TRNG I HC NNG LM HU D N HP TC VIT NAM H LAN

BI GING QUN L CY TRNG TNG HP

Ngi bin son: TS. Trn ng Ho

Hu, 08/2009

PHN L THUYT

BI 1

GII THIU CHUNG V QUN L CY TRN G TNG HP (ICM)

1.1. Khi ni m ICM Hin nay c nhiu khi nim v ICM. Sau y l mt s khi nim: - ICM l mt quy trnh sn xut nhm m bo s cn bng gia nhu cu thu c li nhun ngy cng cao v trch nhim vi s nhy cm ca mi trng. ICM bao gm cc thc hnh nhm trnh s hao ph, tng cng hiu qu s dng nng l ng v gim nhim mi trng. ICM kt hp cc bin php k thut hin i tt nht vi cc nguyn l c bn ca vic thc hnh trang tri tt v mang tnh ton trang tri, c chin lc lu di. (Theo Hip hi Ha cht nng nghip Anh). - ICM l mt quy trnh sn xut nhm cung cp y l ng thc v cc sn phm khc mt cch c hiu qu nht, gim s tiu hao cc ngun nguyn liu, bo v cht lng t, nc, khng kh v a dng sinh hc. - ICM l mt cch tip cn ca sn xut m c s kt hp nh ng bin php truyn thng tt nht vi cc cng ngh hin i thch hp nhm m bo s cn bng gia gi tr kinh t ca sn xut nng nghip v qun l mi trng. - ICM l mt chin l c tng th ca trang tri lin quan n vic qun l ma v mt cch c hiu qu ph hp vi iu kin t, kh hu v mi tr ng ca a phng v tc ng thp nht n mi trng. - ICM khng phi mnh lnh bi v ICM l mt khi nim ng: ICM c mt s linh ng thch hp vi t ng trang tri t ng quc gia, v ICM thng tip thu s thay i v tin b cng ngh. ICM s dng kin thc v kinh nghim truyn thng, cc nghin c u v cng ngh mi nht ph hp vi iu kin a phng nhm sn xut ra sn phm thch hp, tng bo tn nng lng v gim mc thp nht tc ng n mi trng.

1.2. c im ca ICM - t c li ch kinh t cao nht vi vic s dng ng n v nng lng v

ha cht. - S dng s tng tc h u ch gia cc u vo ca sn xut. - Thc y pht trin k th t nhin v to cc iu kin t ai v canh tc ph hp nhm hn ch s pht trin ca dch hi. - Nng cao ph t bng bin php lun canh v cc phng php canh tc - Gi v ng hoc tng li nhun; nhn mnh li rng hn l ngng tng i v nng sut. - Gim mc thp nht ri ro i vi mi tr ng - Lm chm tr hoc trnh s gia tng cc chng su, bnh, c di khng thuc ha hc bo v thc vt hoc cc tc nhn sinh hc. Khng c mt h thng ICM ph hp cho tt c mi iu kin kh hu, t ai, th tr ng Mc ch l thit lp cc nguyn l, cch lm v hng dn thng qua ngi t vn v nng dn c th to lp cc nguyn l ICM thch hp cho chnh mnh. Tip cn ICM ph thuc nhiu vo s nghin cu, pht trin, th nghim v s dng cc cng ngh mi nh thuc ha hc bo v thc vt c tnh chn lc, h thng p dng ng/chnh xc, phng php sinh hc phng tr dch hi, ging khng su bnh, h thng d bo v h tr s quyt nh chnh xc hn v dinh dng, c di, su bnh hi, phng php chn on nhanh bnh hi, thit lp ni c tr cho k th t nhin ca dch hi

1.3. Li ch ca ICM ICM mang li li ch cho ngi sn xut (nng dn), ng i ch bin v kinh doanh nng sn. ICM ci thin nh hng ca cc t chc v c nhn nghin c u v chuyn giao kin thc nng nghip. ICM cung cp s thch nghi ca nng nghip trong s a dng v kinh t ton cu. S thch nghi v a dng l quan trng thy r c hi mi v thay i ca th trng, gim s mt tnh bn vng, nng cao ph t v sc khe ca cy trng. Mt s li ch ca ICM: - a ra nh ng c hi, kh khn v cc vn chnh yu i vi ngi trng trt v chn nui. - Hp dn cc nh u t vo nghin cu v pht trin nng nghip. - u t vo lnh vc quan trng i vi cng nghip nng nghip.

- Lm vic theo nhm ngnh - Ci thin cht l ng cc sn phm nng nghip trn th trng. - a dng sn phm nng nghip mi v hin c p ng nhu cu ca th trng. - Ci thin s lng v cht lng thc n d tr cho chn nui v gi tr gia tng ca ngi ch bin. - Gim s ri ro trong sn xut v kinh doanh ca ngi nng dn. - Tng li nhun cho ngi nng dn. - Ci thin thng tin cho nng dn v cng nghip dch v. - Cung cp nguyn liu d tr cho cc nh my ch bin - Gim ri ro cho ngnh bo him nng nghip

1.4. Lch s ICM ICM u tin c cc nh nghin cu chu u nghin c u v pht trin. Cc thch thc v vic s dng u vo sn xut nng nghip, hiu qu sn xut v an ton ca mi trng l ng lc cho cc nh khoa hc nghin c u v ICM. LEAF (Linking Environment And Farming), Vng quc Anh, khi xng vic ti tr cho cc t chc nhm thc y pht trin ICM bng cch khuyn khch ngi nng dn ng cam kt bo v mi trng, bao gm: thc hnh qun l cy trng, xy dng cc trang tri trnh din, xut bn cc ti liu hng dn v ICM. T nm 1994, IACPA (Integrated Arable Crop Production Alliance) tr thnh mt mt thnh vin ca LEAF v tham gia vo cc d n nghin cu ICM. Mc ch l xy dng s hp tc, trnh trng lp v gii thiu rng ri kt qu nghin cu. Hi ICM ca cc nh bn l v hi nng dn (National Farmer Union Retailer ICM Partnership), thnh lp nm 1993, pht trin quy trnh ICM cho nhiu loi cy rau, hoa v cy cnh. c nhiu ti liu hng dn c th v th ng xuyn cp nht thng tin cho ngi nng dn.

BI 2

CHIN LC CA ICM

2.1. Khi ni m v chin lc ICM 2.1.1. Nhng nhu cu trong s pht trin hin nay - Nhu cu v ngun l ng thc, thc phm sch, an ton ngy cng cao. - Nhu cu v tht v cc sn phm tht lm tng nhu cu chn nui v git m ng vt. - Nhu cu v ngun nguyn liu sinh hc c th phc hi cho cng nghip v s cn kit cc sn phm sinh hc dn n nhu cu v a dng cy trng, ging mi, phng thc sn xut v p dng k thut canh tc mi i vi cc loi cy trng hin ti. - Nhu cu v thc phm chc nng nhm tng cng sc khe v s dng thay th thuc cha bnh lm tng c hi cho cc cy trng mi v phng thc s dng mi cc cy trng hin ti. - Cng ngh s dng lng thc, thc phm pht trin nhanh chng dn n nh hng n s pht trin ch bin nng sn c gi tr cao hn. - Nhiu th trng ln s m ca, t do thng mi khu vc v ton cu s lm tng xut nhp khu nng sn.

2.1.2. Nhng vn nh hng n c hi pht trin trong tng lai - Nhng mi quan tm chnh l: tip cn nh ng chnh sch v th trng hin c v th trng mi nhm to iu kin thun li cho s pht trin cc c hi hin c v cc c hi c gi tr hn, nghin cu nng nghip v chin l c i mi trong h thng pht trin, kh nng pht trin v m rng cng ngh trong sn xut nng nghip v cng nghip ch bin, qun l ngun nhn lc, sn xut bn v ng. - Nng nghip bn v ng l vn ca c chnh ph, nh sn xut cng nghip, t nhn v nh sn xut nng nghip u phi i mt. S bn vng c nh ngha l s dng cc thc hnh v h thng canh tc nhm gn gi hoc ci thin hiu qu kinh t ca sn xut nng nghip, ngun t nhin v cc h sinh thi m nh hng bi cc hot ng nng nghip. - Kin thc v sn xut v an ton thc phm, thc phm chc nng... cn rt hn ch.

Chin l c ICM s cung cp c hi pht trin cc kin thc . S bn v ng bao gm cc thch thc v kinh t, x hi v mi trng. Cn thit phi cung cp cho nh sn xut v nhng ngi c lin quan trong nng nghip v cng nghip thc phm nhng thng tin v k nng ng n nhm gip h gn kt cng vic ca mnh vo s thch ca khch hng, tin b khoa hc k thut mi v s thay i kh hu. 2.1.3. V sao phi c chin lc ICM ICM l mt phn trong sn xut bn v ng. Sn xut bn vng khuyn khch s cn bng gia nhu cu v kinh t, x hi v mi tr ng ca ngi dn, lng tm ca ng i sn xut vi trch nhim x hi. Sn xut v bn sn phm th t cy trng v vt nui ng gp t trng ln cho nn kinh t. H thng sn xut l tng l nng cao hiu qu v li nhun lu di i vi sn xut cy trng v vt nui gn lin vi bo v mi tr ng v nhu cu ca khch hng. Mng li sn xut bn v ng cung cp c s pht trin h thng ICM m trong c s phn nh ti nguyn t nhin v nhn to trong sn phm. H thng ICM cn bng ti nguyn mi trng lu di. Mt chin lc ICM bao gm nghin cu t th nghim n gin n phc tp i hi mt s phn tch a nhn t. Cng tc khuyn nng v cc chng trnh pht trin su rng hn l rt cn thit. C s thc y pht trin nhm xem xt thc hin nghin cu khoa hc vi tm nhn rng ln. Ngha l ngi a ra quyt nh yu cu nghin c u khoa hc v khuyn nng lin kt trc tip vi kt qu mong i nh ci thin tnh bn v ng v sc khe v mi tr ng. Nghin c u khoa hc v khuyn nng cn c thc v cc tc ng nh ci thin cht lng cuc sng. C ht lng cuc sng bao gm cn bng kinh t, x hi v mi trng. Vi mc thc hnh, mt chin lc ICM s gip cc nh sn xut, t chc v t nhn lin kt vi nhau tng cng tc ng tt ln ti nguyn ngy cng khan him ca con ngi. Nn tng ca chin l c ICM l s i mi v hp tc c hiu qu v cng vic ca a t chc, a ngnh ngh. Cch tip cn ny mang n s phi hp cng vic nghin cu, khuyn nng v cung cp ti chnh tp trung vo mt cng vic v thnh qu chung. Chin lc ICM cung cp cho tt c cc bn tham gia mt s linh ng v c ch phn hi trong vic s dng v thng mi ha thnh cng kin thc v sn phm. Mt trong nhng li ch ln nht m chin lc ICM cung cp l chin l c chia s nghin c u, cng ngh v xy d ng kh nng cho tt c cc bn tham gia. Mc ch ca chin lc ICM l gip nh sn xut nng nghip v cng

nghip tng sc khe mi trng, pht trin kinh t ca nng tri, m bo cht l ng v cung cp l ng thc, thc phm s dng hng ngy v cng nghip ch bin, cung cp thc n cho cng nghip chn nui... t c mc ch , ICM xc nh kt qu chin l c v u tin p ng tt c hoc mt phn yu cu ca tt c cc t chc, c nhn lin quan vo sn xut bao gm ngi nng dn, t chc nghin cu v chnh quyn cc cp. Phm vi Chin lc ny cn phi bao gm vic xc nh cch thc cho cc t chc chnh ph, nh sn xut, cng nghip v ngi dn c th lin kt lm vic vi nhau. C hnh h xc nh nhng yu cu v s ng gp hin ti v tng lai ca cc bn tham gia l cn thit cho s thnh cng cng vic chung. Chin lc bao gm cy trng, t ai, mi trng, thay i kh hu, sn xut v kinh t mi trng. N bao gm c cy trng ngoi ng rung v sn phm trong bo qun, vn chung gia chn nui v trng trt, gia nghin c u v khuyn nng. N l tng hp h thng kin thc nhm: - Nng cao tnh bn v ng. - Tm cc phng php thay th nhm tng cng sc khe cy trng, t ai... mt cch lu di bng vic cung cp v bo v t, nc, khng kh v cc sn phm kinh t ca nng nghip. - Tng hiu qu ca dng chu chuyn nc v dinh dng trong cc h thng cy trng v vt nui. - Nng cao li rng v gim s chi ph lng ph trong sn xut bng cch thay i hiu qu u vo, ti nguyn thin nhin nhin v con ng i; nm gi nhiu thnh phn ca mt h thng (carbon, a dng sinh hc) v gim s di chuyn bn ngoi h thng nng nghip (ri ro mi trng). - Thc hin tip cn mt cch h thng trong vn su bnh hi, c di gy hi cy trng v vt nui, nh hng n chui gi tr. - Tng cng nghin cu di truyn v cc cng ngh khc nhm gim thiu s tc hi v tng cng gi tr ca chui. Tip cn Pht trin mt chin lc nhm gim s tn thng v tng s bn v ng trong nng nghip v mt qu trnh bin ng. N lin quan n nh gi ri ro, xc nh vng u tin nghin cu tnh thch nghi v xc nh k hoch th trng nhm m bo rng kin thc mi c chp thun kin to s tc ng ln cng ng nng thn v cng nghip thc phm. Mt s li ch ca cch tip cn R&D (nghin c u v pht trin) ca chin l c ICM bao gm:

- Gim thiu s trng lp thng qua s phi hp, mc ch chung, hp tc, v s tp trung ca cc bn tham gia v ngi dn. - Ch trng nhu cu tip tc i mi ton din bng cch cung cp h ng u tin v c ch qun l cho chin lc u t nghin cu. - nh hng cc chng trnh nghin cu v bin i kh hu v sn xut bn v ng. - Pht trin nng lc, k nng phi hp ca cc t chc khc nhau lm ni bt s i mi. - Duy tr sn phm v dch v trng tm trong chin lc qun l khoa hc v i mi p dng l thuyt vo thc tin. - Ch trng trch nhim v u t R&D, kt qu v hnh ng trong qu trnh i mi ton din. - Truyn thng v m rng nhng kt qu nhm ci thin s chp thun ca cng nghip, nng thn v thnh th, tng s tin tng v sn phm an ton cht lng cao, lin kt chuyn giao kin thc v nghin c u vi chnh sch, kt hp s ti u gia li ch kinh t vi li ch x hi v mi tr ng i vi sn xut nng nghip. 2.2. Cc chin lc ICM C nhiu cch m t chin l c ICM. Cc bn tham gia chn s m t sau. Tc ng (Impact) l s tng hp ca 4 kt qu (outcomes) bt ngun t s ng gp ca t ng kt qu. Kin thc ng gp thng qua cc hot ng c kt ni kin to nn kt qu. N gi ch dn nh gi s ng gp tng mc . Cc kt qu i lin vi mt s sn phm (output) to nn cc chin lc. C hin l c l bao hm ton din v kt qu c lin kt vi nhau. Tc ng ca chin lc ICM c nhn nhn l: sn xut nng nghip phi c tnh cnh tranh, bn vng v c li nhun, p ng c nhu cu ca nh sn xut, ch bin v ng i tiu dng. t c s nhn nhn , cc bn tham gia xc nh 4 kt qu, tp trung vo xc nh s ri ro v lm gim s ri ro , hiu v h thng ICM, nng cao hiu qu h thng trng trt v chn nui v chuyn giao kin thc mi. 2.2.1. Kt qu 1 Cc ri ro Ci thin kh nng ca nh sn xut trong vic nh gi v qun l s nh hng ca cc yu t v sinh v hu sinh n sn xut bn vng Mc ch chung l gip ngi sn xut t c kt qu cao nht v sn xut bn vng mt h thng cy trng c th. iu ny c hon thin bi vic xc nh cc mi nguy hi i vi sc khe cy trng v mi trng, cc h thng d

bo pht trin, ci thin di truyn thc vt v pht trin gim thiu ri ro v chin l c qun l s phn ng vi nh hng ca cc mi nguy hi v sinh v h u sinh.

Kt qu cho vic xc nh ri ro v gim thiu ri ro: 1.1. Pht trin phng php nh gi mi nguy hi v sinh v h u sinh n sn xut cy trng v mi trng, ri ro ca vic gii thiu ging cy trng mi v cc cng ngh sn xut mi. 1.2. Pht trin cc m hnh d bo s tc ng ca cc mi nguy hi v sinh v h u sinh. 1.3. Pht trin cng ngh v thc hnh nhm lm gim mi nguy hi v sinh v h u sinh bao gm ngng hnh ng v cc bin php qun l thay th v nng cao. 1.4. Pht trin cc tc nhn phng tr sinh hc v tc nhn sinh hc qun l dch hi v nng cao hiu qu sn xut cy trng. 1.5. Nng cao kh nng chng chu cc khng hong v hu sinh v v sinh bng cng vic chn to ging cy trng v a dng di truyn thc vt (Lin kt vi Sn phm 1, 3 ca Kt qu 2) Cc hot ng u tin cn bn cn phi c cho Kt qu 1: - Thng xuyn tin hnh iu tra s phn b v mc gy hi ca dch hi (c di, su hi v bnh hi) nhm cung cp s liu c bn m hnh ha, cnh bo sm v pht hin cc mi nguy hi mi. Bi v s pht sinh, gy hi ca dch hi ph thuc vo cc yu t v sinh nn khi iu tra cn thit phi thu thp s liu hp l v thi tit v t ai. (Kt qu 1.1.) - Pht trin chin lc gim thiu s ri ro v mi nguy hi hu sinh v v sinh, bao gm ng ng kinh t v gip chn on. Tip cn gii quyt vn cn phi b sung v lm thun tin cc hot ng mc h thng canh tc v chuyn giao kin thc. (Kt qu 1.3) - Tin hnh cc nghin c u v tc ng ca cc cy trng v ging cy trng mi ln cc yu t mi tr ng hu sinh v v sinh nhm h tr s a dng sinh hc. (Kt qu 1.1)

Cc hot ng u tin ph thuc cn phi c cho Kt qu 1: + Kt qu 1.1 nh gi ri ro/ tc hi ca dch hi bng cch: - Tm hiu c im sinh vt hc v sinh thi hc ca dch hi quan trng. - nh gi tc hi ca dch hi i vi sn xut ca trang tri bao gm s tc ng kinh t, li nhun + Kt qu 1.2 Thc y c ch nhm nng cao s hiu bit v t ng tc ca dch hi pht trin thc hnh c tnh bn vng v kinh t v mi trng, bng vic: - M hnh ha s tng tc gi phn b ca dch hi v mc gy hi, thi tit, t ai v thc hnh qun l nng hc mi vng sn xut. + Kt qu 1.3 Thc y/ kin to cc phng php hoc quy trnh thu thp, gii thch v truyn b thng tin v mi nguy hi v ri ro i vi h thng sn xut bn vng, bng cch: - Pht trin h thng h tr quyt nh lm thun tin vic nh gi ri ro ca vic gim s dng thuc tr dch hi. + Kt qu 1.4 Xc nh cng c v cng ngh lm thun tin cho vic gim s ri ro trong qun l cy trng, bng cch: - Pht trin cc tc nhn phng tr sinh hc v cc tc nhn sinh hc t vic xc nh cc tc nhn s dng chng trong h thng canh tc. + Kt qu 1.5 Thc y c ch nhm trnh s ri ro n cc cy trng hin ti v cy trng mi, bng cch: - Pht trin k thut pht hin gene nh lp bn , marker v tiu v tinh (micro satellites) (hay SSR: simple sequence repeats, khuch i cc on lp n gin) nhm nhanh chng tuyn chn cc ging cy trng khng dch hi. - Tng cng gene chu ng cc khng hong phi sinh hc. ICM Strategy 13 2.2.2. Kt qu 2 - Cc h thng Ci thin s bn vng v kinh t, x hi v mi trng nng nghip ca h thng trng trt Mc ch l ci thin tnh bn vng lu di ca h thng trng trt. Sn xut

cc loi cy trng c cht lng cao, an ton thc phm cho ngi tiu dng v bo v t, ngun nc l ni dung c bn ca chin l c ny. Chin l c ny s ng gp cho sc khe kinh t ca trang tri v cc cng nghip nng nghip lin quan, tr gip ci thin s hiu bit thu o v x hi ca cc cng ng nng thn. Kt qu ca h thng 2.1. H thng trng trt ng gp vo a dng cy trng, sc khe t v sn xut cy trng bn v ng thng qua s dng tt cy rau mu, cy thc n gia sc, cy che ph v hiu bit tt hn v sinh thi v qun l t. 2.2. Ci thin h thng qun l dinh dng v n c nhm tng cng s dng dinh dng v nc cho cy trng c 2 iu kin: c ti tiu v khng c ti tiu (p ng nhu cu cy trng) m khng gy nh hng xu n mi trng xung quanh (khng kh, nc, t). 2.3. Ci thin h thng qun l dch hi bng vic pht trin cy trng chng chu dch hi, h thng canh tc c th gim s ri ro bng pht dch hi v cc phng php tng hp qun l dch hi. 2.4. Kt hp cy trng mi hoc cng ngh mi vo h thng canh tc cng vi vic gim thiu ri ro an ton thc phm v mi trng. 2.5. Ti u ha s dng ngun ti nguyn thng qua vic ci thin di truyn ca l ng thc, thc phm, bng si v cht lng cy trng nhm p ng yu cu/nhu cu ca th trng/ng i tiu dng. Cc hot ng u tin cn bn yu cu cho Kt qu 2:Strategy 14 - Pht trin cc h thng canh tc a dng nhm ci thin hiu qu s dng n c v dinh d ng nng cao v lm bn v ng sn xut cy trng v a dng sinh hc thng qua vic la chn thch hp cc loi cy trng v k thut canh tc cho cc vng sinh thi khc nhau. (Kt qu 2.1 v 2.2) - Pht trin h thng qun l dch hi bn vng cho cy trng. (Kt qu 2.3) - Pht trin v lm thch nghi cc cy trng v ging cy trng mi nhm m bo vic cung cp n nh v nng cao cht lng p ng nhu cu ca ngi tiu dng v l ng thc, thc phm, dinh dng v bng si v cc nguyn liu khc ph v cng nghip. (Kt qu 2.5) Cc hot ng u tin ph thuc yu cu cho Kt qu 2: Kt qu 2.1 - Pht trin lun canh cy trng bng cc cng thc lun canh ph hp, bn v ng cho cc vng sinh thi khc nhau. - Xc nh cc k thut trng trt v h thng canh tc nhm to iu kin thun

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li cho cc sinh vt c ch sinh trng, pht trin, ng gp vo vic qun l dch hi v dinh dng cho cy trng. - Pht trin thc hnh sn xut bn v ng, c hiu qu kinh t cho cc vng t d b xi mn nhm bo v t trng trt. Kt qu 2.2 - Pht trin cc h thng canh tc nhm gim din tch canh tc trong nh knh, nh l i. Kt qu 2.3 - Pht trin cc ging cy mi cho cc loi cy trng ch l c c kh nng chng chu cc loi dch hi quan trng bng vic lai to ging theo phng php truyn thng hoc cng ngh di truyn. Kt qu 2.4 - nh gi v kt hp cc thc hnh sn xut mi nh nng nghip c th, bin i gene vo h thng canh tc. - Gim vic s dng thuc tr dch hi trong h thng sn xut cy trng bng cch pht trin v chp nhn cc k thut trng trt ng n v qun l dch hi da vo sinh thi. - Pht trin thc hnh qun l dch hi v dinh dng cho cc h thng sn xut nng nghip hu c v phi nng dc. Kt qu 2.5 - Trng a dng cy trng v sn xut cc loi cy trng c gi tr cao nhm to nhiu c hi v gi tr hnh ha v th trng mi. ICM Strategy 15 2.2.3. Kt qu 3 H thng trng trt v chn nui Ci thin hiu qu kinh t v mi trng bn vng ca h thng sn xut trng trt chn nui Mc ch l tng cng chc nng ca trng trt v chn nui trong mt h thng v tr gip ngnh chn nui thc hin c mc ch ca mnh. Pht trin v so snh chin lc trng cy thc n gia sc v cy trng cho nhng vng c thi v ngn v cc trang tri hn hp (nhiu hot ng sn xut) trn mc kinh t v mi trng v chi ph cao (canh tc), chi ph thp (sinh thi), din tch trng trt, s u gia sc... So snh h thng trang tri thm canh v m rng, v qu trnh sn xut trng trt - chn nui trong h thng nh hng n dng chy, vng chu chuyn v cn bng v dinh dng, carbon, nng lng v nc trong h sinh thi nng nghip v sinh cnh.

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Kt qu cho h thng trng trt/chn nui 3.1 Ci thin tnh n nh trong vic cung cp thc n gia sc bng cch gim s bin ng trong sn xut thc n gia sc. 3.2 Ci thin hiu qu kinh t ca h thng trng trt/chn nui trn mt n v din tch canh tc v mt u gia sc bng vic phn tch kinh doanh v nh gi ri ro. 3.3. Ci thin cht l ng tht v sa v tng a dng sn phm bng cch pht trin thc hnh qun l tt hn v i mi thc n. 3.4. Ci thin v ti u ha hiu qu s dng dinh dng trong h thng t/ cy trng/ chn nui bng vic nghin c u vng chu chuyn dinh dng v dng chy trong h thng. 3.5. Gim tc ng mi tr ng ca h thng chn nui bng vic ti u ha s nh hng v hiu qu gia trng trt v chn nui. Cc hot ng u tin cn bn yu cu cho Kt qu 2: - Pht trin v th nghim chin lc thm canh ng c cho nh ng vng c thi v ngn v cc trang tri hn hp ci thin khi l ng v cht lng c (Kt qu 3.1) - So snh cc thc hnh canh tc chi pha cao (canh tc), thp (sinh thi) i vi hiu qu kinh t trn mt n v din tch v mt u gia sc. (Kt qu 3.2) - Xc nh tc ng cc mc khc nhau ca vic m rng v thm canh n dng chy v vng chu chuyn dinh dng trong h thng trng trt/ chn nui. (Kt qu 3.4) - Xc nh h thng trang tri v qu trnh sn xut nh hng n cn bng dinh dng, nng lng v nc nh th no. (Kt qu 3.5) Cc hot ng u tin ph thuc yu cu cho Kt qu 3: Kt qu 3.1gy 16 Gim s thay i vic sn xut thc n gia sc bng cch: Nghin cu v ci thin phng php ri v trng c v ci thin cht lng c v ng cho chn nui tru b. - Ti u ha phi hp trng cy ngn ngy v di ngy cc mc khc nhau (v d loi cy, s dng (c, ht, thc n ), chi ph cao/ chi ph thp) lun canh cy trng cc trang tri hn hp. - nh gi kh nng thch nghi ca cc loi cy trng cc loi c, cy thay th cc vng sinh thi c iu kin khc nhau v dinh dng, nhit , m - Ci thin v nh gi nhm gii thiu cc loi c, thc vt khc trng vo cc vng trng c.

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Kt qu 3.2 Tng hiu qu kinh t v li nhun ca chn nui bng cch gim chi ph sn xut cho mt u gia sc: - Gim chi ph chn nui v ng bng cch gim chi ph u t v cho n v sn xut thc n. - Pht trin trang tri v m hnh ha h thng nh gi cc thnh t trong h thng thc n ng c xc nh vai tr v hiu qu kinh t ca cc h thng chn nui trau b v ln. - Pht trin cng c a ra quyt nh d dng xc nh cy trng kinh t v chin lc chn nui cho trang tri. Kt qu 3.3egy 17 a dng sn phm tht v ci thin cht lng v gi tr tht v cc sn phm khc t gia sc, bng cch: - Nghin cu h thng sn xut tht thay th bao gm khu phn thc n, trng c v pht trin cc sn phm tht mi. - Ti u ha h thng sn xut tht h u c v thay th c vi vic gim vn v tht v sn phm khc v nng cao cc c tnh lin quan n sc khe (v d: hm l ng axt bo). Kt qu 3.4 Ci thin hiu qu s dng dinh dng v gim chi ph sn xut cho trang tri, bng cch: - Pht trin m hnh gi nh theo di dng chy dinh dng trang tri. - Ci thin hiu qu s dng dinh dng bng cch ti u ha s dng ngun phn bn v hu c nh lun canh, qun l ng vt Kt qu 3.5 Gim tc ng mi tr ng ca chn nui thng qua vic qun l cy trng v khu vc chn nui, bng cch: - Pht trin phng php gim tc ng ca chn nui ln cht lng nc. - Pht trin phng php ci thin hiu qu s dng n c trong h thng trng trt-chn nui. - Xc nh tc ng ca thc hnh trng cy thc n gia sc ln cc yu t mi trng nh s dng nc, sn xut trong nh knh, s dng dinh d ng 2.2.4. Kt qu 4 Chuyn giao kin thc Tng cng s hiu bit v chp nhn thng tin, kin thc v ICM Kt qu ny nhm tng cng s hiu bit v chp nhn kin thc v ICM v

13

m bo s thay i cc thc hnh. Kt qu ny s t c bi vic tng cng hp tc gia cc t chc lin quan n khuyn nng v chuyn giao thng tin n ngi nng dn, tp trung vo cc cng ngh, k thut mi c th khuyn khch ngi dn tham gia, nng cao s tip cn ca ngi dn i vi thng tin v chng trnh tp hun v ICM, cung cp h thng cng nhn s tham gia hc tp ca h. Kt qu cho vic chuyn giao kin thc 4.1. Tng cng mi lin kt gia nh nghin c u, nh nng hc, nh i mi, ngi ng thun, cc t chc trang tri, bo him nng nghip v nh gio dc. 4.2. Tng cng s tip cn thng tin s dng trong truyn thng a phng bng vic cung cp thng tin, m bo hiu v tip cn c thng tin v ICM. 4.3. Tng hiu qu thu thp, l u tr v cung cp thng tin v ICM. 4.4. Tng kh nng ng gi tc ng ca chin lc ICM. 4.5. Tng tnh cng nhn cc sn phm sn xut t h thng trang tri ng dng ICM Cc hot ng u tin cn bn yu cu cho Kt qu 4: - Tip cn v m t h thng khuyn nng cc cp hin c, xc nh kh khn, nhu cu v a khuyn co, vi ng i nng dn ch cht. (Kt qu 4.1) - Pht trin phng php chuyn giao nghin cu ICM vo h thng truyn thng bao gm cc li ch ca khuyn nng v phng php khuyn nng ph hp. (Kt qu 4.3) - Pht trin d liu c bn nh gi thay i thc hnh ICM. (Kt qu 4.5) Cc hot ng u tin ph thuc yu cu cho Kt qu 3: Kt qu 4.1 Tng cng mi lin kt gia nh nghin cu, nh nng hc, nh i mi, ngi ng thun, bng cch: - Thit lp nhm chuyn giao cng ngh ICM a phng bao gm i din t cc t chc, c nhn lin quan. iu ny mang li mt s tp trung cn thit nht cho pht trin sn xut nng nghip ca a phng v cho php kim tra v phn hi ln nhau. iu ny cng to iu kin pht trin ngun thng tin lin quan v s dng thng tin trong a phng. - Pht trin chng trnh hun luyn v ICM; lm m hnh nh nghin cu nh khuyn nng ngi nng dn cho ngi nng dn thc hin d dng v thun li hn. - Pht trin m hnh t nng dn thc hin vi s tr gip ca cc t chc, c nhn v nng dn ch cht.

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- Thit lp mt dang sch ngi lin lc ch cht v cc lnh vc khc nhau ca ICM m bo vic lin lc vi cc chuyn gia thch hp khi cn thit. - Thit lp c cu t chc v tin trnh thc hin trong trnh by r rng v vai tr v nhim v ca cc bn tham gia. Kt qu 4.2 Pht trin m hnh truyn thng a phng cung cp thng tin, m bo hiu v tip cn c thng tin, bng cch: - S dng cc thng tin v phng thc truyn thng c sn (nh mng li khuyn nng, bo v thc vt) cung cp thng tin v ICM. - Pht trin ngun ti chnh m bo vic tm tt cc kt qu nghin cu v a cc thng tin vo h thng d liu m cho php tip cn d dng, tm tt d liu nhanh chng v thng tin ph hp. - Pht trin cc d n o to mi cc trng i hc m sinh vin c th thu thp cc ti liu trong cc chuyn nng v lnh vc mi. Trn cng v l nh nng hc lm vic trn ng rung, sinh vin s xc nh c vn v m bo chc chn cc thng tin thu c l r rng, trung thc, ng vi ch dn, v vy cc thng tin c th c s dng trn website hoc ti liu v ICM. Kt qu 4.3 Strategy 21 Tng hiu qu thu thp, l u tr v cung cp thng tin, bng cch: - Lin kt chuyn giao cng ngh vi nghin cu trong mt d n v mt c ch thng thong m bo chuyn giao nhanh chng v c hiu qu cc kt qu nghin cu. - S dng cc website ph bin chuyn ti cc thng tin v ICM ng thi gian v hnh thc thn thin vi ngi s dng nhm thng tin nm bt c l ngn gn, c tnh khoa hc, d hiu. - Pht trin ngun d liu trng tm bao gm nhiu ngun thng tin t cc tp ch, bo co khoa hc n cc trang bo a phng. - Pht trin mt khung chun ha r rng, ngn gn cc bn tham gia thu nhn c cc phn hi c gi tr. - S dng phng thc ph hp v trng im cho vic truyn b thng tin bao gm ti liu bm, website, radio, tivi, gp g nh sn xut v cc phng php truyn thng khc.

Kt qu 4.4 Nh sn xut c cng nhn ng dng tt h thng ICM trong trang tri ca h, bng cch: - Thit lp mt h thng tp hun ICM cho nng dn

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- Pht trin k hoch th tr ng bao gm tn v nhn mc mi cho sn phm sn xut bng ICM nh xanh v sch. Kt qu 4.5 Pht trin kh nng nh gi tc ng ca chin l c ICM, bng cch: - S dng thng tin hin c thu tp c xy d ng mt nghin cu c bn, v d: bo co cui cng v thc hin ICM, c im ca chnh sch nng nghip v trang tri, internet cho nng dn - Xc nh yu t cn tr s chp thun v xc nh h thng truyn tin nh hng n ngi nng dn. - S dng cc nghin cu trng hp trn ng rung nng cao s truyn t thng tin. ICM Strategy 22

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BI 3

CC BIN PHP CA ICM

3.1. Chn a i m sn xut, ging v cy ging 3.1.1. Chn a im sn xut - Chn t l mt vn quan trng sn xut cc sn phm an ton. Cn phi xem xt lch s v sinh hc v ha hc ca a im sn xut. t c th cha cc vi sinh vt gy bnh, cc ha cht kh phn hy v kim loi nng. - Chn a im khng c dch hi, trnh trng trn rung tr c c nhiu c di, tuyn trng, bnh. - Cn nh gi s ri ro gy nn c hi i vi mi trng bn trong hoc bn ngoi a im sn xut. nh gi s ri ro cn xem xt: tnh u tin s dng ca a im v tc ng ca sn xut cy trng, vt nui v x l sau thu hoch ln bn trong v bn ngoi a im sn xut. 3.1.2. Chn ging v cy ging - gim n mc thp nht s dng ha cht v phn bn, chn ging cy trng c kh nng khng dch hi v trng ni c dng t v dinh dng t thch hp. - Chn cy ging, ht ging tt, khng b su bnh hi v khng cha mm mng su bnh. - Khng trng cc ging, cy trng c c t i vi con ngi v gia sc. 3.2. Qun l t v dinh dng 3.2.1. Qun l t bn vng 3.2.1.1. Mt s c i m ca t bn vng - Qun l t lin quan n vic qun l cc sinh vt sng trong t. Yu t nh hng n hm l ng h u c, s tch ly v t l phn gii cc cht trong t l hm l ng oxy, l ng m, m v nhit t v s bn thm hoc ly i cc vt liu h u c. Tt c cc yu t ng thi tc ng vo t. Yu t ny c th hn ch cc yu t khc. Cc yu t ny nh h ng n sc khe v t l sinh sn ca cc sinh vt phn gii cht hu c. Ngi qun l phi hiu r cc yu t ny khi a ra quyt nh tc ng vo t. Cn phi xem xt cc yu t ny ng thi cng mt lc.

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- Tng hm lng oxy trong t lm tng nhanh chng qu trnh phn hy cht h u c. Vic cy, ba, xi xo, ln lung... l cc bin php gia tng oxy trong t. Kt cu t cng ng vai tr quan trng, thng t pha ct c thng thong hn t tht nng. - Hm lng m trong t nh hng bi l ng phn bn s dng. Nu lng nit qu mc m khng bn thm cacbon th lm tng s phn hy cht hu c. - m t nh hng n t l phn hy. Vi sinh vt t hot ng tt nht khi t c chu k kh v m t xen k. Q un th vi sinh vt trn t kh tng sau khi lm m t v ngc li. - Cc sinh vt t cng b nh hng bi yu t nhit , chng ch hot ng tt trong khong nhit thch hp, nu nhit qu cao hoc qu thp th chng hot ng km. - Bn thm cht hu c l cung cp ngun thc n cho vi sinh vt t. tng cht hu c trong t th l ng cht h u c bn vo t phi ln hn l ng mt i. - Dinh dng khong cn thit cho s hin din ca sinh vt t v cy trng sinh trng, pht trin. Cn phi c hm lng ph hp nh ng khng c vt qu mc i vi cc cht nh canxy, magi, kali, pht pho, natri v cc cht vi lng khc. - Cc loi phn bn c mua bn trn th trng cng ng vai tr quan trng trong nng nghip bn v ng. Mt s phn bn khng nh hng n sinh vt t v cung cp dinh dng kp thi cho cy trng. Tuy nhin mt s loi phn bn li tc ng xu n sinh vt t nh KCl, NH3 - t tt l ti sn ca ngi nng dn. Nng nghip bn v ng ngha l bn v ng t. Duy tr che ph t bng cy trng, t t hoc cc ph phm cy trng trong sut nm l t c mc ch bn v ng ngun ti nguyn t. Nu t khng c che ph hoc ngn chn th rt d b xi mn, ra tri. Mt lng nh t b xi mn cng nh h ng rt ln n ti nguyn t. Thng rt kh nhn bit s tc hi ca xi mn, ra tri t nn vn ny thng b ngi nng dn khng quan tm. Trng cc cy trng hng nm thng i i vi s xi mn v ra tri t. Cy lu nm khng yu cu cy ba, xi xo t nhiu nn c th hn ch c xi mn t v m bo s bn vng t. 3.2.1.2. Nguyn l qun l t bn vng Sinh vt t quay vng dinh d ng v cung cp nhiu li ch khc. Cht hu c l thc n ca sinh vt t. t phi c che ph nhm chng xi mn v tng nhit . Vic trng trt lm tng nhanh s phn hy cht h u c.

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- Lng nit qu mc lm tng phn hy cht hu c; thiu m lm gim s phn hy cht hu c v gy thiu ht dinh dng cho cy trng. - Cy t, xi xo lm tng phn gii cht h u c, tiu dit cn trng t v giun t, tng xi mn t. - Lng cht hu c to c v cung cp cho t phi ln hn l ng cht h u c b phn hy. - ph ca t cn phi t c ngng chp nhn. 3.2.1.3. Cc bc qun l ci thin cht lng t 1. nh gi sc khe t v hot ng sinh hc Thng s dng s ghi chp c bn v t nh gi s thay i din ra i vi t trang tri. Phn tch t xc nh hm lng dinh dng (P, K, Ca, Mg) khng cung cp thng tin v tnh cht vt l v sinh hc ca t. Thng ngi nng dn c cc tiu ch ca chnh mnh nh gi sc khe ca t (t tt hay xu). Cn phi c cc k thut mi nh gi sc khe t bao gm tnh cht vt l, sinh hc v nh hng ca vic qun l t v hot ng sn xut n sc khe t. Mt s k thut nh gi: - Phn tch t: thot nc, kh nng gi nc, pH, hm lng ni t, mui, tnh n nh ca kt cu t, s l ng cn trng v giun t, ti xp ca t - Cnh bo sm kim sot t canh tc: Cn phi c hng dn v kim sot t canh tc, trong c cc ch tiu nh gi sc khe t trn ng rung. Nu r cc thit b cn thit nh gi, cc thit b phi r v d tm. Cc phng php nh gi n gin. Bn hng dn phi d c, d hiu v d mang theo khi i quan st ngoi ng rung. - nh gi trc tip sc khe t: Mt s cch c th xc nh sc khe t nh s nn v ng i. C th m s lng sinh vt t trn b mt cc tn d cy trng. So snh cc vng khc nhau xc nh thc hnh sn xut ca ngi dn nh hng nh th no n cht l ng t. - M hnh n gin v xi mn v ra tri t: M hnh n gin ny chng minh gi tr ca che ph t. 2. S dng cc cng c v k thut n gin nng cao v duy tr ph t - Lun canh cy trng c th che ph c t khng? Tn d cy trng v c lu nin nh th no? C ngun cht hu c v phn chung trang tri khng? C cch no gim s cy, xi xo t v phn m khng? ni no c th, cn b sung cht hu c cung cp hm lng hu c v dinh dng cho cy trng. Tnh ton dinh d ng khi s dng phn bn v cht h u c b sung. Phn tch t v phn tch dinh dng ca cc vt liu s dng. Hiu bit v lng dinh dng

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cn cho mi loi cy trng bn lng phn b sung ph hp, gim chi ph phn bn. Thnh phn dinh dng ca cc vt liu h u c l khc nhau nn cn xc nh dinh dng trong cc vt liu s dng bng cc phng php phn tch ph hp. Cc cht dinh dng chnh ca cy trng, phn h u c cng c th cung cp cc vi lng cn thit. Cc thit b s dng bn phn cng quan trng m bo t l s dng phn bn chnh xc. Mt s cng c v k thut: - Phn chung - Phn - Phn xanh v cy che ph - Than bn - Gim cy xi - Gim thiu s dng phn m tng hp 3. Tip tc kim tra cc ch s thnh cng v tht bi Sau khi th nghim cc thc hnh mi cn tip tc kim tra s thay i ca t bng cch s dng cc cng c nh trong phn nh gi sc khe v hot ng sinh hc. Thng s dng cc bng biu c th s dng trn ng rung ghi chp s liu v s dng so snh v xc nh. Xem xt li cc nguyn tc qun l t bn vng v tm phng cch p dng chng trn ng rung. Nu qu kh khn trong vic p dng tt c cc thc hnh cng mt lc th bc u ch p dng mt hoc hai thc hnh tt v kh thi nht. 3.2.2. Qun l dinh dng cy trng 3.2.2.1. Chin lc v k hoch qun l dinh dng Chin lc qun l dinh dng trnh by mt phng php qun l tt c cc vt liu s dng trong cc hot ng nng nghip v phi nng nghip. Mt k hoch qun l dinh dng trnh by chi tit s dng dinh dng nh th no cho vng t c th. K hoch qun l dinh dng da vo thnh phn ca dinh d ng s dng v c im ca ng rung. K hoch ny nhm ti u ha vic s dng dinh dng cho cy trng trn ng rung v gim thiu tc ng n mi trng. Chin lc qun l dinh dng cho hot ng nng nghip bao gm cc thnh phn sau. Cc thnh phn ny cng l thnh phn yu cu ca mt k hoch qun l dinh dng: 1. M t cc hot ng 2. K hoch i ph nhng vic xy ra bt ng. 3. Phn tch dinh dng hoc gi tr dinh dng 4. Lit k cc thit b d tr

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5. T khai ca mt n v trang tri 6. Bn tho k hoch ca mt n v trang tri Mt danh mc hp phn yu cu cho chin lc v k hoch qun l dinh dng cho cc hot ng nng nghip c trnh by Bng 3.1. Mi hp phn yu cu trong chin lc v k hoch qun l dinh dng lin quan n chin lc hoc k hoch hoc c chin lc v k hoch. Bng 3.1. Xc nh cc hp phn yu cu trong chin lc v k hoch qun l dinh d ng cho cc hot ng nng nghip Hp phn Thng tin hot ng Cho mt n v trang tri Kim k v m t cc vt liu s dng Tip nhn v lu tr K hoch i ph Biu mu Thng tin v ng rung Thng tin v cy trng Thng tin s dng dinh dng M t cc hot ng Tha thun T khai ca mt n v trang tri Bn tho k hoch ca mt n v trang tri Lit k cc vt liu s dng (t sn xut v mua) Phn tch hm lng dinh dng Tip nhn Thit b l u tr K hoch i ph ri ro Biu mu (sign-off form) mu m Bn tho k hoch ng rung Ly mu t v phn tch Lun canh v nng sut K thut trng trt S dng phn bn bn trn th trng S dng cc vt liu b tr Cn i phn bn v v yu cu nng hc ca cy trng Chin lc C C C C C C C C C C Khng Khng Khng Khng Khng Khng Khng Khng K hoch C C C C C C Khng C C C C C C C C C C C

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3.2.2.2. Chin lc dinh dng cho cc hot ng nng nghip + Xem xt li v cp nht chin lc qun l dinh dng Chin lc qun l dinh dng phi c xem xt li trong vng 5 nm m bo cn gi tr. Nn xc nh v gii thch tt c s bin ng ca chin l c c ghi nhn t cc hnh ng thc t. Sau 5 nm, phi c mt chin lc mi. Nu ng i sn xut xy d ng nh kho cha sn phm hoc chung tri chn nui mi th cng cn phi c mt chin lc qun l dinh dng mi. + Ni dung yu cu ca chin l c qun l dinh dng Mt chin l c qun l dinh dng hon thin phi bao gm: Thng tin v n v trang tri M t cc hot ng sn xut T khai n v trang tri bao gm v tr, s lng, tn Tha thun Bn k hoch ca n v trang tri Lit k cc vt liu t sn xut thng tin v phn bn/dinh d ng (dng, phn tch) 7. Phn tch hm lng dinh dng v gi tr dinh dng. 8. Phn phi cc loi dinh dng t sn xut. 9. Thng tin v d tr : khi lng hng nm, ngy d tr, s lng cn li 10. K hoch i ph ri ro bt ng. 11. Biu mu. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 3.2.2.3. Chin lc qun l dinh dng cho cc hot ng phi nng nghip + Gii thiu chung Cc hot ng phi nng nghip sinh ra cc ngun vt liu phi nng nghip. Ngun vt liu phi nng nghip c s dng bn vo t nh l ngun dinh dng: 1. Bt giy v giy vn. 2. Rc thi sinh hc. 3. Tt c cc vt liu khng phi t nng nghip c th s dng bn vo t nh l ngun dinh dng.

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Tt c cc hot ng phi nng nghip sn sinh ra cc ngun vt liu phi nng nghip cn phi hon tin mt chin l c qun l dinh dng. + Ni dung yu cu ca mt chin l c qun l dinh dng i vi cc hot ng phi nng nghip: 1. M t iu kin Chin l c qun l dinh dng yu cu m t iu kin, bao gm cc thng tin sau: a ch S in thoi Tn ngi lin lc, v tr cng vic hoc cng vic m nhim trong hot ng (ngi c vai tr trong chin lc) Sn l ng vt liu hng nm c th sn xut M t cc hot ng thc hin ti a bn.

2. M t vt liu v thng tin d tr Lit k tt c cc dng ngun vt liu phi nng nghip v cc vt liu khc sn sinh ra bi hot ng phi nng nghip. Cc dng nh rc thi sinh hc, bt giy, giy vn, hoc cc vt liu khc khng phi t sn xut nng nghip m c th s dng bn vo t nh mt ngun phn bn. M t mi vt liu phi bao gm ch r vt liu thuc dang lng hay rn. c lng v ghi nhn khi lng rc thi hng nm cho cc giai on ca chin lc. Cung cp thng tin v d tr tt c cc ngun vt liu phi nng nghip sn sinh ra. Lit k v tr v iu kin ca cc ni d tr. 3. Chin lc 5 nm cho cc ngun vt liu phi nng nghip Yu cu mt k hoch 5 nm cho cc vt liu sn sinh ra bi cc hot ng phi nng nghip cho tt c cc mc ch s dng khc nhau. Cc mc ch s dng bao gm: bn vo t, lp t trng, t, ch bin (nh phn) Nu c s thay i v k hoch mc ch v khi l ng s dng th cn phi m t chi tit nguyn nhn ca s thay i .

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4. Phn tch dinh dng ca cc vt liu Yu cu mt chin l c phn tch cc ngun nguyn liu phi nng nghip s dng bn vo t. Ng i cung cp nguyn liu phi cung cp thng tin v thnh phn v cht lng ca cc nguyn liu ca h. Yu cu phn tch trong phng th nghim cc ch tiu nh m, ln, kali, kim loi v vt gy bnh. 5. K hoch i ph ri ro bt ng Yu cu c mt k hoch c th m t cc hnh ng i ph cc ri ro xy ra khi thc hin chin lc qun l dinh dng. K hoch ny bao gm cc hnh ng thay th trong trng hp thiu ngun d tr v cung cp cc nguyn liu thay th cc nguyn liu phi nng nghip. 6. Phn b s dng cc vt liu y l mt phn ca chin lc hng nm v phn b s dng cc vt liu. Yu cu m t ni s dng ca tt c cc vt liu. Nh ng thng tin yu cu v phn b vt liu nh sau: * S dng bn vo t: cc nguyn vt liu phi nng nghip c nh s dng cho nng nghip: S lng k hoch qun l dinh dng lin quan hoc s lng tha thun. Din tch tha thun hoc din tch s bn. T l s dng. Khi l ng s dng. Chng nhn ngi cung cp (bao gm tn cng ty, chng nhn hp ng hoc giy php). Chng nhn hp ng vi nh cung cp l cn gi tr.

* Lp t trng: ni c nh s dng cc vt liu lp t. Tn v a ch ca vng t bao gm xc nhn s tha thun. Khi l ng s dng

* t: ni c nh t cc vt liu Khi l ng t bn trong hay bn ngoi v tr sn xut.

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Nu t bn ngoi, cung cp a ch v giy xc nhn s tha thun.

* Ch bin: cho cc phng thc ch bin khc nhau (v d nh ) Khi l ng Thng tin v cc v tr ch bin bn trong v bn ngoi v tr sn xut. Nu bn ngoi th cung cp a ch Bn m t v phng thc ch bin v giy xc nhn s tha thun.

* Mc ch khc: cho cc phng php qun l khc (nh cc cng ngh mi) M t v phng php qun l Khi l ng Thng tin v v tr s dng (bn trong v bn ngoi v tr sn xut). a ch ca cc v tr bn ngoi.

7. Bo co hng nm v qun l nguyn vt liu Yu cu c bo co hng nm ni r ni v mc ch cc nguyn vt liu c s dng. Cc thng tin chi tit ca bo co l: * S dng bn vo t: cc nguyn vt liu phi nng nghip s dng cho nng nghip: S lng k hoch qun l dinh dng lin quan hoc s lng tha thun. Din tch s dng. T l s dng. Khi l ng s dng. Chng nhn ngi cung cp (bao gm tn cng ty, chng nhn hp ng hoc giy php). Chng nhn hp ng c k

* Lp t trng: ni s dng cc vt liu lp t. Tn v a ch ca vng t bao gm xc nhn s tha thun. Khi l ng s dng

* t: ni t cc vt liu Khi l ng

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t bn trong hay bn ngoi v tr sn xut. a ch ca cc v tr bn ngoi

* Ch bin: (v d nh ) Khi l ng s dng Thng tin v cc v tr ch bin bn trong v bn ngoi v tr sn xut. Nu bn ngoi th cung cp a ch Bn m t v phng thc ch bin.

* Cc phng thc khc: (nh cc cng ngh mi) M t v phng php s dng Khi l ng s dng Thng tin v v tr s dng (bn trong v bn ngoi v tr sn xut) a ch cc v tr bn ngoi

8. Bo co v chin lc 5 nm cho sn xut cc nguyn vt liu phi nng nghip Phn ny yu cu tm tt cc thng tin ca cc bo co hng nm. V d khi l ng cc nguyn vt liu phi nng nghip sn xut hng nm c tng hp thnh khi l ng sn xut v s dng thc t ca 5 nm. Tm tt cc phng php thc t s dng qun l cc vt liu (nh bn vo t, lp t, t, ch bin hoc cc phng thc khc). Nu c s sai khc v khi lng vt liu ca bt c phng php qun l no so vi k hoch qun l dinh dng th cn phi c s gii thch r rng. Lu gi bo co ny a im sn xut. + i mi chin lc qun l dinh dng Cn c vo cc quy nh hin hnh v sn xut v s dng dinh dng i mi v cp nht chin lc qun l dinh dng. 3.2.2.4. K hoch qun l dinh dng + Xem xt li v cp nht k hoch qun l dinh dng Ngi trc tip tham gia sn xut trang tri phi xem xt li k hoch qun l dinh dng m bo k hoch vn cn c gi tr s dng, pht hin v l gii bt k s khc nhau gia k hoch qun l dinh d ng v ghi nhn thc t. Tt c k hoch qun l dinh dng cn phi c xem xt li khong 5 nm/ 1 ln v

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phi thng xuyn cp nht thng tin phn nh chnh xc iu kin thc t xy ra trang tri. + Ni dung yu cu ca k hoch qun l dinh dng 1. Cc hp phn ca k hoch qun l dinh dng Thng tin v dinh dng Thng tin v ng rung Thc hnh canh tc S dng dinh dng T l s dng dinh dng Thng tin v t

2. Thng tin v dinh dng Thng tin v dinh dng ca tt c cc loi vt liu c nh s dng trang tri cn thit phi nu r trong chin lc qun l dinh dng ca trang tri. 3. Thng tin v ng rung Tt c t ai ca trang tri bao gm cc khu vc phi c xc nh nu c nh s dng cc vt liu vo cc vng t trong sut giai on thc hin k hoch qun l dinh dng. - Rung s hu: Cung cp nhng thng tin sau y trong k hoch qun l dinh dng cho mi rung s h u ca trang tri: Din tch trng trt. Din tch c th p dng dinh d ng. dc cao nht trong vng 150 m so vi b ca ngun nc Rung c hoc khng c h thng thy li kin c. Kt cu t v tng t chim u th. C hoc khng c cc ging nc xung quanh rung C hoc khng c ngun nc gn rung hoc trong rung.

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- Bn k hoch ng rung Yu cu mt biu mu v bng k hoch ng rung cho mi rung ca trang tri. Bn k hoch bao gm cc hp phn sau:

Ngi s hu rung Cc khu vc ca rung, nu rung c nhiu khu vc th mi khu vc phi ch r a im v ranh gii. Xc nh h thng thy li Cc c tnh sau phi c trong bn k hoch (ni cc c tnh ny khng c th phi ch r cc c tnh ny cn phi b sung vo k hoch): o V tr ca cc ngun nc. o V tr cc vng t khng s dng cho nng nghip. o V tr ca tt c cc ging nc trong vng 100 m xung quang rung. o dc cao nht trong vng 150 m so vi b ca ngun nc. o Ch r yu cu khong cch ca cc ngun nc p ng cung cp thng xuyn.

- Ly mu t v phn tch 4. Cc thc hnh canh tc - Lun canh v nng sut Yu cu cc thng tin sau cho mi rung trong k hoch qun l dinh d ng:

Lun canh cy trng trong thi gian thc hin k hoch qun l dinh dng. Thi gian trng v thu hoch Nng sut mong i ca cy trng trong thi gian thc hin k hoch. Cc cy trng nm trc.

5. S dng dinh dng - S dng phn bn thng mi Xc nh r tt c cc loi phn bn th ng mi (c dng lng v dng ht) s dng trong sut qu trnh thc hin k hoch qun l dinh d ng. Xc nh r t l bn, cc phng php s dng v khi l ng phn bn cho mi ln s dng.

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- S dng cc vt liu b tr K hoch qun l dinh dng cn phi xc nh tt c cc vt liu b tr s dng trong sut qu trnh thc hin k hoch:

Dng vt liu T l s dng Phng php s dng Thi gian s dng Tn sut s dng

6. T l s dng phn bn Cn phi xc nh t l bn vo t ca cc vt liu cho t ng mnh t, nhm t ca trang tri. T l s dng ph thuc vo nhiu yu t: c im ca t, thng tin v cy trng v dinh dng ghi trong k hoch qun l dinh dng. T l p dng phn bn cng phi cn i gia cn bng nng hc v cn bng ly i bi cy trng.

Cn bng nng hc l l ng phn bn d tiu ca mt loi phn bn bn vo t tr i nhu cu dinh dng ca cy trng. Cn bng ly i bi cy trng l l ng phn bn d tiu ca mt loi phn bn vo t tr i lng phn b ly i bi cy trng khi thu hoch.

7. Thng tin v t K hoch qun l dinh dng cn thit phi ch ng minh c c y thng tin v t cho vic xc nh phn bn bn vo ng rung tt c cc loi phn bn bn vo ng rung phi tun theo hng dn v khng c mt loi phn bn no c bn qu mc. 3.3. Qun l nc Kin thc v lnh vc ny bao gm: s dng nc, qun l m t, cht l ng nc v bo tn n c. Cc chuyn ny bao gm t vic to m t, vic la chn cy trng ph hp vi vic s dng nc n cht l ng nc v qun l ti tiu. Phn ny din t mi quan h cht ch gi sn xut nng nghip, m t, s dng nc cho trng trt v chn nui, v ngun ti nguyn nc. Sn xut cy trng ph thuc vo qun l tt m t c vng t ch ng nc t i hoc ph thuc n c ma (khng c h thng ti). Chn nui

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cng cn nc sch cho sc khe v nng sut gia sc. Tuy nhin, trng trt v chn nui cng tc ng xu n cht lng nc tr khi p dng cc thc hnh tt v bo tn ngun nc. Trong khun kh bi ging ny, chng ti gii thiu v phng php lp k hoch ti nc cho cy trng.

3.3.1. Gii thiu K hoch v thi gian v lng nc ti m bo cy trng sinh trng, pht trin tt trong sut v sn xut. y l k hoch rt cn thit cho vic thc hnh qun l trang tri hng ngy ca ch trang tri cc vng c ti tiu. Thi gian ti nc hp l l mt quyt nh ch yu cho ch trang tri nhm: p ng nhu cu nc ca cy trng hn ch tn tht nng sut do khng hong nc, t hiu qu s dng nc t i cao nht v bo tn ngun ti nguyn nc ca a phng, gim thiu ri ro tim tng v d lng nitrat v thuc ha hc bo v thc vt tc ng n cht lng nc ngm. Ti nc hiu qu ch c th khi thng xuyn kim sot nc trong t, tnh hnh pht trin cy trng trn ng rung v d bo nhu cu nc ca cy trng trong tng lai. Ti nc mun cho n khi cy trng b khng hong nc hoc t i qu t nc u c th lm gim nng sut cy trng. Ti qu nhiu nc dn n chi ph thy li cao, lng ph nc v tng s ri ro v vic thm cc ha cht nng nghip vo vng t r cy phn b v nc ngm. Mt s cng c xy d ng k hoch t i nc: thm d t, cm ng m t, trm kh tng trn rung, ngi d tnh s dng nc ca cy trng, biu mu kim tra cn bng nc hng ngy ca t, ch ng trnh tnh ton cn bng nc hng ngy ca t, nh t vn... 3.3.2. Lp k hoch qun l ti K hoch qun l ti nhm kim sot cn bng nc trong t (tin n ngng thiu ht nc) s dng cho k hoch ti tip theo. K hoch ny yu cu ngi qun l kim sot sinh trng pht trin ca cy trng, hng ngy quan trc nhit cao nht ca khng kh, c lng s dng nc hng ngy ca cy trng, o l ng ma hoc lng nc ti vo rung v tnh ton s thiu ht mi v nc trong t. tnh ton s thiu ht nc mi, ghi v l u tr d liu ca s thay i hng ngy, s liu lin quan n cn bng nc trong t phi c

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nghi vo biu mu c sn. Thi gian tt nht ly s liu l vo bui sng sau khi o lng ma trn ng rung. quyt nh thi gian ti, cn phi so snh s thiu ht nc trong t ngy trc vi chin l c qun l nc ti cho cy trng, d tr nhu cu nc ca cy trng v d bo thi tit. Mt chin l c qun l nc ti phc tho k hoch ca cc nh qun l v ti nc bao gm mc hn ch thiu ht nc trong t c th chp nhn c i vi cc giai on sinh trng pht trin khc nhau ca cy trng. Hiu qu ca k hoch ph thuc vo vic quan st v quan trc thng xuyn v chnh xc ng rung ca ng i qun l. Khi c lng nc s dng cho cy trng ph thuc vo nhiu yu t kh hu, thc hin k hoch thnh cng th th ng xuyn thm ng (3 7 ngy/1 ln) xc nh thiu ht nc trong t hin c, sau so snh vi biu d on cn bng nc trong t. Nu c s khc nhau th cn phi thay i biu d on cn bng nc vi s nh gi trn ng rung. Ch khi s dng bng biu s dng nc cho cy trng, mt tun sau cn phi iu chnh li cho ph hp vi giai on sinh tr ng, pht trin ca cy trng. Nu bt c nguyn nhn no gy nn biu cn bng nc trong t b gin on v mt khong thi gian tri qua, ngi qun l c th bt u lp li biu cn bng n c t u bt c lc no c k hoch ti nc trong tng lai. Cn phi gi biu cn bng nc cho mi rung v c s khc nhau v t, cy trng, ngy trng, lng m a v t l sinh trng ca cy trng. xy dng v thc hin mt h thng tnh ton nc c hiu qu th cn phi hiu r mt s c im v ng rung v yu t lin quan gia t nc cy trng. 3.3.3. Lng nc ti Nu c th, lng nc ti nn t hn s thiu ht nc trong t cung cp ni cha n c ma. hu ht cc loi t, lng nc s dng ti u v v vi tun trc khi sn phm chn ch khong 30 50% s thiu ht nc trong t. Thc hnh ny s to c hi ct tr nc ma v hn ch dng chy khi c ma.

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 hu ht t ct, cn ti khong 80 100 % so vi s thiu ht n c ca t trong sut v. i vi vng t tht nng v trung bnh th ti lng nc l t 50 -100 % so vi s thiu ht nc ca t, ty thuc vo kh nng ca h thng bm ti. 3.3.4. Chin lc qun l ti nc Ngi qun l trang tri xem xt mt s yu t quyt nh khi no th ti nc hp l ti u ha sn phm. Nhiu trong s cc yu t thay i theo s sinh tr ng, pht trin ca cy trng. Sau y l mt s hng dn chung xem xt pht trin mt chin l c qun l nc v thit lp cc mc hn ch thiu ht nc trong t: Thng xuyn m bo m t ph hp cho ht ny mm v cy con mi trng. Nu t khng m th phi ti vng t c gieo ht hoc trng cy con. K hi cy sinh trng, m t cng rt cn thit cho r pht trin, r cy s khng pht trin khi t kh, d cht. Ti nc thc y pht trin r, tng kh nng gi nc ma v gim ri ro ra tri dinh dng. V d i vi ng, giai on sinh tr ng sinh dng (t ny mm n 10 l) th mc thiu ht nc trong t c th l 60 65 %. giai on ny, b r ch t 1/2 n 2/3 tim nng ca cy trng. Ti nc gi m cho ng giai on ny l thc y r pht trin su hn, tng kh nng gi n c khi tri ma v gim ri ro ra tri dinh dng. Khi cy trng gn n giai on sinh tr ng ti hn hoc giai on c nhu cu nc cao nht, cn phi xem xt mc gii hn thiu ht nc trong t gim thiu ri ro khng p ng nhu cu nc ca cy dn n tn tht v nng sut. i vi hu ht cy trng, trc khi vo giai on sinh trng ti hn (v d: 10 12 l i vi ng, bt u ra hoa i vi u t ng) th mc gii hn thiu ht nc trong t khong 30 40 %. Trong sut giai on sinh trng ti hn th ng nhu cu nc cao, v vy trong chin lc qun l nc cn thit phi c nh gi nhu cu nc trong khong thi gian 2 - 3 ngy hn ch s khng hong nc ca cy trng bt k phn no ca rung trc khi ti. V d, s dng ti n c bng trc xoay trong vng 3 ngy mi c th ti ht rung, v vy cn phi bit thiu ht nc s nh th no sau 3 ngy xc nh thi gian ti nc tip theo. gim thiu s ra tri nc khi ma, cn phi thng xuyn theo di d bo thi tit trong thi gian ti c k hoch ti n c hp l. Khi cy trng gn n giai on chn hon ton, mc thiu ht nc trong t c th tng cao nh ng khng nh hng n cy trng. V d, i vi ng, khi

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ng chn sp th m c gii hn thiu ht nc c th tng ln 60 70 % nhng khng nh hng n nng sut. K hoch qun l nc ti l thit lp cn bng gia thiu ht nc trong t v l ng nc thc m h thng ti bnh thng c th cung cp. i vi cc h thng ti cho mt loi cy trng hoc mt loi t m b hn ch bi nng lc ca trm bm, cn phi c cc chin lc thay th chin l c qun l nc khi cn thit nhm gim thiu ri ro khng hong nc ca cy trng. 3.4. Qun l dch hi 3.4.1. Cc khi nim 3.4.1.1. Dch hi - Dch hi l tt c cc sinh vt gy tr ngi n hot ng v mong mun ca con ngi. - Dch hi l cc thc vt sng trn cn, di nc, cc ng vt, vi sinh vt sng trn hoc trong cy trng, vt nui gy tn tht cho con ngi. - Mt sinh vt c xem l mt dch hi khi mt giai on gy hi ca sinh vt c s lng ln gy ra tn tht cho con ngi. 3.4.1.2. Qun l dch hi - Qun l dch hi l mt qu trnh thu tp, phn tch v s dng thng tin a ra quyt nh hnh ng nhm gim s tc ng ca chng qun dch hi mt cch c k hoch v phi hp, phi t c mt s cn i v li nhun vi chi ph ti a cho vic thc hin cc hnh ng . 3.4.1.3. Qun l dch hi tng hp (IPM ) - IPM l mt chin l c da vo h sinh thi nhm ngn nga dch hi v s gy hi ca chng mt cch lu di bng vic kt hp s dng cc bin pho k thut, bao gm: Phng tr sinh hc, k thut canh tc, ging chng chu, thuc ha hc (ch s dng sau khi kt qu iu tra cho thy l cn thit, mc ch l ch tiu dit dch hi) ...Tt c cc bin php c p dng theo chiu hng gim ti thiu ri ro cho sc khe con ngi, vt c ch, vt khng gy hi v mi trng. - IPM l mt h thng qun l dch hi c s lin kt gia mi trng v bin ng chng qun ca cc loi dch hi, s dng tt c cc k thut hp l v cc phng php c th nhm gim chng qun dch hi ngng khng gy hi kinh t (FAO). - IPM l mt lin kt cc bin php nh sinh hc, cng ngh sinh hc, ging cy trng, canh tc, gim thiu vic s dng thuc ha hc tr dch hi (Lut Bo v

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thc vt c). 3.4.2. C s khoa hc ca IPM 3.4.2.1. Ti sao phi thc hin IPM Thuc ha hc bo v thc vt e da sc khe ca con ngi v mi trng: - Ngi s dng - Ngi tiu dng - Mi trng: t, ngun nc, h, khng kh cha d lng thuc BVTV - Thc y s pht trin ca dch hi hin c v xut hin dch hi mi - Pht trin tnh khng thuc ca dch hi V vy cn phi c mt cch tip cn mi trong qun l dch hi, l IPM 3.4.2.2. Sinh thi hc trong IPM + Ti sao phi nghin cu sinh thi trong IPM? - Lch s ca IPM l lch s ca sinh thi ng dng - Qun l dch hi thng da vo s pht hin nh ng im yu v sinh thi ca dch hi. - C th qun l h sinh thi mt cch c la chn nhm gip cy trng gim tn th ng do dch hi gy ra - Tng lai ca IPM da vo s tng cng vn dng tnh phc tp ca h sinh thi. + Thc hin nguyn tc sinh thi trong IPM - Mc ch phng nga gi mt chng qun d i mc gy hi. - Yu cu nng cao kin thc, quan st, qun l. - Cn em li nhiu li ch c chp nhn. - Thng xuyn gip , t khi tha mn. Cch tip cn s dng kin thc sinh thi trong IPM: - Qun l dch hi trn c s sinh thi (EBPM). - Farmscaping C h yu l phng tr sinh hc. Farmscaping l mt h thng canh tc tin n s gia tng v qun l a dng sinh hc nhm tng s lng sinh vt c ch. - S dng rng ri h thng sn xut hu c tng c bn ca IPM da trn c sinh thi: - Hng qun l dch hi da trn vic m bo cn bng sinh thi - S thay i qun l ch trng t loi n l n qu trnh, t ng tc gi a cc loi.

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Nguyn l c bn ca vic thc hin nguyn tc sinh thi trong IPM: - An ton - Bn v ng - Hiu qu/ c li nhun 3.4.3. c im v nguyn l ca IPM 3.4.3.1. c im ca IPM - Da vo s hiu bit v dch hi v k th t nhin - Gi mt chng qun dch hi ngng thp - Kt hp cc bin php ring l - S hp nht ca h sinh thi - Nghim ngt v kinh t - S dng bin php phng tr ng lc 3.4.3.2. Nguyn l ca IPM C 4 nguyn l ca IPM: 1. Trng cy khe Cy khe l cy sinh trng, pht trin tt, v vy c kh nng chng chu c s gy ha ca cc loi dch hi. N hiu yu t nh hng n sc khe ca cy: Ging tt Ht ging v cy ging tt Lm t Mt , khong cch Ci to ph t Qun l dinh dng Qun l nc Lun canh 2. Bo v thin ch Bit thin ch v hiu v vai tr ca chng trong vic khng ch dch hi bo v ma mng. Trnh s dng cc ha cht gy c cho thin ch. To iu kin cho thin ch pht sinh, pht trin nh cung cp ngun thc n v ni cho thin ch bng cch lun canh, xen canh 3. Thm ng thng xuyn Trong IPM, ngi nng dn qun l cy trng ca h da vo thng tin v tnh trng thc t ca ng rung. H khng s dng lch phun thuc nh k phng tr dch hi. V vy nng dn phi thng xuyn thm ng :

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 iu tra thc trng ng rung t nht 1 ln/ 1tun (t, nc, cy trng, dch hi, thin ch). a ra quyt nh da vo thc trng ca ng rung. Cc bin php trc tit khi cn thit (v d: thu trng, nh c) 4. Nng dn tr thnh chuyn gia C kin thc thc hnh v cc c im ca cy khe C th xc nh c su, bnh hi, thin ch, hiu v vng i v quan h gia dch hi v thin ch, v s lin quan ca chng trong vic phng tr dch hi C th phn tch tnh trng ca ng rung v a ra quyt nh ph h qun l dch hi Thc hin cc bin php qun l ph hp C th phn tch kinh t (n gin) C th thit k v tin hnh th nghim hiu v gii quyt cc vn xut hin trn rung Tm kim thng tin Lin lc, hp tc v chia s vi nng dn khc

3.4.3.3. Nguyn tc ca IPM - IPM l mt vn lin quan n nhiu lnh vc trong xem xt n hon cnh sinh thi v kinh t x hi nh mt thc th nhm gi sn phm ca h sinh thi nng nghip bn vng. - IPM tp trung vo vic kim sot s mt mt do dch hi gy ra, s dng cc yu t hn ch, s dng chn lc cc k thut canh tc v ging cy trng. - Cc bin php phng tr dch hi khng nh hng n kinh t v sinh thi. Tng cng s dng cc bin php phi ha hc. - Hiu thu o v quan h sinh thi trong cc h thng sn xut (cy trng, dch hi v cc yu t nh hng n s pht trin ca chng. - Hiu thu o v yu t kinh t trong mt h thng sn xut (t l mt mt, tim nng th trng v gi c) - Hiu thu o v cch c x ca ngi dn v vic quyt nh cc vn vn ha x hi (s thch truyn thng, cch c x vi s ri ro) - Li cun ngi nng dn vo vic phn tch v gii quyt cc vn bo v thc vt. - Xy dng c cu v lut php v chnh sch v nng nghip cho mt chin l c IPM bn vng (php lnh kim dch thc vt, thuc tr dch hi, chnh sch gi c.

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3.4.4. Cc bin php s dng trong IPM 3.4.4.1. Bin php canh tc (Cultural Methods) + Khi nim - Thc hin cc bin php k thut canh tc nhm tng cng s sinh trng v pht trin, nng sut cy trng, to iu kin khng thun li cho dch hi (ly lan, sinh sn, sinh sng). Ch yu s dng phng dch hi. - Cn hiu r v cy trng, sinh hc, sinh thi v s pht sinh ca dch hi c bin php thch hp + Mt s bin php: - Lun canh: - Xen canh - iu chnh thi v gieo cy v thu hoch - Lm t - Bn phn - Ti nc - V sinh ng rung v dit tr c di - Lm c, xi xo, bm ngn, ta cnh, bc l - Mt , khong cch, hng lung v cch b tr cy trng trn ng rung - Khu cch ly, khu bo v, khu dn d 3.4.4.2. Bin php c gii, vt l (Physical and M echanical Methods) + Khi nim Bin php c gii, vt l l bao gm cc k thut tiu dit cn trng mt cch c gii hoc to ra cc ngn cn vt l trnh s ly lan ca dch hi. + Mt s bin php: - Dng sc ngi v dng c th s - Dng loi by b - Hng ro ngn cn - Bao qu - Ph lung - Che lung - X l nhit - iu chnh m - S dng X v 3.4.4.3. Bin php sinh hc (Biological Control) + Khi nim:

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- Tc ng ca cc tc nhn sinh hc nh k sinh, bt mi, vt gy bnh lm hn ch s pht trin ca mt loi khc - Cc tc nhn sinh hc gm: Cn trng k sinh (Parasitoid), ng vt bt mi (Predator), Vi sinh vt gy bnh v tuyn trng (Insect Pathology) + Cc phng php trong phng tr sinh hc: - Phng php c in (Classical Biological Control): N hp khu v thit lp thin ch mi n ni c dch hi mi m cha c k th t nhin bn a. - Bo tn (Conservation): To iu kin thun li cho thin ch sn c trn rung sinh sng v sinh sn. - Gia tng/thm vo (Augmentation): Nui v th thin ch vo ng rung nhm b sung thin ch nhng ni khng th thit lp lu di loi thin ch . 3.4.4.4. Bin php ha hc (Chemical Methods) + Khi nim: - Thuc bo v thc vt l mt cht hoc hn hp cc cht c tc dng ngn nga, tiu dit, xua ui, lm gim nh cc loi su hi, chut, tuyn trng, nm, c di hoc bt c dng dch hi no; cc cht hoc hn hp cc cht s dng iu ha sinh trng, cht gy rng l hoc cht gy kh (theo The Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA)) + Nhng kh khn khi la chn v s dng thuc bo v thc vt: S chn la v s dng l kh khn, do: - Nhiu loi thuc - Nhiu hot cht - Phi bit r tn dch hi, giai on pht dc - Phi xem xt c ch tc ng ca thuc i vi cy trng, sinh vt khng gy hi, mi trng, ngi s dng - Phi xc nh cc a im v yu t cn thit cm hoc hn ch s dng mt loi thuc. V d: trng hc, cng vin, cng trng, h, sng - Thuc bo v thc vt phi c ng k c php s dng trn loi hng ha, cy trng, thi gian sinh tr ng, pht trin ca cy - Phi thng xuyn kim tra nhn mc nhm s dng thuc hp php + Bin php dng thuc ha hc c hiu qu Thc hin 4 ng khi dng thuc ha hc: 1. ng thuc 2. ng nng , liu lng

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3. ng cch 4. ng ni v ng lc 3.5. Qun l cht lng v an ton nng sn 3.5.1. Nguy c v nguyn nhn lm mt cht lng Ri ro v cht lng l tt c cc c im ca mt sn phm m khng p ng c yu cu ca khch hng hoc quy nh ca chnh ph. V d cht lng sn phm khng p ng c yu cu ca khch hng v kch thc, mu sc, chn, biu hin bn ngoi, mi v Sn phm c th khng p ng quy nh kim dch ca nc nhp khu bi v c mt loi dch hi hoc ghi sai nhn mc. C 3 loi c trng cht lng: biu hin bn ngoi, cht lng bn trong v cht lng tim n. - Biu hin bn ngoi: bao gm cc c im c th thy, v d nh mu sc, kch th c, nhn, bnh hi, su hi, vt u, v bao b. - Cht lng bn trong: bao gm cc c im khng thy t bn ngoi m sn phm cn phi ct ra hoc n xc nh phm cht. V d: mu sc, chc, x, mi v, mi thm, bnh hi, su hi - Cht lng ti m n: bao gm cc c im khng th thy, ng i hoc nm. V d: gi tr dinh dng, thay i gene Mt s c tnh cht l ng c bn khch hng thng quan tm khi mua cc sn phm ti sng: Khng c cc tn thng, h hng, vt u Khng chn nu, mm qu hoc ho Khng c d bn, d lng ha cht khng cho php v cc vt l. Khng c mi v v l Khng c dch hi thuc i tng kim dch Cht lng sn phm c th b mt tt c cc khu trong sn xut, thu hoch, x l sau thu hoch + Mt cht lng trong qu trnh sn xut Cc thc hnh sn xut quyt nh cht l ng vn c ca sn phm. Sau khi thu hoch sn phm th kh c th ci tin cht lng. Thc hnh sn xut nh hng n tt cc cc dng c trng cht lng: - c im bn ngoi nh mu sc, kch c, hnh dng b nh hng do cc thc hnh sn xut tc ng n sinh tr ng, pht trin ca cy trng nh qun l dinh dng, xn ngn, ta cnh Biu hin bn ngoi cng c th b gim do su bnh, b xy xt c gii.

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- Biu hin bn trong, cht lng n, gi tr dinh dng ca sn phm b gim do khng hong nc, dinh dng cho cy trng khng ph hp v cy lp . + Mt cht lng khi thu hoch thnh thc ca sn phm khng ch nh hng n cht l ng khi thu hoch m cn nh hng n tui th (seft life) ca sn phm. thnh thc th ng ni n mt giai on trong qu trnh sinh trng ca cy rau v qu. S thnh thc ca sn phm tip tc cho n khi bt u gi ci v cht. C th l rt kh quyt nh nng sn phm lc no thnh thc thu hoch. Mt s loi cy trng, biu hin chn c th hin bng qu trnh pht trin. Mt s cy trng khc, thi gian thu hoch c quyt nh theo ch quan ca con ng i (khng c biu hin chn ca nng sn). thnh thc ph hp nht tin hnh thu hoch l khi cy trng hon thnh sinh trng v pht trin m bo cht lng sn phm thu hoch c khch hng chp nhn. Hu ht sn phm tr nn gi ci v dn n cht sau khi thu hoch. Nu thu hoch cc sn phm qu chn th s gi ci c th xut hin trc khi giao sn phm cho khch hng. Nu thu hoch cc sn phm qu non th cc c tr ng nh mu sc, kch thc, hnh dng, mi v, x s b gim. Mt phn ca thnh thc ca cc loi qu thng phi tri qua mt qu trnh chn. S chn lin quan n thay i cc c trng ca qu dn n tng tnh c th n c. V d thay i mm, gim a xt, tanin, tng ng, tng mi thm v thay i mu sc da. Mt s loi qu nh xoi, chui, c chua s thay c th tip din sau khi thu hoch sn phm. + Mt cht lng trong qu trnh x l sau thu hoch C rt nhiu nguyn nhn gy mt cht lng sn phm sau thu hoch. Cht lng sn phm c th mt do qu trnh sinh hc thng thng, tuy xy ra chm nh ng lin tc, khng ngng v c th do thc hnh x l khng tt. Mt s nguyn nhn chnh lm gim cht lng sn phm sau thu hoch: Lm tng s gi ci Mt n c Vt thng c gii Ri lon sinh l Nhim bnh Sinh trng v pht trin 3.5.2. Cc nguy c v ngun gy mt an ton nng sn Nguy c v an ton thc phm l cc cht c c tnh vt l, ha hc, sinh hc gy cho nng sn tr nn ri ro i vi sc khe ca ngi tiu dng. C 3 nguy c i vi an ton thc phm: Ha hc, sinh hc, vt l.

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Cc loi nng sn c th b nhim bn bi vic tip xc trc tip vi cc nguy c trong sn xut hoc gin tip vi t, nc, thit b, vt liu, phn bn, t nnb nhim. + Nguy c ha hc Nhim bn ha cht trong nng sn t i c th xy ra mt cch t nhin hoc c th do con ngi gy nn trong qu trnh sn xut, thu hoch, x l sau thu hoch. Cc dng nhim bn ha cht l: D lng ha cht nng nghip trong sn phm vt qu ngng cho php. Nhim bn phi ha cht nng nghip V d: du, nht, cht ty ra Kim loi nng vt qu ngng cho php. c t thc vt xut hin trong t nhin. Cc tc nhn gy d ng. + Nguy c sinh hc Thng thng nng sn phm cha nhiu loi vi sinh vt khc nhau. Mt s vi sinh vt l nguyn nhn lm mt phm cht nng sn nh gy hi, thi, mt mu Mt s loi khc th ch sinh sng trong nng sn phm ch khng gy mt phm cht nng sn cng nh sc khe ca ngi s dng. Vi sinh vt gy bnh nh hng n sc khe ca ng i tiu dng bng cch k sinh, pht trin trong c th ngi hoc tit ra cc c t. Sinh vt gy bnh c th tm thy trn b mt nng sn hoc bn trong m thc vt. Cc vt gy bnh thng gp l vi sinh vt (vi khun, virus) v k sinh. Vi khun Vi khun l nguyn nhn thng gp gy bnh tiu ha. S lng vi khun cn thit gy bnh cho ngi l ty thuc vo loi vi khun, tui v iu kin ngoi cnh. Ni chung, vi khun yu cu mt s dinh dng cn thit v mi trng ph hp nh m cao v nhit m. Vi khun c th pht trin rt nhanh trong thi gian ngn. Trong thi gian 7 gi, mt t bo vi khun c th sn sinh hn 1 triu t bo. Mt s vi khun gy bnh thng gp c trong nng sn (c bit l rau, qu ti) l: Salmonella sp. Escherichia coli (E. coli) Shigella sp. Listeria monocytogenes Vi khun Listeria monocytogenes c th tm thy trong t v c th sng trong t trong vng 60 ngy. Nng sn nhim bn vi khun c th do tip xc vi t trng, hoc cc cng c my mc v thng hng cha t b nhim khun. Cc

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vi khun khc nh Salmonella sp., E. coli v Shigella sp. tn ti trong cht thi ca gia sc v ngi. Nng sn b nhim cc loi vi khun ny l do s dng phn chung khng x l, ngun nc nhim, tip xc vi gia sc trong khi sn xut, vn chuyn v t cc hot ng th cng ca con ng i. K sinh K sinh l cc t chc sng bn trong c th sng khc (k ch). K sinh khng th sng bn ngoi ng vt hoc con ngi nhng chng c th gy bnh cho ngi v gia sc ngay c khi c s lng rt nh. Nng sn c th l mt mt xch to iu kin cho mt k sinh ly lan t k ch ny sang k ch khc (ng vt ngi, ngi ngi). Cysts (bo xc), giai on ng ng ca k sinh, c th tn ti trong t trong vng 7 nm, v d: Giardia. K sinh thng gp trong nng sn l: Cryptosporidium Cyclospora Giardia Virus Virus khng th sinh sn bn ngoi t bo sng v khng th pht trin bn ngoi hoc bn trong nng sn. Tuy nhin nng sn c th l mt mt xch virus ly lan t ng vt n ng i, hoc t ngi n ngi. Mt s lng nh virus trong nng sn c th gy bnh. Virus c th xm nhp vo con ngi thng qua nng sn nhim virus: Hepatitis A virus Norwalk virus v Norwalk- like virus. Cc ngui nhi m bn sinh hc t Nc Phn chung Nc cng thi Con ngi ng vt Bi bn khng kh + Nguy c vt l Nguy c vt l l cc vt th bn ngoi c th gy bnh hoc tn thng cho ngi tiu dng. Nhim bn vt l c th xy ra trong qu trnh sn xut, thu hoch v sau thu hoch. Cc dng nguy c vt l c th:

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- Cc vt th t mi trng: t, , que gy, ht c di - Cc vt th t thit b, nh xng, thng ng (container): thy tinh, g, kim loi, ni lng - Cc vt th t hot ng ca con ng i: n trang, tc, cc vt dng c nhn 3.5.3. K hoch qun l cht lng v an ton nng sn Xc nh cc thc hnh nhm qun l cht lng v an ton sn phm trong qu trnh sn xut, thu hoch v x l sau thu hoch trong mt k hoch cht l ng v an ton sn phm cho tng loi cy trng. K hoch qun l cht lng v an ton sn phm nhm kim sot cc nguy c lm gim cht lng v an ton l khc nhau cho cc loi nng sn. K hoch bo gm cc k thut trng, thu hoch, x l v vn chuyn sn phm. C h trang tri cn phi xc nh cc k thut cn thit v bt buc qun l cht lng v an ton nng sn v m t cc k thut trong mt k hoch chi tit. Mt k hoch qun l cht lng v an ton cn c cc thng tin c bn sau: + Bc tin hnh: cc bc tin hnh trng, thu hoch v x l sau thu hoch + Nguy c mt cht lng v an ton: Tn tht v cht l ng v an ton nng sn xy ra khi thc hin khng ng cc bc tin hnh. + Nguyn nhn gy mt cht lng v an ton nng sn: Lm sai bc tin hnh g s dn n mt cht lng nng sn v an ton nng sn? + Cc thc hnh: cc phng php kim sot/thc hin, hot ng gim st cn thit gim thiu s ri ro nguy c gim cht lng v an ton nng sn xy ra. 3.6. Qun l cht thi v mi trng 3.6.1. Nguy c v mi trng Nguy c mi trng l cc tc ng xu ca qu trnh sn xut, thu hoch v x l sau thu hoch cc nng sn phm i vi cc c tnh bn trong hoc bn ngoi ca mi trng. C nhiu nguy c thng thng xy ra ng rung v chung tri, mi nguy c c tnh cht khc nhau. Cn phi xem xt tnh hung c bit ca mi c tnh khi qun l cc nguy c mi trng. Cc bc kim sot nguy c mi trng nh sau: 1. Xc nh nguy c Ci g c th xy ra i vi cc c tnh bn trong v bn ngoi ca mi trng nu mt vi hot ng tin hnh khng ng? 2. nh gi ri ro Ci g c th xy ra v hu qu ca vic xut hin nguy c? 3. Kim sot nguy c N hng thc hnh nng nghip tt no c yu cu thc hin ngn nga hoc gim mc thp nht s ri ro ca cc nguy c? 4. Gim st v xem st li cc nguy c Cc thc hnh nng nghip ang thc hin c tt khng, c s thay i no dn n s hnh thnh nguy c mi?

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3.6.2. Qun l nhim v cht thi + Xc nh cht thi v nhng cht gy nhim - Tt c nh ng sn phm thi t trang tri phi c lp danh mc v ghi chp l u tr. - Tt c nhng ngun nhim tim tng (v d nh l d lng phn, khi thi t cc thit b lm nng) phi c lp danh mc v ghi chp l u tr cho tt c cc qu trnh sn xut trong trang tri. + K hoch x l cht thi v nhim mi trng - C mt k hoch bng vn bn hin hnh r rng v d hiu bao gm gim rc thi, nhim, v ti ch rc thi. - C cc bin php v hnh ng c th trang tri xc nhn rng mc tiu ca k hoch x l rc thi v nhim c thc hin. - Mt s t cc rc thi khng mong mun trong khu vc ch nh cng nh l rc thi trong ny l chp nhn c. Tt c cc lai rc khc phi c lm sch s. Cc khu vc ni sn phm c x l x l trong nh c lm sch t nht mt ln trong ngy. - Trang tri c nh ng vng ch nh l u gi rc thi. Cc loi rc thi khc nhau c phn loi v lu gi ring bit. Cc chai l ha cht dng ri c ra vi nc, cn p v l u gi khu vc an ton cho n khi loi thi tr khi chng c chuyn tr li cho nh phn phi. 3.6.3. Vn bo v mi trng + nh hng ca vic sn xut nng nghip n mi trng - C bin php hn ch ti a cc nh hng xu ca cc hot ng sn xut nng nghip n mi tr ng (nh xi mn t, lm t bc mu, cht ph r ng...) - C nhng hnh ng thit thc c thc hin bi ch trang tri hay mt nhm cc ch trang tri lm li cho chng trnh bo v mi trng. + Chnh sch bo v mi trng v bo tn thin nhin - C cc k hoch bo tn a dng sinh hc v i sng hoang d. K hoch ny mc vng hay quc gia v c thc hin trang tri. - Ni dung v mc tiu ca k hoch bo tn c thc hin ph hp vi nng nghip bn vng v gim tc ng n mi trng. - C nhng quan tm n k hoch bo tn thin nhin thc hin kim tra cc iu kin, v tr, mc hin tica h ng thc vt trang tri t c th lp k hoch bo tn.

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- Trong k hoch bo tn thin nhin c bn danh sch cc iu u tin v cc hnh ng cn thc hin iu chnh cc mi trng sng b hu hoi trang tri. - Trong k hoch bo tn thin nhin c bn danh sch cc iu u tin v cc hnh ng cn thc hin nng cao mi trng sng cho h ng thc vt v nng cao a dng sinh hc nu c th c trang tri. - Nu c th lm c, c cc k hoch chuyn cc khu vc khng sn xut vo trong vng bo tn t nhin bo tn h ng thc vt.

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BI 4 NGHIN C U V THC HIN MT CHNG TRNH ICM

4.1. Tin trnh nghin cu v thc hin mt chng trnh ICM 1) Xc nh vn kh khn v cn gii quyt. Tm hiu tp qun canh tc v bo v cy trng ca ng i dn a phng 2) Nghin cu tm ra ci mi - Nghin cu c bn - Nghin cu ng dng 3) Chun b tp hun - Chun b chng trnh tp hun cho nng dn - Chun b chng trnh tp hun cho tp hun vin 4) M lp tp hun cho tp hun vin (ToT: Training of Trainer) 5) M lp tp hun cho nng dn (FFS: Farmer Field School) 6) Ph bin cho nng dn khc (Farmer to Farmer) 7) p dng vo thc tin sn xut ca nng h 8) nh gi nh hng ca chng trnh: - Kinh t - X hi - Mi trng 9) Trong qu trnh thc hin lun lun phi iu chnh cc tin trnh cho ph hp vi thc t tng a phng, t ng loi cy trng v lun c s nh gi kt qu v pht hin ra cc vn mi cn gii quyt. 4.2. Khuyn nng cho ICM 4.2.1. Khi nim khuyn nng - Khuyn nng l g? Rt kh tr li chnh xc cu hi ny. cc ngn ng khc nhau th s dng cc t c ngha khc nhau. Tuy nhin nhn chung thng s dng t ting Anh M l extension - T extension l c ngun gc t truyn thng ca cc trng i hc M m rng cng vic v kin thc t nghin cu khoa hc ca cc trng i hc n cc nhm bn ngoi.

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- i vi ting Anh Anh th s dng t advisory work, c ngha l cng vic lin quan n vic a ra nhng li khuyn cho mt vn c th. Roling (1988) a ra nguyn l c bn ca khuyn nng: - Khuyn nng l mt s can thip. - Khuyn nng s dng truyn thng lm cng c gii thiu s thay i. - Khuyn nng ch c hiu qu bi s t nguyn thay i. - Khuyn nng nhn mnh v cch thc thc hin v kt qu t c khc nhau m c th phn bit c vi s can thip khc. - Khuyn nng c trin khai bi mt t chc, c quan. 4.2.2. Cc phng thc tip cn khuyn nng 4.2.2.1. Trn xung (top-down) v di ln (botton- up) - Top-down: gii thiu k thut thm canh xy d ng bi cc nh nghin c u, khuyn nng vin cho ngi dn - Botton-up: ngi nng dn xc nh vn v yu cu s tr gip ca khuyn nng vin, nh nghin cu 4.2.2.2. Truyn thng (Communication) - Truyn thng l mt qu trnh chuyn ti thng tin t ngi gi n ngi nhn. S dng truyn thng thay i hnh vi, iu ny ty thuc vo ngha thng tin cn chia s gia ngi g i (khuyn nng vin) v ngi nhn (nng dn) - Cc yu t nh hng n truyn thng

Vn ha: ngn ng, gi tr ang thnh hnh, kin, phong tc, tp qun X hi: cu trc x hi v c cu lnh o ca cng ng, s can thip ca chnh quyn vo cng ng

Kinh t: tc ng kinh t nh l kt qu ca s can thip, chi ph ca s can thip

4.2.2.3. S hc (Learning) - S hc l mt qu trnh xy ra trong no c c nh ng thng tin v kinh nghim mi. L mt qu trnh thay i kin thc, phn ng v k nng ca con ngi. V vy rt quan trng trong khuyn nng. - Hiu qu ca vic hc ph thuc vo phng php ging dy, dng c hc tp, tnh hp dn ca thng tin v kinh nghim, tp tnh ca ngi hc. - Trit l ca s hc:

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Nu ti nghe th ti s qun (If I hear it, I forgot it) Nu ti thy th ti s nh (If I see it, I remember it) Nu ti thc hnh th ti s hiu (If I practise it, I understand it) 4.2.2.4. a ra quyt nh v thay i cch c x - Thay i cc c x (behavior) l kt qu ca s thay i kin thc v thi . Kin thc Thi / quan im Tp tnh/ cch c x Quan im Phn ng

Kin thc Phn tch

Quyt nh Hnh ng/ c x

a ra quyt nh l yu t quan trng trong sut qu trnh thay i thi . Khuyn nng nh hng n s a ra quyt nh ca ngi nng dn. Mt chng trnh khuyn nng cn phi can thip v gip ngi dn trong tt c cc bc a ra quyt nh: - Xc nh vn kh khn gp phi - Xc nh nguyn nhn ca vn kh khn - Cung cp cc gii php - Gip nh gi nhng u v nhc im la chn cc gii php ph hp. - Tp hun k nng - Gip phn tch cc tc ng trong sut qu trnh nh gi 4.2.3. Cc phng php khuyn nng 4.2.3.1. Chuyn giao cng ngh (Transfer of Technology: ToT): m hnh ToT Cch tip cn truyn thng ca khuyn nng l m hnh chuyn giao cng ngh. M hnh ny c biu th bng ng thng nh sau: Nghin cu K huyn nng Nng dn

- Lin kt n gin - Khng c phn hi - Khng c hiu qu, c bit i vi nng dn ngho

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4.2.3.2. H thng tp hun v ving thm (Training and- Visit system: T&V) M hnh tip cn khuyn nng c s dng rng ri nht. H thng ny c Ngn hng Th gii gii thiu n hn 40 nc trn th gii. Nghin c u Khuyn cc cp nng Khuyn nng cp lng/x Nng dn ch cht Nng dn khc Thit lp mng li khuyn nng cc cp Thit lp khuyn nng vin cp x/ lng v cc nhm nng dn ch cht Tp hun thng xuyn Ci thin lin kt gia khuyn nng v nghin c u Ci tin ni dung k thut v hot ng khuyn nng Hot ng ngoi ng rung nhiu hn, nng dn d s dng hn.

4.2.3.3. Gio dc phi chnh quy (Non-formal Education) - Nhn mnh lin h vic hc da vo kinh nghim vi vn ca cuc sng. - Khuyn khch ngi hc gii quyt vn bng s tham d, t tin, t quyt, cng nhau a ra quyt nh. - Hot ng nhm l mt phn quan trng, ci thin kh nng hc v a ra quyt nh. 4.2.3.4. Pht trin cng ngh c s tham gia (Paritipatory Technology Development) - Tr gip ngi dn lm th nghim: xc nh vn , thit k th nghim, tho lun kt qu v a ra kt lun - M hnh Farmer First: nh nghin c u v khuyn nng tr thnh ng i t chc hc, cht xc tc v t vn, tm kim v cung cp gip nng dn hc t nng dn khc. 4.2.4. c im ca khuyn nng ICM ICM cn c kin thc su, rng v c trng cho t ng vng, t ng trang tri c th, nn yu cu k nng a ra quyt nh ca ngi nng dn. V vy vic khuyn co cho ngi nng dn bng hnh thc quy trnh k thut c sn l khng ph hp trong cng tc khuyn nng cho ICM. Thay v cc hng dn theo quy nh v quy trnh c sn cho tt c mi ngi nng dn, ICM yu cu mt s tip

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cn v sinh thi, tha mn cc nguyn l ca ICM. 4.2.4.1. Phng php khuyn nng c im ca ICM (kin thc su rng, c tr ng cho t ng trang tri, phc hp nhiu yu t, yu cu thc hin/ hnh ng theo nhm, a ra quyt nh...) yu cu mt phng thc khuyn nng cho nng dn pht trin k nng a ra quyt nh. V vy, tp hun theo nhm trn ng rung l phng php khuyn nng tt nht cho ICM.

4.2.4.2. Ni dung tp hun pht trin k nng a ra quyt nh, cn cung cp cho ngi nng dn cc kin thc v sinh thi, sinh l ca h thng sinh thi nng nghip. Hng ngy ngi dn s dng cc kin thc ny trong thc t sn xut ca h. Khi ngi dn th ng xuyn thc hnh trn ng rung th h s thu nhn c cc kin thc v kinh nghim m trc h cha c. Nhng kin thc thc v kinh nghim hin c m ngi nng dn p dng vo vo thc t sn xut trn trang tri ca h s c nng cao thng qua vic hc. Tp hun ngha l t cc kin thc hin c ca ngi dn vo ni m chng ta cn ch cho h cc quan st v kinh nghim mi, to c hi cho ngi dn nng cao c kin thc v kinh nghim bng vic cung cp cc thng tin theo yu cu. Ni dung ca tp hun ICM nn lin quan n cc vn hin xy ra trn ng rung. Nn tp trung vo mt s vn mang tnh logic h thng nh cy trng, dch hi, k th t nhin..., y l v d tt cho vic tip cn sinh thi. Quan st, phn tch, tho lun, a ra quyt nh v th nghim l cc ni dung ch yu ca tp hun ICM.

4.2.4.3. Tip cn tp hun C nhiu cch tip cn khuyn nng nn cng c nhiu cch tip cn ICM. Khng xem ngi nng dn nh l ngi nhn, ngi chp hnh cc khuyn co mt cch th ng, m h l nhng ngi hc, cc chuyn gia ch ng trn ng rung ca h. Q u trnh tp hun phi cung cp c hi cho ngi dn pht trin v cng c kin thc v k nng thc hnh trn ng rung. Tp hun ICM khng phi din gii trong phng hc m din ra trn ng rung trong sut c v sn xut, trn tt c cc giai on sinh trng, pht trin ca cy trng, tp trung vo cc vn xy ra trn ng rung v trao quyn t chc cho ngi dn. Phng php tip cn gio dc phi chnh quy, trong nhn mnh hc qua th nghim v hot ng nhm l p ng c nhu cu . Tp hun vin ch l ng i thc

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y/ch dn hn l ngi thy gio.

4.3. Lp hc nng dn tr n ng rung v ICM (ICM FFS) 4.3.1. Khi nim v ICM FFS L mt lp tp hun nng dn trn ng rung trong sut mt v sn xut - Hc qua kinh nghim thc hnh, hot ng v kinh nghim hng ngy - Nng dn c khuyn khch khm ph v pht hin cho bn thn h - 20 25 nng dn, lm vic theo nhm nh (5 ngi/ nhm) - Sut mt v: chun b ging, lm t, gieo ht thu hoch - Hng tun: t nht 1 bui/ tun - Hc tp bng cch so snh rung ICM vi rung nng dn - Nghin cu trn ng rung - Cc chuyn c bit (c nng dn la chn) - Phn tch h sinh thi v tho lun nhm a ra quyt nh - Phng php tp hun: khng chnh thc, ngi hc l trung tm, c s tham gia, hc bng thc nghim. - Tp hun vin hng cho ngi dn c hi hc tp kinh nghim, khng p t trn xung. ICM FFS tp trung vo sc khe ca mi trng, t, ht/cy ging, cy trng. Mt cy trng khe c tim nng cho nng sut cao. t, ht/ cy ging, mi trng khe s gip cy trng khe v bn vng cho sn xut. FFS ko i sut 1 v sn xut, cc hot ng thc hin theo cc giai on sinh trng, pht trin ca cy trng v cc thc hnh qun l lin quan. Thi kha biu cho tp hun cn thit phi ph hp vi tng iu kin c th. 4.3.2. Xy d ng ICM FFS 4.3.2.1. Ni dung ca chng trnh tp hun ICM Ni dung tp hun ICM cho cn b khuyn nng v cho nng dn khng ch hn ch v cc phng php ring l phng tr dch hi hoc k thut canh tc, m bao gm: - Sinh l pht trin ca cy trng - K thut trng cy khe v cho li nhun - nh hng ca ging n qun l dch hi - Qun l t v phn bn - Qun l n c ti - Sinh hc ca su, bnh hi v c di - Thin ch ca su, bnh hi

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- K nng quan st ng rung - Thuc BVTV v mi trng - Rc thi v mi trng - K nng qun l kinh t 4.3.2.2. Hot ng ca ICM FFS Mt bui hc ca ICM FFS c xy dng da trn nguyn tc ca 8 hot ng sau: 1. Quan st ng rung (khong 30 pht) 2. V bc tranh sinh thi (5 pht) 3. Phn tch h sinh thi ng rung (30 pht) 4. Trnh by kt qu v tho lun (30 pht) 5. Phn tch kinh t (10 pht) 6. Quan st tp tnh ca cn trng (10 pht) 7. Hot ng nhm (10 30 pht) 8. Chuyn c bit (30 60 pht) Mt s hot ng trn ch thc hin khi cy trng t n giai on sinh trng ph hp. Hc vin c th chn vic tin hnh th nghim trn ng rung FFS. Cc th nghim c thit k bi ngi dn t u v. 4.3.3. Chun b cho lp ICM FFS 4.3.3.1. Cuc hp chun b - Thng bo cho c cng ng bit v mc ch ca FFS, thc y h tham gia, cung nhau xc nh hc vin thch hp - C th m hi ngh u b xem cc kt qu ca lp hc trc - Cung cp thng tin v gii thiu v ICM - Chn hc vin - Xc nh cc hot ng u tin - Chun b k hoch cho vic m lp FFS:
-

Ngy v gi cho cc bui hc hng tun a im cho cc nghin c u ng rung Danh sch hc vin Thi kha biu hng tun cho cc hot ng trong sut v Cc thit k cho cc th nghim ng rung

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Vn ti chnh

4.3.3.2. Chn hc vin Mi lp hc thng c 20 25 hc vin. Hc vin thng c chn bi chnh cng ng. Chn hc vin phi tin hnh vo bui gp mt u tin bi tt c cc nng dn quan tm t cng ng . Tiu chun ca hc vin:
-

Nng dn trng cy trng t chc tp hun Hng th hc hi nhng vn mi Phi c kh nng tham gia FFS u n trong sut c v Sn sng ph bin nhng g h hc c cho nng dn khc Khng i hi phi bit ch

Nu ph n c tham gia vo qu trnh sn xut th khuyn khch s tham gia ca h vo lp hc. 4.3.3.3. Cc yu cu ca lp ICM FFS
-

1 - 2 tp hun vin tham gia TOT (c th l nng dn hoc cn b) C sn rung trng Chun b: phn chung, phn ha hc, ging ung v n nh cho t ng bui hc Ti liu hng dn tp hun Cc vt liu, dng c hc tp: bng, giy cc kh, bt x, gim, ti ni lng

4.3.4. Tin hnh thc hin lp ICM FFS 4.3.4.1. S h tr cho lp FFS Mt tp hun vin ca FFS l hn c mt gio vin hoc hng dn vin. Tp hun vin ng vai tr nh mt ngi nng dn c kinh nghim, mt ngi

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cht vn (t cu hi), mt nh t chc, mt iu phi vin + Vai tr v nhim v ca tp hun vin:

-

Xc nh kh khn trong canh tc lp k hoch cho cc ch . C ng c nng cao kh nng ca mnh v ca ngi khc. B tr rung iu tra v lm th nghim. Chun b cc ti liu cn thit cho cc ch c bit v hot ng nhm. Lun gii thch mc ch v cc bc tin hnh trc khi bt u mt hot ng.

iu tra v phn tch iu kin rung ICM vi hc vin, khuyn khch h iu tra k bng a ra cu hi ph hp.

Ging gii c h thng, t n gin n phc tp. Lm si ni bui tho lun. Ch n s tham gia ca tt c hc vin, bo m khng ai chi phi tho lun, khuyn khch ngi ngi im lng tham gia tho lun.

Trnh by kin v kinh nghim ca mnh khi hc vin khng th tr li cu hi ca chnh h.

Nhc nh v mt thi gian. Lun tn trng mi hc vin v kin ca h.

+ Nhng thi ca tp hun vin cn tr qu trnh hc: - Tp hun vin khng thch th, thiu kin nhn, khng tp trung. - Gii thch s si hoc khng r rng. - a ra cng vic khng r rng. - a thng tin khng ng hoc khng chnh xc bi v khng mun tha nhn mnh khng bit cu tr li. - S dng phng php, cc hot ng khng ph hp. - T chc khng tt, khng lm vic theo tng bc. - Qun l thi gian khng tt.

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Chn ch v e ngi a ra quyt nh. Phn ng khng tt i vi hc vin. Dn hc vin vo th b. Thiu t tin.

4.3.4.2. Kim tra u kha v cui kha Bui gp mt u tin v cui cng thng c cc bi kim tra nh gi kin thc ca hc vin trc v sau khi tham gia FFS. K im tra u kha cung cp cho tp hun vin FFS cc thng tin c th s dng hon thin chng trnh tp hun ph hp vi kin thc ca ngi nng dn tham gia lp hc. Kt qu kim tra cui kha s ch ra s tin b ca hc vin trong sut v tham gia FFS. Tp hun vin chun b 10 cu hi trc nghim cho mi bi kim tra. Cc cu hi lin quan n cc vn gp phi trn ng rung ca a phng. Mi cu hi hc vin chn tr li mt trong ba p n nh sn. Nu c th, s dng mu vt ti nh l cy b su bnh gy hi, triu chng do thiu dinh dng hoc mu t lm p n. Vit cu hi v p n ln bng, t trn rung. Cu hi kim tra u kha v cui kha nn c kh tng ng nhau v s dng ngn ng a phng. Tho lun v chia s kt qu ca cc t kim tra gi a cc hc vin. 4.3.4.3. Phn cng trong nhm Hu ht cc hot ng ca FFS c thc hin theo nhm, khong 5 ngi/ nhm. Mi nhm t tho lun v phn cng cng vic cho mi ngi trong nhm. Khng nn thay i thnh vin trong nhm trong sut lp hc, tr khi c ngi trong nhm ngh hc v cn phi thay th ngi khc. 4.3.4.4. Th nghi m trn ng rung Trong lp FFS, hc vin thc hin mt s thc nghim trn rung ICM FFS. Mc ch ca hot ng ny l pht trin k nng th nghim v cung cp cho hc vin kinh nghim nh gi thc hnh ICM v cc hot ng lin quan. Khuyn khch hc vin t thc hin cc thc nghim tr li cu hi ca chnh bn thn h. Cc tp hun vin tr gip hc vin b tr th nghim ca chnh h ngay trong cc bui hp mt u tin. Vic la chn ni dung cn th nghim phi da trn th t u tin ca hc vin. 4.3.5. nh gi lp ICM FFS xc nh im mnh v im yu ca FFS trong sut mt v sn xut th cn phi thc hin vic nh gi lp hc bi chnh cc hc vin tham gia. nh gi phi tp trung vo kt qu, qu trnh v nh hng: - Kt qu: Kt qu ca vic ng dng ICM v tin hnh th nghim trn rung ca FFS l g?

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- Tin trnh: Cc hot ng ca FFS nh hng nh th no ti vic hc ICM? - nh hng: Hc vin c th t c nh ng kt qu g nh tin hnh ICM c hc FFS trn rung ca chnh h? 4.3.5.1. nh gi kt qu Mc ch ca nh gi kt qu l nh gi hiu qu ca cng ngh ICM, c bit i vi hc vin ang nghi ng v li ch ca ICM. nh gi cng nhm ci thin cng ngh ICM v tin trin hc FFS. nh gi kt qu c thc hin bi vic cn nng sut ca tt c cc th nghm, phn tch v nh gi s liu v phn tch hiu qu kinh t. Cc nhm hc vin tho lun v so snh nng sut gia cc th nghim v a ra kt lun v th nghim , v so snh gia rung ICM v rung nng dn. Tp hun vin thng t cc cu hi sau hng dn tho lun: - Nng sut gia cc thc hnh qun l khc nhau nh th no? Thc hnh no cho nng sut cao nht? - Sn phm v chi ph cho mi th nghim? - Li rng ca mi th nghim? - Thc hnh no l d p dng? C nhng kh khn g? - Tnh thch hp ca mi thc hnh vi h thng canh tc? 4.3.5.2. nh gi qu trnh nh gi qu trnh l nh gi mc FFS p ng nhu cu v mong i ca hc vin. Tiu ch nh gi bao gm: - S lng cuc gp mt v s hc vin tham gia. - Nguyn nhn hy b cuc gp mt v khng tham gia. - S ph hp gi cc chuyn c bit FFS v cc vn gp phi a phng. - im mnh ca FFS: hot ng no l hp dn nht, h u ch nht? - im yu ca FFS: hot ng no l km hp dn, km hiu qu? Lm sao ci thin? Ci g nn thm vo hoc bt i? Chng trnh tp hun nn ci tin nh th no? - Tp hun vin lm vic nh th no? Kt qu ca nh gi tin trnh s gip cho tp hun vin trong vic lp k hoch v thc hin ICM FFS tt hn. 4.3.5.3. nh gi nh hng nh gi nh hng ca ICM FFS trong vic ci thin kin thc v k nng ca ngi nng dn v tng cng kh nng ng dng cc kin thc vo thc t sn xut ca chnh h. C th s dng cc phng php nh gi nh: kim tra u kha v cui kha, kin ca hc vin v s thnh cng v tht bi ca FFS trong cuc hp

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nh gi, quan st trn ng rung ca hc vin sau khi tham gia FFS, phng vn hc vin hc FFS 4.3.6. Hu ICM FFS v thc hin ICM bn vng Sau lp FFS, chng ta hy vng cc hc vin tip tc thc hin ICM trn ng rung ca h, m rng ICM cho ngi khc. Trc khi kt thc FFS, cn phi tho lun vi hc vin v k hoch p dng kin thc v k nng mi va hc c. K hoch cho cc hot ng sau ICM FFS da vo nh ca cc hc vin tham gia lp hc. Tuy nhin tp hun vin cng khuyn khch hc vin lu n mt s hot ng sau:
-

Thc hin ICM trn mi rung ring l Thc hin theo nhm yu cu hot ng chung Tip tc th nghim (c nhn hoc nhm) lm thch hp hng dn ICM vi iu kin a phng.

Ph bin cho nng dn khc v hng dn ICM v phng php thc hin

ph bin ICM cho nng dn khc mt cch thun li th nn mi cc nng dn khng tham gia vo lp ICM FFS, bao gm lnh o a phng trong v ngoi ni t chc FFS, n tham gia thu hoch v nh gi rung FFS. Ti bui hp, hc vin FFS c th trnh by nhng vn h hc c trong sut lp hc FFS cho nng dn khc.

PHN THC HNH

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BI 1 IU TRA TNH HNH SN XUT NNG H/ TRANG TRI SN XUT NNG NGHIP

1.1. Mc ch - Hiu r phng php iu tra tnh hnh sn xut nng nghip ca a phng. - Thu thp cc thng tin v d liu v thc trng sn xut nng nghip. - Quan st v so snh cc m hnh sn xut nng nghip a phng. Xem xt u v nhc im ca cc m hnh. - Thc hin cc phng php tip cn, phng vn ngi dn a phng thu thp d liu. 1.2. Ni dung - Gii thiu cc phng php iu tra, kho st tnh hnh sn xut nng nghip ca a phng, phng php phng vn ngi dn a phng v ghi chp s liu. - Tm hiu phng php iu tra, thu thp thng tin, d liu, bao gm vic lp bng cu hi ph hp cho t ng i t ng iu tra. - Chun b a im iu tra - Tin hnh iu tra thu thp s liu v hot ng sn xut a phng. 1.3. C s vt cht cn thit 1.3.1. Phng tin: phng tin i li, phng seminar, a im iu tra... 1.3.1. Vt liu: giy, bt, s ghi chp, thc dy, bao b, vt, chai, l...

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BI 2 PHN TCH, NH GI V XUT GII PHP PHT TRI N ICM

2.1. Mc ch - Hiu r phng php phn tch s liu iu tra tnh hnh sn xut nng nghip ca a phng. - nh gi cc yu t thun li, kh khn, nh ng im yu v im mnh trong sn xut nng nghip ca a phng. - a ra cc gii php c th s pht trin ICM cho a phng. 2.2. Ni dung - Tng hp, phn tch s liu iu tra - Vit bo co nh gi - Trnh by bo co v tho lun 2.3. C s vt cht cn thit 2.3.1. Phng tin: phng seminar, my tnh, projector... 2.3.1. Vt liu: giy, bt, s ghi chp...

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BI 3 XY DNG CH NG TRNH LP ICM FFS

3.1. Mc ch - Hiu r cc bc xy dng ch ng trnh lp ICM FFS. - xut chng trnh tp hun v cc ni dung cho mi bui tp hun. - nh gi tnh kh thi v cc yu t thun li, bt li khi thc hin ch ng trnh tp hun.

3.2. Ni dung - Xy d ng k hoch FFS bao gm cc hot ng chun b cho lp hc. - Xy d ng ni dung chng trnh cho c lp hc - Xy d ng ni dung cho mi bui hc - nh gi lp hc - K hoch cc hot ng hu FFS

3.3. C s vt cht cn thit 3.3.1. Phng tin: phng seminar, my tnh, projector, bng bo co... 3.3.1. Vt liu: giy A0, A4, bt x cc mu, giy mu cc mu, s ghi chp,...

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TI LIU THAM KHO

ASEAN GAP, 2006. Good Agricultural Practices for Production of Fresh Fruit and Vegetables in ASEAN Countries: Environmental Management Module. ASEAN GAP, 2006. Good Agricultural Practices for Production of Fresh Fruit and Vegetables in ASEAN Countries: Food Safety Module. ASEAN GAP, 2006. Good Agricultural Practices for Production of Fresh Fruit and Vegetables in ASEAN Countries: Produce Q uality Module. BAA, LEAF, ATB Landbase and Sansburys 1996. Integrated Crop Management. Hein, B., 2005. Farmer Field School for IPM- Refresh Your Memory. IPM DADIDA. Horowitz, A. R., 2004. Insect Pest Management: Field and Protected Crops. Springer. Koul, O., Gurmail, D. S., Gerrit, W.C., 2003. Integrated Pest Management Potential, Constraints and Challenges. CABI Publishing. Morris, M., Lynne, V., 2006. Measuring and Conserving Irrigation Water. ATTRA Norris, R. F., Caswell C hen, E. P., Kogan, M., 2003. Concepts in Integrated Pest Management. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey. Omafra, S., 2005. Nutrient Management Protocol. ATTRA. Sullivan, P., 2004. Sustainable Soil Management. ATTRA. Van de Fliert, E., Braun A. R., 2000. Farmer Field School for Integrated Crop Management of Sweetpotato- Field Guide and Technical Manual. CIP and UPWARD. http://attra.ncat.org/ www.globalgap.org

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