nh mt loi virus chuyn bit
mang on gen cn thit n v gn vo v tr thch hp c xc nh trn si ADN. Tuy
nhin, do cu trc di truyn ADN b thay i, nn vic s dng cn b hn ch bi nhiu
quc gia do lo s nguy c v di truyn khng kim sot c cho ng thc vt v con
ngi. Vit Nam, hin nay vic ng dng cng ngh gen nh vy cn gii hn trong
nghin cu m thi.
6.4 TIN TRNH CNG TC CI TIN GING LA
6.4.1 Xc nh mc ch ca chng trnh ci tin ging la
Mi tin trnh ci tin ging la u bt u bng vic xc nh c mc ch,
yu cu, mc tiu di hn v trc mt ca n. Mc ch phi r rng, chnh xc nhm
p ng c yu cu c th ca thc tin sn xut mt vng, mt khu vc, mt tiu
vng sinh thi hoc mt kiu canh tc g . Mc tiu c th l nng sut cao, phm cht
tt, khng ry nu, khng su c thn, khng bnh chy l, m vn, chu phn mn,
ngp, kh, hn,... Mc ch cng c th cng d dng trong vic chn ngun vt liu ban
u v phng php lai to.

134

6.4.2 Cc ngun vt liu ban u

Thng qua chng trnh nh gi v s dng di truyn ca quc gia v quc t
chn vt liu ban u ph hp vi mc ch ra. Cng tc ny i hi phi iu tra,
su tp, bo qun v nh gi cc ngun gien bn x k c cc loi la hoang di v tham
kho cc thng tin v qu gien trn th gii. IRRI l mt trong cc trung tm thng tin v
nghin cu quc t v ngun gien trn la rt phong ph v ng tin.
6.4.3 Lai to v chn lc
Cn chn phng php thch hp cho mc ch, yu cu ca chng trnh ci tin
ging la ra. C c phng php ng v ph hp s gip ta d dng v nhanh
chng t c kt qu.
6.4.4 Quan st s khi
Sau bc lai to v chn lc ngi ta c c cc dng thun mong mun. Cng
vic tip theo l t chc nh gi s khi cc c tnh thch nghi, chng chu, kh nng
cho nng sut ca chng ngoi ng cng vi cc ging la i chng l cc ging hin
ph bin nht trong khu vc v c cc c trng tiu biu tha mn mc ch chn ging
ca chng trnh c c s so snh, nh gi. Trong th nghim quan st s khi c th
bao gm hng trm dng mi cng vi 2-3 ging i chng nhim, khng hoc nng sut
cao... v thng khng cn phi lp li.
6.4.5 Trc nghim hu k
Cc dng tt c nh gi v rt ra t cc th nghim quan st s khi c
trng so snh vi ging i chng trong nhiu iu kin khc nhau ty mc ch chn
ging. Trc nghim hu k i hi kch thc l ln hn thng l 10-15m2 cho mi
ging trn mi ln lp li v thng c lp li 3-4 ln. S lng cc dng nh gi
trong trc nghim hu k bc ny trung bnh l 50 v thng c tin hnh trm
tri nghin cu, ni c iu kin qun l v nh gi tt hn.
6.4.6 So snh nng sut
Cc dng tt chn c t trc nghim hu k c a i so snh nng sut
nhiu ni trn rung nng dn trong iu kin sn xut thc t. S lng ging/dng t
hn (10-20 ging/dng), din tch l ln hn (20-30 m2), lp li 3-4 ln v hu ht cc
iu kin canh tc ging nh nng dn ang p dng trong khu vc. Nng sut cui cng
l ch tiu c lu nhiu nht trong giai on ny.
6.4.7 Th nghim khu vc ha
Cc ging ni bt tng khu vc trong th nghim so snh nng sut c chn ra
v so snh trn din tch ln hn ti nhiu im c iu kin mi trng v canh tc
tng t nh im so snh nng sut; c hoc khng c lp li mi im. Trong bc
ny, b ging th nghim c th khc nhau theo tng iu kin c th ca tng khu vc.
Khong 5-10 ging/dng c bao gm trong bc ny.
135

6.4.8 Sn xut th
K tha kt qu t th nghim khu vc ha 2-3 ging/dng tt nht c chn ra
v nhn rng trong sn xut, ng thi tip tc theo di kh nng thch nghi v tnh
chng chu ca n trong iu kin sn xut ca nng dn.
S tham gia ca ngi dn

iu phi

P
Ngn hng gien

P
B

Lai to

c tnh ho

**

nh gi

Bo tn &
S dng

Hp tc

VIN NGHIN
CU PHT
TRIN NG
BNG SNG
CU LONG
TRNG I
HC CN
TH

Hnh 6.6.

Chng trnh
IRTP/INGER

iu phi
*

Quan st s khi

Trc nghim hu k

***

So snh nng sut

P
V

Thi Lan

Chn lc &
K hiu

Chn lc &
K hiu

Dng L

IRRI

Vt liu di
truyn

Su tp

IR

t tn
H tr ca
d n
CBDC &
IPGRI

MTL

iu phi

****

Sn xut th

****

Nhn ging

****

Phng thch ging mi

S tng qut tin trnh cng tc chn to ging c s tham gia ca

ngi dn BSCL do Vin nghin cu pht trin BSCL, i hc
Cn Th thc hin t nhng nm 1994
MTL: (Min Ty La) do Vin NCPT BSCL lai to v chn lc
CBDC: Community Biodiversity Development and Conservation
IPGRI: International Plant Genetic Resource Institute
PPB: Participatory Plant Breeding v PVS: Participatory Varietal Selection
S tham gia ca ngi dn: T thp (*) ti cao (****)
(Ngun: N.N. , 2000)

136

6.4.9 Sn xut i tr
y l bc cui cng trong chng trnh chn to ging mi. Nng dn s trng
i tr trn c nng tri, c cnh ng, c khu vc,...cc ging/dng la thng qua sn
xut th v c kt lun tt hoc chp nhn c.
6.5 CNG TC GING LA NG BNG SNG CU LONG
T lu nng dn BSCL tch ly c nhiu kinh nghim trng la v chn
ging rt phong ph. Kinh nghim ny c c l do s cn c, sng to trong lao ng
c tch ly t i ny sang i khc. B con nng dn bit chn ging la thch hp
vi iu kin sinh thi ca ni mnh trng, nh vng phn vi ging C ung ni ting,
vng mn vi ging Nng Co , C Ba L, Nng Qut. Vng nc ngp su trn 1m v
ln nhanh c cc ging la ni c kh nng vn nhanh theo mc nc nh Nng Ty,
Trng Hng, Tu Binh, Cht Ct... Cc ging la ny chng nhng c tnh thch nghi
c bit vi nhng iu kin khc nghit , m cn tr v chn ph hp vi ch nc
trong vng bo m n nh nng sut nh c tnh quang cm mnh. Cc ging la
nh vy ang c nghin cu tuyn chn phc trng v dng lm vt liu khi u
trong cng tc lai to vi nhiu mc ch khc nhau.
n nm 1968 cng vi s du nhp cc ging la mi ngn ngy, nng sut cao,
khng quang cm nh IR5, IR8, k thut canh tc mi c xm nhp dn dn vo
BSCL, ci thin nng sut la, ph v th qung canh, chuyn dn theo hng thm
canh tng v. ng rung c kin thit p ng yu cu pht trin ca cy la mi.
Nng sut la tng ln r rt. Cc ging la a phng cao cy, nng sut thp dn dn
c thay th bng cc ging la cao sn thp cy ngn ngy ny. Tuy nhin s pht trin
rng ri ca cc ging la mi ny cng ko theo cc vn su bnh nghim trng hn
do mc thm canh cao hn nh vic s dng phn bn nhiu hn, s cy vi mt
cao hn, cng s dng t tng ln, cy la sinh trng nhanh hn, c mt trn ng
rung thng xuyn v lin tc hn. n khong u thp nin 1970, ry nu xut
hin v tn cng mnh m trn cc ging la ang ph bin nh IR5, IR8, C4-63. Mt
th h ging la mi ra i nh IR20, IR22, IR26, IR28, IR29, IR30, TN73-1, TN73-2...
Cc ging ny rt c a chung v pht trin mnh khp cc tnh vng BSCL vo
nhng nm 1970, chng khng ry nu loi 1 v mt s loi su bnh khc. Din tch la
cao sn tng nhanh t 41.000 ha nm 1968 ln n 890.400 ha nm 1973. n nm 19761977, loi hnh ry nu mi li xut hin (ry nu loi 2) v pht trin thnh dch ln gy
thit hi nng trn nhiu cnh ng, c bit l cc tnh Kin Giang, Bn Tre, Long An.
Ry nu gy mt trng hng lot din tch, lm gim sn lng la trm trng.
Trc tnh hnh kh khn , ging IR36 ra i. Ging IR36 c Trng i
hc Cn Th tuyn chn t b ging la cao sn ngn ngy ca Vin Nghin Cu la
Quc t (IRRI) Philippines. IR36 khng ry nu loi 2, n bi mnh, thch nghi rng
nhanh chng lan trn trong sn xut, kp thi chn ng dch ry nu nn n nh nng
sut la. S ra i ca ging la IR36 mt ln na khng nh mnh m vai tr ca
ging la trong thc t sn xut. y l mt bin php rt c hiu qu, t tn km, rt d
thc hin v c kt qu nhanh chng trong sn xut. Ging IR36 c B Nng Nhip
cng nhn, cho ph bin rng ri vi tn l NN3A.
T n nay, cng tc nghin cu ging la BSCL pht trin mnh m,
khng ch cc trung tm nghin cu, cc Vin, cc Trng m ngay c cc nng dn
137

tin tin cc ni cng tham gia phong tro ny. Phong tro dn dn i vo chiu su,
cc ging la NN4A, NN5A, NN6A, NN7A, NN8A, NN2B, NN4B, NN5B ln lt ra
i. Cc ging la trin vng c trng ph bin BSCL, trong nhng nm 1990s,
nh MTL98, MTL99, MTL103, MTL105, MTL110, MTL113, MTL114, MTL117,
MTL119, OM269, OM997,... thuc nhm ngn ngy; v IR42, NTL83, MTL126,... thuc
nhm la trung ma. C cu ging la BSCL thay i nhanh chng, n nay hu ht
cc ging la ang s dng l nhng ging la ngn ngy v cc sm c phm cht go
tt, nng sut cao nh OM1490, OM3536, OM4898, MTL250, MTL384, MTL392,...
Trng i Hc Cn Th, Vin Nghin Cu La BSCL ( Mn - Cn Th),
Trng Trung hc Nng Nghip Long nh (Tin Giang), v Vin Khoa hc Nng
nghip min Nam (Tp. H Ch Minh) l nhng c quan c ng gp ng k vo cng
tc nghin cu v pht trin ging la BSCL. Cho n nay, c hn 50 ging la
c Trng i hc Cn Th (cc ging c k hiu MTL), hn trm ging la OM, do
Vin Nghin cu La Mn v gn chc ging la do Vin Khoa hc Nng nghip
min Nam phng thch vo sn xut BSCL, gp phn tng nng sut, sn lng
la BSCL t vi triu tn/nm trong nhng nm 1975-1980, ln n 17-18 triu
tn/nm vo nhng nm 2005-2006.
Ngoi vic chn to nhng ging la mi a vo sn xut, cc c quan nghin
cu trn cn tch cc y mnh kho st tp on ging la a phng. T nm 1975,
Trng i Hc Cn Th tin hnh iu tra, su tp, nghin cu v bo qun ngun
ti nguyn di truyn phong ph ny. Hn 1000 ging la a phng khp cc tnh
BSCL c su tp trng kho st v ghi nhn cc c tnh nng hc, kh nng cho
nng sut, tnh chng chu vi su bnh v iu kin vi mi trng. Cc ging la c
c tnh tt ang c dng lm vt liu khi u trong lai to, ng thi lu ch o
trong sn xut. Ngoi ra cng tc iu tra, bnh tuyn cc ging la thch hp cho tng
a phng ang c cc tnh phi hp vi cc c quan chuyn mn tin hnh tin
ti n nh c cu ging la cho tng vng, tng v, hon thnh nm b ging la cho
sn xut BSCL: la H Thu, la Thu ng, la ma sm, la ma l (hay trung ma)
v la ma mun.
6.6 S LC CCH T TN GING LA
Hu ht cc ging la cao sn c trng ph bin hin nay u c lai to v
tuyn chn ti Vin Nghin Cu La Quc T (IRRI) Philippines. Cc ging ny c tn
gc bt u bng ch IR (Improved Rice). Th d, IR9129-192-2-3-5, ging ny c
chn t t hp lai th 9129. i F1 cc c th u ging nhau, ngi ta thu ly ht F1
gieo thnh nhng cy F2 c rt nhiu dng. Ngi ta chn cy th 192 trong s nhng
cy F2 ny, thu tt c ht em gieo thnh nhng hng khc nhau (F3), ri chn c
nhng cy tt hng th 2. em nhng ht ny gieo thnh cy F4, chn nhng cy
hng th 3. Tng t F5 chn nhng cy hng th 5. By gi ging tng i thun.
Ging IR9129-192-2-3-5 c gi sang Vit Nam nm 1978 v trng kho st Trng
i Hc Cn Th. tin theo di v d nh, n c t tn l MTL30 t ra thch nghi
tt i vi nhiu vng sinh thi khc nhau, rt ngn ngy (95-100 ngy) p ng c
yu cu tng v, tr gn, nng sut cao, khng ry nu 2 c B Nng Nghip cng
nhn v cho ph bin rng vi tn mi l NN7A. Trong , NN l Nng Nghip, s 7 l
s th t ca ging c cng nhn v A cho bit thuc ging la ngn ngy (di 120

138

ngy), khc vi nhm B l nhm la trung ma c thi gian sinh trng trn 120 ngy
nh NN4B (140 ngy).
Tn NN l tn chnh thc c B Nng Nghip t cho cc ging la qua th
nghim rng ri v c php trng i tr. Hin nay, B Nng Nghip khng cn p
dng li t tn ny na m ch cng nhn v cho php ph bin vi tn do c quan
nghin cu gi m thi.
Ngoi ra, mi c quan nghin cu, mi tnh, tin vic theo di v ghi nhn,
cc ging, cc dng c trin vng c tuyn chn s mang k hiu ring ca c quan
mnh, tnh mnh.... Th d, cc ging OM l ca Vin Nghin Cu la BSCL (vit tt
ca ch Mn, nh OM33, OM83, OM84, OM85,...). Cc ging la ca Trng i
Hc Cn Th tuyn chn c k hiu l MTL (Min Ty la) nh MTL30, MTL50,
MTL54,... Cc ging la L (vit tt ca ch Long nh) ca Trng K Thut Nng
Nghip Long nh, Tin Giang (Nay i thnh Vin Nghin cu Cy n qu min
Nam) nh L2, L3, L4. Cc ging la KT thuc y Ban Khoa Hc K Thut tnh
Hu Giang c (vit tt ca ch k thut) nh KT4, KT5, KT9,... Cc ging la ST (vit
tt ca ch Sc Trng) nh ST3, ST5, ST10,... ca tnh Sc Trng.
Theo Php Lnh ging cy trng s 15/2004/PL-UBTVQH11, c Quc hi
thng qua v Ch tch nc s 03/2004/L-CTN, ban hnh ngy 5/4/2004, mt ging
mun c cng nhn v a vo sn xut phi qua cc bc: (1) kho nghim quc gia
(DUS=Distinctness, Uniformity and Stability v VCU=Value of Cultivation and Use), (2)
cng nhn ging khu vc ho, (3) cng nhn ging quc gia (Hi ng khoa hc chuyn
ngnh, B Nng nghip v Pht trin Nng thn) (Xem chi tit trong Php lnh ging cy
trng, Nh xut bn Chnh tr quc gia, H Ni, 2004).
S v trnh t kho nghim v cng nhn ging cy trng c trnh by trong
hnh 6.7.
Lai to

Nhp ni
Chn lc

Cc Nng nghip

ng k kho nghim

TT Kho kim nghim

ging quc gia

Kho nghim

Ging khu vc ha, sn xut th

(ging cng nhn tm thi)

Hi ng Khoa hc
chuyn ngnh, B
NN-PTNT, S NNPTNT

Sn xut th
Ging quc gia
(ging cng nhn chnh thc)

Hnh 6.7. Trnh t kho nghim v cng nhn ging cy trng

139

Ct v tru

Kh c

Thu phn cy cha

Th phn
Ht lai thnh cng

Bao bng lai

Hnh 6.8. Trnh t cc cng on lai ging la truyn thng

6.7. CU HI N TP
1. So snh 6 c im ca cy la l tng theo Matsushima (1970) vi quan im
tng hp v kiu cy ca Vergara (1987).
2. Phn bit v cho bit u v nhc im ca 2 phng php phc trng ging:
chn lc dng thun v chn lc hn hp.
3. M t cc phng php lai to ging la truyn thng.
4. So snh 2 phng php chn lc th h con lai: phng php trng dn v phng
php gia ph.
5. Cc yu cu ca vic s dng la u th lai trong sn xut.
6. C s di truyn v quy trnh sn xut la u th lai.
7. Trnh by cc tin trnh cng tc ci tin ging la truyn thng.
6.8. BI C THM
Hong Tuyt Minh, 2002. La lai hai dng. Nh xut bn Nng Nghip.
Nh xut bn Chnh tr quc gia, 2004. Php lnh ging cy trng. H Ni
V-Tng Xun (ch bin dch), 1979. Ci tin ging la. Vin Nghin Cu La Go
Quc T, Los Banos, Laguna, Philippines v Trng i Hc Cn Th.
Yuan, L.P., 1997. Hybrid rice development and use: innovative approach and challenges.
IRRI publication.

140

CHNG 7: K THUT CANH TC LA

7.1 C s k thut tng nng sut la
7.1.1 Cc thnh phn nng sut la
7.1.2 Cc bin php k thut tng nng sut la
7.1.3 Nhng tr ngi chnh lm gim nng sut la
7.1.4 K thut ti a ha nng sut la
7.2 K thut canh tc la
7.2.1 Phng php s thng
7.2.2 Phng php cy
7.2.3 La ti sinh
*********
7.1 C S K THUT TNG NNG SUT LA
7.1.1 Cc thnh phn nng sut la
Nng sut la c hnh thnh v chu nh hng trc tip ca 4 yu t, gi l 4
thnh phn nng sut la.
Nng sut la = S bng/n v din tch x S ht/ bng x T l ht chc x Trng
lng ht
Cc thnh phn nng sut c lin quan cht ch vi nhau. Trong phm vi gii hn,
4 thnh phn ny cng gia tng th nng sut la cng cao, cho n lc 4 thnh phn ny
t c cn bng ti ho th nng sut la s ti a. Vt trn mc cn bng ny, nu
mt trong 4 thnh phn nng sut tng ln na, s nh hng xu n cc thnh phn cn
li, lm gim nng sut. Lc by gi, s c s mu thun ln gia s ht trn bng vi t
l ht chc v trng lng ht, gia s bng trn n v din tch vi s ht trn bng.
Mc cn bng ti ho gia cc thnh phn nng sut t nng sut cao thay i
ty theo ging la, iu kin t ai, thi tit v k thut canh tc. Hn na, nh hng
ca mi thnh phn nng sut n nng sut la khng ch khc nhau v thi gian n
c xc nh m cn do s gp phn ca n trong nng sut ht. bit tm quan trng
tng i ca mi thnh phn nng sut i vi nng sut ht, Yoshida v Parao (1976)
phn tch tng quan hi qui nhiu chiu, s dng phng trnh log Y = log N + log W
+ log F + R. Phng trnh ny c rt ra t phng trnh nng sut rt gn nh sau: Y=
N * W * F * 10-5. Trong , Y l nng sut ht (t/ha), N l tng s ht trn m2, W l trng
lng 1000 ht (g), F l phn trm ht chc v R l hng s. Kt qu cho thy, tng hp
tt c cc thnh phn nng sut ng gp khong 81,4 % bin ng ca nng sut la.
Trong , ring s ht trn m2 chim 60,2 %, t l ht chc v trng lng ht hp li
chim 21,2 %, s ht/m2 v phn trm ht chc ng gp 75,7% v s ht/m2 cng vi
trng lng ht ng gp n 78,5% nng sut la. Nu s gp phn ca tt c cc thnh
phn nng sut l 100% (iu ny ng khi khng c sai s o m), th s ng gp ca
s ht trn m2 s l 74 % v s gp phn ca phn trm ht chc vi trng lng 1000 ht
v 26 %, kt hp s ht/m2 v phn trm ht chc ng gp 93% v s ht/m2 cng vi
141

trng lng ht ng gp n 96% nng sut la (Bng 7.1). Nh vy, c th ni rng s

ht trn m2 l thnh phn nng sut quan trng nht trong s cc thnh phn nng sut.
iu ny ng trong hu ht cc trng hp. Tuy nhin, mt vi ni v trong mt vi
iu kin thi tit nht nh, phn trm ht chc li ng vai tr quan trng gii hn nng
sut la hn l s ht trn m2, nht l trong iu kin thi tit bt n.
Bng 7.1. S ng gp ca cc thnh phn nng sut vo nng sut la
Mc ng gp vo nng sut la
(%)

Ngun bin ng

Tng i

Tuyt i

S ht trn m2 (N)

60,2

74

Phn trn ht chc (F) v trng lung 1000 ht (W)

21,2

26

S ht trn m (N) v phn trm ht chc (F)

75,7

93

S ht trn m2 (N) v trng lng 1000 ht (W)

78,5

96

Tt c N, F, W

81,4

100

Ngun: Yoshida v Parao, 1976.

Do , mun t nng sut cao cn nm vng cc yu t nh hng n tng

thnh phn trong tng thi k v iu kin nht nh, c th tc ng cc bin php
tch cc nhm pht huy y v tt nht cc thnh phn nng sut. Matsushima (1970)
khi qut ha tm quan trng ca tng thnh phn nng sut trong qu trnh sinh
trng v pht trin ca cy la trung ma trng Konosu (Nht Bn), m ta c th ng
dng cho cc ging la khc trong iu kin tng t (Hnh 7.1).
S bng/n v din tch
S ht/bng
Phn trm ht chc
Trong lng ht
Nng sut ht

Cy

VI

N bi tch cc
Chi ti a
Tng c bng

VII

VIII

IX

Chn

Tr
Vo chc r
Gim nhim tch cc
Phn ho hoa

Phn ho nhnh gi bc 2

Hnh 7.1. S ng gp tng i ca cc thnh phn nng sut la qua tng

thi k sinh trng khc nhau (Matsushima, 1970)
142

7.1.2 Cc bin php k thut tng nng sut la

7.1.2.1 S bng trn n v din tch
S bng trn n v din tch c quyt nh vo giai an sinh trng ban u
ca cy la (giai on tng trng), nhng ch yu l giai on t khi cy n khong 10
ngy trc khi c chi ti a. S bng trn n v din tch ty thuc vo mt s cy
v kh nng n bi ca la. Mt s cy v kh nng n bi ca la thay i ty theo
ging la, iu kin t ai, thi tit, lng phn bn nht l phn m v ch nc.
S bng trn n v din tch c nh hng thun vi nng sut.
Ni chung, i vi ging la ngn ngy, thp cy, n bi t, t xu, nhiu nng
nn cy dy tng s bng trn n v din tch. Ngc li, trn t giu hu c, thi
tit tt, lng phn bn nhiu (nht l N) v gi nc thch hp th la n bi khe c th
s cy tha hn. Cc ging la ci thin thp cy c s bng trn m2 trung bnh phi t
500-600 bng /m2 i vi la s hoc 350-450 bng/m2 i vi la cy, mi c th c
nng sut cao.
Cc bin php k thut cn lu tng s bng trn n v din tch:
- Chn ging thch hp vi t ai v ma v ti ch.
-

Lm m tt c cy m to khe, c chi ngnh tr, xanh tt v khng su bnh.

Chun b t chu o, mm, sch c v gi nc thch hp.

Cy ng tui m, ng khong cch thch hp cho tng ging cy cn la n

bi khe. i vi la s th ngm ng k thut v s vi mt thch hp.

Bn phn lt y , bn thc sm la chng hi phc v n bi sm mau t

chi ti a v chi khe cho nhiu bng v bng to sau ny.

Lm c, sc bn ng lc, gi nc va phi v lin tc iu ha nhit v

khng ch c di.

Phng tr su bnh kp thi.

7.1.2.2 S ht trn bng

S ht trn bng c quyt nh t lc tng c bng n 5 ngy trc khi tr,

nhng quan trng nht l thi k phn ha hoa v gim nhim tch cc. giai on ny, s
ht trn bng c nh hng thun i vi nng sut la do nh hng n s hoa c phn
ha. Sau giai an ny, s ht trn bng hnh thnh c th b thoi ha c nh hng m.
Nh vy, s ht trn bng ty thuc vo s hoa c phn ha v s hoa b thoi
ha. Hai yu t ny b nh hng bi ging la, k thut canh tc v iu kin thi tit.
Ni chung, i vi nhng ging la bng to, k thut canh tc tt, bn phn y ,
chm sc ng mc, thi tit thun li th s hoa phn ha cng nhiu, s hoa thoi ha
cng t, nn s ht cui cng trn bng cao. cc ging la ci thin, s ht trn bng t
80 - 100 ht i vi la s hoc 100 - 120 ht i vi la cy l tt trong iu kin ng
bng sng Cu Long.
Cc bin php k thut cn lu tng s ht trn bng:
-

Chn ging tt, loi hnh bng to, nhiu ht, n bi sm (chi ra cng sm cng
c kh nng cho bng to).
143

c ch s gia tng ca s chi v hiu vo thi k bt u phn ha ng tp

trung dinh dng nui chi hu hiu.

Bn phn n ng (khi bt u phn ha ng) tng s hoa phn ha v bn

phn nui ng (18-20 ngy trc khi tr) gim s hoa b thoi ha.

Bo v la khi b su bnh tn cng .

Chn thi v thch hp cy la phn ha ng lc thi tit thun li, khng

ma bo.

Ngi ta c th c ch chi v hiu bng nhiu bin php k thut khc nhau ty
iu kin c th. K thut bn phn hnh ch V (phn 7.3 ca chng ny), rt nc gia
ma hoc xt thuc c vi liu thp nhm c ch sinh trng dinh dng qu mnh v
dit chi v hiu ngay trc khi cy la bt u phn ho ng l cc bin php c th p
dng nhm ti u ho cc thnh phn nng sut la.
7.1.2.3. T l ht chc:
(tnh bng phn trm ht chc trn tng s ht)
T l ht chc c quyt nh t u thi k phn ho ng n khi la vo chc
nhng quan trng nht l cc thi k phn bo gim nhim, tr bng, phi mu, th phn,
th tinh v vo chc.
T l ht chc tu thuc s hoa trn bng, c tnh sinh l ca cy la v chu nh
hng ln ca iu kin ngoi cnh. Thng s hoa trn bng qu nhiu d dn n t l
ht chc thp. Cc ging la c kh nng quang hp, tch ly v chuyn v cc cht
mnh, cng vi cu to m c gii vng chc khng ng sm, li tr v to ht trong
iu kin thi tit tt, dinh dng y th t l ht chc s cao v ngc li. Mun c
nng sut cao, t l ht chc phi t trn 80 %.
Cc bin php k thut cn lu gia tng t l ht chc:
-

Chn ging tt, tr gn, kh nng th phn cao v s ht trn bng va phi.

S cy ng thi v la tr v chn trong lc thi tit tt, vi mt s cy va

phi, trnh la b lp .

Bn phn nui ng (18-20 ngy trc khi tr) v nui ht (khi la tr u) y

v cn i la tr bng, th phn, th tinh v to ht y .

Chm sc chu o, trnh cho la b kh hn hoc b su bnh trong thi gian ny.
7.1.2.4 Trng lng ht

Trng lng ht c quyt nh ngay t thi k phn ho hoa n khi la chn,

nhng quan trng nht l cc thi k gim nhim tch cc v vo chc r.
Trng lng ht ty thuc c ht v my (no y) ca ht la. i vi la,
ngi ta thng biu th trng lng ht bng trng lng ca 1000 ht vi n v l
gram. phn ln cc ging la, trng lng 1000 ht thng bin thin tp trung trong
khong 20 30 g. Trong lng ht ch yu do c tnh di truyn ca ging quyt nh,
iu kin mi trng c nh hng mt phn vo thi k gim nhim (18 ngy trc khi
tr) trn c ht; cho n khi vo chc r (15 25 ngy sau khi tr) trn my ca ht.
Cc bin php k thut cn lu tng trng lng ht:
-

Chn ging c c ht ln, tr tp trung.

144

Bn phn nui ng tng c ht n ng kch thc di truyn ca ging v

bn phn nui ht, gi nc y , bo v nc khng b ng hoc su bnh
ph hoi, b tr thi v cho la ngm sa, vo chc trong iu kin thun li
tng s tch ly vo ht lm ht chc v no y (my).

7.1.3 Nhng tr ngi chnh lm gim nng sut la trn ng rung

Trong thc t, khi mi trng canh tc cng t c kim sot nh mong mun
theo yu cu sinh trng v pht trin ca cy la, nng sut la thng t c thp
hn rt nhiu so vi tim nng ca n. Gomez (1977) tng kt nhiu nghin cu v
a ra s so snh nng sut trong iu kin th nghim, nng sut tim nng v nng
sut thc t c th t c trn ng rung ca nng dn. Cc nguyn nhn dn n tnh
trng st gim ny bao gm c cc l do sinh hc, thi tit v kinh t x hi (Hnh 7.2).
Trong iu kin th nghim c kim sot, tt c cc yu t bt li u c khng
ch, nng sut la s pht huy ti a. Khi a ra sn xut, tim nng nng sut la c th
t c, s thp hn nng sut la trong iu kin th nghim do s khc bit v mi
trng, nh hng ca thi tit, kh hu v vic chuyn giao k thut.

Chuyn giao k thut

Mi trng khc bit

Tr ngi v mt sinh hc
Ging
C di
Su bnh
t
Nc
Dinh dng
Tr ngi v mt kinh t x hi
Chi ph v li nhun
Tn dng
Tp qun
Kin thc
Vt t nng nghip
T chc x hi
Nng sut
th nghim

Nng sut
tim nng

Nng sut
ng rung

Hnh 7.2. Khi nim v s st gim nng sut la thc t t rung nng dn
so vi nng sut tim nng v nng sut th nghim (Gomez, 1977)
Khi ng dng rng ri vo sn xut, nng sut thc t t c trn ng rung
ca nng dn li thp hn tim nng nng sut rt nhiu do hn ch v mt sinh hc, nh
s thch nghi ca ging i vi iu kin t, nc, dinh dng, su bnh, c di. Ngoi
ra, iu kin kinh t x hi ca nng dn cng gp phn quan trng trong vic lm st
gim nng sut so vi tim nng ca n. Trong , kin thc v tp qun canh tc ca
145

nng dn l ht sc quan trng, chi ph v li nhun cng l yu t c bn nh hng ti

quyt nh u t ca ngi dn v do , nh hung ti nng sut la.
7.1.4 K thut ti a ho nng sut la
Matsushima (1970) tng hp nhiu cng trnh nghin cu ca c nhn ng v
nhiu tc gi khc a ra l thuyt canh tc la hnh ch V. Theo ng, khi trng lng
ht ca cc ging la khng khc nhau nhiu, th nng sut la c quyt nh bi hai
thnh phn ch yu l s ht trn n v din tch v phn trm ht chc. ti a ha
nng sut la, trc ht l phi bng mi gi, gia tng s ht trn n v din tch. Tuy
nhin, nh ni trn, nu s ht trn n v din tch tng qu mc th phn trm ht
chc s gim. Do , vn ct li trong vic ti a ho nng sut la l lm th no
phn trm ht chc khng gim trong trng hp s ht trn n v din tch tng nhiu.
7.1.4.1 Khi nim v cy la l tng
Mun ti a ho nng sut, theo ng vic u tin l phi c mt cy la l
tng. Cy la l tng cn hi 6 c tnh:
-

C s ht cn thit trn n v din tch.

Thn thp, nhiu bng, bng ngn chng ng v tng phn trm ht chc.

C 3 l trn cng ngn, dy v thng ng gia tng hiu qu s dng nh sng

v do tng phn trm ht chc.

Gi c kh nng hp th N ngay c thi k sau khi tr.

C cng nhiu l xanh trn chi cng tt.

Tr vo lc thi tit tt, nhiu nng cho n t nht 25 ngy sau khi tr gia tng
sn phm quang hp.

Trong , cc c tnh hnh thi quan trng nht l 3 l trn cng ngn, dy, thng
ng v thn thp. ng cng tng kt nhiu th nghim i n kt lun l ngi ta c
th iu khin kiu cy la theo mun v yu t quyt nh trong vic to ra kiu cy
la l tng l vic hn ch s hp th m trong thi k ch s tui l t 69-92 (xem
Chng 5, phn 5.7.2), tc l tng ng vi khong 43-18 ngy trc khi tr.
7.1.4.2 K thut canh tc la hnh ch V
Theo k thut ny, Matsushima chia thi gian sinh trng ca cy la ra lm 3
giai on: giai on u, giai on gia v giai on cui. Giai on u l t lc ny
mm n khi cy la t ch s tui l 69 (khong 43 ngy trc khi tr). Giai on gia
l t khi cy la t ch s tui l 69-92 (tc khong t 43-20 hoc 18 ngy trc khi
tr). Giai on cui bt u t lc cy la c ch s tui l 92 n chn. Tng s ht trn
n v din tch l vn quan trng nht trong giai on u, trong khi gia tng phn
trm ht chc li gi vai tr quyt nh trong giai on gia v giai on sau (Hnh 7.3).
Giai on u
y l thi k phi bo m s ht cn thit trn n v din tch bng cch gia
tng s chi (nhng phi l chi hu hiu) trn n v din tch cng nhiu cng tt. Cc
bin php k thut cn lu c bit l:

146

S cy dy, dng cy m kho mnh, trnh gy tn thng cho r khi nh m v

cy. Cy m non v cy cn.

Bn phn tht nhiu, nht l phn m, ngay t giai on u.

S ht trn n v din tch

Phn trm ht chc

NNG SUT

GIAI ON U

GIAI ON GIA

GIAI ON CUI

Ch s tui l 1-69

Ch s tui l 69-92

T ny mm n 43 ngy
trc khi tr

43-20 ngy trc khi tr

Ch s tui l t 92 tr
i. T 20 ngy trc
khi tr n khi chn

Bo m s bng cn
thit

Kim sot kiu cy

Ngn nga ng

Gia tng hot ng

quang hp

Ci thin iu kin l
hc

1. Lm m tt

1. Gim s hp th m

2. Thi v thch hp

2. Rt nc phi t

1. Bn phn nui ng
v nui ht

3. Bn nhiu phn nht l

phn m

2. To iu kin cho b
r kho mnh

4. Cy cn

3. Thi tit tt nhiu

nng

5. Ngn nga r b thit hi

sau khi cy
6. Kim sot nhit nc
ti
7. S cy dy

Hnh 7.3. Lc biu th c s k thut canh tc hnh ch V

(Matsushima, 1970)

147

 Giai on gia
Trong giai on gia, cn khng ch s hp th m ca cy la bo m nhn
c kiu cy l tng, ngn nga ng v ci thin iu kin l hc ca cy, gip cy
la tch ly nhiu tinh bt trong thn v b l tng cng kh nng khng bnh v chc
chn l phn trm ht chc s gia tng. iu ny rt ph hp vi quan st v nhn xt ca
nhiu nng dn trng la ng bng sng Cu Long. Ngi nng dn nhn thy rng
nu lc cy la bt u ng ci, lm ng (bt u thi k phn ho ng) m m la
(tc l hnh thi bn ngoi ca rung la) mu vng tranh (xanh nht n vng) th la
sau ny tr mi chc ht (t lp v ht no y). R rng mu xanh nht n vng ca l
la l th hin ca tnh trng hi thiu m hoc s hp thu m b hn ch. Tc gi cho
rng rt nc phi rung l bin php b tr tt nht lm gim s hp thu m trong
thi k ny nu cy la c triu chng qu sung mn v tha m. Rt nc cn to iu
kin kch thch b r n su hn thun li cho vic huy ng dng cht giai on cui.
Rt nc cn lm cho tng t mt thong kh hn, thc y qu trnh phn gii cht hu
c trong t nhanh hn, ci thin tnh trng oxid-ho kh trong mi trng t ngp
nc, gip r pht trin thun li hn. Tuy nhin, i vi cc ging la tht ngn ngy, 2
giai on tng trng v sinh sn gi vi nhau th khng nn p dng k thut ny v s
lm nh hng xu n qu trnh hnh thnh v pht trin ca ng la. Trn t phn,
rt nc gia ma c th gy hin tng bc phn ln lp t mt lm hi la.
K thut sc bn gia cc hng la cy lm t bt r la, khi cy la vo cui
giai on c chi ti a, cng c tc dng hn ch s hp th m, to iu kin thong
kh, kch thch b r la hot ng hu hiu hn. Nng dn cn c kinh nghim dng
thuc c (2,4-D) vi nng thp (khong phn na liu dit c) xt vo lc la c chi
ti a, nu rung la qu xanh tt v rm rp, c ch s hp th m ca la giai
on ny, dit chi v hiu v lm thn la cng cp hn chng ng v khng su
bnh tt hn.
Giai on cui
Trong giai on ny, vn quan trng nht l lm th no gia tng hiu nng
quang hp ca cy la. Bin php u tin gia tng hiu nng quang hp l bn phn
m ngay sau khi chm dt giai on gia, tc l ngay thi k phn ho hoa (bn nui
ng). Vic bn phn ny nhm lm gim s hoa b thoi ho v gia tng s tch ly
carbohydrate trong cy m khng lm nh hng xu n kiu hnh ca cy. Ln bn
phn k tip nn c thc hin khi cy la tr u, nhm gia tng hiu nng hiu nng
quang hp sau tr v do kch thch s pht trin ca ht go.
Bin php cn thit th hai tng cng hiu nng quang hp l gia tng nng
lc ca b r. thc hin iu ny, cng tc qun l nc ht sc quan trng. Hot
ng ca b r s c tng cng bng bin php ti nc gin on. Bin php ny
cung cp oxy cho t, ngn nga r b thit hi do tnh kh bt thng ca t.
Vn quan trng th ba nhm tng cng hiu nng quang hp l phi b tr ma
v cy la tr bng trong khong thi gian c nhiu nng. Thi k cc trng m cy la
cn nh sng mt tri l trong vng t 15 ngy trc khi tr n 25 ngy sau khi tr.
Bin php canh tc hnh ch V ny c p dng rng ri trong sn xut
Nht Bn. Nm 1968, trong cuc thi ua nng sut la ti a Nht, 42% nng dn
148

t gii nht n gii 5 p dng k thut canh tc hnh ch V ca Matsushima. Triu

Tin, i Loan, Cambodia cng th nghim thnh cng k thut ny.
7.2 K THUT CANH TC LA
Chng ta phn bit hai trng hp s v cy. Trong iu kin thm canh tt th s
v cy u c kh nng cho nng sut tng ng nhau. Tuy nhin, vi nhng ging la
ngn ngy (khong 100 ngy), n bi km trong iu kin thm canh tt, ch ng c
nc, t t c th s c nhiu u im hn cy, s tn cng lm m v bo m c
s bng trn n v din tch, ng thi, thi gian sinh trng ca 1 ging la c th rt
ngn hn 4 5 ngy so vi cy.
Ngc li, trong iu kin khng ch ng c nc, t rung khng bng
phng, nhiu c di vi ging la tng i di ngy (trn 100 ngy), n bi mnh, nht
l vi lng ging t hoc tranh th thi v, rt ngn thi gian cy la ng trn rung
th cy bo m nng sut hn s. La cy tin chm sc v qun l, hn ch c c
di do t khng b kh thi gian u nh trong trng hp s, tng c h s nhn
tn ht ging v cy m to c th chu ng c iu kin bt thun trong thi gian u
kh hn cy la non.
7.2.1 Phng php s thng
C 5 kiu s thng hin ang c p dng ng Bng Sng Cu Long, da
vo iu kin t ai, ch nc, kiu chun b t v chun b ht ging. l s t,
s kh, s ngm, s chay v s gi (Hnh 7.4).
- S t (cn gi l s gt): t c chun b trong iu kin t, xong rt cn
nc v gieo ht ging ngm cho ny mm trn t nh bn nhuyn. y l
hnh thc s ph bin nhng ni c nc lm t v ch ng nc. S t c
th p dng cho tt c cc v h thu, thu ng hay ng xun.
- S kh: kiu s kh c thc hin t lu vng la ni vi cc ging la a
phng. Tuy nhin, s kh la cao sn c yu cu cao hn. S kh nhm tng thm 1 v
la ngn ngy ti nhng vng t b nhim mn hoc canh tc nh nc tri, bng cch
tn dng lng nc ma u ma cho la pht trin, tranh th thi v, m bo nng
sut v sau. t c chun b trong iu kin kh v ht ging kh, khng ngm . S
kh ch c thc hin trong v h thu sm.
- S ngm: s ht ging ny mm trong rung ngp nc. K thut ny thng
c p dng trong v thu ng hoc ng xun nhng chn rung trng nc ngp
su v khng c iu kin thot nc, hoc tranh th ma v xung ging sm hn,
gim c cng bm ti v sau nh trong v ng Xun An Giang. S ngm c yu
cu tin quyt l nc phi trong nhanh sau khi s.
S kh v s ngm l nhng bin php k thut c tnh cch i ph, n ch c thc
hin trong mt s iu kin nht nh, vi nhng mc ch yu cu khc nhau (s kh khi
khng c nc, trong khi s ngm khi c qu nhiu nc), v lng ging hao ht nhiu
v nng sut tng i bp bnh nu khng bo m cc yu cu nht nh ca n.
- S chay: l mt bin php s la khng lm t, s dng ht ging kh hoc
ngm 24 gi, s vo rung c phi kh v t ng, sau bm nc vo hoc
149

bm nc vo rung ri mi s. Nc c gi li trn rung 1 ngy (24 gi) ngm

t v cho ht la ht nc y . Sau rt nc ra ch gi m ht la mc mm
nh i vi trng hp s t. S chay u tin c p dng cc khu vc ven ng
Thp Mi thuc tnh Tin Giang, ni m nc phn t ng Thp Mi b ra ra vo
u ma ma thng lm cht la non mi s. Nng dn trong vng phi tranh th s
sm vo ma kh, s dng ngun nc ngt hn ch t kinh rch s v gip cy la
pht trin trong giai on u. Khi ma ma n, nc phn trn v, cy la ln c
kh nng chu ng tt hn. Bng k thut ny nng dn trong vng ven ng Thp
Mi c th sn xut thm mt v la ma kh n chc v s dng nc u v ht sc
tit kim. Gn y, s chay c nhn ra rng ri nhng vng la 3 v, nhm gii quyt
vn kh khn v lao ng v sc ko vo thi gian gip v. S chay ch c th c p
dng 1 ln trong nm, trong v xun h hoc h thu sm, sau khi va thu hoch la ng
xun vo gia ma kh, c iu kin phi t, t ng.

PHNG PHP S

S T

S KH

S NGM

S CHAY

S GI

CHUN B T

CHUN B T

CHUN B T

CHUN B T

CHUN B T

Trong iu kin t

Trong iu kin kh

Trc, nh bn

Cy, ba

nh
nc

rnh

thot

o mng thot
phn

Trong
ngp

iu

kin

Phi t, t ng

Trc, dn sch c

Ngm ny mm

HT GING
Kh, khng ngm
Trn thuc bo v
ht

Nh s t hoc s
kh tu cch s la
v u

Cm cy phn lung

Cho ngp nc va
phi sau khi s 1
ngy nc va cn

HT GING

HT GING

HT GING

Ngm va ny
mm

Kh, s trc khi

cho ngp

Trn thuc bo v
mm

Ngm, s vo trong
nc ri rung
rt nc m

Kh hoc ngm
tu cch s la v
u

Gi m

HT GING

Khng lm t

Trn ln ht ging
la ngn ngy v la
ma theo t l thch
hp

Hnh 7.4. c im cc bin php canh tc la s ng bng sng Cu Long

- S gi: s gi (gi la ngn ngy vi la ma) thng c p dng cc vng
la nc tri, nhim mn, phn, ni m thi gian c th trng trt c rt ngn (5-6
thng) trong ma ma; hoc nhng vng trng, nc ngp su khng c thy li tt
c th trng 2 v la thun li. y l nhng vng t kh khn, trc y ch trng
c 1 v la ma. Tng thm 1 v la ngn ngy ti y khng phi v mt vn n
gin. V la th hai thng rt bp bnh do thiu nc cui v. La b thit hi do kh
hn v phn mn khi ma ma chm dt; hoc phi cy s trong iu kin nc rung
qu su khng bo m sinh trng v pht trin ca cy la, c khi mt trng. Bng k
150

thut s gi, nng dn trong cc vng ny c th tng v n chc hn. Ht ging ca cy

la ngn ngy (thng di 100 ngy) c trn ln vi ht la ma di theo mt t l
nht nh ty yu tt t ai v c tnh ging. S cng mt lc 2 loi ging bng phng
php s t hoc kh ty iu kin tng ni. Sau khi thu hoch v la ngn ngy (khong
100 ngy sau khi s), ngi ta tip tc chm sc cho tr la ma pht trin tt thu
hoch vo cui ma ma, khi ngun nc ngt cn v rung kh. Nh th, bng cch
s gi ngi ta c th thu hoch 2 v la trong mt nm nhng vng t kh khn ny,
vi ch chun b t v gieo s c mt ln vo u ma ma.
7.2.1.1 S t (s gt, s mng)
Chun b t
- V h thu: t phi c ci i dit c, dit
mm su bnh v ngn s bc phn, bc mn ln tng
t mt. Khi ma ma n, cho nc ma ra bt
phn mn li i. n khi ma nhiu, nc ma ng li
lm mm t ngi ta tin hnh ba trc cho ti nhuyn
ra, dn sch c, nh rnh thot nc, nht l ch
trng, chia ming rung thnh tng lung m bo
rt cn nc trong rung. B mt cc lung phi c
san bng, khng nc ng vng, s lm cht mm, la ln khng u.
- V thu ng v ng xun: Sau khi thu hoch xong v h thu cn cy vi rm r,
c di ri trc mt ln cho t nhuyn ra, xong ngm nc t nht 2 tun l cho rm r,
xc c di phn hy ra khng lm hi r la non sau ny. n khi s, ngi ta trc li cho
t tht nhuyn c mt lp bn mm dy trn mt. Rt nc ra cn, nh rnh, san
bng mt lung v s. ni no phi s lin khng c thi gian ngm t th phi dn ht
rm r v c di em ra khi rung trc khi lm t. V rm r, c di ti b phn gii
trong iu kin ym kh s sn sinh ra cht c (acid hu c vi nng cao) lm hi r
la (hin tng ng c hu c).
Chun b ht ging
Cn chn ging la thch nghi tt vi iu kin a phng cho nng sut cao, n
nh, khng mt s i tng su bnh chnh trong vng v c phm cht go tt t yu
cu tiu dng v xut khu. Ht ging cn phi phi kh, i sch ht lp lng, ht c,
ngm trong nc sch 24 gi, 36-48 gi. Trong qu trnh ngm, cn thay nc t nht 1
ln loi nc chua. gip ht mau ny mm v ny mm u, khi cn o trn
nhit ng c phn phi u, sao cho nhit ng c gi khong 27-37oC;
ti nc thng xuyn gi m cho ng . Nu nhit khng kh thp, cn pha nc
m ti hoc phi nng cho ht hp th nhit, tng nhit v gip cho ng gi
nhit tt. Nu nhit ng qu cao, cn tri mng ht ging ra v o trn lm gim
nhit ng . C th trn ht ging vi mt loi thuc tr su bo v ht.
S
Lng ht ging cn cho mi hecta ty loi t, ging la, t l ny mm ca ht v
ma v gieo trng, trung bnh t 100-150 kg/ha. cho mm ra di hay ngn ty tnh
trng t chun b tt hay xu, min bo m khi s xung 2/3 ht la ln trong t l tt
nht. Mm ngn, t mm nho, ht ln qu su mm la khng ngoi ln c; ngc
li, mm di t cng ht nm khi trn mt khng bm c vo t, nng s lm
quo mm. C th s vi bng tay hoc s hng bng cng c s hng (Hnh 7.5).
151

S vi

S hng

Hnh 7.5. S vi v s hng rt ph bin BSCL hin nay

Bn phn
i vi la s t c th bn phn nh sau:
- Bn lt: ton b phn chung, phn ln, 1/2 lng phn Kali, trn phn vo t.
- Bn thc ln 1: (7-10 ngy sau khi s) bn 1/5 lng phn m gip cy la non
sm pht trin, c chi sm v khe, mau t c chi ti a v ln t c di.
- Bn thc ln 2: (20-25 ngy sau s tc 10-15 ngy sau khi bn thc ln 1) 2/5
lng phn m cung cp cho la n bi tch cc. Lc ny cy la ln, nhnh tch
cc nn c nhu cu cao hn.
- Bn nui ng: (18-20 ngy trc khi tr) la ng ng di khong 1-2 cm trong
b l: 1/5 lng m v 1/2 lng Kali gim s ht thi ho, tng s ht trn bng.
- Bn nui ht: (Khi la tr u) 1/5 lng m tng t l ht chc v trng lng ht.
Nu c s dng phn DAP (Diammonium Photphate) th nn bn vo ln bn thc
th nht v hai, bo m lng phn ln cn thit v tnh ton b sung N bng phn
Urea tho mn cc yu cu trn. Tng lng phn cc loi cn thit cho mt v la
cao sn ngn ngy (100-120 ngy) ty thuc vo ging la, ph ca t, ma v trng
v mc thm canh. Ni chung, trn hu ht cc loi t ph sa ng bng sng Cu
Long, cng thc phn 90-40-30 (kgN, P2O5, K2O/ha) c th xem nh mc khuyn co
tng qut cho a s cc ging la ngn ngy. Ty iu kin c th tng ni, tng v,
tng ging m gia gim s lng v loi phn cho ph hp.

152

KCl
50 kg

Mc nc 5 cm

Bn lt
PHC
Ln
Kali

Thc
1
1/5 N

10 cm

Thc
2
2/5 N

Nui
ng
1/5 N
K

Nui
ht
1/5 N

Hnh 7.6. Cc thi k bn phn v iu chnh mc nc rung cho la s t,

vi ging c thi gian sinh trng 100 ngy
Trong thc hnh, c th bn phn theo quy trnh canh tc hnh 7.6 vi cng thc
gm DAP (100kg/ha), Urea (150kg/ha) v KCl (50kg/ha) (phn trn hnh) hoc theo
hng dn c bn (phn di hnh).
Chm sc
- Gi nc: 3 4 ngy sau khi s, cho nc vo t t theo chiu cao cy la, khng
mt t b kh v gi c nh 5-10 cm n khong 10 ngy trc khi thu hoch. Cho
nc vo tr t s b kh, d cng li r kh pht trin v c di s mc nhiu.
- Lm c: 20-25 ngy sau khi s c th xt thuc dit c v lm c bng tay khi cn
thit bo m la pht trin thun li. Hin nay c rt nhiu loi thuc dit c tin v
hu ny mm rt hiu qu sn c trn th trng. Thuc c tin ny mm dng x l c
trc khi ht c ny mm, cn hu ny mm th x l sau khi c mc cn non. Liu
lng, thi gian v phng php x l tun theo s hng dn ca nh sn xut th mi
t hiu qu tt.
- Phng tr su bnh: La s c mt cy/n v din tch dy hn la cy nn
su bnh d pht trin lm hi la. Do , cn thm rung thng xuyn pht hin kp
thi v phng tr ng mc. Bin php qun l dch hi tng hp (Integrated Pest
Management IPM) cn c c bit ch trong cng tc bo v la.

153

7.2.1.2 S kh
Chun b t
t phi c cy i sau khi thu hoch v
la ma hay ng xun nm trc. n thng 4,
khi c c nhng cn ma u ma, ngi ta
tin hnh cy tr, lm sch c ri ba cho t
ti ra, cc t to bng nm tay l va. o nhng
rnh thot nc (su 20 cm) cch nhau khong
10-20 m. Cc rnh ny c ni lin vi nhng
mng su hn (50 cm) v rng hn bo m
a tt c lng nc ma u ma ra khi rung. V lng nc ma u ma ha
tan cc mui mn hoc mui phn tch ly trong lp t mt trong ma kh. Lng nc
ny rt c, nu gi li trong rung la s b cht.
Chun b ht ging
Cn chn nhng ging la tht ngn ngy, khng mt s loi su bnh chnh trong
vng, thch nghi tt vi iu kin ti a phng, chu hn gii. Ht ging cn phi thun
rt (khng ln ging), sch (khng c ln tp cht, ht c, ht lp), kh, chc ht, khng
b bnh v c ny mm trn 80%. Ht ging kh khng ngm c trn vi mt
trong cc loi thuc tr su bo v ht, nga d, kin, chim, chut.
S
Lng ging cn cho mi hecta ty loi ging la, t ai v t l ny mm ca ht
ging, trung bnh t 150-200 kg/ha. Khi s cn ri tht u tay ht phn phi u trn
ton khu rung. S xong nn ba lp ht trnh chim chut ph hi v gi m tt.
Bn phn
i vi la s kh c th bn phn lm 4 ln c bn trong sut v nh sau:
-

Bn lt: (trc khi s, ngay khi ba t) ton b phn chung, phn ln, trn phn
vo t.

- Bn thc ln 1: (10-15 ngy sau khi ht ny mm) bn 1/5 lng phn m gip cy
la non sm pht trin, c chi sm v khe, mau t c chi ti a v ln t c di.
-

Bn thc ln 2: (25 ngy sau khi ny mm tc 10-15 ngy sau khi bn thc ln 1)
2/5 lng phn m cung cp cho la n bi tch cc.

Bn nui ng: (18-20 ngy trc khi tr) lc ng ng di khong 1-2 cm trong
b l: 1/5 lng m v 1/2 lng kali gim s ht thoi ha, tng s ht trn
bng.

Bn nui ht: (khi la tr u) 1/5 lng m v 1/2 lng kali tng t l ht

chc v trng lng ht.

154

La n bi tch
cc

Tr

Lm
ng

Mc nc
10cm

0
Bn lt
PHC
Ln
1/2 Kali

Chn

10-15
Thc 1
1/5 N

25
Thc 2
2/5 N

GIAI ON TNG TRNG

40

70
Nui
ng
1/5 N
1/2 K

100ngy

Nui
ht
1/5 N

GIAI ON SINH SN

GIAI ON CHN

Hnh 7.7. Cc thi k bn phn v iu chnh mc nc rung cho la s

kh, vi ging c thi gian sinh trng 100 ngy
Chm sc
- Gi nc: Nhng trn ma u ma phi thot ht ra khi rung. Vi m cn
li trong t, ht c th ny mm c. n khi ma nhiu lng cht c ha tan
gim, nn gi nc li cho la pht trin, mc nc tt nht l t 5-10 cm cho n 10
ngy trc khi thu hoch.
- Lm c: i vi la s kh, vn c di rt quan trng. Cn dn c tht k
trc khi sa. Hin nay c rt nhiu loi thuc dit c tin v hu ny mm rt hiu qu
sn c trn th trng. Thuc c tin ny mm dng x l c trc khi ht c ny mm,
cn hu ny mm th x l sau khi c mc cn non. Liu lng, thi gian v phng
php x l tun theo s hng dn ca nh sn xut th mi t hiu qu tt. Sau c
th lm c bng tay v tip tc khi thy c xut hin.
- Phng tr su bnh: Nh i vi la s t, tuy nhin cn ch cc i tng gy
hi trong iu kin rung khng ngp nc giai on u nh d, chim chut, b lch
7.2.1.3 S ngm
Chun b t
i vi s ngm, do khng c iu kin tho
nc nn phi lm t trong iu kin ngp su, cn
nh sch c, gc ra, trc cho t tht mm ht la
d bm vo t, trnh b ni. Yu cu cn thit l
nc phi trong li sau khi lm t 2 3 ngy v
su thch hp l 20 30 cm nh sng mt tri c
th xuyn qua c. Nc c, bn s bm kn l
la, h hp kh khn, nh sng khng xung ti bn di, cy la non s b cht. Mc
nc cn qu (di 10 cm) hoc su qu (trn 50 cm) thng khng c li cho s pht
trin ca mm la. Sau khi s nc phi c rt ra t t, bo m ti a 10-12 ngy sau
khi s l la phi ngoi ln khi mt nc.
155

La n bi tch
cc

Chn

Tr

Lm
ng

40 cm

Bn lt
PHC
Ln

Mc nc
10 cm

5 cm

10-15

Thc 1
1/5 N
1/2
Kali

25

Thc 2
2/5 N

GIAI ON TNG TRNG

40

70

Nui
ng
1/5 N
1/2 K

GIAI ON SINH SN

100ngy

Nui
ht
1/5 N

GIAI ON CHN

Hnh 7.8. Cc thi k bn phn v iu chnh mc nc rung cho la s ngm,

vi ging c thi gian sinh trng 100 ngy
Chun b ht ging
Chn ging la nh i vi cc phng php s khc, km theo kh nng chu ng
giai on u. Ht ging cn ngm 24 gi v 24 36 gi cho mm la va nh ra mt
t s bm t tt, mm di ht d b ni. Trn ht ging vi cc loi thuc tr su tr
cua, c v cc ng vt trong nc. C th trn thm phn Super Ln kch thch r
pht trin trong iu kin thiu oxy.
S
Lng ging cn cho mi hecta hi cao hn s t mt t tr hao b thit hi do
cua, c hoc b ni. C th s ngay khi lm t xong hoc mt ngy sau, khi nc cn
c khi nc trong li, bn lng xung ph mt lp mng trn ht ging gip ht t b
ni. Nu gi nhiu c th cm nhnh cy hay tu l da chn bt gi.
Bn phn
C th bn tng t nh la s t, nhng 1/2 lng kali thay v bn lt, c th
bn vo ln bn thc th nht khi cy la va ngoi ln khi mt nc gip la mau
cng cp, chng phc hi.
Chm sc
- Gi nc: Sau khi s cn gi nc yn tnh, khng cho nc sng trn vo lm
c nc v tri ht. Khi la mc cao khong 10-20 cm nn li dng nhng con nc
rng vo nhng ngy nc km trong thng rt bt nc ra, nhng phi rt t t v
khng c rt cn. Cy la vn cao trong nc s m yu, d ng rp v b vi vo
bn. iu chnh nc rung ht sc quan trng trong vic s ngm. Lm th no sau
khi s 10-12 ngy cy la phi ngoi ra khi nc, c th quang hp t dng c.
156

- Lm c: Do b ngp nc nn vn c di rung s ngm t quan trng, ngoi

tr cc loi rong, c bit l rong xanh (cn gi l rong nht hay rong mn, l loi to
lam thu sinh), c bit l khi rung c bn phn sm, nht l phn ln. Kinh nghim
nng dn cho thy khi c rong xanh nn c gng rt cn nc, bn tro hoc cm cnh cy
m u, tu l ng nh nhng ch trng trong rung. C l cht cht (tanin) trong cc
cy ny c ch s pht trin ca rong. Ngi ta, cn dng tru ri vo rung dit rong.
C l tru c tc dng bm vo rong v ht nc trong t bo rong nn hn ch c s
pht trin ca rong. y l kinh nghim dn gian, cha c cng trnh nghin cu khoa
hc no chng minh cc kinh nghim ny. Tuy nhin, thc t cho thy nhng cch lm
ny c hiu qu tr rong xanh nht nh.
- Phng tr su bnh: Cn theo di su bnh nht l su phao v su cun l, c
bit xy ra khi la va ngoi ra khi nc, cn non yu.
Hin nay, s ngm khng c khuyn khch pht trin v vic s dng thuc tr
su bo v mm gy nh hng nghim trng trn s sng ca cc loi thy sinh ng
vt, mi trng v c sc khe ca nng dn trong vng. Cc bin php k thut ci tin
hoc thay th cho k thut s ngm hin nay ang c ch nghin cu khc phc
cc nhc im trn. Bin php qun l dch hi tng hp (Integrated Pest Management
IPM) cn c c bit ch trong cng tc bo v la.
7.2.1.4 S chay
Chun b t
Ngay sau khi thu hoch la ng xun, t c phi
kh 5 7 ngy, xong ri rm u khp rung, phi kh ri
t. Sau cho nc vo ngp rung, gi trong mt ngy
cho ngm vo t. t kh b nc vo t ngt s ht nc
nhanh lm t bong ra, lp t mt vn xp v gi c mt
lng khng kh nht nh trong mt thi gian, gip r la
pht trin thun li trong giai on u. Vic t rm nhm
v sinh ng rung dit mm su bnh, c di cn li ca v trc; ng thi cng gip
cho lp t mt kh hn, tng kh nng ht nc nhanh khi cho ngp nc tr li.
Chun b ht ging
C 2 cch chun b ht ging ty cch qun l nc. Nu cho nc ngp rung
trc khi s th ht ging cn ngm trong 24 gi trc khi s ht trng nc c
th chm xung t d dng. Bng cch ny ngi ta c th loi sch ht c, ht lp, ht
lng trc khi s vo rung. Cch th hai l c th s ht ging kh gi sch vo
rung va t ng, trc khi cho ngp nc. Thi gian ngm t 24 gi cng l thi
gian ngm cho ht trng nc ny mm.
S
Vic chn ging, lng ging v cch thc s trong s chay cng ging nh cc
phng php s khc.
Bn phn
Vic bn phn cho la s chay cng ging nh i vi s t. Tuy nhin, lng
phn bn lt c th c bn chung vi ln bn thc th nht.

157

 Chm sc
- Gi nc: Sau khi s, tip tc gi nc ngm trong 24 gi, xong thot nc ra,
ch gi rung m cho ht ny mm. Nu rung b kh c th bm nc vo tr li ri
tho nc ra bo m m cho mm pht trin. Cho nc vo cho chiu cao cy m (57 ngy sau khi s), ri t qun l nc nh i vi rung s t.
- Lm c v phng tr su bnh: Ging nh i vi rung s t.

La n bi tch
cc

Chn

Tr

Lm
ng

10 cm

Bn lt
PHC

Mc nc
10 cm

5 cm

7-10

25

Thc 1
Ln
1/5 N
1/2
Kali

Thc 2
2/5 N

GIAI ON TNG TRNG

40

70

Nui
ng
1/5 N
1/2 K

100ngy

Nui
ht
1/5 N

GIAI ON SINH SN

GIAI ON CHN

Hnh 7.9. Cc thi k bn phn v iu chnh mc nc rung cho la s chay,

vi ging c thi gian sinh trng 100 ngy
7.2.1.5 S gi
Chun b t
t c chun b ty kiu s t hay s kh.
Chun b ht ging
Cch chun b ht ging nh s ut hoc nh s kh. iu quan trng l nn chn
ging la thch hp gim s cnh tranh ln nhau khi s chung trn cng mt din tch,
trong cng mt thi gian. Yu cu chung i vi ging la ngn ngy, ngoi cc c tnh
mong mun thng thng nh cc phng php s khc, phi n bi mnh v sm
bo m n nh s bng trn n v din tch cng sm cng tt. Ging la ma phi c
c tnh tng trng chm trong thi gian u (t nht l 2 thng), c b l gn thn thng
ng t nh hng che rp v ln p trn la ngn ngy; ng thi phi c c tnh
pht trin nhanh, ra chi mnh trong thi gian 1 1,5 thng sau khi va thu hoch la
ngn ngy c th bo m s bng trn n v din tch sau ny.
Ht ging la ngn ngy v la ma, sau khi chun b k theo yu cu tng
phng php s, c trn u theo t l 4:1 hoc 5:1 (tc l 200 kg ging la ngn ngy
vi 4-5 kg ging la ma cho mi ha). T l ny c th gia gim ty iu kin t ai, c
158

tnh ca hai ging la. x Chu Hng, huyn Thnh Tr (Sc Trng) nm 1989, hn 20
ha la s gi s dng cc ging la ngn ngy nh IR9729, IR19660, MTL30 vi
cc ging la ma l thu hoch vo thng 12 dl nh Ba Thit, Mng Chim, Hai Honh,
M Ci, Mt Bi Lng ging s ph bin l 200 250 kg ging ngn ngy v 3-4
kg ging la ma.
S: Cch thc s nh i vi cc phng php s t hoc s kh.
Bn phn
- V la ngn ngy c bn phn nh i vi s t hoc s kh v c lng
phn v thi k bn.
- V la ma: Khi thu hoch la ngn ngy, cy la ma vn cn giai on tng
trng, nn khi ct la, ch phn b l v phin l ca cy la ma c ct i. Cy la
ma c b r pht trin mnh trong thi gian u, sau khi b ct l lc thu hoch la
ngn ngy, n s ra l mi v vn ln mnh m chu ng iu kin ngp l tt hn,
khng b cht nc nh trng hp la mi s hoc cy lp v.

LA MA
GIAI ON TNG TRNG

G SINH SN

G CHN

LA NGN NGY
GIAI ON TNG TRNG

G SINH SN

G CHN

20 cm
10 cm
5 cm

Bn
lt
PHC
Ln
1/2 K

10

Thc
1
1/5
N

25

Thc
2
2/5
N

40

Nui
ng
1/5 N
1/2 K

45

70
Tr

Nui
ht
1/5 N

100
Gt
la
ngn
ngy
Thc
3
50
kg
N/ha

120

150
Tr

180
Gt
la
ma

Thc
4
50
kg
N/ha

Hnh 7.10. Cc thi k bn phn v iu chnh mc nc rung cho la s gi, gia

ging la c thi gian sinh trng 100 ngy v ging la ma a phng
Ngay sau khi thu hoch la ngn ngy, tip tc gi nc trong rung va phi,
bn thc 50 kg Urea/ha kch thch l non vn ln nhanh chng v cc mm chi ng
pht trin sm. Sau 15 ngy bn tip 50-70 kg Urea v 50 kg KCl cho la n bi
mnh v cng cp chng ng. i vi la ma, thi im cy la phn ha ng trng
vi thi im mc nc rung cao v thn cy la cng cao, nn vic bn phn nui
159

ng thng khng thc t. Tuy nhin, ni no t cao, mc nc l khng su lm

(di 30 cm), th vic bn phn nui ng v nui ht rt c tc dng tng nng sut. C
th phun dung dch phn long ln l nu mc nc rung cao v vic ri phn kh khn.
Chm sc
Gi nc, lm c, phng tr su bnh cho la ngn ngy cng ging nh i vi
cc phng php s khc. Ring i vi la ma, khi thu hoch la ngn ngy cn ch :
-

Khng nn ct qu thp: ct cch mt t 30 cm l va.

Nn hn ch gim p gy thit hi cho thn v gc la ma.

Nn ch lm c trong vng 20 ngy sau khi thu hoch la ngn ngy. Sau la
cao hn, nc nhiu c di thng khng pht trin c, vic lm c khng
cn cn thit na.

Trnh rm r, xc b c di trong rung, v chng s ni trn mt nc v c

th cht la.

7.2.2 Phng php cy

7.2.2.1 Lm m
BSCL c 3 cch lm m ph bin
hin nay: m kh, m t, m ta v m sn.
Ty iu kin c th tng ni v yu cu ca
tng v m chn cch lm m thch hp, min
bo m c cy m tt, to khe, cng cp, xanh
tt, khng su bnh v c chiu cao va phi.
M kh
t c chun b trong iu kin kh, cy cuc cho ti xp, nh rnh v lm
nhng lip rung khong 1-1,5 m. Bm t nh ra ri gch hng ngang, mi hng cch
nhau 10 cm, su 3 cm. Gieo nhng ht ging kh vo nhng hng ny, khong 6g ht (1
nhm tay) cho mi hng (mi m2 gieo c 50-60 g ht). Gieo xong dng t bt, ct hay
tro tru lp ht, y c kh gi m v ti nc m hng ngy. Khong 3 ngy sau
khi gieo, ht s ny mm. Khong 10 ngy sau khi gieo, cy cao khong 5 cm, co b lp
c kh y nng m, cho cy m phi ra nng, pht trin tt. n khong 13-15 ngy
sau khi gieo nn ti phn Urea cho m tt (khong 20-30g/10 m2).
M t
t c nh bn nhuyn sch c, nh rnh thot nc, chia rung ra thnh
nhng lung rng khong 3m. San bng mt lung, rt cn nc ch cha li di rnh.
Cc rnh ny cn dng i li chm sc m sau ny. t xu cn bn nhiu phn hu
c v bn thm phn ln cy m cng cp, khe mnh. Ht ging c ngm cho
ny mm (ngm 24 gi, 36-48 gi) v ri u trn mt lung. Mt gieo 40-50
kg/cng (1000 m2) l va. Gieo cho 2/3 ht la ln trong bn l tt nht. Khong 3-4
ngy sau khi gieo, cho nc vo t t theo chiu cao cy m v gi c nh 5-10 cm.
Khong 10-12 ngy sau khi gieo bn khong 5 kg Urea/cng cho m tt, sm c chi
160

ngnh tr. Nu lm m 30 ngy (i vi la trung ma) th n ngy 20 bn thm 3 kg

Urea/cng cho m dinh dng tip tc pht trin.
M ta
t c cy cuc ln, phi kh, bm nhuyn, ti nc cho mm m, ri dng
cy trn hoc chi ta bng g, ng knh khong 8 cm y bng lm thnh nhng l
su 2-3 cm, cch nhau 5-10 cm. on ri ht ging ngm , ny mm gn vo y l,
lp ht bng tro tru, xong ph ln mt lp c kh gi m v ti nc hng ngy.
Ngi ta c th vt bn ao ph ln mt lip cho ro ri ta l, gieo ht nh trn. Khi m
cao khong 5 cm, ngi ta co lp v kh ny i. Khong 10-12 ngy sau khi gieo, ti
phn Urea v chm sc nh lm m kh. M ta t tn t v d nh hn m kh nhng
cy m m yu hn v khng lu qu 1 thng c.
M ta v m kh thng c p dng trong v ng xun tranh th gieo trn b,
lip; trong khi lm m t phi gieo di rung ngp kh khn khi khng c h thng
thy nng tt kim sot nc l.
M sn
M sn l phng php ci tin ca phng php lm m Dapog. M c gieo
trn sn t hoc ngay c trn sn gch, lt sn bng nylon hoc l chui, ri mt lp t
bt mn trn vi phn hu c hoai mt hoc mn da (phn vn ri ra trong qu trnh
ch bin t x da), dy khong 3-5 cm. Gieo ht ging kh hoc ht ging ngm
ny mm cho tht u trn mt lung ri ri thm mt lp mng phn hu c hoc t
mn lp ht, che mt v ti m hng ngy. Khi m ln c 7-10 ngy th ti phn
uear pha long hng ngy cho m mc tt. Bng cch ny cy m c th sn sng cy
sau 15-16 ngy sau khi gieo, rt ngn thi gian gieo m. Khi nh m ch cn cun m li
theo tng mng vi ngn m hng vo trong, hoc x thng tng ming 30-50 cm
mang ra rung cy.
7.2.2.2 Chun b t
Chun b t cy tng t nh s t nhng khng cn phi nh rnh thot nc.
Yu cu t cy l phi mm, sch c v bng phng. Lm t xong nn t nht 1 ngy
cho t n nh ri mi cy. Khi cy nn gi nc xm xp (khong 3-5 cm) c th
cy cn, la khng b ni v d cy, la cng mau bn r v n bi sm.
7.2.2.3 Cy la
Cy la phi bo m cc yu cu: cy ng tui m, ng khong cch v cy cn.
- Tui m di v ngn ty theo thi gian sinh trng ca ging la v phng php
lm m. Ni chung, cc ging la c thi gian sinh trng di 120 ngy th tui m
thch hp khong 18-20 ngy. Cc ging la trung ma t 120-150 ngy c th m 2530 ngy tui. Cy m gi, giai on tng trng cn li ngn, la khng kp n bi y
bo m s bng/n v din tch. Nu v mt l do v m phi cy m gi, th
nn cy dy b tr kh nng n bi km. Cy sm qu cy m non cn yu, mt sc
nhiu, chm phc hi, chu ng km v kh cy.
- Khong cch cy thay i ty theo ging la, t ai, ma v bo m s bng
/n v din tch. Ni chung, vi ging la ngn ngy, n bi km, trn t km mu m,
trong ma nng (v ng xun) nn cy dy v ngc li. Ging la ngn ngy c th
cy 15x15 cm hoc 20x15 cm (nu t tt). Ging la trung ma c th cy 20x20 cm
hoc 20x25 cm (nu t tt).
161

- S tp m trn mi bi ty m tt hay xu, non hay gi. Nu cy ng tui m v

m tt c th cy 3-4 tp/bi l va. Phi cy cn (2-3 cm) th la mi mau bn r, hi
phc nhanh, n bi mnh v sm, cho nhiu chi hu hiu.
7.2.2.4 Bn phn
i vi rung la cy c th bn phn lm 4 phn c bn nh sau y:
-

Bn lt: (trc khi trc ln cui cy) gip la mau hi phc v n bi sm.
+ Ton b lng phn chung, phn ln.
+ 1/5 lng phn m.
+ 1/2 lng phn kali.

Bn thc: (15 ngy sau khi cy) 2/5 lng m la n bi mnh, sm t chi
ti a.

Bn nui ng: (lc la cn ng ng di khong 1-2 cm tc 18-20 ngy trc

khi tr) 1/5 lng m v 1/2 lng phn kali.

Bn nui ht: lc la tr u, bn 1/5 lng phn m cui cng nui ht.

Cy

Bn
lt
PHC
Ln
1/2 K

Thc
2/5 N

Nui
ng
1/5 N
1/2 K

Nui
ht
1/5 N

Hnh 7.11. Cc thi k bn phn v iu chnh mc nc rung cho la cy,

vi ging c thi gian sinh trng 120 ngy
7.2.2.5 Chm sc
- Gi nc: Khi cy gi nc xm xp (3-5 cm) d cy, cy cn. Khi la bn
r (5-7 ngy sau khi cy) tin hnh cy dm li nhng ch la cht v cho nc vo, gi
c nh 5-10 cm sut v.
- Lm c: c th lm c bng tay 2 ln: 15-20 v 30-35 ngy sau khi cy, cng c
th dng thuc dit c. Hin nay c rt nhiu loi thuc dit c tin v hu ny mm rt
hiu qu sn c trn th trng. Thuc c tin ny mm dng x l c trc khi ht c
ny mm, cn hu ny mm th x l sau khi c mc cn non. Liu lng, thi gian
162

v phng php x l tun theo s hng dn ca nh sn xut th mi t hiu qu tt.

Vic qun l c di rung la cy tng i d dng hn trn rung la s do c di t
hn v la cy c hng, c bi nn d lm c.
- Phng tr su bnh: Sau khi cy c th ri Basudin 10H hay Furadan 3H khong
1 kg/cng tr cua. Thng xuyn thm ng pht hin v phng tr su bnh kp thi.
Bin php qun l dch hi tng hp (Integrated Pest Management IPM) cn c c
bit ch trong cng tc bo v la.
7.2.3 La ti sinh (la cht)
Mt vn v ang c nghin cu nhiu v ng dng
rng ri mt s ni trn th gii l k thut la ti sinh
hay la cht hoc la ma gc. K thut ny c p
dng t lu Trung Quc, Indonesia, n , Bangladesh,
Pakistan ni m iu kin sn xut cn gp nhiu kh
khn, hoc rt ngn thi gian sinh trng, tng c
nhiu v, hoc tn thu tim nng cho nng sut cao ca
cc ging la u th lai (F1), loi ging la i hi k thut
v chi ph sn xut ht ging cao, m khng th dng ht
ging v u sn xut tip v sau nh cc ging la thng thng. Gn y, mt s
vng trng la 3 v ca tnh Tin Giang, Long An, Vnh Long nng dn thng 1 v
la ma gc sau v la h thu hay xun h, nhm rt ngn thi v, trnh nc l v gim
chi ph sn xut. Nm 1993, ch ring huyn Tn Thnh (Long An), trong s 6000 ha la
v 3 (v thu ng), c trn 4200 ha la ti sinh (Trn Minh Tng, 1993), vi nng sut
bnh qun tng ng 80% nng sut la v chnh. Trng hp c bit, mt s nng dn
Cai Ly (Tin Giang) t nng sut 5-5,5 t/ha vi la ti sinh sau v ng xun. Cn
nhiu vn k thut cn phi nghin cu n nh v nng cao nng sut la ti sinh
nh ging la, thi v, phn bn, ch nc, su bnh v cc vn v mi quan h gia
v la chnh v v la ti sinh. Trong nhng nm 1995-2003, din tch la cht pht
trin kh rng vng la thm canh 3 v la, c bit l cc tnh Tin Giang, Vnh Long
v Cn Th. Cho n nm 2006, ti tnh Vnh Long, vn cn c hn 14.000ha la cht,
chim 23% din tch la v 3 (Thu ng) ca tnh.
7.2.3.1 iu kin cht thnh cng
Sinh trng, pht trin v nng sut ca la cht ph thuc vo ging la, tnh
trng sinh trng, su bnh, thi gian thu hoch v trc, k thut ct r ( cao r) v
vn bn phn chm sc.
Ging la
Kh nng ti sinh ph thuc rt ln vo c tnh ging. Nhng ging la khc
nhau c kh nng ti sinh cng khc nhau. Thng thng cc ging la c bng to, thn
r cng, dinh dng tch lu trong thn cao th kh nng ti sinh (ra chi con sau khi thu
hoch) tt hn nhng ging la c bng nh, thn r mm yu. Thc t cho thy cc
ging la c kh nng ti sinh mnh nh IR42, IR19660, IR50404, IR66, IR59606,
IR66707, MTL322, MTL250,.

163

 Tnh trng sinh trng v su bnh v trc

c th t c hiu qu v la cht cao, cy la v trc phi sinh trng tt
v khng nhim su bnh, c bit l cc bnh m vn, thi thn, chy l. la ti
sinh mnh, khong 5 ngy trc khi thu hoch v trc ngi ta thng bn phn m
khong 30 kg Urea/ha la c th tch lu nhiu dinh dng trong r v thu hoch sm
khi la va chn (80% ht trn bng chn vng), gc r phi cn ti.
Ct r
Ngay sau khi thu hoch trong vng 1-2 ngy, khi gc r cn ti, ngi ta tin hnh
ct gc r. Chiu cao ct nh hng rt ln n nng sut v thi gian sinh trng ca la
v cht. Theo quy lut sinh trng thc vt, nhng phn trn thn cng gn ngn cng
c tui sinh l cao, do , nu ct r qu cao, cc mm chi pha trn s pht trin, c ch
cc chi gc, la s tr sm, tr khng ng lot, bng nh, t ht v nng sut thp. la
cht mnh, ra chi nhiu, cho nng sut cao, nn ct r chiu cao 3-5 cm trn mt t
ch s dng cc chi gc c tui sinh l non, sinh trng chi la ti sinh s mnh hn v
thi gian tr tr hn cy la cht c thi gian ra nhiu bng, bng to, nng sut cao
hn. Bng cch ny, thi gian t lc thu hoch la v trc n khi v la cht sn sng
thu hoch thng l 75-80 ngy v nng sut c th t 4-4,5 tn/ha.
7.2.3.2 K thut canh tc la cht
Do v la cht c thi gian sinh trng ngn (75-80 ngy) nn vn bn phn v
chm sc i hi rt cht ch.
Gi nc
Khi thu hoch la v trc rung nn gi m, khng rung kh, cng khng
ngp nc. Rung qu kh gc r d b kh ho, kh nng ti sinh km. Ngc li, rung
ngp nc s c ch cc chi gc, hn ch s ra chi ti sinh. V li khi t t, s gim
t trong qu trnh thu hoch v gom la s gy thit hi cho gc r.
Bn phn
- Trc khi thu hoch la v trc:
Nh trnh by trn, gc r c th tch lu c nhiu dinh dng cho vic
ti sinh, 3-5 ngy trc khi thu hoch la v trc, nn bn khong 30 kg Urea/ha.
- Sau khi thu hoch la v trc:
5 ngy sau khi ct r bn khong 30 kg Urea v 50 kg DAP/ha kch thch ra
chi ti sinh v nui chi con.
15-20 ngy sau khi ct r bn 50 kg Urea/ha la n bi v pht trin chi to.
30-35 ngy sau khi ct r la c ng nn bn phn nui ng: 50 kg Urea v
30 kg Kali (KCl)/ha nui ng.

164

Du vt
ca gc r
v trc

Ra chi

Ct r
-5

0 3

Bn
dng
r
30kg
Urea/
ha

Tr

Lm ng

15-20

30-35

Thc 1
30kg
Urea +
50kg
DAP/
ha

Thc 2
50kg
Urea/
ha

Nui
ng
50kg
Urea +
30kg
KCl/
ha

50

Hnh 7.12. Cc thi k bn phn cho v la cht

Phng tr su bnh
Vn phng tr su bnh cng tng t nh i vi la s t.

Ct r

Hnh 7.13. K thut ct r v sinh trng ca v la cht

165

Chn
80 ngy

7. 3. CU HI N TP
1. Tho lun s ng gp ca cc thnh phn nng sut vo nng sut la.
2. Trnh by cc bin php k thut tng nng sut la thng qua vic tc ng
vo cc thnh phn nng sut.
3. Tho lun cc tr ngi chnh lm gim nng sut la thc t trn ng rung so
vi tim nng nng sut ca ging.
4. Tho lun 6 c tnh cn thit ca mt cy la l tng theo quan im ca
Matsushima (1970).
5. Tho lun k thut canh tc la hnh ch V ca Matsushima (1970).
6. So snh cc c im ca cc bin php canh tc la s ng bng sng Cu
Long. u v nhc im ca cc phng php s t, s kh, s ngm s chay v
s gi.
7. Tho lun u v nhc im ca cc phng php canh tc la cy v la s.
7.4. BI C THM
1. o Th Tun, 1970. Sinh l rung la nng sut cao. Nh xut bn Khoa hc v
K thut, H Ni.
2. Nguyn Ngc , 1998. S dng bng so mu l bn phn N hp l cho la
BSCL (t 1996 n 1998). Bo co tng kt, 1998.
3. Nguyn Ngc v Phm Th Phn, 2001. K thut canh tc la cao sn. D n
nng cao nng lc xo ngho, tnh Tr Vinh do UNDP ti tr, S Vn ho Thng
tin Tr Vinh.
4. Matsushima, S., 1970. Crop Science in Rice Theory of yield determination and
Its application. Fuji Publishing Co., Ltd., Tokyo. Japan.
5. Vergara, B.S., 1987. Raising the yield potential of rice. IRRI, Philippines.

Nghin cu ng dng bng so mu l bn phn N cho la

166

CHNG 8: THU HOCH V BO QUN

8.1 Thu hoch v bo qun
8.2 Phi sy la
8.3 Bo qun ht la
*********

Hao ht trong qu trnh thu hoch v bo qun chim mt t trng kh ln trong

tng sn lng la hng nm nhiu nc trn th gii. Phm cht ht b nh hng
kh ln trong qu trnh thu hoch v bo qun. Do , hn ch c nhng h hao v tht
thot ny, tc l lm gia tng phm cht v sn lng la.
8.1. THU HOCH LA
8.1.1. Thi im thu hoch
Thi im thu hoch thch hp nht l lc 80 % s ht trn bng ca cc i a s
cc bi la chn vng. Thu hoch sm hn ht la xanh cn nhiu, s tch ly cht dinh
dng vo ht cha y , trng lng ht s gim lm cht lng ht ging khng tt.
Ngc li, nu thu hoch tr qu, mt s ging la t min trng, ht c th ny mm trn
bng, r kh mm yu d b ng rp, cc nhnh gi b gy tng on (gy chn), ht ri rt
nhiu lm gim nng sut phm cht ht. Thu hoch tr lm gia tng t l ht b gy khi xay
xt. Thit hi s tr nn trm trng hn khi ma nhiu, m cao hoc chn rung c
nc. Ngoi ra, nn chn ngy nng tt lc kh ro cng thu hoch th phm cht go mi
tt. Nu c iu kin th khong 10 ngy trc khi thu hoch nn rt nc cho kh rung,
la chn sm, tp trung v d thu hoch, ht la cng sng v ht go tt hn.
8.1.2. Chn rung lm ging
Cn chn nhng m rung tt, la pht trin ng u, khng ln tp, mu r sng,
khng su bnh, khng ng, la chn u v tp trung lm ging. Trong , ch gi
lm ging nhng ht la chn u, chc my, khng c ht xanh non v lp lng.
8.1.3. Kh ln ging
Trong qu trnh canh tc, ht ging rt d b ln tp qua nhiu khu (p, phi, vn
chuyn, tn tr, ngay c nhng ht la ri rng hoc cn st li trong t nhng v
trc) v do nhiu nguyn nhn k c vn tp giao, mc d vi xc sut thp (1-5 phn
ngn), b bin d lm phm cht ht lm ging, nh hng xu n nng sut cc v
sau. Do , bo m ging thun (rt ging), duy tr v cng c cc c tnh tt ging,
n nh v nng cao nng sut la, trc khi thu hoch cn kh ging ln. Cng tc ny
167

nhm loi b nhng cy la c dng hnh c bit khc vi cy la ng ging nh tr v

chn khng ng lot, chiu cao khng ng u, dng cy, dng l, dng bng, dng ht
khc vi ging ban u hoc d hnh (Hnh 8.1).

Hnh 8.1. Rung la khng ng u (A) so vi rung rt ging (B)

8.1.4. Phng php thu hoch

cc nc tin tin nh M, Chu u, c vic thu hoch la c tin hnh bng
my gt p lin hp c ln c nng sut rt cao trn din tch rng v c iu thy hon
ton. Nht Bn, ngi ta s dng my gt p lin hp c nh (b rng ct t 50 - 150
cm), thch ng vi cc tha rung c kch thc nh. Malaysia, c khong 200 my gt
p lin hp c b rng ct 4,87 m. Vit nam v hu ht cc nc Chu , vic thu hoch
la ch yu tin hnh bng tay. My ct xp dy kiu Nht (Hnh 8.2) ang c th
nghim mt s khu vc ng bng sng Cu long v mt s ni khc trong c nc.

Hnh 8.2. My gt xp dy
Trong vic thu hoch bng tay, tu theo ging la, tnh trng la chn v phng
cch ra ht (p) m ngi ta thu hoch la bng cch gt hay ct.

168

8.1.4.1 Gt la
Thng ch p dng trn cc ging la cao cy, la b ng v ri. Ngi ta
dng mt s dng c gi l vng hi hay vng gt gm 2 nhnh cy lin, hp vi
nhau 1 gc 45 - 60 . Trn mt nhnh dng lm tay cm c tra li hi (lim) gia v
thng gc vi mt phng hai nhnh (kiu ngi Kinh) hoc pha i din vi nhnh kia
(kiu Khmer). Nhnh kia dng lm phng tin gom bi la li, gi cc bng la bng
bn tay tri v ct bng li hi vi tay phi. (Hnh 8.3). V tr ct thng cch c bng
khong 20 - 30 cm. Xong b li thnh tng b, ng knh 10 - 15 cm. Cc b ny c
gom li thnh ng, xp chng ln nhau tng lp gi l ng la p cp hoc xp
dng ng thnh ng trn (phn bng quay ln) trn sn xi mng hay sn t c
nn cht v trng kn cc k nt p bng tru b hay my ko (xem hnh 8.7).

Cch gt

Vng gt ngi Kinh

Vng gt ngi Khmer

Hnh 8.3. Thu hoch la bng vng gt

8.1.4.2 Ct la
Nhng ging la thp cy khng th gt c th dng lim (li hi) ct
ngang thn (Hnh 8.4).Thng ct cch c bng khong 40 - 50 cm, tng m tin
b thnh nhng b ln, gom li cho my sut hoc p ti ch bng b p la. Ngi ta
c th ct rt ngn 10 - 20 ci gi l xm la, nh cng vn chuyn. Cch xm ny
thng thy cc vng la ni v ra ht bng cch cho b hoc my p.

Hnh 8.4. Ct la bng lim (li hi)

169

8.1.5 Ra ht
Ra ht l t gi chung cc phng php tch ri ht la khi bng. C nhiu cch
ra ht: p bng b, p cp, p bng tru b, bng my ko hay sut la.
8.1.5.1 p b
(Hnh 8.5)
Ngi ta dng 1 ci nch gi cht cc m la ct v p mnh vo ci thang
b lm bng cc thanh tre chc v cng chn t trong b, u trn ta vo ming b.
B gm c 1 y bng g kch thc khong 80 x 100 cm xung quanh c bao bc bi
1 ming li dy khong 2.5 m chn khng cho ht vng ra ngoi (thng thy
Long An) hoc an bng tre v qut mt lp phn tru b ti, xong phi kh trm bt
vo cc k h (thng thy cc tnh Cu Long, Cn Th). Ca b rng khong 80 cm
cch y b khong 60 cm, pha trn phnh rng ra khng b vng khi p. B c
lm gn nh, c th di chuyn d dng trong rung.

Hnh 8.5. p la bng b

8.1.5.2 p cp
Ci nch dng gi b la gt tng t nh trn nhng dy ngn hn va vn
m cht b la. Ngi ta p la trong sn hay trn m vi mt ci gh p. Gh
p gm 1 ming g to, dy v chc chn, mt u di t, mt u ta trn 2 ci
chn cao khong 60 cm. Ngi ta p v tr b la qua li nhiu ln n khi rng ht ht
chc (Hnh 8.6).

170

Hnh 8.6. p cp

8.1.5.3 p la
Ngi ta cht la dng ng (bng hng ln trn) thnh ng trn, ng kn t
4 - 5 m n trn 10m, tu cch p la bng tru b hay my ko chng c th xoay
tr trn sn. Tru b hay my ko c iu khin i vng vng, gim ln ng la cho
n khi rng ht ht. Dng nhng m sy sc tr cc b la t bn di ln trn v
t trn xung di. Cui cng th gi rm b ra, cn li l la ht trn sn (Hnh 8.7).

Hnh 8.7. p la trn sn bng tru hay b

8.1.5.4 Sut la
C 2 loi my sut la hin hnh: my sut la bn c gii v c gii.
- My sut bn c gii: dng mt ng c 3-4 m lc ko mt trc mang ng
sut quay trn. Trn ng sut c nhng rng bng kim loi, ngi ta cm 1 b la a
phn bng vo cho rng ht ht, xong qung rm ra v c th tip tc n cc b la khc
(Hnh 8.8).

171

Hnh 8.8. Sut la bng my sut bn c gii

- My sut la c gii: dng 1 ng c 9-12 m lc vn hnh mt h thng bao
gm ng sut to bng kim loi v h thng sng, qut gi tch ht lp, rm v tp cht
ra khi la chc. a c b la vo, my s t ng sut ra ht v dng qut gi tch cho
ht chc ra ring, rm, rc, lp ra ring (Hnh 8.9).

Hnh 8.9. p la bng my sut

My hot ng rt hu hiu v nng sut cao, trung bnh khong 500-600 kg la
ht/gi vi khong 4 - 5 ngi vn hnh. Phng php ny hin nay ang c s dng
rt ph bin ng Bng Sng Cu Long. Cc yu t nh hng n hiu nng hot
ng ca my l m ht v rm, t l ht trn rm, ging la v tay ngh ca ngi
vn hnh. Ni chung, la t, m cao; ct bng la qu di nhiu rm th my hot
ng chm. Ging la japonica thng dai hn cc ging la indica, nn kh sut hn.
Ngi vn hnh my c kinh nghim v tay ngh cao s tng c hiu nng ca my.
172

Cn lu trong khu ra ht l nu mun lm ging th thng nn gt b thnh tng

b ring v p cp hn ch s ln tp do c gii.

Hnh 8.10. My gt p lin hp

My gt p lin hp mi c gii thiu vo ng bng sng Cu Long trong
nhng nm gn y, sau mt thi gian di th nghim v ci tin c th nh v vn
hnh thun li trong iu kin t mm v la thng b ng khi thu hoch. Hin nay,
c mt s kiu my gt p lin hp t ra thch nghi kh tt. Tuy nhin, gi c ca
my gt p lin hp vn cn cao so vi thu nhp ca nng dn. y hin l tr ngi ln
trong vic c gii ho khu thu hoch gii quyt nn thiu lao ng nghim trng ti
thi im thu hoch la khi m vic sp xp li c cu ma v v xung ging ng lot
ang l ch trng chung hn ch thit hi ca su bnh, nht l ry nu, bnh vng
ln v ln xon l ang l mi e da thng xuyn v nghim trng trong sn xut la
ng bng sng Cu Long.
8.1.6 Lm sch ht (Gi la)
Gi la l qu trnh dng sc gi tch ht lp v cc loi tp cht ra khi ht
chc, ngi ta c th li dng sc gi t nhin hay dng xa qut gi v qut bng ng
c. La c t trn cao xung cho ri t t ngang qua lung gi. Ht lp nh hn
nn b gi li i xa, cn ht chc th ri ti ch (Hnh 8.11). Chn phn ht chc nng
pha trn gi (la gc) trong ng la lm ging.
Ngi ta cng dng qut hay my lm sch ht (kt hp qut v sng) tch cc
tp cht ra khi l ht la.

Hnh 8.11. Gi la (lm sch ht)

173

8.2 PHI SY LA
Mc ch ca vic phi sy la l h thp m lm gim qu trnh h hp duy
tr ca ht trong khi bo qun nh hng n sc sng v cht lng ht la. Gim m
ht cng nhm hn ch s pht sinh, pht trin ca cc vi sinh vt v cn trng c hi tn
cng ht trong qu trnh bo qun. Cc yu t c nh hng n tin phi sy v cht
lng ht, cn lu l: m ban u ca ht, nhit v m tng i ca khng
kh, v phng php phi sy. Ht la khi thu hoch c m thng thng khong 20%
trng lng ht. Trong khi yu cu m ht c th tn tr an ton l phi di 14%.
Theo Huey (1977), vic phi sy cn phi tin hnh ngay sau khi thu hoch, khng nn
tr qu 24h, v m cao s lm ht mt phm cht rt nhanh.
8.2.1 Nguyn tc c bn ca vic phi sy
Cng nh cc ht ng cc khc, ht la l mt loi vt liu a nc, cho nn m
ht s rt d dng thay i tu theo nhit v m tng i ca khng kh xung
quanh n. Tin trnh phi sy c bn l qu trnh truyn nhit bng cch bin nc trong
ht thnh hi v chuyn ra ngoi khng kh.Nhit c truyn ti ht bng lung kh i
lu, bc x mt tri hoc s truyn dn. Phng php i lu kh thng c s dng
nht. Phng php ny i hi phi si nng khng kh lm gim m tng i
ca khng kh xung thp c th ht m t ht ra.

Hnh 8.12. nh hng ca m ht v phng php phi sy trn cht lng xay
xt ca la (Duff v Toquero, 1975).
bo m bo phm cht ca ht khng b gim st trong qu trnh phi sy cn
chn la nhit sy thch hp, bao gm nhit khng kh v nhit ti a ca khi
174

ht trong thi gian sy; khong thi gian phi by ht la trong iu kin nhit cao
thch ng vi cc mc m ht thay i v tc ng ng u trong khi ht.Vic
chn la iu kin phi sy tt nht cn tu thuc vo ging la v m ban u ca
ht. Khi ht kh, phn ngoi ht b mt nhanh qu v khng ng u th s gia tng ht
rng nt v bc bng. Hnh 8.12 cho thy xu hng v hiu qu tng i ca phng
php phi nng v sy cc m khc nhau lc thu hoch trn nng sut v cht lng
ht. Nghin cu cho thy r, thi im thu hoch tt nht bo m nng sut v phm
cht ht khi m ht t 21-24%. C s khc bit v t l go nguyn gia 2 phng
php phi v sy, trong sy ng phng php lm tng t l go nguyn khi xay xt.
8.2.2 Cc phng php phi sy
8.2.2.1 Phi nng
Phi nng rt ph bin hu ht cc nc Chu . C hai cch li dng nh nng
mt tri phi la: phi trn ng trc khi ra ht v phi ht sau khi p la. Trong
ma nng, nng dn thng ct la ri la m trn rung phi nng mt thi gian cho
kh mi ra ht. Cch th hai l phi ht sau khi p, li dng sc nng mt tri v gi
lm kh ht mt cch t nhin, bng cch tri ht trong m, trn sn xi mng, gch hoc
trn ng v thng xuyn o ht cho kh u. Thi gian phi lu hay mau tu nhit
v m khng kh. Trong nhng ngy nng tt ca ma kh, vo gia tra m
tng i ca khng kh c th xung n 45-50%. Nu tri mng la, o thng xuyn
v c gi lm phn tn lng hi nc bc ra t ht th trong mt ngy phi c th
lm cho m t 24% gim n 14%. Ngc li, trong ma ma m vic phi la gp
nhiu kh khn.

o
la

Phi m

Phi trn sn

Lu sy

Phi trn b kinh

Hnh 8.13. Phi la dng nh nng mt tri

175

 trnh ht c th ny mm trong khi ch phi sy, c th tri la ra trn sn nh

hoc sn c mi che (lu sy) v o ht 2-3 ln/ngy cho ng ht khng b bc
nng, ng thi nh sc gi lm gim mt phn m ht (Hnh 8.13). Cng vic o
ht rt quan trng trong qu trnh phi sy, n lm gim ti thiu s chnh lch v nhit
gia cc ht trong ng v ngay trong tng ht, c nh hng trc tip n s rn nt
ca ht go.Mt vn khc c th nh hng n s rn nt ca ht go l nu v iu
kin ma nng bt thng phi phi la trong nhiu ngy, qu trnh kh ri m xen k
nhau do khng kh m t khi ma v ban m, cng lm cho ht go rn nt v d b
gy vn khi xay xt.
8.2.2.2 Sy la
Nguyn tc chung ca vic sy la l dng khng kh nng lm gim m
tng i ca khng kh, ri cho i xuyn qua ng la. Cn c thi gian v nhit
thch hp ng ht c kh u v ht kh dn t ngoi ti trong. Nhit sy cao
qu, m ht gim nhanh v nht l thay i t ngt s lm ht go b rn nt, gim
phm cht v gi thng phm. Ngi ta c th sy la theo h thng tng khi hoc h
thng sy lin tc c vn hnh th cng, bn c gii hoc c gii (Hnh 8.14A+B)

Hnh 8.14. Cc kiu sy la

(A) H thng sy lin tc
(B) H thng sy tng khi (sy v ngang dng hnh ch nht v trn)
(C) H thng sy n gin bng n.
176

 Nht Bn, my sy tng khi n gin c s dng trong nhiu nm. Gn

y loi my sy tng khi kt hp o ht t ng tr thnh ph bin rt nhanh
chng v n c th bc d v o ht bng c gii vi cng sut 1-1,5 tn ht mi ln v
sy kh trong 8-10 gi. Loi my sy ny c trin vng pht trin tt Chu v chng
ta c th ch to d dng bng vt liu v phng tin ti ch vi gi thnh thp. M
ngi ta s dng ch yu l h thng sy lin tc. Lp ht mng (10-25cm) cho di
chuyn ngang qua lung kh nng c nhit 38-540C hoc thp hn trong vng 2-6
ngy. Bng cch ny, phm cht xay xt rt tt.
Hin nay ti ng Bng Sng Cu Long c nhiu my sy tng khi dng
nguyn liu t nng l ci hoc tru vi cng sut 4-8 tn ht trong thi gian 5-8 gi.
Kh nng c a vo h thng sy bng qut gi vn hnh bi 1 ng c 12 sc nga.
Dng c sy dng nng lng mt tri cng ang c th nghim. Trong iu kin th
cng c th dng l tru hoc bn ci hay n du lm ngun nhit v vt liu ng
gi sy c th bng M b tm ct bng tre (Hnh 8.14 C)
8.3 BO QUN HT LA
8.3.1 Nguyn nhn lm gim cht lng ht ging khi bo qun
Hai nhn t quan trng nh hng ti vic bo qun la l nhit v m . Ht
la s thay i m trong qu trnh bo qun t c cn bng vi nhit v m
tng i ca khng kh trong iu kin bo qun. Ni chung, khi bo qun m ht
chp nhn c l 13%. Nguyn tc c bn trong bo qun la l phi c cu trc nh kho
c th gi m ht v m tng i ca nh kho n nh trong thi gian bo qun.
Nishiyama (1977), tm thy rng ht ging c m 10-14%, c th bo qun tt
nhit 180C trong hn 2 nm. Nu m ht cao hn 19%, t l ny mm s gim sau
khong 1 nm. Nu m ht 5-6%, kh nng ny mm s rt thp, nhng khng i trong
9 thng bo qun. Dng h thng kh nng lm thng thong ht c th ngn s hp th
m trong qu trnh bo qun iu kin nhit i m. Khng kh nng cng ngn nga s
pht trin ca nm mc nu m tng i ca khng kh thp hn 60%. Bo qun
nhit 440C v 55% m tng i s lm ht mt sc ny mm nhanh chng. Tuy
nhin, nhit cao nh hng khng nhiu n gi tr thc phm ca go (Pfost, 1978).
m ht ti a khuyn co trong bo qun l 12%, nhng thng c th vn an
ton vi m 14% khi bo qun khi ln.
Cht lng ht ging th hin qua kh nng ny mm ca ht. Cc nguyn nhn
c bn lm gim kh nng ny mm ca ht trong khi bo qun l do (1) s tn cng ca
vi sinh vt, c bit l nm mc; (2) s ph hoi ca su mt v cc loi cn trng trong
khu vc khc, (3) h hp mnh trong hot ng sng ca ht, (4) qu trnh t bc nng
ca ht v (5) s gi ho ca ht. Cc qu trnh ny xy ra mnh m trong iu kin nhit
v m cao lm cho ht ging mt sc ny mm nhanh chng. Nguyn tc bo qun
ht ging ni chung l phi h thp m ht (di 12%), gim nhit bo qun lm
chm qu trnh h hp ca ht, ng thi ngn chn s xm nhp v pht trin ca cn
trng, nm mc trong kho va. Do , trc khi bo qun cn phi phi, sy cho ht tht
kh, lc cn ht ku gin, ting thanh (m khong 12%), phi bo qun ni thong
mt, cao ro v tch cc phng tr su mt, nm mc. Trong ma ma m, phi em ht
ra phi hoc sy li t nht 1 thng 1 ln, vo ma lnh v kh 2 thng/ln.
177

8.3.2 Cc phng php bo qun ht ging

Nng dn thng bo qun ht ging trong lu, khp, thng cha (nu lng ging
t) hoc bng b, ng hay trong bao.
Thng cha hay lu, khp l phng tin bo qun tin li v kh an ton khi lng
ging c t. Cn ra sch vt cha xong phi nng tht kh trong mt cho ngui. Ht
ging sau khi phi kh cng ngui ri mi a vo vt cha, y np li v ph ln
trn 1 tm bao b c tm thuc tr su bo qun ht ging ngn nga s xm nhp ca
cn trng. Cn k vt cha ln cao, cch mt t khong 30cm v t ch thong mt.
B: gm 1 tm phn an bng tre (ct) cao khong 1m, di 5-8m c khoanh
trn trn vn hoc di nn cao nhng phi ngn cch bng 1 lp tru dy khong 20cm
ngn s ht m t t (c th phun Malathion 0,5-1% hoc Diterex ln b mt tru
0,5-0,3%). Xong tri ln 1 lp m ngn cch ri la vo. Ni lm b cng phi
bo m cc yu cu trn. Trn mt b c th tri 1 tm m, xong ph 1 lp tru dy
khong 10-20cm v phun thuc bo v nh trn. Bng cch ny ngi ta c th bo qun
vi lng ging nhiu hn.
Bo qun trong bao: ht ging c th ng c trong bao, xp chng ln cao, t
trn vn cch xa vch v c th bc thic trn vo cc chn vn chut khng leo ln
c. Bo qun trong bao bo m thun nht ca ging khi vn chuyn v bo
qun.Trong qu trnh bo qun t b bc nng, nhng c nhc im l su b c th pht
trin v gy hi mnh.
Bo qun theo cch ri tng ng: phng su mt pht trin c th phun
hoc rc u trn b mt ng ht thuc tr su Malathion 50% BHN vi liu lng 10
phn triu thuc nguyn cht trn trng lng ca lp mt ng ht dy 50cm. Malathion
khng nh hng n s ny mm ca ht v m khng kh m chiu cao ng ht c
th 1,5 - 2m. Bng cch ny, khi ng ht b bc nng (qu 35 0C) ngi ta c th o ht
v dng qut lm ngui ng ht d dng.Ngoi ra, trong khi bo qun cn thng
xuyn theo di nhit ca ng ht, mc nhim su mt v khong 2 thng 1 ln
kim tra ny mm ca ht c bin php bo v kp thi. Chut cng l i tng
quan trong cn dt bit lu trong vn bo qun la.
Trong sn xut la truyn thng, khi trnh canh tc cn rt th s, trong hon
cnh l thuc hon ton vo thin nhin, nng dn ng bng sng Cu Long v cng
sng to thch nghi trong nhng iu kin nh vy. T vic chn ging la thch hp
cho tng vng v tng iu kin canh tc khc nhau, sng to ra nhng kiu canh tc
khc nhau, cc cng c khc nhau phc v cho vic sn xut thun tin hn, l nhng
gi tr truyn thng rt qu gi c lu truyn t th h ny sang th h khc. Gn
y, khi vn thu li ngy cng pht trin, khoa hc k thut ngy cng c p dng
trong sn xut la, vic c gii ho ngy cng c p dng rng ri, th vic bo tn cc
di sn vt cht v phi vt cht trong sn xut la c truyn cng tr nn cn thit v cp
bch. Cc ging la c truyn c cc nh khoa hc su tp, bo qun, nh gi v
s dng trong cc ngn hng gien ging la ti i Hc Cn Th, Vin La ng bng
sng Cu Long. Cn cc cng c sn xut v kinh nghim sn xut hin v ang b
mai mt, cn c mt chng trnh rng ln v tm c su tp gi gn mt cch c h
thng v khoa hc, phc v cho cng tc ging dy hc tp v tm hiu truyn thng lao
ng sn xut ca cha ng.

178

Di y l vi nng c tiu biu c s dng ph bin trong sn xut la c

truyn (Hnh 8.15).

Hnh 8.15. Mt s loi cng c cm tay dng trong sn xut la ng bng sng
Cu long (1) Nc cy, (2) Lim (li hi), (3) Vng gt (vng hi), (4)
Cp nch p la, (5) Phng phc c, (6) C no co c, (7) M sy xc
rm, (8) Dao bng la
Mt s n lc su tp bo tn cc nng c v kinh nghim sn xut la truyn
thng bc u c thc hin bi mt nhm cc nh khoa hc trng i hc Cn
Th. Cn nhiu vic phi tip tc b sung hon thin cng trnh ny. Bi lch s pht
trin ca mt dn tc khng phi ch c lch s u tranh dng nc v gi nc, m cn
l lch s khn hoang, lao ng sn xut, u tranh vi thin nhin lm ra ca ci vt
cht nui sng gia nh v x hi. Nhng kinh nghim truyn thng ny s rt b ch
hiu r thin nhin v ci to n phc v cho s nghip pht trin kinh t nng nghip
nng thn ng bng sng Cu Long hin nay v trong tng lai.
8.4. CU HI N TP
1. Tho lun cc nguyn tc c bn ca vic phi
sy ht la.
2. Tho lun cc nguyn nhn lm gim cht
lng ht la khi bo qun.
8.5. BI C THM
V Quc Trung v Bi Huy Thanh, 1979. Bo qun
thc. Nh xut bn Nng nghip, H Ni.

179

CHNG 9: PHM CHT HT

9.1 Tng quan v phm cht ht
9.2 c tnh phm cht ht la
9.3 c tnh phm cht ht go
9.4 Gi tr thng phm
9.5 Cht lng nu nng
9.6 Cht lng v mt khu v
9.7 S lo ha ca ht go
9.8 Go
9.9 Sn phm ch bin t go
9.10 Tiu chun cht lng go
*********
9.1 TNG QUAN V PHM CHT HT
Phm cht ht ty thuc vo ngi tiu dng v ty vo mc ch s dng. Tt c
ngi tiu dng u mong mun c c phm cht tt nht m h c kh nng mua. Do
hu ht cc nc t n mc t cung cp sn lng la go, nn nhu cu go c
phm cht ngy cng cao. Trc y theo truyn thng, cc nh chn to ging tp trung
vo vic lai to theo hng nng sut cao v khng su bnh. Gn y, xu hng chn
to ging thay i kt hp vi cc c tnh phm cht ht a thch bi ngi tiu
dng gia tng tng gi tr kinh t ca la go. Phm cht ht khng ch ph thuc vo
ging la, m cn ty thuc vo mi trng sn xut, h thng thu hoch, sau thu hoch
v ch bin. Ta phn bit phm cht ht la v phm cht ht go.
9.2 C TNH PHM CHT HT LA
Mt s cc c tnh xc nh phm cht ca
ht la bao gm: m ht, sch, rt ging, kch
thc ht, ht rn nt, ht non, ht mt mu, ln men
v ht b h hi.
Nhng c tnh ny do nh hng ca iu kin
thi tit mi trng trong qu trnh sn xut, k thut
canh tc, iu kin t ai, phng php thu hoch v
x l sau thu hoch.
9.2.1 m ht
m ht c nh hng rt ln n tt c cc ch tiu phm cht v iu quan
trng l ht la phi c xay xt mt m thch hp th mi t c t l go
180

nguyn cao nht. Ni chung, iu kin ti ho xay xt l m ht khong 14%

trng lng (IRRI, 2007). Tuy nhin trong thc t, i vi la BSCL, m ht 1516%, khi xay xt cho t l go cao nht, go bng v p. Ht c m cao s mm
khng chu c p lc khi bc v, dn n ht b rn nt v c th b vn. Ht qu kh
s rt gin v kh nng nt gy ln hn. m v nhit trong qu trnh phi sy cng
l ht sc quan trng v n s to ra nhng vt nt nh trong cu trc ca ht lm cho ht
d b gy khi xay xt.
9.2.2 sch
sch lin quan n s hin din ca vt l trong l ht nh l mnh vn rm r,
t , ht c,ln vo ht t ng rung hoc sn phi. Ht khng sch s lm gia tng
thi gian lm sch v ch bin go. Vt ln cng lm gim t l xay xt v phm cht
go, ng thi gy hao mn thit b xay xt.
9.2.3 rt ging
Ht ging b ln s gy kh khn trong qu trnh xay xt v thng lm gim cng
sut xay xt, tng t l ht gy v, gim t l go v go nguyn. Ht c kch thc v
hnh dng khc nhau gy kh khn trong vic iu chnh ci xay, ch trng v nh bng
gim lm nt go. iu ny lm cho nng sut xay xt v phm cht cp go km.
9.2.4 Kch hc ht
Kch thc v dng ht (t l di/ngang) khc nhau ty thuc vo c tnh ging.
Ht thon di thng d nt gy hn ht trn v do , t l xay xt thp hn. Kch thc
v dng ht cng nh hng n kiu thit b xay xt. Th d, cc thit b kiu Nht Bn
thch hp vi dng ht trn japonica, trong khi cc kiu thit b do Thi Lan ch to thch
hp hn vi dng ht thon di.
9.2.5 Ht rn nt
Phi by trrong iu kin mi trng nhit v m thay i trong sut qu
trnh chn, dn n vic hnh thnh cc vt rn nt trong ht. Tp qun phi m ngoi
ng khi thu hoch trong ma kh cng lm cho ht go d b rn nt. Cc vt rn nt
ny l yu t quan trng lm gia tng ht gy khi xay xt. iu ny dn n vic gim
nng sut xay xt v t l go nguyn.
9.2.6 Ht non
S ht non nh hng chnh n nng sut xay xt v phm cht go. Ht non
xanh v mm d b vn thnh cm hoc go c mu xanh. Giai on thu hoch ti ho l
khi m ht 20-24%, tc khong 30 ngy sau khi tr. Nu thu hoch qu tr s b tht
thot do ri rng ngoi ng hoc qu kh s d rn nt khi ra ht lm tng ht gy khi
xay xt. Rung la tr ng lot, chn u s hn ch s ht non. Thu hoch qu sm s
lm tng t l ht non.

181

9.2.7 Ht h
Ht b h hi trong qu trnh thay i sinh ha trong ht, s pht trin mi v bin
dng. Nhng h hng ny l do nh hng ca nc, cn trng v nhit . Su, mt,
nm mc ph hi trong thi gian bo qun l nguyn nhn ch yu lm ht h.
9.2.8 Ng mu vng (giu hi, m vng)
Ht ng vng l do b phi by qu lu trong iu kin mi trng m t trc
khi phi kh. iu ny dn n s kt hp hot ca vi sinh vt v ha hc lm ht b
nng ln. Nhng ht ln men nh vy thng cha cc t bo b h ha tng phn. N
khng nh hng n nng sut xay xt, nhng n s d gy vng, gim cp phm cht
ht v mu sc v hnh dng km hp dn. Bo qun trong bao t st mt t, hoc phn
ht nm di y b d b m vng nht, do ht ht m t t trong thi gian bo qun.
9. 3 C TNH PHM CHT HT GO
c tnh phm cht ht go c phn bit ra thnh 2 nhm tnh cht vt l v tnh
cht ha hc.
9.3.1 c tnh vt l
Cn phn bit mt s cm t sau y trc khi xem xt cc c tnh vt l ca ht go:

Thc (Paddy or rough rice) = ht la cn nguyn v tru sau khi ra ht

Go lc (Brown rice or husked rice) = ht go

va tch v tru

Go trng (Milled rice) = ht go sau khi ch

tch cm v mm

Go trng (Head rice) = Ht go trng c chiu

di t chiu di ht go nguyn vn tr ln

Tm to (Large brokens) = go trng c chiu

di t - di ht go nguyn vn

Tm mn (Small brokens or "brewers rice") = Go trng c chiu di t hn ht

go nguyn vn

Go nguyn (Whole kernel) = go trng nguyn vn khng b gy mt phn no

T l xay xt hay nng sut xay xt (Milling recovery) = Phn trm trng lng
go trng (k c tm)/trng lng la.

T l go trng (Head rice recovery) = Phn trm trng lng go trng (khng k
tm/trng lng la.
9.3.1.1 xay xt

xay xt o lng phn trm cm ly i t go lc. xay xt c nh hng

n t l xay xt v nh hng n s chp nhn ca ngi tiu dng. Bn cnh s lng
go trng thu c, xay xt nh hng n mu sc v thi quen nu nng. Go lc
hp thu nc rt chm v thi gian nu lu hn go trng. Tc hp thu nc ci thin
182

r rt khi xay xt gia tng n 25%, sau , khng cn nh hng ng k. Cc

phng tin, my mc v h thng xay xt khc nhau c nh hng rt ln n xay
xt v t l go c thu hi (Bng 9.1).
Bng 9.1. So snh hiu qu ca 4 h thng xay xt la
Phng php

Tru

Cm

Tru v
cm

Go
nguyn

Tm

Tng
go

Gi bng tay

40,0

40,0

20,0

60,0

Ci ch bng thp

36,6

46,5

16,9

63,4

My bc v bng a

32,5

55,9

11,6

67,5

30,0

62,0

8,0

70,0

My ch trc cao su

22,0

8,0

Ngun: Esmay et al., 1979

Tru
(20%
LA
(100%)

Bc v
(ch lc)

Cm
(10%

Tm
(10%

Go
lc
(80%
)

Go
trng
(70%
)

Go
nguyn
(60%)

Ch
trng

Sng

nh
bng

Go
thng
phm

ng
gi

Go
thn
h
h

Hnh 9.1. Tin trnh xay xt ch bin go

9.3.1.2 Go trng
Thng thng t l go trng bin thin t 75-80% trng lng go nguyn. T l
go trng l 1 trong nhng tiu chun quan trng nht o lng cht lng xay xt ca
go. T l tm thng ch chim khong phn na go trng. T l go trng ty thuc
vo c tnh ging, yu t sn xut, thu hoch, phi sy v tin trnh xay xt. Nhng quan
trng nht l qu trnh thu hoch, phi sy v xay xt.
Gi tr thng phm ca go ty thuc rt ln vo t l go nguyn. S rn nt
ca ht ngoi ng hoc trong khi phi sy l do s thay i bt thng cc trng thi
tng phn hoc s dn n b mt, gy ra bi nhng thay i t ngt m tng i
ca khng kh lin quan trc tip ti m ca ht. Mt ging c tr h (BEPT) cao,
c khuynh hng khng tt hn i vi s rn nt ca go khi ni khng kh m v
cc ging la c BEPT thp d b rn nt hn. cc ging la c ht mm hn, cc t
183

bo b dp theo hng lng bng v cc vt rn nt d xy ra vng ny. S rn nt ca

ht trong khi phi sy v lm m t ht la rt khc nhau ty theo ging la.
9.3.1.3 trng
trng l s kt hp gia cc c tnh l hc v xay xt. Trong xay xt, vic
ch trng v nh bng nh hng ln n trng ca ht. Trong qu trnh ch trng,
lp v la v cm ca go lc c tch khi ht. Vic nh bng sau khi ch trng l
nhm ci thin dng b ngoi ca ht go. Trong qu trnh nh bng, nhng ht cm cn
bm trn ht c ty i lm cho ht go sng bng hn.
9.3.1.4 Dng ht
Da vo t l di/ngang ca ht go nguyn, ngi ta phn loi go thnh 4 dng
khc nhau: thon di, trung bnh, mp v trn.
Bng 9.2. Phn loi go theo dng ht
Cp
1
3
5
9

Dng ht
Thon di
Trung bnh
Mp
Trn

T l Di/ngang
Trn 3.0
2.1 3.0
1.1 2.0
1.0 hoc thp hn

9.3.1.5 Bc bng
Bc bng l phn c ca ht go. Khi nu th bc bng s bin mt v khng nh
hng n mi v ca cm. Tuy nhin, n lm gim cp ca go v gim t l xay xt.
Bc bng l do s trc trc trong qu trnh to ht v phi sy. Bc bng ch yu l do s
sp xp khng cht ch ca nhng ht tinh bt trong ni nh, to ra nhiu khong trng
lm cho ht go b c. C 3 dng bc bng ph bin: bng trng, gan trng v lng
trng. i vi c tnh bc bng, ngi ta li phn bit: bng trng (white belly), gan
trng (white center) v lng trng (white back) ty v tr ca vt c nm v pha mm
ht, gia ht hay pha i din (lng ht). nh gi bc bng, ngi ta (1) phn
cp 0 9 da vo th tch vt c so vi th tch ca c ht go (Hnh 9.2) v (2) t l s
ht b bc bng.

1
Bng trng
Cp 0: khng c
Cp 1: t hn 10%
Cp 5: trung bnh Cp 9: ln hn 20%

Gan trng
Cp 0: khng c
Cp 1: t hn 10%
Cp 5: trung bnh Cp 9: ln hn 20%

Hnh 9.2. Phn cp ht go theo ln v v tr ca vt c

Khush v cng tc vin, 1970

184

 c ca phi nh v tnh bc bng c th do yu t ging hoc mi trng.

c ca go np l do cc vi khong trng trn b mt ht tinh bt v cc l hng bn
trong ht v vi cc ht tinh bt cn th a din (Tashiro v Ebata 1975, Utsonomiya
v ctv 1975b). Cc ging go t c hm lng amylose rt thp (khong 10%) c dng
trng m trung gian gia go t v go np. Cc ht tinh bt ca go np c mt thp
hn go t.
Trong khi, phn bc bng ca ht go t l do s sp xp ri rc ca cc ht tinh
bt (thng c dng hnh cu) vi khong trng cha khng kh (del Rosarto v ctv
1968, Tashiro v Ebata 1975, Utsunomiga v ctv 1975a,b). Cc ht tinh bt cc phn
bc bng c khuynh hng hnh cu v cu to n gin hoc cu kt hi hi, tng
phn vi nhng ht hnh a din kt cu cht ch cc phn trong sut.
Nhng vng bc bng ny gp phn vo nt b ca ht trong qu trnh xay xt,
v chng xp hn cc phn trong sut (Nagato 1962). Trong khi gii tiu th mua go
da trn cc c tnh ht th, cc c tnh nh vy khng c tng quan tt vi c tnh
khu v v phm cht nu nng ca go.
9.3.2 c tnh ha hc
9.3.2.1 Hm lng amylose
Tinh bt - cht trng hp ca glucose l cu t chnh ca go, chim khong
90% trng lng kh. N hin din di dng nhng ht a din phc hp, c kch thc
3-9m. Tinh bt bao gm thnh phn mch nhnh (amylopectin) l ch yu v loi mch
thng (amylose). Da trn c s hm lng amylose, go c phn lm loi np (1-2%
amylose), hoc go t (>2% amylose). Go t c hm lng amylose rt thp (2-9%
amylose), thp (9-20% amylose), trung bnh (20-25% amylose) v cao (25-33%
amylose). T l amylose/amylopectin ca go hoc tinh bt c th hin r bng cch
xt nghim hm lng amylose bng phng php so mu Iodine. Tinh bt do nhum
mu nu vi Iodine, tinh bt khng do nhum mu xanh tm vi Iodine, v amylose
nhum mu xanh vi Iodine.
Bng 9.3. Phn loi go da vo hm lng amylose
Loi go

% Amylose

Np

1-2

Rt thp

2-9

Thp

10-20

Trung bnh

20-25

Cao

25-30

Trong go hm lng amylose ph bin t 15 ti 35%. Go c hm lng

amylose cao cm s n nhiu v d trc, nhng kh cm v cng khi ngui. Ngc li,
go c hm lng amylose thp khi nu t n, cm mm v do. Phn ln cc quc gia
trng la thch loi go c hm lng amylose trung bnh, ngoi tr cc ging japonica
thng c hm lng amylose thp.
185

CH2OH

CH2OH
O

H
4

OH

OH

CH2OH
O

H
1

H
1

OH

OH

H
4

OH

OH

H
1

Cu trc -amylose

Hnh 9.3. Cu trc ca Amylose

CH2OH
O

H
-O

H
1

OH
O
H

CH2OH
O

H
-O

OH

OH

CH2

CH2OH
O

H
1

OH

OH

H
7

OH

H
O

OH

CH2
O

H
4

OH

CH2OH

Cu trc amylopectin

H
1

OH

OH

OH

OH

Hnh 9.4. Cu trc ca Amylopectin

n, kh nng hp th nc, v tnh khng i vi s phn hy ca go trong
khi nu, c lin quan trc tip n t l Amylose/Amylopectin ca tinh bt. Tnh mm v
do ca cm c tng quan nghch vi hm lng Amylose. Cc ging la c hm lng
Amylose tng ng, c th c s khc bit v cng gel (gel consistency) v nhit
ha h ( tr h) (Birefringence end-point temperature BEPT).
Nhit khng kh trong thi k pht trin ca ht nh hng n tc tch ly
tinh bt v c tnh ca tinh bt. Nhit cng cao c th lm cho hm lng amylose
cng thp v nhit ha h hay tr h (BEPT) ca cc ht tinh bt cng cao
(Resurreccion v ctv 1977). Nhit mt hn s c nh hng ngc li.
186

Thi gian tn tr lm cho nng sut go nguyn v go ni chung thu c cao

hn; kh nng hp th nc v n ln hn, s mt mt tnh rn chc trong khi nu
nng thp hn v b, cng ca cm cao hn.
9.3.2.2 tr h
Nhit ha h hay tr h (BEPT) l nhit , m 90% ht tinh bt b ha
h hoc phng ln trong nc nng khng th tr li dng c c; n c xp loi thp
(55 - 69,50C), trung bnh (70 - 740C) v cao (74,5 - 790C).
tr h xc nh thi gian cn thit nu go thnh cm. iu kin mi trng
nh nhit trong giai on chn c nh hng n tr h. Nhit cao trong giai
on to ht s lm cho tinh bt c tr h cao. nhiu quc gia trng la, ngi ta a
thch go c tr h trung bnh. tr h (BEPT) c c lng bng tr s tri rng
di tc dng ca dung dch kim (alkali spreading value), trong go c nhit ha
h thp (BEPT thp) b phn r hon ton; go c BEPT trung bnh b phn r 1 phn; v
go vi BEPT cao ch phng ln trong dung dch KOH 1,7%. C th hn, ngi ta xc
nh tr h bng cch ngm ht go trong dung dch KOH 1,7% v 30oC trong 23
gi. tri ca h c nh gi theo 7 cp:
1.

Ht khng b nh hng.

2.

Ht phng ln.

3.

Ht phng ln ra hp khng r.

4.

Ht phng ln ra rng v r.

5.

Ht b tch ri, ra rng v r.

6.

Ht tan v kt vi ra; v

7.

Ht tan hon ton v ho ln vo nhau.

Bng 9.4. Tng quan gia nhit ha h v tan r ca go
trong mi trng kim
Nhit (oC)

Gi tr tan r trong mi trng kim (cp)

Thp

55-69

6-7

Trung bnh

70-74

4-5

Cao

75-79

2-3

Loi

Ni chung, cc ging la c truyn vng nhit i c BEPT trung bnh, ngoi tr

cc ging Bulu (n ) v cc ging np th c BEPT thp (Juliano etal, 1964).
9.3.2.3 bn th gel
bn th gel l gi tr o lng c tnh chy ca h (100mg) trong 2ml KOH
0,2N v c th hin bng chiu di h ngui t theo chiu ngang, tnh bng mm trong
ng nghim 13x100mm (Cagampang etal 1973). N c xp loi cng (26-40mm),
trung bnh (41-60mm) v mm (61-100mm). bn th gel c xc nh bng cch
187

un mt lng go trong alkali ha tan ri ngui trong 1 gi ng h trong ng

nghim t nm ngang.
Bng 9.5. Phn loi go theo bn th gel
Loi go

tri, mm

Mm

61-100

Trung bnh

41-60

Cng

26-40

S phn loi ny tng quan vi cng thch amylose hoc s gia tng tnh
nhy nht ca h go khi lm mt t 900C xung 500C. bn th gel o lng xu
hng cng cm khi ngui. Trong nhm go c cng hm lng amylose, cc ging
c bn gel mm th c a thch hn v mm cm. bn gel cng lin h cht vi
tnh cng cm v thng thy r nhng ging c hm lng amylose cao. Ni chung,
go cng cm th khng do.
La trng cc nc khc nhau, th c s khc bit rt ln v s lin kt 3 c
tnh ny ca tinh bt (hm lng amylose, tr h v bn th gel). La nhit i hay
Indica c cc c tnh tinh bt ny bin ng nhiu hn loi la japonica v javanica
(Buler). Khng c loi la japonica no c hm lng amylose cao v hu ht chng c
BEPT thp v gel mm. Hu ht cc ging Bulu c hm lng amylose trung bnh, BEPT
thp, v gel mm (Bng 9.6).
Bng 9.6. Phn loi cc ging go t (nonwaxy) cc nc Chu da trn hm
lng amylose, tr h - BEPT (kim nh kim) v bn th gel

S mu

Loi
Amylose
(a)

Loi
BEPT
cui cng
(a)

Loi
cng gel
(b)

Ghi ch

Bangladesh

20

H>I>L

L>I, HI

S>M>H

(a) L: thp (Low).

Burma

22

H>I>L

I,L

M,S>H

China

40

H>L>I

I,L

S>M>H

I: Trung bnh
(Intermediate)

China Taiwan

26

L>H>I

L>I

S>H

India

43

H>I>L

I,L

S>M,H

H: Cao (High)

Indonesia

29

I>H

I>L

S>M>H

(b) S: mm (soft).

Japan

26

S>M

Khmer

15

H>LI

HI>I,L

H>S

Korea

39

L>I

L>I

Laos

I,L

I>HI

Ty Malaysia

27

H>I

I,L>HI

S,M>H

Quc gia

188

HI: TB-cao

M: Trung bnh
(Medium)
H: cng (Hard)

ng Malaysia

20

H>I,L

I,L>I

S>M>H

Nepal

34

H>L,I

L>I

H>S>M

Pakistan

30

I>H>L

L>I>HI

M,S,H

Philippines

90

H>I>L

I,L

S>M,H

SriLanka

35

H>I

I>L

S>M>H

Thailand

32

H>I>L

L>I

S,H>M

Vit Nam

27

H>I

S>H

Ngun: IRRI 1978.

9.3.2.4 Hm lng protein

Hm lng protein trung bnh ca go l khong 7%, m 14% (hoc 8% khi
kh), cng vi khong 0,5% cht bo th, tro v si th. Protein hin din trong go
dng c mng n (single-membraned particle) kch thc 0,5-4m trong phi nh.
Protein ch l yu t th yu trong phm cht ht, nhng n ng gp rt c bn
vo cht lng dinh dng ca go. Go c hm lng protein cng cao cng c gi tr
dinh dng cao v ngy cng c lu tm trong gii tiu dng.
Ging la v mi trng vng nhit i trong giai on chn, c bit l giai
on t 14-21 ngy sau khi tr, c nh hng rt ln ti tnh cht ca tinh bt v hm
lng protein, v cc ht tinh bt bt u xut hin 4 ngy sau khi tr v protein khong 7
ngy sau khi tr v thi k tch ly tinh bt v protein tht s trong ht la rt ngn.
chn ca ht cng c nh hng n phm cht ht. Ht chn sm hoc chn
khng ng u s lm gim phm cht ht.
9.3.2.5 Mi thm
Mi thm c xc nh l do cht 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline tm thy trong thnh phn
du d bay hi ca cm (Buttery et al 1983). Go thm c gi cao cc th trng Nam
, Thi Lan v Trung ng.
Gien kim sot mi thm l mt gien ln, fgr (Berner and Hoff, 1986 v Ali et al,
1993), lin kt vi RG28 nm trn nhim sc th s 8, c khong cch di truyn 4,5 cM.
Lang et al (2002), thit k bn mi thm trn nhim sc th v kt lun RM223 lin
kt kh cht vi fgr, gi tr khong cch di truyn 1,6 cM.
Tuy nhin, mt s tc gi khc cho rng mi ca cm ch yu l s kt hp ca
formaldehyde, ammonia, v hydrogen sulfide (Obata and Tanaka, 1965). C n 100 hp
cht to mi ca cm c xc nh (Yajima et al, 1978).
Phm cht ht thay i theo ma trng do iu kin canh tc, thi tit trong qua
trnh sn xut v, thu hoch, phi sy khc nhau theo ma. Bng 9.7 cho thy bin ng
cc tnh trng phm cht ht theo ma v.

189

Bng 9.7. Bin thin cc tnh trng phm cht ht theo ma v ti Cn Th

TT c tnh

ng Xun (n=94)

H Thu (n=80)

Go lc (%)

78,46 + 3,61

79,98+2,61

Go trng (%)

63,68+ 8,36

63,14+2,62

Go nguyn (%)

33,12+ 12,81

45,79+6,91

Chiu di ht (mm)

6,84+ 0,37

6,69+0,23

T l di/ngang

3,23+ 0,22

3,21+0,14

Bc bng(%)

2,90+2,41

5,16+2,94

Amylose (%)

26,49+1,49

26,68+2,88

tr h (cp)

3,05+0,65

2,16+0,47

bn th gel (mm)

35,48+3,15

50,49+6,75

Ngun: Bu v ctv, 1996.

Mi thm c nh gi bng:
-

Cm quan trc tip.

Xt nghim alkali: KOH (1,7%) nh ln bt l hoc bt go, sau 10 pht, nh gi

bng cch ngi mi.

Phn tch ha hc: dng my sc k kh.

9.4 GI TR THNG PHM

Ni chung, gi tr thng phm ca go ty thuc vo th hiu v s thch ca
ngi tiu dng. Thng thng ngi ta ch n t l go nguyn, dng ht, trng
ca go, mu sc v mc h hi ca ht go, hm lng amylose, mm do ca
cm. Cc dn tc khc nhau c nhng s thch khc nhau v do , gi tr thng phm
ca go cng rt thay i ty s thch ca ngi tiu dng.
Nht Bn, ngi ta thch go trn loi japonica, mm, tng i do khi nu.
Nht Bn v Hn Quc thch go c hm lng amylose thp v n do, mm, bng v c
v ngt. Ngi Thi Lan th chung go di loi indica, ch trng, mm nhng gin khi
nu. Trong khi Bangladesh, n , Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Nigeria, Liberia thch go .
Bangladesh, ngi c thu nhp cao thch go cao cp, mm v khng dnh khi nu. Ngi
thu nhp thp thch go th khng dnh v cng cm. Go c a thch hn go
thng. n v Sri Lanka, ngi ta thch ging la c hm lng amylose cao v
bn th gel cng. Dn Trung ng thch go thp cm trn b hoc du ci. Dn Nam
v Trung ng thch go n theo chiu di hn l theo chiu ngang. Basmati ca n v
Pakistan c cm n di 100% khi nu. Go Thi n c theo chiu di v chiu ngang.

190

Cc ging la c hm lng amylose trung bnh, c cm hi do v vn mm

ngay khi qua m, c a thch Philippines, Indonesia, Vit Nam v Malaysia. Cc
ging ny c th c nhit ha h ( tr h) thp ti trung bnh v trung bnh ti cao.
Hongkong nhp khu 100% go t nm 1965 vi s lng khong 360.000 t/nm,
ch yu t Thi lan (50%), Trung quc (33%) v c (17%) (1986). Mc tiu dng c
khong 70kg/ngi/nm. Ngi Hongkong thch go thon di, ch tht trng v cu trc
mm. Go Thi nhp vo Hongkong l loi go cao cp v c a thch v mi v thm
ngon ca n. Go nhp t Trung Quc ch yu l loi 10% go di, hm lng amylose
cao dng lm cm chin cc nh hng. Go c c a thch do mm cm. Dn
Hongkong khng thch go M v gi cao, cu trc v v khng ph hp. c tnh ph
bin ca go trn th trng Hongkong c th tm tt nh sau: hm lng amylose
khong 20%, bn th gel trung bnh, mm cm, go trng 95%, bc bng <1%.
Cng ng chung Chu u (EC) c mc tiu th go trung bnh hng nm khong
700.000 t/nm (khong gia thp nin 1970s), tng ln 940.000 t/nm (u thp nin
1980s). Sn lng la sn xut ti ch khong 1,9 triu tn, trong , (60%), Ty Ban
Nha (24%), cn li 16% t Php, Hy Lp v B o Nha. Cc quc gia Bc EC (Bc
Php, c, Thy S v cc quc gia Benelux) thch go indica kh cm, trong khi Nam
EC (Nam Php, Ty Ban Nha, thch go japonica ht trn v trung bnh. Ngi c
thch go d nu, bi ri v tng i cng cm, ht go nguyn; chiu di ht, ch
trng khng quan trng lm. Ngi c quan tm n gi c hn l cht lng go.
Ngi thch go bc bng, th gel tng i cng, dng ht go th khng quan trng.
9.5 CHT LNG NU NNG
c im khu v v cht lng nu nng ca go ch yu c xc nh do t l
amylose/amylopectin ca n. S hp th nc v n th tch trong qu trnh nu
nng b nh hng trc tip bi hm lng amylose. Go np n t nht trong khi nu
v ht cm ca n c khi lng nng nht. Tnh khng ca cm i vi s phn r cng
c lin h vi hm lng amylose; go c hm lng amylose cao khng mnh nht v
go np khng km nht. Khuynh hng phn r c th gia tng bng cch ngm ht cm
qua m trong nc.
Gn y, ngi ta nhn thy rng amylose ha tan
trong nc si hn l amylopectin v cc th cng
ha tan khi nu ca go np c khuynh hng thp
hn so vi go t (Nagato v Kishi 1966, Juliano).
Trong tt c cc loi go, amylopectin c th ha tan
6-15%, ngoi tr go c hm lng amylose cao v
bn gel mm th c 33% ha tan. ha tan ca
amylose cng nh amylopectin thp nht i vi
nhng mu c gel cng v hm lng amylose cao
khi so snh vi cc mu c gel mm. V s khc nhau v n l do hm lng amylose
nn cm np rt bng nh th o 1 lp du v l loi amylose t trng nht (Juliano av
ctv 1965). Ngc li, v rt n nn cm go t vi hm lng amylose cao khng c
bng nn mu trng nht. Tuy nhin, Bhattachanga v Sowbhagya (1971) bo co
rng s hp th nc ca ht trong khi nu i vi tt c cc loi go t u ging nhau
bt k hm lng amylose l bao nhiu v s hp th nc ch yu l chc nng ca din
tch b mt ht go.
191

Vi ging la c go n theo chiu di rt mnh khi nu (nht l khi ht c

ngm trc), trong khi hu ht cc ging u c go n theo chiu ngang (Azeez v Shafi
1966; Juliano 1972a). Ht go ca cc ging la n theo chiu ngang mnh thng c
bc bng. Th d nh D25-4 (Nga Kywe) ca Min in, cc ging Basmati ca n
/Pakistan v cc ging la Sadri nh Dum Siah ca Iran. Cc ging la Basmati c
phm cht tuyt vi khi trng di iu kin kh hu my m lc chn Punjab, vi mi
thm hn v go n dai hn khi nu. Go Busmati trng Punjab c BEPT thp hn v
hm lng amylose cao hn so vi Basmati trng Dokri. Tuy nhin, c hai mu u
thuc nhm amylose trung bnh v s khc nhau v vn di go khi nu tng quan
cht ch vi s khc bit v BEPT hn l hm lng amylose.
Cc ging la Japonica cng c khuynh hng vn di ht hn l cc ging
Indica ngn ht.
Thi gian nu cn thit h ha phn trung tm ca ht cng c khuynh hng
di hn i vi go c hm lng protein v BEPT cao hn.
9.6 CHT LNG V MT KHU V
Tnh cht ca cm c xc nh ch yu do t l
amylose/amylopectin ca tinh bt (Juliano v ctv
1965; Perez v Juliano 1979). Hai tnh cht ca
cm thng c xc nh l cng (hay
mm) v do ( dnh) bi 1 hi ng nh gi
cng nh bi cc cng c c bit. Ngi ta nhn
thy rng mm v do cng c cng mi
quan h nh nhau i vi amylose, cho d nu
t l go/nc nh nhau hay t l go/nc ti
ho (Juliano v ctv 1972). H s tng quan tng
phn ca amylose vi do v mm ln lt
l -0,88** v -0,86** (n=24) (Juliano v ctv 1965). do ca cm c xc nh bng
my kim nh thc phm Instron c tng quan nghch vi amylose (r =-0,92**, n=34)
v cng ca cm th c phn tn ln hn (r =0,77**, n=27) (Perez and Juliano
1979). cng ca cm b nh hng bi cc yu t nh l bn th gel v nhit
ha h, hn l hm lng amylose.
Mc d amylose l nhn t chnh xc nh cht lng n ung ca cm, ngi ta
tm thy c s khc bit v cu trc trong s cc ging la c hm lng amylose tng
ng nhau. Trong s cc ging np mm v do tt nht, c nhng mu c nhit
ha h khong 65-68oC (Perez et al 1979). Cc ging np Niigata c nhit ha h rt
thp khng thch hp lm cc loi bnh Nht (Palmiano and Juliano 1972). Cc ging
np c nhit ha h trung bnh v cao s c cm cng v t do hn, nht l sau khi
ngui v go c. Cc mu ny cng c xu hng c bn th gel cng hn. Cc mu
np c nhit ha h cao c xu hng c trng lng phn t amylopectin cao hn
nhng mu c nhit ha h thp.
Trong s nhng mu c hm lng amylose cao, s khc bit v cng cm c
tng quan vi s khc nhau v bn th gel. S khc bit v bn th gel dng nh
cng lin quan ti kch thc phn t ca amylopectin. Amylopectin ca cc mu c th
gel cng c kch thc phn t to hn amylopectin nhng mu c th gel mm. Mc
192

d, cc ging la i Loan, ngun gien ln, c nhit ha h thp, bn th gel cng

v hm lng amylose cao, bn th gel cng khng i i vi nhit ha h thp.
S khc bit v mi v ca cm c l l s khc nhau v mm v do hn l
khc nhau v nng cht to mi. Mi ca cm ch yu l s kt hp ca
formaldehyde, ammonia, v hydrogen sulfide (Obata and Tanaka 1965). C n 100 hp
cht to mi ca cm c xc nh (Yajima et al 1978). Go np c hm lng
ng t do cao hn go t, ch yu l sucrose trong go (Pascual et al 1978).
9.7 S LO HA CA HT GO
Cht lng la go s thay i trong thi gian tn tr 3-4 thng u, c bit l
nu gi nhit trn 15oC, bt k l tn tr di hnh thc thc, go lc hay go trng.
Mi thm cng mt v sc sng ca ht cng gim trong thi gian tn tr. Go lc tr
nn cng hn, th hin bng sc cng, dn n s gia tng t l xay xt v t l go
nguyn do gim gy vn khi xay xt. Kh nng hp th nc v n ca go khi nu
gia tng v lng protein v tinh bt ho tan trong nha cm nu gim. mm v do
ca cm cng gim, ngoi tr np, cu trc ca n khng thay i khi tn tr vi dng
ht thc. C ch chnh xc ca s lo ha cha c nghin cu y . S lo ha c l
bt u ngoi ng trong thi gian kh ht trc khi thu hoch v c b sung bi
vic x l nhit trong lc phi sy. Tht ra, s lo ha ca ht c th c tch ly do
vic x l nhit m hoc kh.
Mi v n nh ca ht go trong qu trnh tn tr l do ht cht carbonyl sn sinh
trong qu trnh oxid ha cht bo trn b mt ca go, nh l propanal-aceton, 1pentanal, v 1-hexanal (Yasumatsu et al 1966). Endo et al (1978) bo co rng s gia
tng hm lng 1-hexanal l ln nht v t l vi thi gian tn tr. S phn hy cht bo
xy ra khi cht du cc t bo trn (open cells) trn b mt ht go phi by cho s xm
nhim ca cc vi sinh vt, so vi ni nh bn trong ca go lc v thc.
9.8 GO (LUC S - PARBOILING)
Vic go (luc s) (parboiling) c l xut pht t s hn ch s lo ha. Vic
ny bao gm cng on hp ht ngm ( h ha tinh bt vi trng n ti thiu)
v sy ht t t. Mt s cht kh b mt trong qqu trnh ngm ht. Nhng thay i ch
yu l v phng din vt l, v tin trnh ny lm cho ht cng hn v trong hn. Qu
trnh go (luc s) dn n s phn hy tng phn cc vitamin B complex, nhng n
s to iu kin phn tn vo trong ni nh ht go. Do , mc d go lc go (luc
s) c hm lng vitamin B thp hn go lc thng, hm lng vitamin B trong go
trng s cao hn cng mt mc xay xt nh go trng thng. Tuy nhin, khng c
hin tng di chuyn ca protein v du xy ra. Ht la go (luc s) s bc v d
dng hn v khng gy vn trong qu trnh xay xt tt hn. Vic go (luc s) c th
lm cho ngay c go np trong ra. Go trng ca go (luc s) hp thu nc chm hn
go thng, v ht go thng phi c ngm nc trc khi nu thi gian nu
tng ng vi go thng. Go (luc s) khng tt hn i vi vic phn r v ho
tan trong qu trnh nu so vi go thng. Go (luc s) rt ph bin n ,
Bangladesh v Sri Lanka.
Vic phi sy ht m nhanh vi nhit cao, nh sy bng ct nng hoc bng tia
hng ngoi c th kch thch nh hng ca phng php go (luc s). nh hng
193

ca vic go (luc s) trong phi sy th hin r nt trong ma ma hn l trong ma

kh, v trong ma kh m ht lc thu hoch thp hn. C vi s phn hy nh cc
vitamin tan trong nc xy ra trong qu trnh sy bng ct nng.
Tnh cht ca go (luc s) cng chu nh hng ca c tnh tinh bt, c bit
l t l amylose/amylopectin.
Theo De Datta (1981), ba bc quan trng trong ch bin go l:
-

Ngm ht la trong nc lm gia tng m n 30%

X l nhit ht la t, thng l hp, lm thay i c tnh l ha

Sy la n mc m an ton xay xt.

9.9 SN PHM CH BIN T GO

Sn phm ch bin t go s dng cc loi amylose nht nh. Go np ch yu
dng ch bin ko, bnh pudding, trng ming, bnh ngt, v nc xt. Go c
hm lng amylose thp a dng cho mn ng cc im tm, v thc n tr em, v tinh
bt thp amylose to ra th gel tng i n nh lm chm qu trnh kh cng khi tn
tr. Cc nh ch bin go phng (t go ) v go n (t go thng) thch go np
hoc go c hm lng amylose thp do n trng n tt hn. Bnh m do ln men go
M dng go c hm lng amylose thp (Nishita et al, 1976), nhng ngi ta cng c
th dng go c hm lng amylose cao bng cch iu chnh lng nc (IRRI, 1976).
Go c hm lng amylose trung bnh c dng trong cc mn sp ng hp
M v cc hn hp sp kh Philippines. Trong vic ch bin bnh ngt t go ln men
Philippines, cc ging la c hm lng amylose trung bnh v th gel mm c s
dng, do chng c trng n ti ho khi hp v cu trc mm (Perdon and Juliano,
1975). Go c hm lng amylose cao, nht l go c th gel cng, th rt l tng
lm bn do tnh n nh v sc khng tt i vi vic phn r trong qu trnh nu,
nhng chng d v vn.
Thnh phn th yu ca ht nh l cht bo, khong, vitamins v x, l ngun rt
quan trng trong nhu cu n king nhng dng nh khng thay i nhiu theo ging.
Cht bo trong go lin kt vi cc ht tinh bt v th protein v dng nh ng vai tr
quan trng trong c trng v chc nng ca chng. Th d, ht lipid bao quanh tinh bt
c nh hng n bn th gel, v s tng tc gia lipid v protein c l lin quan n
cc th protein khng tiu ha c trong cm (Tanaka et al, 1978). Tuy nhin, hm
lng lipid v tro trong ht th khng ph thuc vo hm lng protein.
9.10 TIU CHUN CHT LNG GO
Mc d, c tiu chun go quc t, tiu chun go xut khu thng ty thuc vo
quc gia nhp khu. Tuy nhin, cc quc gia xut khu cng t ra nhng tiu chun ring
cho mc ch thng mi. Mc ch ca vic xy dng cc tiu chun v phn loi l :
1.

bo m ch c go c th n c ti tay ngi tiu dng;

2.

ci thin quy trnh sau thu hoch nhm loi b hoc gim thiu h hi;

3.

ci thin tin trnh canh tc tng nng sut;

194

4.

ci thin tin trnh ch bin nhm t c t l thu hi cao hn v m rng th

trng

5.

bo v ngi tiu dng

Nhn chung, cc yu t phn loi i vi la l (1) thun, (2) tp cht, (3)

h hng v (4) m . i vi go, cc c tnh c quan tm phn loi l (1) t l
go nguyn, tm v go nt vn, (2) h hng, (3) tp cht, (4) thc v (5) m .
9.10.1 Tiu chun Philippines
Philippines phn lm 4 loi go: thng hng, hng 1, hng 2, v hng 3. Bng 9.8
cho thy cc tiu chun cht lng go ca Cc Lng thc thc phm Philippines.
Bng 9.8. Tiu chun cht lng go ca Philippines
Loi go

Ch tiu
Thng hng

Hng 1

Hng 2

Hng 3

0,25

0,50

2,00

Ht mt mu (% ti a)

0,50

2,00

4,00

8,00

Ht bc bng v ht non (% ti a)

2,00

5,00

10,00

15,00

0,25

0,50

2,00

1,00

3,00

5,00

10,00

Tp cht (% ti a)

0,10

0,20

0,50

Thc (s ht ti a)

10

15

14,00

14,00

14,00

14,00

Go nguyn (% ti thiu)
Tm (% ti a)
Go nt vn (% ti a)
h hng
Ht h hi (% ti a)

Ht go (% ti a)
Ht go c sc (% ti a)

m (% ti a)

Ngun: Quality standard for milled rice in the Philippines (trong IRRI-Rice Quality)

195

9.10.2 Tiu chun Thi Lan

Thi Lan phn lm 4 loi go:
1. Go cc di (Extra long grain) >7,0 mm
2. Go di (Long grain) >6,6-7,0 mm
3. Go trung bnh (Medium grain) >6,2-6,6 mm
4. Go trn (Short grain) < 6,2
Bng 9.9. Tiu chun go xut khu Thi Lan
Cp go

Phn loi

Thnh phn go

Go cc di

Go di

Go TB

Ht trn

>7,0mm

>6,67,0mm

>6,26,6mm

<6,2mm

Go
nguyn

ln tp

Tm
ln

Tm
nh

Ht bc
bng

Tp
cht

m
ti
a
Thc
ln

ht/kg

100% Class A

70-100

0-30

0-5

>60

+ 36

-4

0,5

14

100% Class B

45-55

30-40

0-25

0-5

>60

+ 35,5

-4,5

0,5

10

14

100% Class C

30-40

40-50

5-30

0-5

>60

+ 35

-5

0,5

15

14

5%

20-25

30-40

25-50

0-10

>60

+ 33

3-7

2,5

0,1

15

14

10%

10-15

25-35

35-55

11-15

>55

+ 33

8-12

0,2

20

14

15%

5-10

0-20

20-40

35-50

>55

+ 28

13-17

0,2

25

14

20%

0-10

55-65

>50

+ 27

18-23

0,25

25

14

25% Super

0-8

65-75

>40

+ 32

23-28

0,2

30

14

25%

0-8

17-35

65-75

>40

+ 32

23-28

0,5

30

14

35%

0-8

17-35

65-75

>32

+ 28

33-40

10

30

14

45%

0-8

17-35

65-75

>28

+ 22

42-50

10

30

14

0-15

10-30
17-35

9.10.3 Tiu chun M

M c 6 loi go:
1. US No. 1
2. US No. 2
3. US No. 3
4. US No. 4
5. US No. 5
6. US No. 6
196

Bng 9.10. Tiu chun go xut khu ca M

Cp go

Thc, ht
l

Ht c
mu

Ht bc bng

Tm

Loi khc

S
ht/500g

Go di

Go trn

US No.1

0,5

1,0

2,0

4,0

1,0

US No. 2

1,5

2,0

4,0

7,0

2,0

US No. 3

2,5

4,0

6,0

15,0

3,0

US No. 4

20

4,0

6,0

8,0

25,0

5,0

US No. 5

30

6,0

10,0

10,0

35,0

10,0

US No. 6

75

15,0

15,0

15,0

50,0

10,0

9.10.4 Tiu chun Vit Nam

Theo VihaFood, tiu chun go xut khu ca Vit Nam c quy nh nh bng
9.11 ng vi tng loi go.
Bng 9.11. Tiu chun cht lng go xut khu ca Vit Nam
Loi go

Ch tiu
Jasmine

5% tm

10% tm

Tm (% ti a)

10

15

20

25

m (% ti a)

14

14

14

14,5

14,5

14,5

Tp cht (% ti a)

0,1

Cht hu c

0,5

0,5

0,5

0,5

0,5

Cht v c

0,1

0,5

0,1

0,1

0,1

15

25

25

25

25

Thc (s ht ti a/kg go)

Ht bt (% ti a)

15% tm 20% tm 25% tm

Ht vng (% ti a)

0,2

0,5

0,6

Ht h hi (% ti a)

0,2

0,5

1,5

1,5

0,3

0,3

Ht non (% ti a)
197

Ht go /vng (% ti a)

0,2

Ht np (% ti a)

0,2

Ht bc bng (% ti a)

10

Khng cn trng sng, khng ln thu tinh, kim loi v aflatoxin sau khi hun trng ln tu
Ngun: vihafoodco@gmail.com

9.11. CU HI N TP
1. Theo bn cc c tnh phm cht ht go no quan trng nht v mt gi tr thng
phm trn th trng la go hin nay?
2. Hm lng amylose c tm quan trng nh th no i vi cht lng go?
3. Tho lun nhng c tnh nh hng n cht lng go v mt khu v v dinh
dng.
4. S lo ho ca ht go trong qua trnh tn tr.
9.12. BI C THM
1. V Quc Trung v Bi Huy Thanh, 1979. Bo qun thc. Nh xut bn Nng
nghip, H Ni.
2. IRRI, 1979. Proceedings of the Workshop on Chemical aspects of rice grain
quality. IRRI, Philippines
3. IRRI, 1991. Rice Grain marketing and quality
issues. Selected papers from the International
Rice Research Conference. IRRI, Philippines.
4. Juliano, B.O., 1979. The chemical basis of
rice grain quality. Proceedings of the
workshop on Chemical aspects of rice grain
quality, IRRI. P. 69-90.

198

CHNG 10: CC THIT HI TRN RUNG LA

10.1 Cn trng hi la
10.1.1 Nhm cn trng
10.1.2 Nhm su
10.2 Bnh hi la
10.2.1 Bnh do nm
10.2.2 Bnh do vi khun
10.2.3 Bnh do siu vi khun
10.2.4 Bnh do tuyn trng
10.3 Cc triu chng dinh dng bt thng
10.4 Nhng thit hi khc
*********
Khi vic sn xut la ngy cng pht trin, vn thm canh tng v c y
mnh, cy la c mt khp ni v hu nh quanh nm lc no trn ng rung cng c
cy la cc giai on sinh trng khc nhau. Thm vo , t c nng sut cao
ngi ta phi s dng rt nhiu phn bn, nht l phn m. Lng phn bn khng cn
i v khng ng yu cu sinh trng ca cy la. S hiu bit v su bnh v bin
php phng tr ca nng dn c gii hn. l nhng iu kin tt cho su bnh bc
pht, lu tn v pht trin, lm gia tng thit hi cho rung la v lm gim st nng sut,
c khi n mt trng.
Ty theo i tng, v cch thc gy hi ta c th chia lm hai nhm: cn trng
v bnh.
- Nhm cn trng: l nhm cc ng vt c 3 i chn, trc tip ph hi la giai
on thnh trng v/hoc ch ph hi la giai on u trng m thi.
- Nhm bnh: bao gm nhng thit hi m tc nhn khng thy c hoc rt kh
nhn thy bng mt thng, ta ch c th pht hin thng qua triu chng thit hi trn cy.
Ngoi ra, cc ri lon v sinh l do dinh dng bt thng, c bit l cc hin
tng ng c do mi trng t, cng c cp n trong chng ny. Sau y l
mt s i tng gy hi chnh trn rung la trn ng bng sng Cu Long.
10.1 CN TRNG HI LA (Insects)
10.1.1 Ry nu (Brown planthopper: Nilaparvata lugens Stal.)
Ry nu rt nh, con trng thnh (thnh trng) ch to bng ht go, mu nu. C 2
dng ry cnh ngn v ry cnh di, chng sng quanh gc la ngay phn b l, pha trn
mt nc. Ry nu sinh sn v pht trin rt nhanh. Mi la, ry ci hng trm trng
trong b l. Trng n ra ry con (u trng) ch to bng ht tm, ht cm, mu trng ng nn
c gi l ry cm hay m cm. Ry con phi tri qua 5 ln lt xc tr thnh ry
trng thnh (thnh trng) (Hnh 10.1). Ry nu c th xut hin vo bt c giai on sinh
trng no ca cy la. Nu gp iu kin thun li, thc n y th t lc trng n n
khi trng thnh ch mt khong 15-20 ngy. Do , trong 1 v la 3 thng, c th c 3 la
ry ni tip nhau, la sau nhiu hn la trc. Mt s ry c tch ly ngy cng cao, n
lc c th gy hi cho rung la. C 2 nhm ry nu ging nhau v hnh dng v tp qun
199

sinh sng, ch khc nhau v mt kch thc. Ry nu nh (Laodelphax striatellus) c kch

thc nh hn v mu sc en hn nhm ry nu thng gp (hnh 10.1B).
Tc hi trc tip ca ry nu l chch ht nha, lm cho cy la suy yu, pht trin
km, l vng a, ri dn v kh ho i gi l chy ry. Tc hi gin tip ca ry nu l
truyn cc bnh siu vi khun cho la nh bnh la c, ln xon l, vng ln. Ry nu
nh truyn bnh ln sc en.
Cch phng tr hu hiu nht l dng cc ging la khng ry nu, lm v sinh
ng rung ry khng cn ch n np. B tr thi v sm v tp trung ct t
ngun lu tn ly lan ca ry. Thm ng thng xuyn pht hin v phng tr kp
thi. Dng by n theo di mt s ca ry nu trong vng v dit cc con ry c cnh
t cc ni khc mi ti.

Ry nu (A)

Ry nu nh (B)

Hnh 10.1. Hnh dng v vng i ca ry nu (A) v ry nu nh (B)

Khi rung b ry, c th dng du gasoil hay nht cn trn vi thuc st trng
ri gia cc hng la cho lan ra khp rung, xong dng xo tre gt cy la cho ry ri
xung nc s b dnh thuc cht. Dng cc loi thuc c tr ry nu, xt u khp rung
phn gc la. Nu rung c nc 5 10 cm, c th dng thuc ht ri hoc th vt con
1 thng tui cho n ry. By n cng l bin php hu hiu dit ry c cnh di tr v
quan trng hn l theo di c s pht trin ca cc la ry theo thi gian, cn c vo
mt s ry vo n, t , c th quyt nh thi im xung ging n ry, hoc ch
ng bin php phng tr hiu qu.
200

10.1.2 Ry lng trng (White-back planthopper: Sogatella furcifera)

(Hnh 10.2)
Ry lng trng rt ging vi ry nu v hnh dng, kch thc v tp qun sinh
sng, ch khc ch ry lng trng trng thnh c cnh mu trng c v c mt vt
trng trn gia lng. Cch phng tr cng ging nh ry nu. Cn lu l cc ging la
ph bin hin nay cha c ging no khng c nh ry lng trng.

Ry lng trng

Hnh 10.2. Hnh dng ca ry lng trng

10.1.3 Ry xanh (Green leafhopper: Nephotettix spp.)
(Hnh 10.3)
Ry xanh ln hn ry nu i cht, ton thn v cnh
c mu xanh, cui cng c vt en nn cn gi l ry xanh
ui en. con ci cn c mt chm en to gia cnh rt d
nhn din. C 3 loi ry xanh thng gp trong rung la
vng nhit i l N. virescens, N. cincticepa v N.
nigropictus. Chng sng trn l la, cng ht chch nha v
gy chy ry. C th dng cc loi thuc tr su thng thng
cng dit c ry xanh. i vi ry xanh th xt thuc u
trn l la. Ry xanh cn truyn bnh siu vi khun: Tungro
v vng ln.
Hnh 10.3. Hnh dng v trng ca ry xanh
Ry xanh

10.1.4 Ry bng (Zig-zag leafhopper: Recilia dorsalis)

(Hnh 10.4)
Ry bng cng sng trn l la, kch thc to hn ry nu nhng nh hn ry
xanh. Ton thn ry bng c mu xm vi vt nu m hnh ch Z trn cnh nn cn gi
l ry zig-zag. Cch ph hi v bin php phng tr cng ging nh i vi ry xanh.
Ngoi tc hi trc tip, ry bng cn truyn bnh ln c bu, tungro v vng cam.
201

Trong s cc loi ry th ry nu v ry lng trng l loi ry sinh trng v pht trin

ch yu phn gc la, cn ry xanh v ry bng sng trn l.

Hnh 10.4. Hnh dng ry bng

Hnh 10.5. So snh kch thc ry

bng, ry nu v ry xanh

Ngoi ra, cn c ry Chu M (Sogatodes

oryzicola) xut hin ch yu Chu M v l tc
nhn truyn bnh hoja blanca hay bnh l trng.
Thnh trng cng c 2 dng cnh di v cnh ngn
(Hnh 10.6). Ry ny khng quan trng Vit Nam.

Hnh 10.6. Ry Chu M

(Sogatodes oryzicola)
10.1.5 B xt hi (B ht) (Rice bug: Leptocorisa oratorius)
(Hnh 10.7)
B xt c thn hnh thon di mu
xanh hi nu, chn v ru u di, sng trn
bng la, rt di ng. B xt chch ht ch
yu trn ht la vo giai on ngm sa lm
ht la b lp hoc lng, li vt nu en,
gia mu xm trn v tru. Chng
trng to v xp thnh tng hng trn phin
l. y l loi b xt quan trng nht trong
nhm b xt, hin nay cha c ging la no
khng c. Khi c 5 10 con b xt hi
trn 1,2 m th phng tr ngay bng cch xt
cc loi thuc tr su. iu lu l b xt
202

Hnh 10.7. B xt hi v cch gy hi

hi rt di ng vo ban ngy rt kh b trng thuc, do nn xt thuc vo lc chiu ti

chng km di ng i th mi c hiu qu tt. Kinh nghim dn gian cn t phn tru
b kh trn b rung thu ht b xt hi tp trung li d tiu dit.
10.1.6 B gai (Hispa: Hispa armigera)
(Hnh 10.8)
B gai cn ph cy la t lc cn nh n khi trng thnh. Thnh trng b gai
cp nhn mt trn ca phin l
xung n lp h b li nhng
vt trng trn phin l. Thng
thng cc hng la ba b tn
cng trc, v b gai n trong cc
cy la ry mc hoang ven b
hoc la cht t cc rung ln cn.
B gai trng phn di mt
l. B con khi n ra chui vo c
Hnh 10.8. B gai v cch gy hi
ph t bo l lung gia hai tng
ngoi b, to ra nhng ng rng
nh li ti c hnh dng khng u. B con v nhng rt d nhn ra trong cc m l. Mi
chu k sinh trng ca b gai ko di 3-4 tun l. Phng tr b gai bng cch phun thuc
tr su ln tn l.
10.1.7 B xt en (Rice black bug: Scotinophora lurida)
(Hnh 10.9)
B xt en thng sng phn b v gc la. Thnh
trng b xt en chch ht nha cy la lm cy la suy yu
dn, l v b l kh ho, ri cht. L non c th b cun trn
dc theo gn l. B xt en a kh hu m thp nn khng
hot ng lc kh hu kh, lnh hay qu nng. Trng
thng c xp thnh 2-4 hng dc trn phin l hay b l
v c trn c na. Trng mi c mu lt, bin thnh mu
cam m khi gn n, thi gian t lc n khi trng n
khong 6 ngy. B con mi n quanh qun gn trng,
dn dn tin v pha gc cy la. Cch phng tr cng tng
t nh i vi ry nu.

Hnh 10.9. B xt en

10.1.8 B lch (Thrips: Baliothrips biformis)

(Hnh 10.10)
B lch l mt loi cn trng rt nh, mu en ch to bng si ch, di khong 1,5
mm. Chng sng thnh n, thng xuyn xut hin trn m hoc la mi s hoc cy t
1 thng tui tr li. B lch c th pht trin thnh dch khi rung kh do hn hn ko di
nn thng lm vi la b phn.

203

Triu chng ban u l chp l xanh b cun li nh ho, ngay c la sng sm, c
nhiu con b lch tp trung trong nhng cht l b cun ny cn ph lm cht l vng
v kh ho i. Cc loi thuc tr su thng thng u c th tr c b lch. Thit hi
do b lch gy ra t nghim trng nhng cng lm cho la mt sc rt nhiu. Sau khi xt
thuc cn bn thm phn m v kali.

Hnh 10.10. B lch v cch ph hi

10.1.9 D nhi (Mole cricket: Grylotalpa africana)

(Hnh 10.11)
D nhi thng ch ph hi trn rung kh, nng m kh, dc theo b rung
hoc rung la ry. D nhi cn r non v phn non gc la pha di mt t, lm cy
la b t ngang mt t tng chi v c bi la. D nhi trng trong cc hang o bi
trong t rung kh hoc b rung. Cc loi thuc ht rt hu hiu tr d nhi. C th
dng xc da trn vi thuc ri cho d n hoc bm nc ngp v ri thuc ht.

Hnh 10.11. D nhi v cch ph hi

204

10.1.10 Su c thn (Stemborrer, cn gi l su nch hay su ng)

C 4 loi su c thn hi la: su c thn mu vng, mu trng, mu hng v
sc nu (Hnh 10.12). Nhng BSCL loi su quan trng v ph bin nht l loi su
c thn mu vng v su c thn sc nu. Cch ph hi ca chng u ging nhau.

Triu chng thit hi

4
1

Thnh trng, trng, su v nhng ca su c thn

Hnh 10.12. Triu chng thit hi, trng, u trng v thnh trng ca cc loi
su c thn
(1) Su c thn mu hng
(2) Su c thn sc nu u nu
(3) Su c thn mu vng
(4) Su c thn sc nu u en
- Su c thn mu vng (Scirpophaga incertulas): su nh mu vng nht. Bm
c cnh mu vng rm vi 2 chm en gn cui cnh rt c bit, nn cn c gi l
su c thn 2 chm. Bm ci thng trng gn cht phin l. trng hnh bu
205

dc c lng t che ph. y l loi su c thn quan trng nht BSCL v chng c
mt s cao v kiu sng n l, mi con ch trong mt chi la m thi, nn qui m ph
hi ca chng ln hn so vi cc loi su c thn khc.
- Su c thn sc nu: gm 2 loi: su c thn sc nu u nu (Chilo
suppressalis) v u en (Chilo polychrysus). Thn su mu vng nht, c 5 sc mu nu
chy dc t u n ui, u c mu nu hoc en. Su sc nu u nu ln v di hn
su sc nu u en. trng hnh vy c gn vo phin l bi mt cht keo, khng c
lng che ph. Khi trng n, su non chui theo b l xung di gc ri c vo cn ph
t la. Chng thng sng thnh nhm, nhiu con trong mt chi la nn gy thit hi t
nghim trng hn.
- Su c thn mu hng (Sesamia inferens): Bm, u trng v nhng ca su
c thn mu hng c kch thc to nht trong nhm su c thn. Tp qun sinh sng
ca su c thn mu hng tng t nh su c thn sc nu, chng sng theo by n,
nhiu con trn mt chi la.
Su c thn thng tn cng cy la vo giai on n bi tch cc gy hin tng
cht t (tm tuyt) v giai on la tr gy hin tng bng bc lm bng la b lp
hon ton, trong khi cc l bn di ca chi vn cn xanh. Chng ta c th rt cc t
cht v bng bc ny ra d dng v c th bt gp con su cn trong hoc li l
c. Su ch ph hi giai on u trng, giai on nhng v bm th v hi. Hin cha
c ging la no khng mnh i vi su c thn. Nu v trc b su c thn, nhng
ca n c th n trong gc r, cn t rm r v cy lt t sau cho nc ngp git
chng. Khi pht hin trong rung c triu chng thit hi do su c thn th phi dng
cc loi thuc lu dn phng tr. Lc by gi, cc loi thuc tip xc xt khng c
hiu qu na v su nm trong ng thn khng b trng thuc c th dng by n bt
bm trc khi trng, v chng rt thch nh sng. Cng c th nga su c thn
bng cch xt thuc tr bm khi chng cha kp trng.
10.1.11 Su cun l, su xp l
A

C 2 loi su cun
l hin din trn rung la
ng bng sng Cu Long:
su cun l nh v su
cun l ln.

10.1.11.1. Su cun
l nh (Leaf roller:
Cnaphalocrosis
medinalis)
(Hnh 10.13A)
Su nh, mu xanh
hi vng, khi gn ha
nhng c mu hng. Bm
Hnh 10.13. Su cun l nh (A) v su xp l (B)
nh c cnh mu trng c
vi 3 sc ngang mu nu en. Bm trng ri rc trn phin l. Su thng cun l li
bn trong n ph phn nhu m, li nhng vt trng di nm dc theo chn l. Khi
cn nh su ch n phn nhu m m khng cun l li. Cy la b tn cng s cn ci,
206

din tch l quang hp gim lm t l lp cao, bng t ht. Su thng ph hi nng

nhng ni rm rp thiu nh sng. C th dng by n bt bm hoc xt thuc tr
bm khi thy xut hin nhiu trn rung la phng su ph hi. Khi c khong 20%
s bi b tn cng th nn xt thuc tr ngay vi cc loi thuc tr su.
Mt loi su hi khc vi thnh trng (bm) c hnh dng tng t nhng kch
thc to hn, mu sng hn, l su xp l (Leaf folder: Susumia exigua) (Hnh
10.13B). Su cng gy hi tng t nh su cun l nh v c th xp phn trn cht l
li n trong . Cch phng tr cng tng t nh su cun l nh.
10.1.11.2. Su cun l ln (Leaf roller: Pelopidas mathias)
(Hnh 10.14)
Thnh trng l loi bm c ru hnh chy cnh xp thng ng khi u, rt
nhanh nhn v bay theo ng gy khc. u trng (su) n t t ba phin l vo trong
ri n dc theo gn l. Nhng c t bm vo l la cun li.

Hnh 8.14. Su cun l ln

Hnh 10.15. Su sng (A) v su o (B)

10.1.12 Su sng xanh v su o xanh

- Su sng xanh (Melanitis leda ismene)(Hnh 10.15A): Bm trng trn l,
su c hai sng di.
- Su o xanh (Naranga aenescens)(Hnh 10.15B): u trng c kch thc v tp
qun ging su rm xanh, cch di chuyn ging nh su o, un cong lng khi i.
Cch thc gy hi v phng tr cng ging nh i vi su cun l ln.

207

10.1.13 Su phao (su eo) (Caseworm: Nymphula depunctalis)

(Hnh 10.16)
Su c mu xanh, u mu cam hi
nu. Bm mu trng ng vi nhng m
vng nu nh trn cnh. Bm trng ri
rc mt di l la. Su phao thng tn
cng cy la t giai on m n 1 thng sau
khi cy, c bit nhng ch trng nc
ngp su trong rung. Su cn t ngang l
la thnh tng on ri cun li thnh ng,
su trong a u ra ngoi v cn ph
nhu m ca l la (nn gi l su eo).
Chng li cc vt trng nh thit hi do
su cun l, ng thi cc l b cn t
ngang. ng su thng ni trn mt nc
nh nhng ci phao (nn gi l su phao)
di chuyn t ni ny sang ni khc hoc dnh
vo gc la l cch di chuyn v lan trn
ca su. Khi ng l b ho kh chng cn l
khc lm ng mi.
Cy la b tn cng s ci cc, ln
thp xung v c th cht hng lot do b
Hnh 10.16. Su phao (su eo)
ngp nc. Su phao thng pht trin mnh
vo thng 8 - 9 dng lch trn tr la lp v
2 mi cy, trong iu kin nc l bt u dng cao. Phng tr su phao cng ging nh
i vi su cun l. Ngoi ra, hn ch tc hi v s
lan trn ca su cn tho cn nc, nu c iu kin.
C th trn thuc tr su vi du cn ri ln trn mt
nc, su s b ngm thuc v cht; cng c th cho A
nc ngp tht cao ri dng li ko c ko lt trn
mt nc vt cc cun su, gom li v git chng.
10.1.14 Su keo (Cutworm: Spodoptera litura) v
su cn chn (Armyworms: Pseudoletia unipuncta,
Spodotera mauritia)
Su keo v su cn chn trng tng t nhau,
nhng thng tn cng nhng phn khc nhau trn
cy la. Su keo mu xanh c 2 sc en chy dc hai
bn hng t u n ui (Hnh 10.17A) cn l t
ngang v n gn ht phn trn ca phin l ch cha li
cung l v thn cy la. Su cn chn (Hnh 10.17B)
to hn, thn mu xm c sc nu m hai bn hng
chy dc t u n ui. Su c th tn cng tng n
ban m gy thit hi rt ln. Ban ngy su thng n
di gc la rt kh pht hin. C th phun cc loi
thuc tr su vo lc chiu mt n ti hoc ri cc loi
208

Hnh 10.17. Su keo (A) v

su cn chn (B)

thuc ht nu c nc hay c ma. Lu l su keo v su cn chn thng ph hi nng

rung kh. Su cn chn cn cn ph bng la khi thu hoch xong cn trn ng.
10.1.15 Di c l (rui c l) (Whorl maggot: Hydrellia Philippina)
(Hnh 10.18)
Di l giai on u trng ca con rui ng. Rui
mu xm en, hi nh v sng hn rui nh i cht.
Rui trng ri rc trn l, trng n ra di (u trng)
mu vng nht, chui vo trong thn l c ngang t l
non. Khi l vn ra khi thn s mang nhng vt so ta
trng hoc nhng l trn ngang nhau. Nu b nng l la
b gy, la n bi km.
Di thng tn cng giai on m n khi c
chi ti a, nht l giai on la mi cy c 1 thng.
Khi cy m cn nh, nu b di c cng cht t nh
su c thn. phng tr nn ri thuc nga sau khi cy
hoc giai on la cn non trong vng 1 - 1,5 thng
tui.

Hnh 10.18. Di c l (Rui c l)

10.1.16 Mui gy l hnh (Gall midge: Orseolia oryzae):

(Hnh 10.19)
Con mui trng thnh to bng mui thng nhng bng c mu hng lt. Chng
trng ri rc mt di l. Mui hot ng mnh vo ma ma nn dch mui hnh
thng xy ra vo v la h thu, thu ng hoc v la ma.

Hnh 10.19. Mui gy l hnh

209

Trng n thnh u trng chui vo t non ca la lm l non khng m ra c,

cun trn nh cng hnh hay cng nng nn cn gi l mui nng hay su nng. N ha
nhng lun trong v khi lt xc thnh mui n c l pha trn t trn m chui ra,
chi b cht. Chng c th sng trn c di v ly lan rt nhanh gy thit hi nng trn
cc tr la mun. Phng tr mui gy l hnh nh i vi su c thn.
10.1.17 Su phao c b (new rice caseworm)
(Hnh 10.20)
Su phao c b cn gi l su c b thuc h Pyralidae, b Lepidoptera, chi v
loi cha xc nh c, mi c pht hin trn la ng bng sng Cu Long t v
H Thu 1998 Sc Trng v Tin Giang, sau lan rng ra tt c cc tnh trn tt c cc
v la trong nm. n nm 2002 din tch gy hi ln n hn 10.000 ha, c bit gy
hi trong giai on la non di 1 thng tui trong iu kin nc ngp su trn rung
(Nguyn Vn Lim, 2003). Bm trng thnh cm hoc thnh hng trong b l ch
gn mc nc (trung bnh mi con ci c th 30-50 trng), trng trn hi dp mu
trng v chuyn sang mu vng nht khi gn n (giai on trng ko di khong 4-5
ngy). Giai on su ko di 18-22 ngy, tri qua 4 ln lt xc. Su non c kch thc
nh cn l lm phao cp phn nhu m ca l, n thng l v c vo b l n ph bn
trong lm l la km pht trin, vng ho v cht dn. Su c th c vo nh sinh
trng ca cy la non lm cht t nh su c thn. Su tui 5 c kch thc trung
bnh 16-18 mm mu trng ng, u mu nu nht. Giai on nhng ko di 6-7 ngy, lm
nhng trong phao dn vo gc la, k c trong iu kin rung ngp nc. Bm sng
khong 7-10 ngy, c kch thc v hnh dng tng t nh bm su phao nhng c
mu vng sm hn v khi u thng quay u xung pha di.
K ch ph ca su phao c b l c lng vc, c ui phng, la ry, la cht v
la c. Mc nc rung cng cao th su cng xut hin nhiu v gy hi nng. Phng tr
su phao c b tng t nh i vi su phao vi cc loi thuc tr su lu dn, rt bt
nc s hn ch c s pht trin v ph hi ca su phao c b.

Hnh 10.20. Su c b: (A) Bm, (B) su, (C) vt c trn b l

210

10.2. BNH HI LA (Diseases)

Chng ta c th chia cc bnh la ra lm 5 nhm ty theo tc nhn gy hi: bnh do
nm, bnh do vi khun, bnh do siu vi khun, bnh do tuyn trng v bnh do sinh l.
10.2.1. Bnh do nm (Fungus diseases)
10.2.1.1. Bnh chy l (o n: Rice blast): Do nm Pyricularia oryzae gy ra
Bnh c th gy hi rt sm t nng m nhng thng b nng nht l giai on
lm ng n sau tr mt thi gian. Nm c th tn cng mi b phn ca cy la
nhng nhiu nht l phin l. Trn l, vt bnh lc u nh mu nu, sau pht trin
thnh vt bnh in hnh c dng hnh mt n, hai u hp, gia phnh ra c mu xm tro.
Chung quanh vt bnh c vin nu r rt, ngoi vin nu thng c mt qung vng.
Nhiu vt bnh lin kt li lm c l la b chy kh. Bnh cng xut hin trn cc t
thn lm gy ngang thn la hoc trn c bng (bnh kh c bng) lm tt nghn mch
dn nha nui ht, bng la b gy, ht b lp v lng (Hnh 10.21).
Bnh xut hin v pht trin mnh trong iu kin m cao, sng m nhiu,
rung thiu nc v bn nhiu phn m, s cy qu dy. nga bnh ny nn dit
sch c di, rm r c cha mm bnh trc khi canh tc, x l ht ging bng cch
ngm trong nc m (3 si + 2 lnh) 15 pht hoc dung dch thuc Arasan, Ceresan (4g/4
lt nc/2 kg ht) trong 24 gi. Gieo s vi mt va phi, bn phn cn i N, P v K;
c bit l phn Kali tng cng tnh khng ca t bo cy i vi s xm nhp ca
nm bnh.
Khi cy la chm bnh c th dng cc loi thuc tr nm hoc dng dung dch
thanh phn vi (1 kg vi + 1 kg phn xanh + 100 lt nc) xt ln l la.

Hnh 10.21. Bnh chy l (o n)

211

10.2.1.2 Bnh m nu (Brown spot):

Do nm Helminthosporium oryzae (Hnh 10.22)
Nm c th tn cng trn l v ht. Bnh thit hi nghim trng nht khi ht ang
ny mm lm cy la non ci cc khng pht trin c. Trn l, m bnh c hnh trn
hay bu dc, mu nu lt c vin nu sm vi cc vng ng tm trong vt bnh. Trn
ht, vt bnh c mu nu en (thng gi l bnh lem ht). Bnh pht trin mnh t
trm thy (ngp nc quanh nm), nhiu cht hu c cha hoai mt, t mn, phn, thiu
dinh dng v c bit l thiu Kali. m nu l bnh i km vi iu kin ngho dinh
dng hoc b trc trc trong qu trnh hp thu dinh dng ca cy la. nga bnh
m nu cn ci thin iu kin mi trng, cy la pht trin khe th t b nhim bnh.
10.2.1.3 Bnh gch nu (Narrow brown leaf spot):
Do nm Cercospora oryzae (Hnh 10.23)
Vt bnh c dng cc gch nu ngn v hp trn l la. Nhng gch ny chy song
song vi gn l. Thng thng nhng gch ny c mu nu tm v chung quanh
mu lt hn. Bnh lm gim din tch l, do , lm gim kh nng quang hp ca l, c
nh hng n nng sut la. Phng php phng tr tt nht l dng ging khng bnh.

Hnh 10.22. Bnh

m nu

Hnh 10.23. Bnh

gch nu

Hnh 10.24. Bnh

than vng (tr tri)

10.2.1.4 Bnh than vng (Tr tri: False smut):

Do nm Ustilaginoidea virens (Hnh 10.24)
Bnh xut hin lc la tr bng v tr nn r rt hn khi la bt u chn. Ht la
thng n ra mt khi phn (bo t nm) bn ngoi c mu xanh l cy v bn trong c
mu vng hay mu cam ri tr thnh mu than en khi chn. Khi phn ny sn sng pht
tn cc bo t ly nhim cho cc ht la khc. Bnh thng xy ra trong ma ma m
v trn tr la tt bn tha phn m. Nm thng xm nhp vo ht la la tr bng.
Mi bng la thng ch c mt s ht b bnh, do , bnh thng khng nh hng
nhiu n nng sut la. phng bnh ny c th dng ging khng hoc phun thuc
tr nm nga bnh khi la tr u.
212

10.2.1.5. Bnh m vn (Sheath blight):

Cn gi l kh vn hay ung th, do nm Thanatephorus cucumeris (Rhizoctonia
solani Kuhn) gy ra (Hnh 10.25).
Nm bnh c hai cch lan trn: bng hch nm v bng bo t. Nhng hch nm
trn nh bng ht ct tri trn mt nc bm vo b l v t tn cng cy la. Bng
cch ny, bnh xut hin u tin b l, ri t lan dn ln phin l. Trn b l, vt
bnh lc u trn hay bu dc, mu xm c vin nu, sau lan ra khng u thnh nhng
vt loang l vn vn nh da h, b l kh tp li lm l b cht kh, bng la tr b nghn
hoc tr cng b lp nhiu.
Ngoi ra, bnh cn c th lan truyn di dng bo t nm bay trong khng kh, di
chuyn nh gi. Bng cch ny, bnh u tin s xut hin trn phin l do bo t nm
trong khng kh ri xung trn l. Nh vy, trong trng hp ny bnh s lan dn t
phin l xung b l. Bnh thng xut hin nht vo thi k la lm ng n chn.
Bnh thng xut hin thnh tng chm v pht trin mnh trong iu kin m cao,
rung ngp su, bn nhiu phn m, s cy qu dy v ging d nhim.
nga bnh ny nn s cy va phi, bn t m, tng cng phn ln v kali,
gi nc thch hp. Khi bnh chm pht c th dng cc loi thuc tr nm tr nh
i vi bnh chy l.

Hnh 10.25. Bnh m vn (kh vn, ung th)

213

10.2.1.6. Bnh thi b (Sheath rot):

Do nm Sarocladium oryzae (Acrocylindrium oryzae) thng tn cng trn b l
c (Hnh 10.26).

Hnh 10.26. Bnh thi b

Vt bnh c mu nu ti xm lan ra u khp b l lm bng la b nghn, ht lp
v lem. Bnh thng xy ra trong iu kin m cao, bn nhiu phn N, s cy dy.
Cng c th tr bng cc loi thuc tr nm nh Zineb, Maneb, Kitazin
10.2.1.7. Bnh thi thn (Stem rot):
Do nm Helminthosporium sigmoideum gy ra (Hnh 10.27).
Nm thng xm nhp qua cc vt
thng trn thn la gn mt nc. Vt bnh
mu en v lan dn ra, l b vng v kh ho
dn. Sau , nm chui su vo cc b l bn
trong thn la khin c chi la v cc b la
u b thi, cy la b cht ri dn t l ngoi
vo l trong, cy la suy yu, chiu cao thp dn
cui cng li i, nn cn gi l bnh tim ln.

Hnh 10.27. Bnh thi thn

Bnh thng xy ra lc la lm ng,

sp tr v xut hin thnh tng chm nhng
ch trng, t lan dn ra c m rung. Tch
b l ra c th thy nhiu t nm mu trng v
cc hch nm mu en nh li ti. Nm pht
trin mnh trong iu kin ngp su v ng,
s cy dy, t nhiu hu c, la c tn l sum
su, tha m. Bnh thng gy thit hi nng

trn tr la mun.
nga bnh ny nn s cy sm vi mt va phi, hn ch bn phn m,
bn thm ln v kali, to iu kin thot hi nc trong rung. Khi bnh mi xut hin
nh tng chm nh trong rung, c th dng cc loi thuc tr nm xt u vo gc la b
bnh v xt lan rng ra chung quanh khong 2 mt trnh s ly lan.
214

10.2.1.8. Bnh la von (La c, m c: Bakanae disease):

Do nm Fusarium moniliforme Shel (Gibberella pujikuroi Saw) gy ra (Hnh 10.28).
Bnh lu truyn qua ht. Cy m vng ln cao c chiu cao hn bnh thng rt
nhiu, c mu xanh vng, cy m yu ri t t cht i.

Hnh 10.28. Bnh la von (la c hay m c)

Nu bnh xut hin tr, cy c chi cao, mnh khnh, l c xanh nht, vt cao hn
ln, yu t, cc t di thp mc ra nhng r kh sinh. Cy bnh nu sng st c th tr
bng nhng bng nh, ht b lp lng. Bnh thng xy ra trm trng trong iu kin
bn nhiu phn m v nhit khng kh cao (30-35oC). Phng bnh ny c th x l
ht trc khi gieo s vi cc loi thuc tr nm. Khi bnh xut hin th ch phun thuc
nga ly lan.
10.2.2. Bnh do vi khun (Bacterial diseases)
i vi cc bnh do vi khun gy ra, vn tr liu thng khng kinh t nn ch
yu l phng nga bng bin php canh tc hoc dng ging khng. Hai bnh do vi
khun gy ra thng gp BSCL l: bnh chy ba l v sc trong.
10.2.2.1. Bnh chy ba l (bc l: Bacterial leaf blight):
Do vi khun Xanthomonas campestris pv. oyzae gy ra.
Trn l, vt bnh ban u l nhng sc vng nh chp l v ba l, sau lan
rng v dc theo cc gn l v t ba l vo trong. Vt bnh dn kh li c mu xm
trng, vin ngoi vt bnh c hnh gn sng. Vo lc sng sm c th thy cc git vi
khun mu vng a ra cht l hoc dc theo ra l (Hnh 10.29). Bnh nng vt bnh
c th lan dn n b l v ton thn b chy kh gi l bnh Kresek.
Ct l bnh nhng vo nc trong, nc b c v c cha vi khun. Vi khun
thng xm nhp qua vt thng trn l hoc t cc kh khng dc theo ba l, t lan
ra. Bnh pht trin mnh trn t giu hu c, bn nhiu phn m, ma nhiu, m
cao v mc nhim khc nhau ty ging.
nga bnh ny, cn tch cc phng tr cn trng v trnh gy thng tch cho cy
la, hn ch bn m, tng cng bn phn Kali cho la v dng ging la t nhim bnh.
215

Hnh 10.29. Bnh chy ba l

10.2.2.2. Bnh sc trong (hay l trong: Bacterial leaf streak):
Do vi khun Xanthomonas campestris pv. oryzae translucens gy ra (Hnh 10.30).
Bnh thng xut hin trong iu kin ma nhiu, m cao, bn nhiu phn
m. Triu chng bnh ch hin din trn phin l. m bnh ban u l nhng vch
trng, mng nc gia nhng gn l dn dn tr nn vng hay mu cam. Vt bnh lan
dn gia cc gn l to thnh nhng sc gn nh trong sut. Cc sc ny lin kt nhau
lm c l b v chy kh. Khi gp iu kin thi tit thun li, bnh pht trin mnh,
nhng ging la d b nhim bnh thng b vng khp rung. Tuy nhin, nu iu kin
thi tit thay i tr nn thun li hn, th c th nhng l non mi ra s khng b nhim
bnh. Cch phng nga cng ging nh bnh chy ba l.

Hnh 10.30. Bnh sc trong (l trong)

216

10.2.3 Bnh do siu vi khun (virus diseases)

Bnh siu vi khun c lan truyn t ni ny sang ni khc v t cy bnh sang
cy khe l do cn trng. Mt loi cn trng no ch c th mang v truyn mt s
bnh siu vi khun nht nh m thi.
Cc bnh siu vi khun trn la do nhm ry lan truyn c pht hin (IRRI,
1986) v tm tt trong bng 10.1.
Bng 10.1. Cc bnh siu vi khun trn la
Loi ry

Loi bnh siu vi khun lan truyn

La
c

Ry nu
Ry nu nh
Ry lng trng
Ry xanh
Ry bng
Ry Chu M

Vng
ln

Ln
xon
l

Tungro

Vng
cam

Vng
tm
thi

Ln
c
bu

Ln
sc
en

L
trng
(Hoja
blanca)

Trong gio trnh ny ch cp n cc bnh siu vi khun ph bin Vit Nam,

do cc loi ry nu, ry xanh v ry bng truyn.
10.2.3.1 Bnh do ry nu truyn:
Bnh la c (Grassy stunt virus), ln xon l (Ragged stunt virus), vng ln
(Yellow draft virus) (Hnh 10.31).

Bnh la c

Bnh ln xon l

Bnh vng ln

Hnh 10.31. Cc bnh siu vi khun do ry nu truyn

217

10.2.3.2 Bnh do ry xanh truyn:

Bnh Tungro, vng ln (Yellow dwarf virus), vng tm thi (transitory yellowing)
(Hnh 10.32).

Bnh vng
tm thi
Bnh Tungro

Bnh vng ln

Hnh 10.32. Cc bnh siu vi khun do ry xanh truyn

10.2.3.3 Bnh do ry bng truyn:
Bnh vng cam (Orange leaf virus), ln c bu (Gall dwarf virus), Tungro
(Hnh 10.33).
Cc bnh siu vi khun ny thng xut hin l t tng bi ty theo mt s ry
trong rung la v t l ry c mang mm bnh. Ging la cng nhim ry th c kh
nng b bnh siu vi khun cng nng. Ngay c cc ging la khng ry cng c th b
bnh, v khng ry khng c ngha l khng c con ry no tn cng c, m chng vn
c th chch ht nhng khng pht trin v gia tng mt s n mc c th gy hi trc
tip nh chy ry cho ging khng ry c.

Bnh ln
c bu

Bnh Tungro

Bnh vng cam

Hnh 10.33. Cc bnh siu vi khun do ry bng truyn

218

 phng cc bnh siu vi khun, phi s dng nhng ging la khng ry

trng v tch cc dit tr cn trng truyn bnh, nh b nhng bi la b bnh hn ch
s lan trn ca bnh.
10.2.4. Bnh do tuyn trng (Nematode diseases)
Tuyn trng l mt loi ng vt rt nh c hnh dng nh con giun kim. Sinh
sng bng cch chch ht nha la, gy nhng hin tng bin dng v bt thng ca
cy. Hai bnh ph bin v c tc hi nghim trng BSCL l: bnh tim t sn v
bnh bu r.
10.2.4.1. Bnh tim t sn
(Hnh 10.34)
Bnh do mt loi tuyn trng thn (Ditylenchus angustus) gy ra, chng c th tn
cng vo bt c giai on no ca cy. Bnh xut hin nng v hu nh thng xuyn
nhng vng la ni v nhng chn rung trng nc ngp su v rt chm hoc t trm
thy quanh nm. Cc vng Tr n, Tam Bnh, Bnh Minh (Cu Long), Tht Nt, mn,
Phng Hip (Cn Th) l nhng vng b nhim thng xuyn v b thit hi nng trong
giai on trc nhng nm 1990, c bit trn din la ma di ngy.
Tuyn trng tn cng u tin ti c ca cc l non li cc chm trng vng
c l, nn nng dn cn gi l bnh khoang c. Bnh nng c l b trng, l non mi ra
qun queo, l kh ho v cht, bng la b nghn, l c qun queo, ht lp trng, chi non
mc ra bt thng. La c th b tht thu hon ton.
phng nga bnh ny, nht thit phi v sinh ng rung tht tt, t c rm r
trc, cy i phi t t nht mt thng ri cho ngp nc lin tc 3-4 tun trc khi gieo
cy dit tuyn trng trong t hoc kh t trc khi cy vi cc loi thuc tr su, x
l r m trc khi cy bng cch ngm 24 gi trong dung dch thuc tr su, gim mc
nc rung. Cui cng l thay ging la ma mun di ngy bng nhng ging la trung
ma t nhim bnh.

Hnh 10.34. Bnh tim t sn

10.2.4.2. Bnh bu r:
(Hnh 10.35)
Do mt loi tuyn trng r Meloidogyne graminicola gy ra. Bnh ch xut hin
rung kh, t thong kh. Bnh thng xy ra nng m hoc la non trong iu kin
kh. Tuyn trng trong t xm nhp vo r la lm r ph ln nh ci bu ng knh
t 1 5 mm. R ngn, u r tr tri khng pht trin. L la vng v kh ho cy la
219

ln xung khng n bi c v rt d b ho lc tra nng, cy la cng d b bnh m

nu hn.
Nn lm m t cy gi nc thng xuyn khng rung kh, t cn c
cy i v cho ngp nc 2 3 tun trc khi gieo cy. Nu la b bu r cn bm nc
ngp rung v gi lin tc 3 5 cm, ri 20 30 kg Basudin 10H hoc Furadan 3H/ha
hoc cc loi thuc tr su khc, vi ngy sau c th bn mt t phn m v ln d tiu
gip la mau hi phc.

Hnh 10.35. Bnh bu r trn la

10.3. CC TRIU CHNG DINH DNG BT THNG
Dinh dng l nhn t rt cn thit trong i sng cy la, nu thiu hoc qu tha
mt cht no s a n tnh trng mt cn i dinh dng v ri lon sinh l ca cy,
lm cy pht trin khng bnh thng, ta gi l bnh sinh l. Ngoi nhng triu chng
thiu dinh dng quan trng l N, P v K BSCL, vn thng thy la b c do mn,
phn hay cht hu c.
10.3.1. c do mn
Thng gp cc vng ven bin vo u v cui ma ma. Cy la b c do
mn th cht l non b trng, cun li v kh i, cy sinh trng km, n bi t v c th
cht (Hnh 10.36).

Hnh 10.36. Ng c do mn
220

Dng cc ging la chu mn kh, ci to mt bng v lm nng thot mn li

dng nc ra mn. Kinh nghim k t o nng phn Minh Hi l mt bin php
ci to t mn phn rt tt.
10.3.2. c do phn
L triu chng kt hp gia s c do
st (Fe ) nhm (Al3+), s thiu Ln v pH thp
trnh by phn dinh dng khong.
2+

Triu chng la b c do phn c

trnh by trong hnh 10.37. Gii php hu hiu
lm gim ng c do phn l o mng
thot phn, bn vi v phn ln (dng nung
chy hoc apatit), gi mc thu cp ngang pha
trn tng sinh phn trong t trong ma kh
hn ch qu trnh oxid ha tng sinh phn
(Pyrite) v mao dn c cht ln tng canh tc.
Hnh 10.37. Ng c st

10.3.3. c do cht hu c
Ch yu do nng cc axid hu
c sn sinh ra trong qu trnh phn gii
xc b thc vt trong iu kin ym kh.
Trong iu kin ym kh, t trng trm
thy quanh nm, giu hu c hoc do
lm t gp rt rm r, c ti cha kp
phn hy, bn phn hu c cha hoai
thng sn sinh ra nhiu axid hu c do
qu trnh phn gii ca vi sinh vt k
sinh trong t lm cho nng axid hu
c trong mi trng tng cao, gy c
cho r la. vng nhit i, nng
axid hu c v H2S (do s kh ha
sulphate) trong t, gia tng cao nht
vo khong 2 tun sau khi ngp nc, Hnh 10.38. Triu chng ng c cht hu c
gy tr ngi cho s hp thu dinh dng
ca b r lm r b thi en, cy la khng pht trin l b vng a d nhim bnh m
nu (Helminthosporium oryzae) v c th cht (Hnh 10.38).
Vic cy vi rm r ma trc ri gieo s ngay nh thng lm cc vng la 3
v ng bng sng Cu Long, lm cho hin tng ng c cht hu c ny tr nn
rt ph bin trong v la H Thu v Thu ng, hn ch nng sut la.
Cn thay nc sch 2-3 ln, sc bn, bn thm phn ln v kali cho cy la mau
hi phc.

221

10.3.4. Cc triu chng dinh dng bt thng khc

Cc i dng cht l cc dng cht cy la cn vi s lng ln, c bit l N,
P v K. Magnesium (Mg) v Silic (Si) cng c lit vo cc nguyn t i lng m cy
la cn. Tuy nhin, t c ngun d tr cc cht ny tng i ln, nn t thy hin tng
thiu xy ra. Trong canh tc thm canh v lu v di vic b sung cc loi phn ny cng
cn c quan tm.

Thiu m

Thiu Kali

Thiu ln

Thiu Mg

Thiu Silic

Hnh 10.39. Triu chng thiu cc nguyn t i lng

Ngoi ra, cc cht vi lng l cc cht cy la cng rt cn nhng vi s lng t.
Nhng nu ngun d tr trong t hn ch n s tr thnh yu t tr ngi quan trng nh
hng ln ti sinh trng v nng sut la. Mt s cht vi lng quan trng cho la m
khi thiu hay tha s gy ra nhng triu chng bt thng nh hnh 10.40.

Thiu lu hunh

Thiu km

Thiu Mn

Thiu Fe

c Boron

Hnh 10.40. Triu chng thiu cc nguyn t vi lng

10.4. NHNG THIT HI KHC
10.4.1. Bnh vng l chn sm
Bnh vng l la mi c pht hin gn y trn cc nn t thm canh cao (3
v/nm). Cy la pht trin rt tt nhng sau khi tr l chuyn sang mu vng vi nhiu
vt bnh khc nhau lin kt li lm c l b vng v ri sm. Bnh xut hin u tin l
gi ri lan dn sang cc l non. Cy la b bnh thng ri l sm nn quang hp nui
ht khng y , la chn sm (nn cn gi l bnh vng l chn sm), c t l ht lp
cao, nng sut gim ng k (Hnh 10.41). Bnh thng xy ra trn tr la bn tha phn
222

m, mt dy vo trong iu kin thi tit bt li nh ma nhiu, t nng, sng m

v nhit khng kh cao. Triu chng vng l l do s kt ca nhiu tc nhn c nm v
vi khun, cng khng loi tr yu t mt cn i dinh dng.

Hnh 10.41. Bnh vng l chn sm

Phng tr bnh vng l ch yu bng bin php canh tc nh s tha, bn phn cn
i, iu chnh mc nc rung hp l, phun thuc tr bnh vo giai on 10-15 ngy
sau khi la tr.
10.4.2. Bnh lem lp ht
Cng tng t nh bnh vng l chn sm v c l cng l h qu ca bnh ny,
kt hp vi s bi nhim cc nm bnh khc (Hnh 10.42). Cch phng nga cng tng
t nh bnh vng l chn sm.
Do vi khun Pseudomonas
glumae

Do nm (nhiu loi)

Hnh 10.42. Bnh lem lp ht

223

10.4.3 Nhn gi (Oligonycus oryzae)

(Hnh 10.43)
Nhn gi thuc lp nhn (Arachinida) c 4 i chn c th khng phn t r
rng, c kch thc rt nh, mu cn gi l nhn hay rp gi. Trng rt nh, mu
trng c, ri rc trong b l, nhn non c c th nhn, di v ch c 3 i chn (Phm
Vn Bin v ctv., 2003). Vng i trung bnh ch t 10-12 ngy, trong thi gian trng
1-2 ngy, nhn non 4-5 ngy, nhn trng thnh 5-6 ngy.

Hnh 10.43. Nhn gi (rp gi) v cch ph hi

Nhn chch ht nha b l, cung bng, cung gi v v hoa la khi mi tr.
Trn b l, vt chch ht to thnh nhng sc thi en, lm b l c mu thm nu. Khi
la lm ng, nhn ht nha lm bng la c nhiu ht lp hoc lp c bng. Nhn
thng mang theo bo t nm gy bnh thi b. Nhn pht trin mnh trong v H Thu,
hin cha c ging la khng (Reissig v ctv., 1993). Bin php phng tr l cy lt gc
r sm, dit la cht hn ch lan truyn t v trc qua v sau, gieo cy tp trung,
dng thuc c tr nhn phun khi pht hin mt s chi c triu chng b hi khi la
sp lm ng.
10.4.4. c bu vng (Golden apple snail: Pomacea canaliculata (Lamarck)
(Hnh 10.44)
c bu vng xut hin ng bng sng Cu Long khong nm 1988-1989 v
pht trin mnh gy thit hi nghim trng trn rung la s thng t nm 1995. c bu
vng n mm la v c cy la non, lm gim mt cy nghim trng i vi la s
t. c bu vng thun thc rt sm v sinh sn rt nhanh nn gy thit hi rt ln, c
bit l trong giai on la non di 1 thng tui. c trng thnh chm gn cht vo
thn la, c di ven b kinh ngay pha trn mt nc, trng mu hng ti rt d pht
hin. V sinh ng rung, rt cn nc c gom v ch trng bt v dit hoc th vt
vo n c con trc khi gieo s l nhng bin php phng c bu vng rt hiu qu.
C th s dng thuc c tr c bu vng khi mt s cao.
224

Hnh 10.44. c bu vng hi la

10.4.5. S ng
ng l mt trong nhng yu t gii hn nng sut la BSCL. ng cng gy
trngi ln cho vic c gii ho khu thu hoch, c bit l trong v H Thu. C nhiu
phng php lm gim ng trn la nh to ging khng, rt nc gia ma, bo
phn hp l, s dng cht iu ho sinh trng. Trong , prohexadione-calcium x l
ng 10g ai/ha vo thi im 10 ngy trc khi tr trong v ng Xun v v ma
hoc 50 v 65 ngy sau khi s trong v H Thu lm gim ng ng k. Ngoi ra,
vic kt hp x l prohexadione-calcium vo thi im 50 v 65 ngy sau khi s vi bn
phn kali mc 45 kg/ha trong v H Thu s lm gim ng v tng nng sut la.
Vic gim ng ca prohexadione-calcium lin quan n s gim sinh tng hp
gibberellin, chiu di t bo, chiu di lng, chiu cao cy, do , gim ng (Nguyn
Minh Chn, 2007).
10.4.6. Chim v chut
Ngoi ra, cc loi ng vt nh chim, chut cng gy nhng thit hi rt nghim
trng cho la, nht l trn cc tr la trng tri v, qu sm hoc qu tr so vi a s cc
tr la khc trong khu vc (Hnh 10.45). C di cng l vn ht sc quan trng trn
rung la, c bit l i vi la s. Lm t k, gi nc ngp rung sm v thng
xuyn, nht l trong giai on u c th hn ch c di kh hu hiu. Bin php cui
cng l lm c bng tay hoc s dng thuc dit c ng lc chng khng cnh tranh
ng k vi la.

Chut

Chim
225

Hnh 10.45. Cc i tng dch hi khc trn la

Nhn din r cc i tng gy hi cho la, bit c vng i, iu kin pht
sinh, pht trin v tp qun sinh sng ca chng l iu rt cn thit trong cng tc phng
tr bo m cy la pht trin trong iu kin ht sc thun li th mi chc chn thu
c mt v la nng sut cao, ng nh mong mun ca ngi trng.
10.5. CU HI N TP
1. Cc loi cn trng ph bin gy hi trn la ng bng sng Cu Long v cch
phng tr?
2. Cc loi bnh do nm trn la v cch phng tr
3. Cc loi bnh do vi khun trn la v cch phng tr
4. Cc loi bnh do siu vi khun (virus) trn la v cch phng tr
5. c bu vng hi la v cch phng tr
10.6. BI C THM
1. Reissig W. H., E. A. Heinrichs, J. A. Litsinger, K. Moody, L. Fiedler, W. Mew
and A. T. Barrion, 1993. Hng dn bin php tng hp phng tr dch hi trn
la Chu nhit i. V-Tng Xun ch bin dch. Nh xut bn Nng Nghip.
2. Ou, S.H., 1983. Bnh hi la. Nh xut bn Nng nghip, H Ni.
3. Phm Vn Bin, Bi Cch Tuyn v Nguyn Mnh Chinh, 2003. Cm nang Su
bnh hi cy trng (Quyn 1) Cy lng thc, cy thc phm, cy hoa cnh. Nh
xut bn Nng Nghip, Tp. H Ch Minh.

TI LIU THAM KHO

226

TI LIU THAM KHO

* Ting Vit:
1. Bi Huy p, 1989. Cy la Vit Nam. Nh xut bn Khoa hc v K thut, H Ni.
2. Bi Ch Bu v Nguyn Th Lang, 2000. Mt s vn cn bit v go xut khu.
Nh xut bn Nng nghip.
3. o Th Tun, 1970. Sinh l rung la nng sut cao. Nh xut bn Khoa hc v K
thut, H Ni.
4. inh Vn L, 1978. Gio trnh cy la. Nh xut bn Nng Nghip, H Ni.
5. Hong Tuyt Minh, 2002. La lai hai dng. Nh xut bn Nng Nghip.
6. IRRI, 1972. Nhng thit hi trn rung la nhit i (Nguyn bn: K.E. Mueller, Bn
ting Vit: V-Tng Xun). IRRI, Philippines.
7. IRRI, 1986. Nhng thit hi trn rung la nhit i (Revised edition). IRRI,
Philippines.
8. Nh xut bn Chnh tr quc gia, 2004. Php lnh ging cy trng. H Ni
9. Nguyn Minh Chn, 2007. nh hng ca cht c ch sinh tng hp Gibberenllin ln
tnh ng v sinh trng ca cy la. ti nghin cu cp B. Trng i Hc
Cn Th.
10. Nguyn Ngc , 1993. Hin trng sn xut la vng nc su v nc tri BSCL.
K yu hi tho cuc hp hng nm ln 4 mng li H thng canh tc v khuyn
nng Vit Nam, Ban M Thuc, Vit Nam. 25-27/11/1993.
11. Nguyn Ngc , 1994. Gio trnh cy la. T sch i hc Cn Th.
12. Nguyn Ngc , 1994. S chuyn i h thng canh tc trn t la BSCL, Vit
Nam. Bo co d n. Khoa Ti nguyn sinh hc, i hc MIE, Japan. pp. 93-94,
1994.
13. Nguyn Ngc , 1994. Nghin cu la nc su BSCL. K yu hi ngh la
Vit Nam-IRRI, H Ni, Vit Nam, 4-7/5/1994.
14. Nguyn Ngc v V-Tng Xun, 1985. Bo co tng hp iu tra c bn cy la
ng bng sng Cu Long. Bo co tng kt chng trnh iu tra c bn ti nguyn
sinh vt ng bng sng Cu Long 60-02.
15. Nguyn Ngc , 1998. S dng bng so mu l bn phn N hp l cho la
BSCL (t 1996 n 1998). Bo co tng kt, 1998.
16. Nguyn Ngc v Phm Th Phn, 2001. K thut canh tc la cao sn. D n nng
cao nng lc xo ngho, tnh Tr Vinh do UNDP ti tr, S Vn ho Thng tin Tr
Vinh.
17. Nguyn Vn Lim, 2003. Kho st cc c tnh sinh hc, cch gy hi v bin php
phng tr ca loi su phao mi (Pyralidae, Lepidoptera) hi la ti tnh Vnh Long.
Lun n Thc s khoa hc nng nghip, i hc Cn Th.
18. Ou, S.H., 1983. Bnh hi la. Nh xut bn Nng nghip, H Ni.

227

19. Phm Vn Bin, Bi Cch Tuyn v Nguyn Mnh Chinh, 2003. Cm nang Su bnh
hi cy trng (Quyn 1) Cy lng thc, cy thc phm, cy hoa cnh. Nh xut bn
Nng Nghip, Tp. H Ch Minh.
20. Reissig W. H., E. A. Heinrichs, J. A. Litsinger, K. Moody, L. Fiedler, W. Mew and A.
T. Barrion, 1993. Hng dn bin php tng hp phng tr dch hi trn la Chu
nhit i. V-Tng Xun ch bin dch. Nh xut bn Nng Nghip. (Nguyn bn
ting Anh Illustrated guide to integrated pest management in rice in tropical Asia,
1985. IRRI, Philippines).
21. Tng cc thng k, 2005. Nim gim thng k, 2005. Nh xut bn Thng k.
22. Trn Minh Tng, 1993. La ti sinh trong c cu 3 v la ng Thp Mi. Bo
co ti hi ngh ci tin ging la ng Bng Sng Cu Long. n nm 2000. Vin
la ng Bng Sng Cu Long, mn, Cn Th, thng 10 nm 1993.
23. V Tng Xun, Nguyn Ngc v cc cng tc vin, 1983. Trng la cao sn. Nh
xut bn Thnh Ph H Ch Minh, TPHCM.
24. V-Tng Xun (ch bin), 1984. t v cy trng tp 1. Nh xut bn gio dc, H
Ni.
25. V-Tng Xun (ch bin dch), 1993. Hng dn bin php tng hp phng tr dch
hi trn la Chu nhit i. Nh xut bn Nng nghip, Vin Nghin Cu La
Quc t.
26. V-Tng Xun (ch bin dch), 1979. Ci tin ging la. Vin Nghin Cu La Go
Quc T, Los Banos, Laguna, Philippines v rng i Hc Cn Th.
27. V Quc Trung v Bi Huy Thanh, 1979. Bo qun thc. Nh xut bn Nng nghip,
H Ni.

Ting Anh:
1. Chang, T.T and E.A Bardenas, 1965. The morphology and varietal characteristics of
the rice plant. Technical Bulletin 4. IRRI, Philippines.
2. Chang, T.T. et al, 1981. Descriptors for rice Oryza sativa L. . IRRI, Philippines.
3. De Datta, S.K., 1981. Principles and practices of rice production. John Wiley & Son
Inc., Canada.
4. Eggum, B.O., 1979. The nutritional value of rice in comparision with other cereals. In
the proceedings of the Workshop on Chemical aspects of rice grain quality. IRRI,
Philippines. Pp. 91 111.
5. FAO, 1995. FAOSTATAT, FAO Statistics Division. (www.faostat.fao.org)
6. FAO, 1997. FAO rice information. Vol. 1, March 1997.
7. FAO, 2006. FAOSTATAT, FAO Statistics Division. (www.faostat.fao.org)
8. FAO, 2007. FAOSTATAT,
(www.faostat.fao.org)

FAO

Statistics

Division,

11

June

2007.

9. IRRI, 1979. Proceedings of the Workshop on Chemical aspects of rice grain quality.
IRRI, Philippines
228

10. IRRI, 1980. Standard Evaluation System for Rice. International Rice Testing
Program. 2nd Edition. IRRI, Philippines.
11. IRRI, 1986. Rice genetics. IRRI, Philippines.
12. IRRI, 1990. World rice statistics. IRRI, Philippines.
13. IRRI, 1991. Rice Grain marketing and quality issues. Selected papers from the
International Rice Research Conference. IRRI, Philippines.
14. IRRI, 2005. Rice around the world (3rd Edition of the Rice Almanac, pp. 59-235).
GIS-IP@IRRI (gis-ip@irri.org)
15. Jennings, P.R., W.R. Coffman and H.E. Kauffman, 1979. Rice improvement. IRRI,
Philippines.
16. Juliano, B.O., 1979. The chemical basis of rice grain quality. Proceedings of the
workshop on Chemical aspects of rice grain quality, IRRI. P. 69-90.
17. Matsuo, T. et al., 1997. Science of the rice plant. Vol. 03. Food and Agriculture
Policy Research Center, Tokyo, Japan.
18. Matsushima, S., 1970. Crop Science in Rice Theory of yield determination and Its
application. Fuji Publishing Co., Ltd., Tokyo. Japan.
19. Nanda, J. S. and S. S. Virmani, 2001. Hybrid rice, pp. 23-52. In Rice breeding and
Genetics edited by Jata S. Nanda. Science Publishers, Inc., Enfield, NH, USA.
20. Nguyen Ngoc De, 1998. Survey on major crops in the rainfed-saline zone of the
Mekong Delta, Vietnam. CBDC project, technical report, 1995.
21. Nguyen Ngoc De, 1998. Decision tools for real-time nitrogen management in rice.
Paper presented at the Cambodian Technical Meeting, Phnom Penh, 11-14 May 1999.
Co-author.
22. Nguyen Ngoc De and Le Huu Hai, 1999. Leaf color chart as a farmers guide for N
management in direct-seeded rice in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam. Paper presented at
CREMNET-IRRI Workshop, Thajavur, India, 24-27 August 1999.
23. Nguyen Ngoc De, 2000. Adding benefits: Participatory Plant Breeding (PPB), Seed
networks and grassroot strengthening. In: Conserving agricultural biodiversity in situ:
A scientific basis for sustainable agriculture. Published by International Plant Genetic
Resources Institute (IPGRI). Proceedings of IPGRI meeting, Pokkhara, Nepal, 5-12
July 1999. Edited by D. Jarvis, B. Sthapit and L. Sears, Rome, Italy, pp. 210-213.
24. Nguyen Ngoc De, 2000. Linking the national genebank of Vietnam and farmers. In:
Participatory approaches to the conservation and use of plant genetic resources. E.
Friis-Hansen and B. Sthapit (editors). Published by International Plant Genetic
Resources Institute, Rome, Italy. Pp. 62-68.
25. Nguyen Ngoc De, 2000. Crop improvement at community level in Vietnam. In:
Participatory approaches to the conservation and use of plant genetic resources. E.
Friis-Hansen and B. Sthapit (editors). Published by International Plant Genetic
Resources Institute, Rome, Italy. Pp. 103-110.
26. Nguyen Ngoc De, Vo-Tong Xuan and Kotaro Ohara, 2004. Farmer-originated
technologies in integrated farming systems development in the Mekong Delta. In: The
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Development of Agriculture and Sustainable Farming Systems in the Mekong Delta.

Ryuichi Yamada (editor). TRE Publishing House. Pp. 78-100.
27. Nguyen Ngoc De and Kotaro Ohara, 2005. Participatory approaches for Crop
improvement in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam. Journal of Rural and Food Economics,
Vol. 51 No. 2, pp. 41-52. June 2005, Japan.
28. Nguyen Ngoc De and Kotaro Ohara, 2005. Present Situation and Problems of
Sustainable Agriculture in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam Focusing on IPM
Technology. Annuals of Field Research and Technology, Mie University, Japan, No.
2-3. pp. 15-29.
29. Nguyen Ngoc De and Kotaro Ohara, 2005. Roles of Advanced Farmers in Agriculture
and Rural Development in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam. Journal of Rural Problems,
Vol. , No. , The Association for Regional Agricultural and Forestry Economics,
Japan.
30. Nguyen Ngoc De, 2005. Farmer activities and supporting systems in rural
development: An empirical approach in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam. PhD. Thesis
Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, Japan.
31. Nguyen Ngoc De, 2006. Farmers, Agriculture and Rural Development in the Mekong
Delta of Vietnam. Education Publishing House.
32. Oka, H.I., 1988. Origin of Cultivated Rice. Japan Scientific Societies Press, Tokyo.
ELSEVIER Amsterdam Oxford Newyork Tokyo.
33. Takahashi, N., 1995. Physiology of dormancy. Science of the rice plant. Volume two,
Physiology. Edited by Takene Matsuo et al, pp. 45-57.
34. USDA, 2007. World Rice Production, consumption and Stock. Foreign Agricultural
Services.
35. Unnevehr, L.J., B. Duff and B.O. Juliano, 1992. Consumer demand for rice grain
quality. IRRI, Philippines and IDRC, Canada.
36. Vegara, B. S., 1979. A farmers primer on growing rice. IRRI, Los Banos,
Philippines.
37. Vergara, B.S., and T.T Chang, 1985. The flowering response of the rice plant to
photoperiod A review of the literature. IRRI, Philippines.
38. Vergara, B.S., 1987. Raising the yield potential of rice. IRRI, Philippines.
39. Yoshida, S., 1981. Fundamentals of rice crop science. IRRI, Philippines.
40. Wailes E.J. and E.C. Chavez, 2006. AGRM International Rice Baseline Highlights,
2006-2016
41. Yuan, L.P., 1997. Hybrid rice development and use: innovative approach and
challenges. IRRI publication.
42. Yuan, L.P. and X.Q. Fu, 1995. Technology of hybrid rice production. FAO, Rome.

230

BI C THM: NNG CAO TIM NNG NNG SUT LA

Benito S. Vergara 2 /
Nguyn Ngc dch

I. TM LC
Cng vi s xut hin ca cc ging la nng sut cao v k thut canh tc thch
hp, nng sut la gia tng trong 2 thp nin gn y. Cc n lc k tip gia tng
kh nng cho nng sut bng cch gia tng mc quang hp, gia tng sinh khi v gia
tng ch s thu hoch khng lm gia tng nng sut c ngha. Mt phng php ang
c theo ui t c mc tiu ny l iu khin trng lng tng ht. Kt qu
nghin cu cho thy nh sau:
Gia tng s ht my 3 / (High density grains = HD) c th lm gia tng tim nng
nng sut. Cc ht my gip cho t l xay ch tt hn v t l go nguyn cao hn. C s
khc bit v s ht my gia cc ging la khc nhau.
Trn cng mt bng, c nhng ht lun pht trin thnh ht my. Hu ht cc ht
trn cc nhnh gi bc nht l ht my; cc ht trn cc nhnh gi bc hai c trng lng
ht thp. Nhng l gn bng gp phn quan trng hn trong vic lm y ht. Ct b l
th t k t trn xung lm gia tng trng lng ht v s ht my.
Nhit thp hoc bc x quang hp tch cc (PAR = photosynthetically active
radiation) cao hn sau khi th phn lm cho s ht my cao hn. Bn phn m khng c
nh hng trn s ht my.
Gii hn vic to ht c th l kt qu ca nhiu yu t. Mc d c lng
carbohydrate i na th khng phi tt c cc ht iu pht trin thnh ht my. Cc yu
t gii hn vic to ht bao gm c cu trc ca cung hoa (pedicel), cc hoa v cc cht
iu ho sinh trng.
Da vo cc khm ph trn, mt kiu cy mi c ngh ph v bc trn
nng sut. Cc nghin cu su hn ang c thc hin xc nh cc yu t gii hn
ca cc ging la hin nay, nhm pht trin kiu cy la mi ang c ngh ny.
II. M U
Nng sut la gia tng rt ln trong 2 thp nin gn y ch yu l do vic ci
tin ging v cc bin php canh tc km theo. Vi s pht trin ca IR8 v cc ging la
c kiu cy tng t sau , nng sut la gia tng vng nhit i. Nhng nng sut
hin nay r rng t ti mt bc trn (Flinn v cng tc vin, 1982). Cc n lc k tip
ci thin kh nng cho nng sut khng em li kt qu thit thc.
Cc n lc hin ti nng cao tim nng nng sut tp trung vo vic gia tng tc
quang hp, sinh khi v ch s thu hoch (IRRI, 1982)
III. GIA TNG TC QUANG HP
Nghin cu v tc quang hp trong nhiu nm qua tht s khng thu c
li ch no hoc khng lm gia tng nng sut ht hu ht cc loi cy trng. Vic xc
nh s khc bit gia cc ging v hm lng chlorophyll (Sasahara v cng tc vin ,
231

1983; Yamakawa v Oshima, 1977; Kariya v Tsunoda, 1980) v tc quang hp

(Marata, 1957, Murata v lyama, 1963) khng dn n vic ci thin nng sut la.
Vic ci tin ging la trong nhiu nm cho thy khng th ci thin c tc
quang hp (Evans v cng tc vin, 1984). Khng c mt bng chng r rng no chng
t mt ging la vi tc quang hp ca l cao c c tim nng nng sut cao
(Yoshida, 1972). Nhng s thay i km theo nh l s chuyn v tt hn v vic phn
chia cc cht quang hp c th cn thit cho vic ci tin qu trnh quang hp c hiu qu
hn. Nhiu ngi c gng tch ra cc ging la c tc quang hp cao, nhng cc
ging la nh vy cha th hin r li ch v cha c cc nh chn to ging s dng.
i vi tt c cc nghin cu c thc hin v quang hp, cha ai chng minh c
rng h gia tng tc quang hp ca mt ging th s gia tng nng sut ht.
IV. GIA TNG SINH KHI
Nhng s khc bit v ging trong vic sn xut sinh khi, c bit hn l trong
tc sinh trng cy trng (CGR), c nghin cu nhng vn cha c tin b no
c bo co (Evans v cng tc vin, 1984). Gii hn v mt l thuyt trong vic sn
xut sinh khi cha t ti, nhng cc d kin c sn cho thy rng sn lng cao
hin ti c th c gia tng mt cch hu hiu ch khi no gia tng c thi gian sinh
trng v nhn c s phn chia tha ng. Khng c s phn chia thch hp, s gia
tng sinh khi ch dn ti t l cc b phn khng quang hp cao hn hoc lm gia tng
chiu cao cy. Khng c thn dy v cng chc th s gia tng sinh khi nh vy th ch
gy ng, che rp ln nhau v cui cng l gim nng sut ht thay v gia tng nh
mong mun. y l trng hp cc ging la c truyn, m vic sn xut lng sinh khi
cao trong giai on u, gy hin tng che rp ln nhau dn n tc quang hp trung
bnh trn n v din tch l v CGR gim.
V. GIA TNG CH S THU HOCH
Ch s thu hoch (Harvest Index = HI) gia tng t di 0,10 ti 0,55 cc
ging la ci tin (IRRI, 1978; Evans v cng tc vin, 1984). y l mt trong s nhng
c tnh ch yu p ng vi vic gia tng nng sut. Gia tng ch s thu hoch lm cho
cy la t rm r hn hoc cc phn khng quang hp ca cy t hn v chiu cao cy
gim, gip cy tng cng kh nng chng ng (Tanaka v cng tc vin, 1966). Nu
gia tng HI hn na t 0,55 n 0,60 ni chung, cng khng ci thin c nng sut ht.
Cc cy vi HI bng 0,60 nhn chung rt thp, cc l p su vo nhau, t chi v s ht
trn bng thp. V s gia tng sinh khi c khuynh hng lm HI gim hn, cho nn gia
tng HI hn na khng t ra c trin vng.
Gia tng HI thng qua s gia tng sc cha (sink) c th nghim (IRRI,
1978, Rahman, 1984; Takeda, 1984) bng cch gia tng s ht/bng hoc gia tng kch
thc ht. Phng php ny cha thu c kt qu tt p no.
Nhiu Vin Nghin Cu khng dng cc n lc gia tng tim nng nng
sut la. Tuy nhin, k t khi IR8 ra i, tim nng nng sut la khng gia tng na.
Cc bin php c ngh gia tng tim nng nng sut khng c v g ha hn
c, nhng chng ta vn cn nhn v n cho ti khi tm ra cc bin php kh thi khc.

232

VI. CC THNH PHN NNG SUT

Mt phng php khc nhm vo kh nng gia tng nng sut l kho st cc
thnh phn nng sut. Nng sut ht l tch s ca s bng/n v din tch x s ht/bng
x phn trm ht chc x trng lng ht. Thng thng, di iu kin nhit i, gia tng
s bng/n v din tch s lm gim s ht/bng v ngc li (IRRI, 1968). Mc d cc
bin php nng hc c th ci tin c s ht/n v din tch, nhng hu nh t
c kh nng ti a v tht kh tng hn na (Takeda, 1984). Gia tng s ht/bng
thng lm tng s ht lp (Kumura v Takeda, 1962; Matsushima, 1957; Wada, 1969;
Venkateswarlu v cng tc vin, 1981). iu ny r rng l do vic cung cp
carbohydrate gim so vi nhu cu tng cng ca cc ht. Vi kiu cy hin nay, s ht ti
ho t c.
Gia tng kch thc ht gia tng tim nng nng sut cng c th nghim
(IRRI, 1978; Rahman, 1984; Takita, 1986) nhng cha t c thnh cng no xa hn.
Ni chung, gia tng kch thc ht s lm cho s ht/bng hoc trn m2 thp hn (IRRI,
1978). Nhiu ht/bng cng c khuynh hng ch cho ht lng m thi (Takita, 1986;
Xiong v cng tc vin, 1986).
Tn s (%)

Trng lng tng ht (mg)

Hnh 1. Phn phi tn s trng lng tng ht ging IR36

Phn trm ht chc cao t c vi cc ging la mi (Yoshida v cng tc
vin, 1972), phn trm ht chc khong 85% l cn bng tt nht. Phn trm ht chc
thp hn 85 cho bit c th b gii hn v ngun (source) v trn 85% th hin gii hn
233

v sc cha (sink). Ngi ta c c th nhm vo mc 95% ht chc gia tng nng

sut nhiu nht l 10%. S gia tng ny l do th phn cao hn v pht trin ht tt
hn. th phn b nh hng rt ln bi cc iu kin mi trng nh l gi, ma,
nhit cao v thp. Ngi ta c th kim sot cc iu kin mi trng ny.
Thay vo , gia tng nng sut ht ngi ta c th gia tng trng lng ht
trong phm vi 1 ging. Rt t cng trnh nghin cu c tin hnh v kha cnh ny,
v cc nh nghin cu chp nhn s kin rng trng lng ht l c tnh n nh nht
ca ging (Matsushima, 1970) v do , kh nng bin ng trong phm vi 1 ging rt
nh (Yoshida, 1981). Mt ging c ht trung bnh s lun lun cho cc ht trung bnh,
bt k iu kin mi trng v k thut canh tc nh th no. Tuy nhin, cc nghin cu
ca Venkateswarlu v nhng ngi khc (1986) cho thy rng trng lng ht trong
phm vi ca ging c bin ng rt ln (Hnh 1). Do , ngi ta c th gia tng nng
sut ht bng cch gia tng s ht hoc ht my.
VII. GIA TNG PHN TRM HT MY
Trn cng mt bng c mt s ht nng hn v cng my hn (Hnh 2). Thng
thng ht th 5 v th 6 trn nhnh gi l nhng ht my (Nagato v Chaudhry, 1969;
Ahn, 1986). Do , nu gia tng my ca cc ht chc khc ngi ta c th gia tng
nng sut ht n 30% i vi ging IR8 (Venkateswarlu v cc cng tc vin, 1986).
Cc ht my khng ch c th tch v trng lng cao hn (Venkateswarlu v cng tc
vin, 1986), m cn cho t l xay ch v t l go nguyn cao hn (Venkateswarlu v
cng tc vin, 1985), y l nhng nng sut thng phm cui cng ca la. Tuy nhin,
ht my c hm lng bo th v protein thp hn (Juliano v Ibabao, ti liu c nhn).
Trng lng ht tng l do hm lng tinh bt tng. Cc ging la khc nhau c v tr
tch lu ca tinh bt khc nhau. nhm indica, phn gia ca phi nh c v cng;
nhm japonicas, tinh bt c nm vng ngoi bin (Nagato v Chaudhry, 1969). c
tnh ny c th l nguyn nhn lm cho ging japonicas t b mt mt trong qu trng xay
ch hn. Cc kt qu nghin cu gn y, nht l cc nghin cu ca B mn sinh l
thc vt, Vin nghin cu la Quc T, xc nh kh nng c th gia tng s ht my.
Cc ging la khc nhau v s ht my/bng; do , c th tin hnh chn cc
ging la c nhiu ht my (Bng 1).
Bng 1. S khc bit ca ging v s ht my (IRRI, ma kh 1985)
Ging la
IR29725
IR42
IR28222
IR28178
IR29744
PETA
IR58
IR8
BINATO

T l ht my (%)
63
57
55
50
48
44
40
39
22

234

Hnh 2. V tr ca ht c trng lng khc nhau trn bng la IR58

(Ahn, 1986)
(S La m biu th s th t nhnh gi, s - rp biu th s th t ht)

c tnh my ht c th di truyn c v cho thy c s gia tng cc dng lai

F1 (Hnh 3). Cc ging la mun c ng u v kh nng to ht cao hn cc ging
la ngn ngy v ng u ny lm cho phn trm go nguyn cao hn
(Jongkaewttana v Geng, 1986). Trong khong trng lng 1000 ht t 20 28g, s ht
my khng c tng quan vi trng lng 1000 ht (Venkateswarlu v cng tc vin, ti
liu khng xut bn). iu ny c ngha l cc ht la c kch thc khc nhau c th
ng thi pht trin, trong khi vn duy tr phn trm ht my cao.
Tri vi d kin, khi gia tng trng lng N bn t 0 ti 250 kg/ha khng lm
gim s ht my (Hnh 4). ging IR28178, s lng v phn trm ht my gia tng
tht s khi gia tng lng N bn.
Wada (1969) bo co rng khi tng cng bn phn N th s ht/bng gia tng s
ht trn cc nhnh gi bc 2. Tuy nhin, s gia tng ny lm cho s ht khng no nhiu
hn. Nhng s p ng ca ging i vi vic bn phn m v phng din sn xut ht
my rt khc nhau (Venkateswarlu v cng tc vin, ti liu khng xut bn). S ht my
gia tng hoc khng gim do bn phn m c th l kt qu ca vic gia tng s ht trn
cc nhnh gi bc 2, kt hp vi mc to ht cao hn. c tnh ny ca ging cn c
nghin cu su hn v n tht quan trng trong vic chn lc cc dng lai trong tng lai.
235

T l ht my (%)

Hnh 3. T l ht my ca cc ging cha m v cc dng lai ca chng

(Venkateswarlu, 1986)

Hnh 4. S ht thuc cc cp khc nhau cc mc m thay i

(Venkateswarlu, 1986)

Cc nghin cu v cc yu t mi trng, nh l hit , cho thy rng nhit

thp hoc thi gian chn di hn gip cho s ht my cao hn (Hnh 5). iu ny cho
thy rng vic sn xut ht my mt phn ty thuc vo thi gian chn. vng nhit i,
ni c nhit cao hn, vic sn xut ht my s b tr ngi v thi gian chn ngn hn.
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Bc x quang hp tch cc (PAR) cao t th phn ti thu hoch lm gia tng s

ht my rt ln (Hnh 6). PAR thp c th l mt yu t gii hn trong vic gia tng s
ht my trong ma ma. Bt k mc PAR l bao nhiu, khng phi tt c ht chc u tr
thnh ht my ht. Kato (1986) bo co rng, PAR thp lm cho trng lng tt c cc
ht ca mt ging la ht to thp hn. i vi ging ht nh, cc ht trn cc nhnh gi
bc 2 v bc 3 c trng lng ht gim trong khi cc ht khc vn n nh.

Hnh 5. nh hng ch nhit trn

trng lng ca cc cp ht khc nhau
ging IR36. Cc thanh cng dng mang 1
ch ging nhau th khng khc bit 5%

Hnh 6. Trng lng cc ht la IR36

c my kh km khi ph by di
cc mc PAR khc nhau khi th phn
(Venkateswarlu v cng tc vin, 1986)

Trn 1 bng, c mt s ht nht nh thng tr thnh ht my (Hnh 2). Cc ht

trn cc nhnh gi bc 2 c trng lng thp v ct b cc ht khc cng khng lm tng
trng lng cc ht ny (Hnh 7). Vic to ht my trn nhnh gi bc 2 khng c lin h
hon ton vi s lng cht quang hp c sn. Ni chung, cc ht my hoc cc ht khe
mnh s n hoa lm ht sm hn (Choi, 1986).

237

Ct b cc ht trn
nhnh gi bc nht

Ct b cc ht trn
nhnh gi bc hai

Hnh 7. nh hng ca sc cha (Sink) v v tr trn s thnh lp

cc cp ht khc nhau (Ahn, 1986)
VIII. CC YU T GII HN VIC TO HT
Cc yu t nh hng hoc gii hn vic to ht my cn dc nghin cu su hn.
1. S cung cp carbohydrate
Tm quan trng ca cc l gp phn vo vic to ht ty theo v tr ca chng trn
chi. L c v l k l c cung cp hu ht cc cht ng ha cho ht. Ct b l th t t
trn nh xung lm gia tng trng lng ht v s ht my (Ahn, 1968). i vi kiu
cy hin nay, carbohydrate khng l yu t gii hn to ht my (Hnh 8).
Lm gim kch thc ca sc cha (Sink) bng cch ct b cc ht khc nhau
khng lm gia tng trng lng cc ht m thng thng gi nh cn (Hnh 7). iu ny
cng c cnh bo trc , vi cc ging khc nhau c trng lng 1000 ht thay
i (IRRI, 1978). Tuy nhin, Kato (1986) cho bit cc s khc bit do ging: nhng
ging ht to c s gia tng c ngha v trng lng ht cui cng ca chng, trong khi
cc ging ht nh khng thy s gia tng no (khi gim s ht trn bng).
Vic cung cp cc cht ng khng lm hn ch s tch ly tinh bt trong ht
(Singh and Juliano, 1977). C vi nguyn nhn khc gii hn vic tch ly tinh bt i
vi cc ging la ht trung bnh v nh, trong vi trng hp tht n gin, v l qu
trnh tch ly c bt u vi nhng hoa pht trin km hoc nh hn.
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Gi li l c v l th 2
Din tch l = 90 cm2
S ht my = 34

Tt c cc l cn nguyn
Din tch l = 183 cm2
S ht my = 35

Gi li l c, l th 2 v 3
Din tch l = 142 cm2
S ht my = 48

Hnh 8. nh hng ca vic ct l thi k ra hoa trn s ht my ca ging IR58

(Ahn, 1986)

2. Tc to ht
Cc ht c lm y th tch ca n trong vng 11 n 21 ngy (IRRI, 1978;
Singh v Juliana, 1977). Cc ht ln (40g) chn trong thi gian t 16 ti 21 ngy, cc ht
nh (< 18g) t 11 ti 12 ngy; v cc ht trung bnh (20 30g/1000 ht) t 11 ti 21
ngy (IRRI, 1978). Cc ging indica chn sm hn cc ging japonica (Nagato v
Chadhry, 1969; Choi, 1986)
Tc to ht v thi gian to ht c tng quan thun vi kch thc ht (Jones
v cng tc vin, 1984). Thi gian to ht nhnh gi bc nht (12 18 ngy) ngn hn
cc nhnh gi bc 2 (12 29 ngy). Ht trn cc nhnh gi bc 2 c tc to ht thp
hn v trng lng cui cng km hn (Ahn, 1986). iu ny cho thy tc to ht c
nh hng n my ca ht.
3. Lc ko ca sc cha thp
Mc d c y carbohydrate nhng nhiu ht vn khng pht trin ht kh
nng my ht ca n. D c s d phn ca cc cht iu ha sinh trng hay khng,
nh Thorne (1974) ngh trn la m v la mch, n vn cn phi c nghin cu
su hn. Cc d kin ban u cho thy cc ht pht trin thnh ht my c hm lng
IAA (auxin) cao v t gi tr cao nht vo u qu trnh pht trin ca ht (Robles v cc
cng tc vin, ti liu khng xut bn). Vic o lng h hp cho thy cc ht my c
tc h hp cao (i hc s phm Shanghai, 1978).

239

Cc ht trn nhnh gi bc nht c lc ko ca sc cha ln hn cc ht trn

nhnh gi bc 2. Cc ht th 5 v th 6 trn nhnh gi bc nht nng hn c. Trn nhnh
gi bc 2, ht nh lun nng hn (Ahn, 1986), ngay c khi tt c cc l b ct lc ra
hoa, cc ht ny vn pht trin u tin.
4. Gii hn v cu trc
la, s vn chuyn cc cht ng ha t b mch n phi nh c si sc t
lm mi gii. 12 ngy sau khi th phn, khng tm thy mt bng chng v cu trc
no trong cc si sc t hn ch dng cht ng ho chuyn vo phi nh (Oparka v
Gates, 1981 v 1987). D si sc t (pigment strand) c b tc nghn trong sut qu trnh
to ht hay khng, n vn c tm quan trng trong vic chuyn v cht ng ha.
Cc ht my c cc b mch cung ln hn, c bit l b libe to hn (Nishiyama,
1983), cc b mch nhiu hn v pht trin tt hn (Chaudhry v Nagato, 1970). Kch
thc b libe gim do xu th hng ngn (acropetal succession) nhnh gi bc nht
ngoi tr ht nh. Trn cc nhnh gi bc 2, cc ht nh c m libe dy nht. Cc ht
trn cc nhnh gi bc nht c m libe dy hn trn nhnh gi bc 2. iu ny phn no
gii thch my ca cc ht trn cc nhnh gi bc nht ln hn trn nhnh gi bc 2.
Chaudhry v Nagato (1970) bo co rng mc d cc b mch tt c cc nhnh gi bc
nht u tng t nhau, nhng trn cng mt nhnh gi bc nht, cc nhnh gi bc 2 th
nht pht trin tt hn cc nhnh gi bc 2 th 2. iu ny s gii thch ti sao my ca
ht trn cc nhnh gi bc 2 thp hn v y cng l l do ngh nn chn cc ging la
khng c nhnh gi bc 2 trn bng. S lng cc b mch ln trong cung hoa c tng
quan vi s nhnh gi bc nht (Dana v cng tc vin, 1969; Matsushima, 1970; Hayashi,
1976; Joarder v Eunus, 1980). Nn chn cc bng c s b mch ln hn gia tng s
nhnh gi bc nht v b p s ht b gim do mt i cc nhnh gi bc 2.
La indica c nhiu b mch hn japonica (Hayashi, 1976). Cc t hp lai
Indica/japonica c b mch ln hn cc ging japonica (Lee v cng tc vin, 1985).
Thn la dy s c nhiu b mch hn. C s tng quan rt cao gia ng knh
ca t th nht trn ngn thn v chiu di trc chnh ca bng, cng nh s ht trn
bng (Hayashi, 1980). Cc chi bc 2 c t hn chi bc nht 1 b mch, chi bc 3 t
hn chi bc nht 2 b mch (Hayashi, 1976). iu ny cho thy, nu mc ch l c
s b mch nhiu, ta cn 1 kiu cy nhy chi km.
PadmajaRao (ang in) bo co rng, t l s ht my, ni chung, cc chi bc
nht cao hn so vi cc chi bc 2 v chi bc 3, nht l cc ging chn sm.
Gia tng vic bn phn m lm cho s lng v kch thc b mch, s nhnh
gi bc nht, bc 2 v s ht trn bng gia tng (Lee v cng tc vin, 1985).
IX. KIU CY NGH
Da vo khi nim mi v vic gia tng s ht my, chng ti ngh mt kiu
cy sau y:
1. Nhy chi km:
Ch cc chi bc nht pht trin m thi. iu ny bo m s lng b mch cao hn
(Hayashi, 1978), s ht my nhiu hn (PadmajaRao, ang in; Choi v Kwon, 1985) v
240

to iu kin sinh cc chi to. Cc chi to hoc khe mnh cho nhiu ht my hn; t l
sink/source (sc cha/ngun) cao hn v s ht/bng, phn trm ht chc, din tch
la/chi, dung lng sc cha cao hn (Choi v Kwon, 1985). Hn ch nhy chi khi s
dng cc ging la nhy chi khe bng cch trng dy hn s khng thc tin v
phng php ny lm cho chi nh, thn mnh khnh, bng pht sinh t cc chi ny
tng i nh.
2. Bng to:
Cn c bng to b p kh nng nhy chi km. S liu t 86 ging la th nghim
cho thy khng c mi tng quan nghch c ngha gia s ht/bng v s ht my
(Samantasinhar v Sahu, 1986). C th c 1 ch s ht my cao vi 1 bng to cho nng
sut ht tng i cao v n nh.
3.Thn dy:
c nhiu b mch, t ng , gip cho bng to hn v s tch ly carbohydrate tt hn.
4. Bng ch c nhnh gi bc nht:
Cc nhnh gi bc nht hu nh c ht my cao v t ht lp lng hn. Phn trm ht
chc c iu khin ch yu bi chc ca cc ht trn nhnh gi bc 2. Matsushima
(1976) ngh rng, nng cao phn trm ht chc cn phi gim s nhnh nh bc 2.
5. B mch cung hoa ln:
chuyn ch cc cht ng ha tt hn. Cha c s liu khoa hc no trn cy la
bin minh cho iu ny. Nhng nu h thng vn chuyn c gii hn th cc b mch ln
hn c th to iu kin cho s di chuyn ca cc cht ng ha tt hn.
6. C ht trung bnh:
C ht trung bnh (c IR8) vi t bc bng (Takita, 1985) m nguyn nhn ch yu l
ht c my km. Tnh bc bng c tng quan thun vi b rng ht cc ging la
indica (Takita, 1986). Ht ln c my km v thng khng pht trin no y hon
ton (Takita, 1986).
7. L dy v thng ng:
Theo Yoshida (1972) l dy v thng ng nh sng phn phi tt hn v tc
quang hp trn n v din tch l cao hn.
8. Quang hp cao di iu kin PAR thp:
Quang hp cao di iu kin PAR thp vic cung cp carbohydrate khng b hn
ch trong ma ma.

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9. H hp duy tr thp:
Tht kh c th chuyn cy la t h thng quang hp C3 sang h thng C4.
gia tng tc ng ha thun (NAR) c th gim h hp duy tr. T l thn/r cao hn
cng c th lm gim h hp duy tr ca r.
10. Thi gian sinh trng trung bnh:
c th tch ly carbohydrate trc khi tr (Takeda v Murata, 1956; Vergara v
cng tc vin, 1964; Yoshida, 1972). Lng carbohydrate tch ly ny s rt ch cho vic
sn xut bng ln v ht nng hn.
11. Chiu cao cy trung bnh:
Vi ch s thu hoch (HI) bng 0,55. Vic ny s khng ch lm cy khng ng,
gim h hp duy tr, m cn quan trng hn na l vic phn phi carbohydrate vo ht
t ti ho.
X. CC YU CU PHT TRIN CH YU
1. Chn vt liu cha m c s ht my cao. Ngi ta tr liu mt phng php n gin
dng qut gi chn cc ging c ht my cao (Venk-ateswarlu v cng tc vin, 1986).
2. Chn cc cy c s b mch hoc s nhnh gi bc nht/bng nhiu v trc nghim v
s ht my. Choi (1985) ngh c sink (sc cha)/ chi l yu t biu th tim nng
nng sut cao hu hiu nht. iu ny cng nn lu ti trong vic chn ging.
3. Xc nh cc cy c kh nng nhy chi km. Nu khng c sn nhng cy nh vy
nn bt u lai to cho c tnh ny. Dng phng php cy m v cc phng php
khc to ra cc kiu cy nhy chi km. Tr khi kiu cy nh vy c pht trin,
ngi ta s khng th kim nh c tim nng v li ch ca n.
4. Kiu cy nhy chi km s i hi k thut canh tc khc, do cn nn nghin cu
cc k thut ny. Nn nh gi vic s dng my gieo theo hng.
5. Cn nghin cu v vai tr ca Cytokinin, Gibberellin v Auxin trn s tch ly
carbohydrate trong ht. S di chuyn ca nc v cht ng ha trong vng lng ca ht
dng nh c lin kt vi nhau. Garka v Gates (1984) ngh tin hnh cc nghin cu
v vn ny xc nh xem tc nc ly i t ht c nh hng n s di chuyn
ca cc cht ng ha ra khi m libe hay khng. S tch t silica vo v tru c th
ng vai tr quan trng trong vic thot hi nc v chuyn v.
6. Cn nghin cu vai tr ca ri l chm v h hp duy tr thp trn vic to ht. Lu
l din tch l 30 ngy sau khi tr c tng quan thun vi trng lng ht (Shin v
Kwon, 1985).
7. Nghin cu mc gii hn s chuyn v vo phi nh v so snh nhng s khc
nhau gia cc ging v hiu qu chuyn v.
8. Tin hnh cc nghin cu v c im di truyn ca ht my, kh nng nhy chi, s
phn nhnh ca bng v b mch ci tin cc c tnh ny.
242

GHI CH:
1 /. Bo co trong Hi Ngh Khoa Hc hng nm ln th 9 ca Hc Vin Khoa Hc K
Thut Quc Gia, Trung Tm Hi Ngh Quc T, Philippines, 15 thng 7 nm 1987.
2 /. Nh Sinh L Hc Thc Vt, Vin Nghin Cu La Quc T, Philippines.
3 /. Ht my = HD = High density grain = ht chc pht trin tht no y (Ch thch ca
ngi dch).

243