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TRNG TC NGH KT - KT H NAM

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P MC LC
LI NI U ........................................................................................................................... 2 PHN I: I CNG V O LNG IN .................................................................... 3 1.1 KHI NIM V O LNG IN. ............................................................................ 3 1.1.1. Khi nim v o lng. ............................................................................................ 3 1.1.2. Khi nim v o lng in. .................................................................................... 3 1.1.3. Cc phng php o. ............................................................................................... 3 1.2. CC SAI S V TNH SAI S. ................................................................................... 6 1.2.1. Khi nim v sai s. .................................................................................................. 6 1.2.2. Cc loi sai s. .......................................................................................................... 6 1.2.3. Phng php tnh sai s. ......................................................................................... 8 1.2.4. Cc phng php hn ch sai s ............................................................................. 9 PHN II. CC LOI C CU O THNG DNG ........................................................ 12 2.1. KHI NIM V C CU O. ................................................................................... 12 2.2. CC LOI C CU O. ............................................................................................ 12 2.2.1. C cu o t in.. ................................................................................................. 12 2.2.2. C cu o in t. .................................................................................................. 15 2.2.3. C cu o in ng. .............................................................................................. 16 2.2.4. C cu o cm ng................................................................................................. 17 PHN III. O CC I LNG IN C BN ............................................................ 20 3.1. O I LNG U, I. .................................................................................................. 20 3.1.1. o dng in........................................................................................................... 20 3.1.2. o in p. .............................................................................................................. 26 3.2. O CC I LNG R, L, C.................................................................................... 34 3.2.1. o in tr. ............................................................................................................. 34 3.2.2. o in cm. ........................................................................................................... 41 3.2.3. o in dung .......................................................................................................... 43 3.3.1. o tn s. ................................................................................................................ 43 3.3.2. o cng sut v in nng (nng lng)............................................................... 45 PHN IV. S DNG CC LOI MY O THNG DNG .......................................... 54 4.1. S DNG VOM, M. ................................................................................................. 54 4.1.1. S dng VOM. ........................................................................................................ 54 4.1.2. S dng M. ......................................................................................................... 56 4.2. S DNG AMPE KM, OSC. ..................................................................................... 57 4.2.1. S D AMPE KM. ....................................................................................................... 57 4.2.2. S dng Dao ng k (Oscilloscope)..................................................................... 59 4.3. S DNG MY BIN P O LNG. ................................................................... 70 4.3.1. My bin in p. ................................................................................................... 70 4.3.2. My bin dng in. ............................................................................................... 72 PHNV. TI LIU CN THAM KHO ............................................................................ 75

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Li ni u
o lng in l mn hc nghin cu cc phng php o cc i lng vt l: i lng in: in p, dng in, cng sut, v i lng khng in: nhit , m, vn tc Gio trnh o lng in c bin son da trn cc gio trnh v ti liu tham kho mi nht hin nay, c dng lm ti liu tham kho cho hc sinh, sinh vin cc ngnh: in cng nghip, in dn dng, K thut Vin thng, Cng ngh Thng tin, T ng ho, Trang thit b in, Tn hiu Giao thng. Cung cp cho hc sinh, sinh vin nhng kin thc c bn v chuyn su v k thut o lng. Trnh by cc dng c o, nguyn l o v phng php o cc thng s. Trn c s , ngi hc bit cch s dng dng c o v x l kt qu o trong cng vic sau ny. Trong qu trnh bin son, c cc ng nghip ng gp nhiu kin, mc d c gng sa cha, b sung cho cun sch c hon chnh hn, song chc chn khng trnh khi nhng thiu st, hn ch. Mong nhn c cc kin ng gp ca bn c!

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Phn I: I CNG V O LNG IN


Trong qu trnh nghin cu khoa hc ni chung v c th l t vic nghin cu, thit k, ch to, th nghim cho n khi vn hnh, sa cha cc thit b, cc qu trnh cng ngh u yu cu phi bit r cc thng s ca i tng c cc quyt nh ph hp. S nh gi cc thng s quan tm ca cc i tng nghin cu c thc hin bng cch o cc i lng vt l c trng cho cc thng s .

1.1 KHI NIM V O LNG IN.


1.1.1. Khi nim v o lng. o lng l mt qu trnh nh gi nh lng i lng cn o c kt qu bng s so vi n v o. Kt qu o lng (Ax) l gi tr bng s, c nh ngha bng t s gia i lng cn o (X) v n v o (Xo): Kt qu o c biu din di dng: A = Trong : X - i lng o X0 - n v o A - con s kt qu o. T (1.1) c phng trnh c bn ca php o: X = Ax . Xo , ch r s so snh X so vi Xo, nh vy mun o c th i lng cn o X phi c tnh cht l cc gi tr ca n c th so snh c, khi mun o mt i lng khng c tnh cht so snh c thng phi chuyn i chng thnh i lng c th so snh c. 1.1.2. Khi nim v o lng in. i lng no so snh c vi mu hay chun th mi o c. Nu cc i lng khng so snh c th phi chuyn i v i lng so snh c vi mu hay chun ri o. o lng in l mt qu trnh nh gi nh lng i lng in cn o c kt qu bng s so vi n v o. 1.1.3. Cc phng php o. Phng php o l vic phi hp cc thao tc c bn trong qu trnh o, bao gm cc thao tc: xc nh mu v thnh lp mu, so snh, bin i, th hin kt qu hay ch th. Cc phng php o khc nhau ph thuc vo cc phng php nhn thng tin o v nhiu yu t khc nh i lng o ln hay nh, iu kin o, sai s, yu cu Ty thuc vo i tng o, iu kin o v chnh xc yu cu ca php o m ngi quan st phi bit chn cc phng php o khc nhau thc hin tt qu trnh o lng. C th c nhiu phng php o khc nhau nhng trong thc t thng
X v ta c X = A.X0 X0

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phn thnh 2 loi phng php o chnh l phng php o bin i thng v phng php o kiu so snh. 1.1.3.1. Phng php o bin i thng - nh ngha: l phng php o c s cu trc theo kiu bin i thng, ngha l khng c khu phn hi. - Qu trnh thc hin: * i lng cn o X qua cc khu bin i bin i thnh con s NX, ng thi n v ca i lng o XO cng c bin i thnh con s NO. * Tin hnh qu trnh so snh gia i lng o v n v (thc hin php chia NX/NO), * Thu c kt qu o: AX = X/XO = NX/NO .

Hnh 1.2. Lu phng php o bin i thng. Qu trnh ny c gi l qu trnh bin i thng, thit b o thc hin qu trnh ny gi l thit b o bin i thng. Tn hiu o X v tn hiu n v XO sau khi qua khu bin i (c th l mt hay nhiu khu ni tip) c th c qua b bin i tng t - s A/D c NX v NO , qua khu so snh c NX/NO. Dng c o bin i thng thng c sai s tng i ln v tn hiu qua cc khu bin i s c sai s bng tng sai s ca cc khu, v vy dng c o loi ny thng c s dng khi chnh xc yu cu ca php o khng cao lm. 1.1.3.2.Phng php o kiu so snh: - nh ngha: l phng php o c s cu trc theo kiu mch vng, ngha l c khu phn hi. - Qu trnh thc hin: + i lng o X v i lng mu XO c bin i thnh mt i lng vt l no thun tin cho vic so snh. + Qu trnh so snh X v tn hiu XK (t l vi XO) din ra trong sut qu trnho, khi hai i lng bng nhau c kt qu XK s c c kt qu o. Qu trnh o nh vy gi l qu trnh o kiu so snh. Thit b o thc hin qu trnh ny gi l thit b o kiu so snh (hay cn gi l kiu b).

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Hnh 1.3. Lu phng php o kiu so snh. + Cc phng php so snh: b so snh SS thc hin vic so snh i lng o X v i lng t l vi mu XK, qua b so snh c: X = X - XK. Ty thuc vo cch so snh m s c cc phng php sau: - So snh cn bng: * Qu trnh thc hin: i lng cn o X v i lng t l vi mu XK = NK.XO c so snh vi nhau sao cho X = 0, t suy ra X = XK = NK.XO + suy ra kt qu o: AX = X/XO = NK. Trong qu trnh o, XK phi thay i khi X thay i c kt qu so snh l X = 0 t suy ra kt qu o. * chnh xc: ph thuc vo chnh xc ca XK v nhy ca thit b ch th cn bng ( chnh xc khi nhn bit X = 0). V d: cu o, in th k cn bng - So snh khng cn bng: * Qu trnh thc hin: i lng t l vi mu XK l khng i v bit trc, qua b so snh c c X = X - XK, o X s c c i lng o X = X + XK t c kt qu o: AX = X/XO = (X + XK)/XO. * chnh xc: chnh xc ca php o ch yu do chnh xc ca XK quyt nh, ngoi ra cn ph thuc vo chnh xc ca php o X, gi tr ca X so vi X ( chnh xc ca php o cng cao khi X cng nh so vi X). Phng php ny thng c s dng o cc i lng khng in, nh o ng sut (dng mch cu khng cn bng), o nhit - So snh khng ng thi: * Qu trnh thc hin: da trn vic so snh cc trng thi p ng ca thit b o khi chu tc ng tng ng ca i lng o X v i lng t l vi mu XK, khi hai trng thi p ng bng nhau suy ra X = XK . u tin di tc ng ca X gy ra mt trng thi no o trong thit b o, sau thay X bng i lng mu XK thch hp sao cho cng gy ra ng trng thi nh khi X tc ng, t suy ra X = XK. Nh vy r rng l XK phi thay i khi X thay i.

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* chnh xc: ph thuc vo chnh xc ca XK. Phng php ny chnh xc v khi thay XK bng X th mi trng thi ca thit b o vn gi nguyn. Thng th gi tr mu c a vo khc trc, sau qua cc vch khc mu xc nh gi tr ca i lng o X. Thit b o theo phng php ny l cc thit b nh gi trc tip nh vnmt, ampemt ch th kim. - So snh ng thi: * Qu trnh thc hin: so snh cng lc nhiu gi tr ca i lng o X v i lng mu XK, cn c vo cc gi tr bng nhau suy ra gi tr ca i lng o. V d: xc nh 1 inch bng bao nhiu mm: ly thc c chia mm (mu), thc kia theo inch (i lng cn o), t im 0 trng nhau, c c cc im trng nhau l: 127mm v 5 inch, 254mm v 10 inch, t c c:1 inch = 127/5 = 254/10 = 25,4 mm Trong thc t thng s dng phng php ny th nghim cc c tnh ca cc cm bin hay ca thit b o nh gi sai s ca chng. T cc phng php o trn c th c cc cch thc hin php o l: - o trc tip : kt qu c ch sau mt ln o - o gin tip: kt qu c bng php suy ra t mt s php o trc tip - o hp b: nh gin tip nhng phi gi mt phng trnh hay mt h phng trnh mi c kt qu - o thng k: o nhiu ln v ly gi tr trung bnh mi c kt qu

1.2. CC SAI S V TNH SAI S.


1.2.1. Khi nim v sai s. Ngoi sai s ca dng c o, vic thc hin qu trnh o cng gy ra nhiu sai s. Nguyn nhn ca nhng sai s ny gm: - Phng php o c chn. - Mc cn thn khi o. Do vy kt qu o lng khng ng vi gi tr chnh xc ca i lng o m c sai s, gi l sai s ca php o. Nh vy mun c kt qu chnh xc ca php o th trc khi o phi xem xt cc iu kin o chn phng php o ph hp, sau khi o cn phi gia cng cc kt qu thu c nhm tm c kt qu chnh xc. 1.2.2. Cc loi sai s. * Sai s tuyt i, sai s tng i, sai s h thng.

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- Sai s ca php o: l sai s gia kt qu o lng so vi gi tr chnh xc ca i lng o. - Gi tr thc Xth ca i lng o: l gi tr ca i lng o xc nh c vi mt chnh xc no (thng nh cc dng c mu c cp chnh xc cao hn dng c o c s dng trong php o ang xt). Gi tr chnh xc (gi tr ng) ca i lng o thng khng bit trc, v vy khi nh gi sai s ca php o thng s dng gi tr thc Xth ca i lng o. Nh vy ta ch c s nh gi gn ng v kt qu ca php o. Vic xc nh sai s ca php o - tc l xc nh tin tng ca kt qu o l mt trong nhng nhim v c bn ca o lng hc. Sai s ca php o c th phn loi theo cch th hin bng s, theo ngun gy ra sai s hoc theo qui lut xut hin ca sai s. Tiu ch phn loi Theo cch th hin bng s Theo ngun gy ra sai s Theo qui lut xut hin ca sai s Loi sai s - Sai s tuyt i. - Sai s tng i. - Sai s phng php. - Sai s thit b. - Sai s ch quan. - Sai s bn ngoi. - Sai s h thng. - Sai s ngu nhin. Tiu ch phn loi Loi sai s Theo cch th hin bng s - Sai s tuyt i - Sai s tng i Theo ngun gy ra sai s - Sai s phng php - Sai s thit b. - Sai s ch quan. - Sai s bn ngoi. Bng 2.1. Phn loi sai s ca php o. Theo qui lut xut hin ca sai s - Sai s h thng. - Sai s ngu nhin

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* Sai s tuyt i X: l hiu gia i lng o X v gi tr thc Xth : X = X - Xth * Sai s tng i X : l t s gia sai s tuyt i v gi tr thc tnh bng phn trm:
X =
X .100(%) ; th.

V X = X th nn c th c: X

X .100(%)

Sai s tng i c trng cho cht lng ca php o. chnh xc ca php o : i lng nghch o ca sai s tng i:
=
th 1 .= X X

* Sai s h thng (systematic error): thnh phn sai s ca php o lun khng i hoc thay i c qui lut khi o nhiu ln mt i lng o. Qui lut thay i c th l mt pha (dng hay m), c chu k hoc theo mt qui lut phc tp no . V d: sai s h thng khng i c th l: sai s do khc thang o (vch khc b lch), sai s do hiu chnh dng c o khng chnh xc (chnh ng tm ngang sai trong dao ng k) Sai s h thng thay i c th l sai s do s dao ng ca ngun cung cp (pin yu, n p khng tt), do nh hng ca trng in t

Hnh 2.1. Sai s h thng do khc vch l 1 - khi c cn hiu chnh thm 1 . 1.2.3. Phng php tnh sai s. Da vo s ln cc gi tr o c c th xc nh qui lut thay i ca sai s ngu nhin nh s dng cc phng php ton hc thng k v l thuyt xc sut. Nhim v ca vic tnh ton sai s ngu nhin l ch r gii hn thay i ca sai s

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ca kt qu o khi thc hin php o nhiu ln, nh vy php o no c kt qu vi sai s ngu nhin vt qu gii hn s b loi b. - C s ton hc: vic tnh ton sai s ngu nhin da trn gi thit l sai s ngu nhin ca cc php o cc i lng vt l thng tun theo lut phn bchun (lut phn b Gaux-Gauss). Nu sai s ngu nhin vt qu mt gi tr no th xc sut xut hin s hu nh bng khng v v th kt qu o no c sai s ngu nhin nh vy s b loi b. - Cc bc tnh sai s ngu nhin: Xt n php o vi cc kt qu o thu c l x1, x2, ..., xn. *. Tnh c lng k vng ton hc mX ca i lng o:
n X 1 + X 2 + ..... + X n x mX = X = = i , n i =1 n

chnh l gi tr trung bnh i s ca n kt qu o. *. Tnh lch ca kt qu mi ln o so vi gi tr trung bnh vi :

vi = xi X
vi (cn gi l sai s d). *. Tnh khong gii hn ca sai s ngu nhin: c tnh trn c s ng phn b chun: = [1 , 2 ] , thng chn: = [ 1 , 2 ] vi:

1 = 2 =

v
i 1

2 i

n.(n 1)

vi xc sut xut hin sai s ngu nhin ngoi khong ny l 34%. *. X l kt qu o: nhng kt qu o no c sai s d vi nm ngoi khong [ 1 , 2 ] s b loi. 1.2.4. Cc phng php hn ch sai s Mt trong nhng nhim v c bn ca mi php o chnh xc l phi phn tch cc nguyn nhn c th xut hin v loi tr sai s h thng. Mc d vic pht hin sai s h thng l phc tp, nhng nu pht hin th vic loi tr sai s h thng s khng kh khn. * Vic loi tr sai s h thng c th tin hnh bng cch: - Chun b tt trc khi o: phn tch l thuyt; kim tra dng c o trc khi s dng; chun b trc khi o; chnh "0" trc khi o

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- Qu trnh o c phng php ph hp: tin hnh nhiu php o bng cc phng php khc nhau; s dng phng php th - X l kt qu o sau khi o: s dng cch b sai s ngc du (cho mt lng hiu chnh vi du ngc li); trong trng hp sai s h thng khng i th c th loi c bng cch a vo mt lng hiu chnh hay mt h s hiu chnh: + Lng hiu chnh: l gi tr cng loi vi i lng o c a thm vo kt qu o nhm loi sai s h thng. + H s hiu chnh: l s c nhn vi kt qu o nhm loi tr sai s h thng. Trong thc t khng th loi tr hon ton sai s h thng. Vic gim nh hng sai s h thng c th thc hin bng cch chuyn thnh sai s ngu nhin. * X l kt qu o. Nh vy sai s ca php o gm 2 thnh phn: sai s h thng - khng i hoc thay i c qui lut v sai s ngu nhin - thay i mt cch ngu nhin khng c qui lut. Trong qu trnh o hai loi sai s ny xut hin ng thi v sai s php o X c biu din di dng tng ca hai thnh phn sai s : X = + . nhn c cc kt qu sai lch t nht so vi gi tr thc ca i lng o cn phi tin hnh o nhiu ln v thc hin gia cng (x l) kt qu o (cc s liu nhn c sau khi o). Sau n ln o s c n kt qu o x1, x2, .., xn l s liu ch yu tin hnh gia cng kt qu o. * Loi tr sai s h thng. Vic loi tr sai s h thng sau khi o c tin hnh bng cc phng php. - S dng cch b sai s ngc du - a vo mt lng hiu chnh hay mt h s hiu chnh

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Hnh 2.2. Lu thut ton qu trnh gia cng kt qu o.

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Phn II. CC LOI C CU O THNG DNG 2.1. KHI NIM V C CU O.


C cu o l thnh phn c bn to nn cc dng c v thit b o lng dng tng t (analog) v hin s Digitans. - dng tng t (analog) l dng c o bin i thng: i lng cn o X nh in p, dng in, tn s, gc pha c bin i thnh gc quay ca phn ng(so vi phn tnh), tc l bin i t nng lng in t thnh nng lng c hc. T c biu thc quan h:
= (X ) vi X l i lng in.

Cc c cu ch th ny thng dng trong cc dng c o cc i lng: dng in, in p, cng sut, tn s, gc pha, in trca mch in mt chiu v xoay chiu tn s cng nghip. - Hin s (Digitans) l c cu ch th s ng dng cc k thut in t v k thut my tnh bin i v ch th i lng o. C nhiu loi thit b hin s khc nhau nh: n si t, n in tch, LED 7 thanh, mn hnh tinh th lng LCD, mn hnh cm ng 2.2. CC LOI C CU O. 2.2.1. C cu o t in.. * lgmt t in (Permanent Magnet Moving Coil). a) Cu to chung: gm hai phn c bn: phn tnh v phn ng: - Phn tnh: gm: nam chm vnh cu 1; mch t v cc t 3 v li st 6 hnh thnh mch t kn. Gia cc t 3 v li st 6 c c khe h khng kh u gi l khe h lm vic, gia t khung quay chuyn ng. - Phn ng: gm: khung dy quay 5 c qun bng dy ng. Khung dy c gn vo trc quay (hoc dy cng, dy treo). Trn trc quay c hai l xo cn 7 mc ngc nhau, kim ch th 2 v thang o 8.

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Hnh 2.1. C cu ch th t in. b) Nguyn l lm vic chung: khi c dng in chy qua khung dy 5 (phn ng), di tc ng ca t trng nam chm vnh cu 1 (phn tnh) sinh ra mmen quay Mq lm khung dy lch khi v tr ban u mt gc . Mmen quay c tnh theo biu thc:
Mq =
dWe = B.S.W.I d

vi

B: t cm ca nam chm vnh cu S: tit din khung dy W: s vng dy ca khung dy

Ti v tr cn bng, mmen quay bng mmen cn:


M q = M c = B.S .W .I = D. = 1 .B.S .W .I = S I .I D

Vi mt c cu ch th c th do B, S, W, D l hng s nn gc lch t l bc nht vi dng in I chy qua khung dy. c) Cc c tnh chung: t biu thc (5.1) suy ra c cu ch th t in c cc c tnh c bn sau: - Ch o c dng in mt chiu. - c tnh ca thang o u. - nhy S I =
1 B.S .W l hng s D

- u im: chnh xc cao; nh hng ca t trng ngoi khng ng k (do t trng l do nam chm vnh cu sinh ra); cng sut tiu th nh nn nh hng khng ng k n ch ca mch o; cn du tt; thang o u (do gc quay tuyn tnh theo dng in). - Nhc im: ch to phc tp; chu qu ti km (do cun dy ca khung quay nh); chnh xc ca php o b nh hng ln bi nhit , ch o dng mt chiu. - ng dng: c cu ch th t in dng ch to ampemt vnmt, mmt nhiu thang o v c di o rng; chnh xc cao (cp 0,1 0,5). + Ch to cc loi ampemt, vnmt, mmt nhiu thang o, di o rng. + Ch to cc loi in k c nhy cao c th o c: dng n 10-12A, p n 10 - 4V, o in lng, pht hin s lch im khng trong mch cn o hay trong in th k.

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+ S dng trong cc mch dao ng k nh sng quan st v ghi li cc gi tr tc thi ca dng p, cng sut tn s c th n 15kHz; c s dng ch to cc u rung. + Lm ch th trong cc mch o cc i lng khng in khc nhau. + Ch to cc dng c o in t tng t: vnmt in t, tn s k in t, pha k in t + Dng vi cc b bin i khc nh chnh lu, cm bin cp nhit c th o c dng, p xoay chiu. d) Lgmt t in: l loi c cu ch th o t s hai dng in, hot ng theo nguyn l ging c cu ch th in t, ch khc l khng c l xo cn m thay bng mt khung dy th hai to ra mmen c hng chng li mmen quay ca khung dy th nht. Nguyn l lm vic: trong khe h ca t trng ca nam chm vnh cu t phn ng gm hai khung quay t lch nhau gc (300 900). Hai khung dy gn vo mt trc chung. Dng in I1 v I2 a vo cc khung dy bng cc dy dn khng mmen.

Hnh 2.2. Lgmt t in - Dng I1 sinh ra mmen quay Mq: M q = I 1 . - Dng I2 sinh ra mmen cn Mc: M = I 2 .
d1 d

d 2 d

vi 1, 2: t thng ca nam chm mc vng qua cc khung dy, thay i theo . Du ca Mq v Mc ngc nhau. Cc gi tr cc i ca cc mmen lch nhau gc . trng thi cn bng c:

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M q = M c I1.

d1 d = I2. 2 d d

d 2 I f ( ) d 1 = = 1 = f ( ) d1 I2 f 2 ( ) d

vi f1(), f2() l cc i lng xc nh tc thay i ca t thng mc vng. T biu thc trn c: = F (


I1 ) I2

c tnh c bn: gc lch t l vi t s ca hai dng in i qua cc khung dy. ng dng: lgmt t in c ng dng o in tr, tn s v cc i lng khng in. 2.2.2. C cu o in t. * lgmt in t. a) Cu to chung: gm hai phn c bn: phn tnh v phn ng: - Phn tnh: l cun dy 1 bn trong c khe h khng kh (khe h lm vic). - Phn ng: l li thp 2 c gn ln trc quay 5, li thp c th quay t do trong khe lm vic ca cun dy. Trn trc quay c gn: b phn cn du khng kh 4, kim ch 6, i trng 7. Ngoi ra cn c l xo cn 3, bng khc 8.

Hnh 2.3. Cu to chung ca c cu ch th in t. b) Nguyn l lm vic: dng in I chy vo cun dy 1 (phn tnh) to thnh mt nam chm in ht li thp 2 (phn ng) vo khe h khng kh vi mmen quay:
Mq = dWe LI 2 , vi We = d 2

vi L l in cm ca cun dy, suy ra:


dL 1 M q = .I 2 . d 2

Ti v tr cn bng c:
Mq = Mc = 1 dL 2 .I 2 D d

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l phng trnh th hin c tnh ca c cu ch th in t. c) Cc c tnh chung: - Gc quay t l vi bnh phng ca dng in, tc l khng ph thuc vo chiu ca dng in nn c th o trong c mch xoay chiu hoc mt chiu. - Thang o khng u, c c tnh ph thuc vo t s dL/dl mt i lng phi tuyn. - Cn du thng bng khng kh hoc cm ng. - u im: cu to n gin, tin cy, chu c qu ti ln. - Nhc im: chnh xc khng cao nht l khi o mch mt chiu s b sai s (do hin tng t tr, t d); nhy thp; b nh hng ca t trng ngoi (do t trng ca c cu yu khi dng nh). d) ng dng: thng c s dng ch to cc loi ampemt, vnmt trong mch xoay chiu tn s cng nghip vi chnh xc cp 12. t dng trong cc mch c tn s cao. 2.2.3. C cu o in ng. * lgmt in ng. a) Cu to chung: nh hnh 2.4: gm hai phn c bn: phn tnh v phn ng: - Phn tnh: gm: cun dy 1 (c chia thnh hai phn ni tip nhau) to ra t trng khi c dng in chy qua. Trc quay chui qua khe h gia hai phn cun dy tnh. - Phn ng: gm mt khung dy 2 t trong lng cun dy tnh. Khung dy 2 c gn vi trc quay, trn trc c l xo cn, b phn cn du v kim ch th. C phn ng v phn tnh c bc kn bng mn chn ngn chn nh hng ca t trng ngoi. b) Nguyn l lm vic chung: khi c dng in I1 chy vo cun dy 1 (phn tnh) lm xut hin t trng trong lng cun dy. T trng ny tc ng ln dng in I2 chy trong khung dy 2 (phn ng) to nn mmen quay lm khung dy 2 quay mt gc . Mmen quay c tnh: Mq =
dWe d

vi: We l nng in in t trng. C hai trng hp xy ra: - I1, I2 l dng in mt chiu: =


1 dM 12 .I 1 .I 2 D d

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vi: M12 l h cm gia cun dy tnh v ng. - I1 v I2 l dng in xoay chiu: = vi: l gc lch pha gia I1 v I2.
1 dM 12 .I 1 .I 2 . cos D d

Hnh 2.4. Cu to ca c cu ch th in ng c) Cc c tnh chung: - C th dng trong c mch in mt chiu v xoay chiu. - Gc quay ph thuc tch (I1.I2) nn thang o khng u - Trong mch in xoay chiu ph thuc gc lch pha gia hai dng in nn c th ng dng lm Otmt o cng sut. - u im c bn: c chnh xc cao khi o trong mch in xoay chiu. - Nhc im: cng sut tiu th ln nn khng thch hp trong mch cng sut nh. Chu nh hng ca t trng ngoi, mun lm vic tt phi c b phn chn t. nhy thp v mch t yu. d) ng dng: ch to cc ampemt, vnmt, atmt mt chiu v xoay chiu tn s cng nghip; cc pha k o gc lch pha hay h s cng sut cos. Trong mch c tn s cao phi c mch b tn s (o c di tn n 20KHz). 2.2.4. C cu o cm ng. a) Cu to chung: nh hnh 2.5: gm phn tnh v phn ng. - Phn tnh: cc cun dy in 2,3 c cu to khi c dng in chy trong cun dy s sinh ra t trng mc vng qua mch t v qua phn ng, c t nht l 2 nam chm in. - Phn ng: a kim loi 1 (thng bng nhm) gn vo trc 4 quay trn tr 5.

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Hnh 2.5. C cu ch th cm ng b) Nguyn l lm vic chung: da trn s tc ng tng h gia t trng xoay chiu (c to ra bi dng in trong phn tnh) v dng in xoy to ra trong a ca phn ng, do c cu ny ch lm vic vi mch in xoay chiu: Khi dng in I1, I2 vo cc cun dy phn tnh sinh ra cc t thng 1, 2 (cc t thng ny lch pha nhau gc bng gc lch pha gia cc dng in tng ng), t thng 1, 2 ct a nhm 1 (phn ng) xut hin trong a nhm cc sc in ng tng ng E1, E2 (lch pha vi 1, 2 gc /2) xut hin cc dng in xoy I x1, Ix2 (lch pha vi E1, E2 gc 1, 2). Cc t thng 1, 2 tc ng tng h vi cc dng in Ix1, Ix2 sinh ra cc lc F1, F2 v cc mmen quay tng ng quay a nhm (phn ng). Mmen quay c tnh: M q = C. f .1 2 sin vi: C l hng s f l tn s ca dng in I1, I2 l gc lch pha gia I1, I2 c) Cc c tnh chung: - iu kin c mmen quay l t nht phi c hai t trng. - Mmen quay t gi tr cc i nu gc lch pha gia I1, I2 bng /2. - Mmen quay ph thuc tn s ca dng in to ra cc t trng. - Ch lm vic trong mch xoay chiu. - Nhc im: mmen quay ph thuc tn s nn cn phi n nh tn s. d) ng dng: ch yu ch to cngt o nng lng; c th o tn s

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Bng A. Bng tng kt cc loi c cu ch th c in

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Phn III. O CC I LNG IN C BN 3.1. O I LNG U, I.


3.1.1. o dng in. * Khi nim chung Dng c c s dng o dng in gi l ampe k hay ampemet K hiu l: A Ampe k c nhiu loi khc nhau, nu chia theo kt cu ta c: + Ampe k t in + Ampe k in t + Ampe k in ng + Ampe k nhit in + Ampe k bn dn

Hnh 1.1: ng h s v kim Nu chia theo loi ch th ta c: + Ampe k ch th s (Digital) + Ampe k ch th kim (kiu tng t /Analog) Hnh bn l hai loi ng h vn nng s v kim. Nu chia theo tnh cht ca i lng o, ta c: + Ampe k mt chiu
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+ Ampe k xoay chiu * Yu cu i vi dng c o dng in l: - Cng sut tiu th cng nh cng tt, in tr ca ampe k cng nh cng tt v l tng l bng 0. - Lm vic trong mt di tn cho trc m bo cp chnh xc ca dng c o - Mc ampe k o dng phi mc ni tip vi dng cn o (hnh di)

Hnh 1.2: Dng ng h s o dng in A. Ampe k mt chiu Ampe k mt chiu c ch to da trn c cu ch th t in. Nh bit, lch ca kim t l thun vi dng chy qua cun ng nhng lch kim c to ra bi dng in rt nh v cun dy qun bng dy c tit din b nn kh nng chu dng rt km. Thng thng, dng cho php qua c cu ch trong khong 10 - 4 n 10-2 A; in tr ca cun dy t 20 n 2000 vi cp chnh xc 1,1; 1; 0,5; 0,2; v 0,05. tng kh nng chu dng cho c cu (cho php dng ln hn qua) ngi ta mc thm in tr sun song song vi c cu ch th c gi tr nh sau:
RS = RCT I vi n = gi l h s m rng thang o ca ampe k n 1 I CT

Hnh 3.3: Mc thm in tr sun song song vi c cu ch th I l dng cn o v ICT l dng cc i m c cu chu ng c ( lch cc i ca thang o)

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Ch : Khi o dng nh hn 30A th in tr sun nm ngay trong v ca ampe k cn khi o dng ln hn th in tr sun nh mt ph kin km theo. Khi ampe k c nhiu thang o ngi ta mc sun nh sau: Vic tnh in tr sun ng vi dng cn o c xc nh theo cng thc nh trn nhng vi n khc nhau. hnh a)
RS 1 = R1 = rct + RS 2 + RS 3 r + R3 I I Vi n1 = 1 ; RS 2 = R1 + R2 = ct Vi n2 = 2 n1 1 I CT I CT n2 1
rct I Vi n3 = 3 n3 1 I CT

RS 3 = R1 + R2 + R3 =

hnh b:

RS1 =

rct r I I Vi n1 = 1 ; RS 2 = ct Vi n2 = 2 n1 1 I CT n2 1 I CT rct I r I Vi n3 = 3 ; RS 4 = ct Vi n4 = 4 n3 1 I CT n4 1 I CT

RS 3 =

Ch : in tr sun c ch to bng Manganin c chnh xc cao hn chnh xc ca c cu o t nht l 1 cp. Do cun dy ng ca c cu ch th c qun bng dy ng mnh, in tr ca n thay i ng k khi nhit ca mi trng thay i v sau mt thi gian lm vic bn thn dng in chy qua cun dy cng to ra nhit . gim nh hng ca s thay i in tr cun dy khi nhit thay i, ngi ta mc thm in tr b bng Manganin hoc Constantan vi s nh sau:

Di y l v d thc t ca mt s mc in tr sun ca mt dng c o c dng v p

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B. Ampemet xoay chiu o cng dng in xoay chiu tn s cng nghip ngi ta thng s dng ampemet t in chnh lu, ampemet in t, v ampemet in ng. C. Ampemet chnh lu L dng c o dng in xoay chiu kt hp gia c cu ch th t in v mch chnh lu bng diode.

Bin p s dng l loi bin p dng c s vng dy ca cun s cp v th cp l W1 v W2. Khi t s dng th cp trn dng s cp c tnh bng: Kim ch th dng v tr ch dng trung bnh qua cun dy ng. RL c chn gnh phn dng d tha gia I2tb v Ict Mi quan h gia dng nh IP, dng trung bnh Itrb v dng trung bnh bnh phng Irms ca s mch chnh lu cu nh sau:
I tb = 0,637.I p
I rms = Ip 2 = 0.707.I p

I rms = 1,11..I tb

Ch : Gi tr dng m kim ch th dng l gi tr dng trung bnh nhng thang khc thng theo gi tr rms.

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Hnh a : Ampemet chnh lu Ch : Ni chung cc ampe k chnh lu c chnh xc khng cao (t 1 ti 1,5) do h s chnh lu thay i theo nhit v thay i theo tn s. C th s dng s b sai s o nhit v o tn s cho ampe k chnh lu nh sau:

Hnh b: Ampe k chnh lu D. Ampemet in ng Thng c s dng o dng in tn s 50Hz v cao hn (400 2.000Hz) vi chnh xc kh cao (cp 0,5 0,2). Khi dng in o nh hn 0,5A ngi ta mc ni tip cun tnh v cun ng cn khi dng ln hn 0,5A th mc song song nh (hnh sau).

Hnh c: Ampemet in ng Trong cc in tr v cun dy (L3, R3), (L4, R4) l b sai s do nhit (thng lm bng manganin hoc constantan) v sai s do tn s ( dng qua hai cun tnh v cun ng trng pha nhau).

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Do lch ca dng c o in ng t l vi I2 nn my o ch gi tr rms. Gi tr rms ca dng xoay chiu c tc dng nh tr s dng mt chiu tng ng nn c th c thang o ca dng c nh dng mt chiu hoc xoay chiu rms. E. Ampemet in t L dng c o dng in da trn c cu ch th in t. Mi c cu in t c ch to vi s ampe vng xc nh (I.W l mt hng s) Khi o dng c gi tr nh ngi ta mc cc cun dy ni tip v khi o dng ln ngi ta mc cc cun dy song song.

Hnh d: Ampemet in t G. Ampemet nhit in L dng c kt hp gia ch th t in v cp nhit in. Cp nhit in (hay cn gi l cp nhit ngu) gm 2 thanh kim loi khc loi c hn vi nhau ti mt u gi l im lm vic (nhit t1), hai u kia ni vi milivonk gi l u t do (nhit t0). Khi nhit u lm vic t1 khc nhit u t do t0 th cp nhit s sinh ra sc in ng
Et = k .1 . 0

0 = t1 t 0

Khi dng dng Ix t nng u t1 th:


0 = k 2 .I 2 x
Et = k .1 .k 2 I 2 x = k 2 x

Nh vy kt qu hin th trn milivon k t l vi dng cn o

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Hnh e: Ampemet nhit in Vt liu ch to cp nhit in c th l st constantan; ng constantan; crom alumen v platin rodi Ampemet nhit in c sai ln do tiu hao cng sut, kh nng chu qu ti km nhng c th o di tn rt rng t mt chiu ti hng MHz. Thng thng tng nhy ca cp nhit, ngi ta s dng mt b khuch i p nh s di y: J1, J2 l 2 u o nhit

Ch : o gi tr in p ca ngun xoay chiu ngi ta cng lm nh trn v khi nhit o c t l vi dng qua in tr nhit m dng ny li t l vi p trn hai u in tr, do vy cng xc nh c gi tr ca in p thng qua gi tr nhit . y chnh l nguyn tc ch to Vnk nhit in. 3.1.2. o in p. a. M u Dng c dng o in p gi l Vn k hay Vn met (Voltmeter) K hiu l: V Khi o in p bng Vn k th Vn k lun c mc song song vi on mch cn o nh hnh di y:

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Hnh a: Mch o in p - Khi cha mc Vn k vo in p ri trn ti l:


Ut = E .Rt Rt + Rng

- Khi mc Vn k vo in p ri trn ti l:
UV = E .R e Re + Rng RV .Rt RV + Rt

Re = RV // Rt =

Vy sai s ca php o in p bng Vnk l:


u =
U t UV U = 1 V = 1 Ut Ut

1+

1 Rt .Rng
RV ( Rt + Rng )

Nh vy, mun sai s nh th yu cu Rv phi cng ln cng tt v l tung l Rv ? Kt qu o nu mun tnh chnh xc th phi s dng cng thc: Uv = (1+ u ).Ut o in p ca mt phn t no ngi ta mc Vn k nh hnh di:

Hnh b: Dng ng h s o in p a.Vn k mt chiu * Nguyn tc hot ng

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lch ca dng c o TNCVC t l vi dng qua cun dy ng. Dng qua cun dy t l vi in p trn cun dy nn thang o ca my o TNCVC c th c chia ch in p. Ngha l, Vn k ch l ampe k dng rt nh vi in tr rt ln. in p nh mc ca ch th vo khong 50 75mV nn cn ni tip nhiu in tr ph (cn gi l in tr nhn) vi ch th lm tng khong o ca Vn k. S mc nh sau:

Trong :
I CT = U CT UX = RCT R P + RCT

( RP + RCT ).U CT = RCt .U X


R P = RCT . U X U CT U = RCT ( X 1) = (m 1).RCT U CT U CT

vi m =

UX gi l h s m rng thang o v p U CT

Vn k nhiu thang o th cc in tr ph c mc nh sau: S mc ni tip:

Trong :

Hoc s mc song song:

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Nhn xt: Thang o c vch chia u (tnh cht ca c cu t in) b.Vn k xoay chiu * Vn k t in o in p xoay chiu S dng c cu t in th dng c c tnh phn cc v phi mc ng sao cho lch dng (trn thang o). Khi dng xoay chiu c tn s rt thp chy qua dng c TNCVC th kim c xu hng ch theo gi tr tc thi ca dng xoay chiu. Nh vy, khi gi tr dng tng theo chiu + th kim cng tng ti gi tr cc i sau gim ti 0 v xung bn k m th kim s b lch ngoi thang o. Trng hp ny xy ra khi tn s ca dng xoay chiu c 0,1Hz hoc thp hn. Khi dng xoay chiu c tn s cng nghip (50/60Hz) hoc cao hn th c cu lm nht v qun tnh chuyn ng ca c cu ng (ton my o) khng bin i theo mc dng tc thi m thay vo kim ca dng c s dng v tr trung bnh ca dng chy qua cun ng. Vi sng sin thun tu kim lch s v tr zero mc d dng Irms c th c gi tr kh ln v c kh nng gy hng dng c. Do , s dng dng c TNCVC lm thnh dng c o xoay chiu ngi ta phi s dng cc b chnh lu (na sng hoc ton sng) cc gi tr ca dng ch gy ra lch dng. c.Vn k in t L dng c o in p xoay chiu tn s cng nghip. Cun dy tnh c s vng dy rt ln t 1000 6000 vng. m rng thang o ngi ta mc ni tip vi cun dy cc in tr ph.

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Cc t C c mc song song vi cc in tr ph b sai s do tn s khi tn s ln hn tn s cng nghip. d. Vn k in ng Cun kch c chia lm 2 phn ni tip nhau v ni tip vi cun ng. lch ca kim ch th t l vi I2 nn kim dng gi tr trung bnh ca I2 tc gi tr tc thi rms.

* c im ca Vn k in ng + Tc dng ca dng rms ging nh tr s dng mt chiu tng ng nn c th khc theo gi tr mt chiu v dng cho c xoay chiu + Dng c in ng thng i hi dng nh nht l 100mA cho LTT nn Vn k in ng c nhy thp hn nhiu so vi Vn k t in (ch khong 10/V) + gim thiu sai s ch nn dng khu vc tn s cng nghip e. o in p bng phng php so snh *C s l thuyt Cc dng c o in trnh by trn s dng c cu c in ch th kt qu o nn cp chnh xc ca dng c khng vt qu cp chnh xc ca ch th. o in p chnh xc hn ngi ta dng phng php b (so snh vi gi tr mu). Nguyn tc c bn nh sau: + Uk l in p mu vi chnh xc rt cao c to bi dng in I n nh i qua in tr mu Rk. Khi : Uk = I.Rk + Ch th l thit b pht hin s chnh lch gia in p mu Uk v in p cn o Ux U = Ux Uk

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Khi U 0 iu chnh con chy ca in tr mu Rk sao cho Ux = Uk, ngha l lm cho U = 0; ch th ch zero. + Kt qu c c trn in tr mu c khc theo th nguyn in p. Ch : Cc dng c b in p u c nguyn tc hot ng nh trn nhng c th khc nhau phn to in p mu Uk g.in th k mt chiu * S mch:

Nguyn tc hot ng ca s a) + Xc nh dng cng tc Ip nh ngun in p U0, Rc v Ampe k. + Gi nguyn gi tr ca Ip trong sut thi gian o + iu chnh con chy ca in tr mu Rk cho n khi ch th ch zero + c kt qu trn in tr mu, khi : Ux = Uk = Ip.Rk Trong s a, v s dng Ampe k nn chnh xc ca in th k khng th cao hn chnh xc ca Ampe k. Ngi ta ci tin mch bng cch s dng ngun pin mu (EN) v in tr mu (Rk) c chnh xc cao nh hnh b. *Nguyn tc hot ng ca s b) + Khi K v tr 1, iu chnh Rc ch th ch zero.

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+ Gi nguyn Rc v chuyn K sang v tr 2, iu chnh con trt ca in tr mu ch th v zero.

Ch : trn thc t, ngi ta thng s dng in th k mt chiu t ng cn bng ( o sc in ng ca cc cp nhit ngu o nhit ) S mch ca in th k mt chiu t ng cn bng

Trong : RN , EN l in tr v ngun in mu c chnh xc cao U0 l ngun in p n nh ng c thun nghch hai chiu iu chnh con chy ca Rp v Rc B iu ch lm nhim v bin i in p mt chiu (U) thnh in p xoay chiu iu khin ng c Hot ng: Trc khi o, kha K c t v tr KT (kim tra) khi dng I2 qua in tr mu RN v U = EN I2RN U qua b iu ch chuyn thnh tn hiu xoay chiu (role c iu khin bi nam chm in nn c tn s ng/ct ph thuc vo dng chy trong nam chm in). Tn hiu xoay chiu ny thng c gi tr rt nh nn phi qua b khuch i

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tng ti gi tr ln c th iu khin ng c thun nghch hai chiu. ng c ny quay v ko con chy ca Rc lm thay i I2 ti khi U =0. ng thi n cng ko con trt ca Rp v v tr cn bng. + Khi K v tr o ta c: U = Ex Uk vi Uk = I1 (R1 +Rp1) I2.R2 Nu Ex > Uk th ng c s ko con chy tng Uk ti khi U =0 Nu Ex < Uk th ng c s ko con chy gim Uk ti khi U = 0 V tr ca con chy v kim ch s xc nh gi tr ca Ex u im ca in th k mt chiu t ng cn bng l t ng trong qu trnh o v c kh nng t ghi kt qu trong mt thi gian di. h.in th k xoay chiu Nguyn tc hot ng chung ging nh in th k mt chiu, ngha l, cng so snh in p cn o vi in p ri trn in tr mu khi c dng cng tc chy qua. Tuy nhin, do khng s dng pin mu ma s dng dng xoay chiu nn vic iu chnh cho Ux v Uk bng nhau l rt phc tp. Mun Ux v Uk cn bng nhau th phi tho mn 3 iu kin: + Ux v Uk cng tn s + Ux v Uk bng nhau v tr s + Ux v Uk ngc pha nhau (1800) i.Vn k s Vn k s l dng c ch th kt qu bng con s m khng ph thuc vao cch c ca ngi o. Tu thuc vo phng php bin i ngi ta phn thnh: + Vn k s chuyn i thi gian + Vn k s chuyn i tn s + Vn k s chuyn i b

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3.2. O CC I LNG R, L, C.
3.2.1. o in tr. A. o in tr bng phng php gin tip a) o in tr bng vn mt v am phe mt S o in tr R da trn nh lut m.Mc d c th s dng cc dng c o chnh xc nhng gi tr in tr nhn c bng phng php ny c th c sai s ln . ty theo cch mc am pe mt v vn mt m gi tr Rx o c s khc nhau b. o in tr bng mmt *mmt mc song song L loi dng c o trong Rx mc song song vi c cu ch th hnh 5-5a. u im ca mmt loi ny lf c th o c in tr tng i nh (c k tr li) v in tr vo ca mmt R nh khi dng in t ngun cung cp khng ln lm. Do Rx mc song song vi c cu ch th nn khi Rx = (cha c Rx) dng in qua ch th l ln nht (ICT=ICTmax) vi Rx=0 dng in qua ch th ICT 0. Thang o c khc ging nh vnmt hnh 5-5b. iu chnh thang o ca mmt trong trng hp ngun cung cp thay i cng dng mt bin tr RM v iu chnh ng vi Rx = . Xc Rp v RM ging nh s mmt mc ni tip. *mmt nhiu thang o.

mmt

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nhiu thang o thc hin theo nguyn tc chuyn t gii hn o ny sang gii hn o khc bng cch thay i in tr ca mmt vi mt S ln nht nh sao cho khi Rx = 0 kim ch th vn m bo lch thang o(ngha l dng qua c cu o bng gi tr nh mc chn). m rng gii hn o ca mmt c th thc hin bng cch dng nhiu ngun cung cp v cc in tr phn dng(in tr sun) cho cc thang cp vi cc in tr sun tng ng c cht lng tt.

Thit b c dng ch th nh mc ICT =37.5A, in tr ca ch RTC=3,82k. iu chnh zr l mt bin tr 5k (vi mcc bnh thng). Pin 1,5 V dng chott c ccc khong o Rx1;Rx100 v Rx1k pin 15V dng cho khong o Rx10k. Rx c mc vo cc u ra ca mch (+,-).

Cng tc o c phn tip xc ng c th xoay tng nc cng chiu hoc ngc chiu kim ng h. Hnh 5-6b minh ho mmt thng dng v nm diu chnh mmt. c. Cu o in tr: Cu o in tr thng c chia thnh hai loi: Cu n v cu kp(cu wheatstone v cu Kelvin)

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*Cu n:( cu Wheatstone) Cu n l mt thit b dng o in tr rt chnh xc. Mch cu hnh 5-7 gm hai in tr c nh R2 v R3 v in tr iu chnh c R1, din tr cn o Rx v in k ch khng(CT). Cu c cung cp bng ngun in mt chiu Uo. Cc in tr R1, R2, R3 c ch to bng in tr Mangganin c n nh v chnh xc cao. xc nh in tr cha bit Rx ngi ta iu chnh bin tr R1 cho ti khi in k ch zr, lc cu ang ch cn bng ngha l in k ti hai im Va=Vb(Uab=0) do dng in khng i qua n k nn I1 s chy qua R1,R2 v I2 chy qua R3, Rx, ta c: I1R2=I2R3 I1R1=I2 Rx (5-12) (5-13)

Chia biu thc (5-12) cho(5-13) ta c


R I 1 R 2 I 2 R3 R hay 2 = 3 v RxR2=R1R3 = I 1 R1 I 2 R x R1 Rx

T tnh c in tr cha bit Rx=


R3 R1 R2

Vi R3 v R2 l cc in tr c nh do t s
R3 = k; kl h s nhn.Nu thay R2

i in tr R3 bng mt s cc in tr c gi tr ln hn nhau 10 ln V gi nguyn in tr R2 th ta s c cc h s nhn khc nhau. Nn c th m rng thang o ca cu nh hnh 5-8

in tr R5 (hnh 5-8) dng iu chnh nhy cm ca ch th ch khng. Trc khi o kha K c m ra chnh th (bo v qu dng in cho chi th). Khi

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cu tng i cn bng ngi ta ng kha K li chnh tinh cho n khi cu cn bng hon ton. chnh xc ca cu cn bng ph thuc vo nhy ca ch th v in p cung cp, v vy ch th khng cn c nhy cm cao, ngun cung cp m bo dng qua ch th khng vt qu dng cho php Ngoi cu hp nh hnh 5-8 ngi ta cn s dng cu bin tr (hnh 5-9). Trong cu bin tr, in tr R2 v R3 l mt bin tr c th thay i c tr s, R1 l mt dy cc in tr c tr s ln hn nhau 10 ln. Khi , in tr Rx c mc vo mch v iu chnh tr s R3/R2 cho n khi ch th Zro (cu cn bng) Gi tr in tr cn o Rz c xc nh theo cng thc Rx = R1
R3 R2

M rng gii o ca cu bng cch ch to in tr R1 thnh nhiu in tr c gi tr khc nhau v thng qua chuyn mch B thay i cc gi tr

u im ca cu bin tr l ch to gn nh nhng chnh xc khng cao do sai s ca bin tr v con chy. Cp chnh xc ca cu n o in tr thun ph thuc vo gii hn o. V d: gii o R = 50 105 cp chnh xc 0,05 % vi gii o R = 105 106 t cp 0,5%. *Cu kp (Cu Kelvin) Cu kp l thit b o in tr nh v rt nh m cc cu n trong qu trnh o khng thun tin v c sai ln do in tr ni dy v in tr tip xc. Cc in tr c tr s nh nh in tr sun ca ampemt phi c cc u ra in tr xc nh chnh xc. trnh nhng sai s do tip xc khi chu nhng dng in ln gy ra, cc in tr trn thng c ch to bn u, hai u dng v hai u p (hnh 5-10).

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Cc u ra dng ln hn v nm cc u mt ngoi ca in tr. u ra p nm gia 2 u dng v nhng u ra thng dng vi cc dng in nh c A hoc mA nn khng c s st p do tip xc ti cc u ra in p. in tr c xc nh ng bng in tr tn ti gia cc u in p. o cc in tr nh ngui ta thng dng cu kp, hnh 5-11. Cu kp khc vi cu n ch c thm mt s in tr, trong R0 l in tr chun c gi tr nh v R1, R2, R3, R4 l nhng in tr iu chnh c.

Nu t s R3/R4 ging nh R1/R2 th sai s do sp p trn R c b qua. Gi s khi ch th ch zr (khng c dng in qua ch th) v in p u ra ca ch th l UCT = 0 (hnh 5-11). Vi iu kin trn ta c dng I1 s chy qua R1 v R2, dng I chy qua RX, R0, dng I2 qua R4 v R3 v I I2 chy qua R. Do cu cn bng (UCT=0) nn in p ri trn R2 bng tng cc in p ri trn R0 v R4: I1R2 = I2R4 + IR0 Ta c Hoc IR0 = I1R2 I2R4 IR0 = R2(I1- I2 R4 )
R2

(5-16)

Cng nh vy, in p ri trn R1 bng tng in p ri trn R3 v RX I1R1 = IRX Ta c Hoc IRX = I1R1- I2R3 IRx = R1(I1-I2
R3 ) R1

(5-17)
R1 ( I 1 I 2

R3 ) R1 IR X Chia phng trnh (5-17) cho ( 5-16) ta c = R IR0 R2 ( I 1 I 2 4 ) R2

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Vi iu kin

R3 R R R = 1 hoc 3 = 4 ta c : R4 R2 R2 R4 RX R = 1 v RX = R0 R1 R0 R2 R2

(5-18)

Trong qu trnh o ngi ta iu chnh R1, R2, R3, R4 sao cho lun gi c t s
R3 R = 1 . Khi gi tr ca in tr RX c xc nh qua biu thc 5-18. R4 R2

Hnh 5-12 cho thy cc biu din cu kp thng thng trong R0 v RX l cc in tr c 4 u ra v R1, R2, R3, R4 c mc vo cc u ra in p ca chng . Khong o ca cu kp thng thng t 10 (hoc 10-5) n 1. Ty thuc vo chnh xc ca linh kin m chnh xc ca php o c th t n 0,2%. d. o in tr ln *o in tr ln bng phng php gin tip Phng php gin tip (vnmt v ampemt) c th o cc in tr ln 105 1010 nh in tr cch in. Trong qu trnh o cn loi tr dng in r qua dy dn hoc qua cch in ca thit b. Mun trnh dng in r cn phi s dng mn chn tnh in hoc dy dn bc kim. Mt vn xut hin khi o nhng in tr rt nh l c hai thnh phn in tr : in tr khi v in tr r b mt. Trong thc t in tr b mt v in tr khi t hp li l in tr hiu dng ca lp cch in. Tuy nhin trong mt s trng hp phi tch ring hai in tr ra. tch hai thnh phn in tr ngi ta s dng cc in cc o v cc ph hnh 5-13. Khi o in tr cch in khi mch o c b tr nh hnh 5-13a trong in k G o dng in xuyn qua khi cch in (c A), cn dng in r trn b mt vt liu qua in cc ph ni t. in tr cn o c xc nh qua vnmt v in k G RX =
U I k

Ngun in cung cp cho mch o c kilvn, in tr R khong 1M. o in tr cc in mt s mch c b tr nh hnh 5-13b, trong dng in r trn b mt ca vt liu c o bng in k G, dng in xuyn qua khi vt liu c ni qua c chnh xung t. in tr cng c xc nh qua vnmt v in k G.

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* Mg mt Mgmmt l dng c o xch tay c dng rng ri kim tra in tr cch in ca cc dy cp in, cc ng c, my pht v bin p in lc. Dng c gm c ngun cao p cung cp t my pht in quay tay, in p c th c tr s 500 V hoc 1000V v ch th l 1 lgmmt t in. Ch th lgmmt (hnh 5-14a) gm hai khung dy, mt khung to mmen quay v mt khung dy to mmen phn khng. Gc quay ca c cu o t l vi t s ca hai dng in chy qua hai khung dy trong dng in I1 i qua khung dy W1, in tr R1, I2 i qua khung dy W2, in tr R2, RX, R3.

Ta c : I1 =

U0 R1 + r1

I2 =

U0 R2 + r2 + R X + R3

r1, r2 in tr ca khung dy

Di tc ng ca lc in t gia t trng v dng in qua cc khung s to ra mmen quay M1 v mmen cn M2. ti thi im cn bng M1=M2 Ta c : =F(
R + R3 + r2 + R X I1 )= F ( 2 ) I2 R1 + r1

(5-19)
40

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TRNG TC NGH KT - KT H NAM

GIO TRNH O LNG IN

Cc gi tr R1,R2,R3 v r1,r2 l hng s nn gc quay t l vi Rx v khng ph thuc vo in p cung cp. hnh 5-14b l s ca Mgmmt thng dng. 3.2.2. o in cm. * Khi nim chung Cun cm l tng l cun dy ch c thnh phn in khng(XL=L) hoc ch thun khit l in cm L, nhng trong thc t cc cun dy, ngoi thnh phn khng XL cn c in tr ca cun dy RL. in tr RL cng ln phm cht ca cun dy cng km. Nu gi Q l phm cht ca cun dy th Q c c trng bi t s gia in khng XL v in tr ca cun dy .
Q= XL RL

(5-36)

o cc thng s XL, XL v Q ngi ta thng dng mch cu xoay chiu bn nhnh. b. Cc mch cu o thng s cun cm * Cu xoay chiu dng in cm mu Mch cu so snh in cm nh hnh v 5-20 trong LX,LX l cc thng s in cm v in tr cn xc nh: RM,RM l cc cun dy in cm v in tr chun. Hai nhnh cn li l cc in tr R1 v R2 cng l cc in tr c chnh cao. Khi o ngi ta iu chnh cc in tr RM v R1,R2 t c cn bng cu.

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ch cn bng ta c: Z1.Z4=Z2.Z3 Z1=RM+jLM Z2=Rx+jLx Z3=R2 Z4=R1

* Cu in cm Maxwell Cc t in chun chnh xc d ch to hn cc cun dy in cm chun, do ngi ta thng dng in dung chun o in cm hn l s dng cc cun in cm chun. Cn c t in nh vy c gi cu Maxwell (hnh 5-21) Trong mch cu, t in chun C3 mc song song vi in tr R3, cc nhnh cn li l in tr R1 v R4. Cc in tr R3,R1,R4 l cc in tr c th iu chnh c Rx v Lx biu din cun cm cn o. Khi mch cu cn bng ta c: Z1.Z4=Z2.Z3 Trong : Z3=
1 1 j C 3 R3

Z2=Rx+jLx Z1=R1 Z4=R4 * Cu in cm Hay Cu n cm Hay tng t nh cu Maxwell ch khc ch in tr R3 c mc kt ni tip t C3 (hnh 5-22)v in cm Lx v Rx c biu din i dng mch song song v Rx , Lx o c l cc thnh phn ca mch song song. Khi cu trng thi cn bng ta c: Z1.Z4=Z2.Z3 Trong :

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Z2 = 1 1 1 + R x j L x

GIO TRNH O LNG IN

Z3= R3+ Z1=R1

1 jC 3

Z4=R4

3.2.3. o in dung T in l tng l t khng tiu th cng sut (dng in mt chiu khng i qua t ) nhng trong thc t do c lp in mi nn vn c dng in nh i qua t cc ny n cc kia. v vy trong t c s tn hao cng sut. a. Cu o xoay chiu o in dung * Cu o in dung tn hao nh Hnh 5 -18 l s cu o t in c tn hao nh.Cu gm c 4 nhnh trong R1,R2 l thun tr cc nhnh cn li l Xx,Rx v in tr mu Rm,Cm iu chnh c. ng cho cu c mc in k G ch cn bng v ngun cung cp xoay chiu U. *Cu o t in c tn hao ln Hnh 5-19 l s mch cu o t in c tn hao ln,trong R1, R2 l cc in tr thun, CM mc song song vi RM l in dung v in tr mu; Rx, Cx l in tr v in dung ca t in cn o. Khi cn can bng ta c: Z1.Z3 = Z2.Z4 Trong Z1=
1 1 / R x + j C x

Z2=R1;Z3=R2 Z4=
1 1 / RM + jC M

3.3. O CC I LNG TN S, CNG SUT, IN NNG.


3.3.1. o tn s. a. Khi nim chung. - Tn s (f: frequency): c xc nh bi s cc chu k lp li ca s thay i

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tn hiu trong mt n v thi gian. Tn s l mt trong cc thng s quan trng nht ca qu trnh dao ng c chu k. - Chu k (Time period, Time cycle): l khong thi gian nh nht m gi tr ca tn hiu lp li ln ca n (tc l tho mn phng trnh u(t) = u(t + T) ). Quan gia tn s v chu k ca tn hiu dao ng l:

- Tn s gc tc thi (): c xc nh nh l vi phn theo thi gian ca gc pha ca tn hiu, tc l:

Quan gia tn s gc tc thi v tn s l:

vi f(t) l tn s tc thi. i vi tn hiu dao ng iu ha (tn hiu hnh sin) v c gc pha bin i theo thi gian theo quy lut tuyn tnh nn tn s gc tc thi l mt hng s:

tn s f l mt i lng khng i:

Khong tn s c s dng trong cc lnh vc khc nhau nh: v tuyn in t, t ng ho, vt l th nghim, thng tin lin lc...vi di tn t mt phn Hz n hng nghn GHz. - Tn s k: l dng c o tn s. Ngoi ra cn c th o t s gia hai tn s, tng ca hai tn s, khong thi gian, di cc xung... - Cc phng php o tn s: vic la chn phng php o tn s c xc nh theo khong o, theo chnh xc yu cu, theo dng ng cong v cng sut ngun tn hiu c tn s cn o v mt s yu t khc. o tn s ca tn hiu in c hai phng php: phng php bin i thng v phng php so snh: * o tn s bng phng php bin i thng: c tin hnh bng cc loi tn s k cng hng, tn s k c in, tn s k t in, tn s k ch th s: - Cc tn s k c in tng t (tn s k in t, in ng, st in ng): c s dng o tn s trong khong t 20Hz 2,5kHz trong cc mch ngun vi cp

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chnh xc khng cao (cp chnh xc 0,2; 0,5; 1,5; 2,5). Cc loi tn s k ny ni chung hn ch s dng v tiu th cng sut kh ln v b rung. + Cc tn s k in dung tng t: o tn s trong di tn t 10Hz 500kHz, c s dng khi hiu chnh, lp rp cc thit b ghi m v raiv.v... + Tn s k ch th s: c s dng o chnh xc tn s ca tn hiu xung v tn hiu a hi trong di tn t 10Hz 50GHz. Cn s dng o t s cc tn s, chu k, di cc xung, khong thi gian. *o tn s bng phng php so snh: c thc hin nh xilscp, cu xoay chiu ph thuc tn s, tn s k i tn, tn s k cng hng...: + S dng OSILOSSCOPE: c thc hin bng cch c trc tip trn mn hnh hoc so snh tn s cn o vi tn s ca mt my pht chun n nh (da trn ng cong Ltsazua). Phng php ny dng o tn s cc tn hiu xoay chiu hoc tn hiu xung trong di tn t 10Hz n 20MHz. + Tn s k trn tn: s dng o tn s ca cc tn hiu xoay chiu, tn hiu iu ch bin trong khong t 100kHz 20GHz trong k thut v tuyn in t. + Cu xoay chiu ph thuc tn s: o tn s trong khong t 20Hz - 20kHz. + Tn s k cng hng: o tn s xoay chiu tn s tn hiu iu ch bin , iu ch xung trong khong t 50kHz 10GHz; thng s dng khi lp thit b thu pht v tuyn. Trong nhng nm gn y tn s k ch th s c s dng rng ri v cnci t thm P iu khin v s dng kt qu o na... Di y s tin hnh xt mt s phng php v dng c o tn s ph bin nht, bao gm: + o tn s bng phng php cng hng + Tn s k in t + Cu o tn s + Tn s k ch th s 3.3.2. o cng sut v in nng (nng lng). a. C s chung v o cng sut v nng lng. Cng sut v nng lng l cc i lng c bn ca phn ln cc i tng, qu trnh v hin tng vt l. V vy vic xc nh cng sut v nng lng l mt php o rt ph bin. Vic nng cao chnh xc ca php o i lng ny c

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ngha rt to ln trong nn kinh t quc dn, n lin quan n vic tiu th nng lng, n vic tm nhng ngun nng lng mi, n vic tit kim nng lng. Cng sut cng nh nng lng c mt di nhiu dng khc nhau l: nng lng in, nhit c, cng sut, pht x...tuy nhin quan trng nht vn l vic o cng sut v nng lng in, cn cc dng nng lng khc cng thng c o bng phng php in. Di o ca cng sut in thng t 10 W n 10
-20 +10

W. Cng sut v nng


9

lng in cng cn phi c o trong di tn rng t khng (mt chiu) n 10 Hz v ln hn. V d: Cng sut ca tn hiu mt i pht thanh khong 10 W cn cng sut ca mt i pht thanh hin i khong trn 10 W. Nng lng t mt thin h n tri t trong 1s l 10 June, cn nng lng cho ra ca mt my pht in trong mt nm c 10 June. b. Cng sut trong mch mt chiu: Cng sut trong mch mt chiu c tnh theo mt trong cc biu thc sau y:
20 -40 10 -16

trong : I - dng in trong mch U - in p ri trn ph ti vi in tr R P - lng nhit to ra trn ph ti trong mt n v thi gian. c. Cng sut tc dng trong mch xoay chiu mt pha: Trong trng hp khi dng v p c dng hnh sin th cng sut tc dng c tnh l :

h s cos c gi l h s cng sut. Cn i lng S = U.I gi l cng sut ton phn c coi l cng sut tc dng khi ph ti l thun in tr tc l, khi cos = 1. Khi tnh ton cc thit b in nh gi hiu qu ca chng, ngi ta cn s dng khi nim cng sut phn khng. i vi p v dng hnh sin th cng sut phn khng c tnh theo : Q = U.I.sin Trong trng hp chung nu mt qu trnh c chu k vi dng ng cong bt k th cng sut tc dng l tng cc cng sut ca cc thnh phn sng hi.

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H s cng sut trong trng hp ny c xc nh nh l t s gia cng sut tc dng v cng sut ton phn:

d. Cng sut tc dng trong mch 3 pha: Biu thc tnh cng sut tc dng v cng sut phn khng l :

vi: U I : in p pha v dng pha hiu dng


,

: gc lch pha gia dng v p ca pha tng ng.


C

Biu thc o nng lng in c tnh nh sau: Wi=Pi.t vi: P: cng sut tiu th t: thi gian tiu th Trong mch 3 pha c: W= WA+ WB + WC Nh vy cng t o nng lng in phi bao gm mt b phn chuyn i o cng sut, mt b tch phn. B chuyn i o cng sut c thc hin theo nhiu cng sut khc nhau gm: - Phng php c in: php nhn c da trn c cu ch th nh in ng, st in ng, tnh in v cm ng, trong gc quay ca phn ng l hm ca cng sut cn o. - Phng php in: php nhn c thc hin bi cc mch nhn tng t cng nh nhn s in t, tn hiu ra ca n l hm ca cng sut cn o. - Phng php nhit in: s dng phng php bin i thng cng sut in thnh nhit. Phng php ny thng c ng dng khi cn o cng sut v nng lng trong mch tn s cao cng nh ca ngun laze. - Phng php so snh: l phng php chnh xc v th n thng c s dng o cng sut trong mch xoay chiu tn s cao. e. o cng sut trong mch mt chiu v xoay chiu mt pha.

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C cc phng php o c bn sau: - o theo phng php c in: + Watmet in ng + Watmet st in ng - o theo phng php in: + Watmet chnh lu in t + Watmet dng phng php nhit in e. o theo phng php c in: Cng sut trong mch mt chiu c th o c bng cch o in p t vo ph ti U v dng I qua ph ti . Kt qu l tch ca hai i lng . Tuy nhin y l phng php gin tip, phng php ny c sai s ca php o bng tng sai s ca hai php o trc tip (o in p v o dng in). Trong thc t thng o trc tip cng sut bng w atmet in ng v st in ng. Nhng dng c o ny c th do cng sut trong mch mt chiu v xoay chiu mt pha tn s cng nghip cng nh tn s siu m n 15kHz. Vi watmet in ng c th t ti cp chnh xc l 0,010,1 vi tn s di 200Hz v trong mch mt chiu, tn s t 200Hz 400Hz th sai s o l 0,1% v hn na. Vi watmet st in ng vi tn s di 200Hz sai s o l 0,1 0,5 % cn vi tn s t 200Hz 400Hz th sai s o l 0,2 % v hn na. * o trc tip cng sut bng watmet in ng: o cng sut tiu th trn ph ti R ta mc watmet in ng. Trong
L

mch ni tip vi mt in tr ph R . Cun tnh v cun ng c ni vi nhau


P

hai u c nh du *. i. o nng lng trong mch xoay chiu mt pha, cng t mt pha. Nng lng trong mch xoay chiu mt pha c tnh: A=P.t vi: P = U.I.cos l cng sut tiu th trn ti. t l khong thi gian tiu th ca ti. Dng c o o nng lng l cng t. Cng t c ch to da trn c cu ch th cm ng. Ch r s cu to ca mt cng t mt pha da trn c cu ch th cm ng:

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Hnh 3.1. s cu to ca mt cng t mt pha da trn c cu ch th cm ng * Cng t mt pha: Cu to: nh hnh 3.1a, gm cc b phn chnh: - Cun dy 1 (to nn nam chm in 1): gi l cun p c mc song song vi ph ti. Cun ny c s vng dy nhiu, tit din dy nh chu c in p cao. - Cun dy 2 (to nn nam chm in 2): gi l cun dng c mc ni tip vi ph ti. Cun ny dy to, s vng t, chu c dng ln. - a nhm 3: c gn ln trc t vo tr c th quay t do gia hai cun dy 1, 2. - Hp s c kh: gn vi trc ca a nhm. - Nam chm vnh cu 4: c t trng ca n xuyn qua a nhm to ra mmen hm. *Nguyn l lm vic: khi c dng in I chy trong ph ti, qua cun dng to ra t thng ct a nhm hai ln. ng thi in p U c t vo cun p sinh ra
1

dng I , dng ny chy trong cun p to thnh hai t thng:


u

- : l t thng lm vic, xuyn qua a nhm


U I

- : khng xuyn qua a nhm do vy m khng tham gia vic to ra mmen quay. T s vect nh hnh 3.1b c:

vi: k , k : l h s t l v dng v p; Z : l tng tr ca cun p


I U u

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Hnh 3.2. Cng t mt pha:a) S cu to; b) Biu vect Sai s ca cng t c tnh nh sau:

vi: W , C : l nng lng v hng s cng t nh mc.


N PN

W ,C
o

Po

: l nng lng v hng s cngt o c.

Cp chnh xc ca cng t thng l: 0,5; 1; 1,5; 2; 2,5. * Kim tra cng t: cng t ch c chnh xc, trc khi em s dng ngi ta thng phi kim tra hiu chnh v cp ch. kim tra cng t ta phi mc chng theo s hnh 3.3:

Hnh 3.3. S kim tra cngt T ngun in 3 pha qua b iu chnh pha ly ra in p mt pha c th lch pha vi bt k pha no ca ngun in t 0 n 360 . Sau qua bin dng (di dng bin p t ngu ) L , dng in ra c mc ni tip vi ph ti Z ampemt v
1 T 0

cc cun dng ca watmet v cng t.

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in p c ly ra t mt pha bt k ca ngun in (v d pha BC), qua bin p t ngu L v t vo cun p ca watmet cng nh ca cng t, vnmt ch in
2

p u ra ca bin p t ngu L .
2

*Vic kim tra cng t theo cc bc sau y: 1. iu chnh t quay ca cng t: iu chnh L , t in p vo cun p ca
2

watmet v cng t bng in p nh mc U = U ; iu chnh L sao cho dng in


N 1

vo cun dng ca watmet v cng t bng khng I = 0, lc ny watmet ch 0 v cng t phi ng yn. Nu cngt quay th l hin tng t quay ca cngt. Nguyn nhn ca hin tng ny l khi ch to thng c lc ma st bao gi cng phi to ra mt mmen b ban u, nu mmen ny qu ln (ln hn mmen ma st gia trc v tr) th xut hin hin tng t quay ca cngt. loi tr hin tng t quay, ta phi iu chnh v tr ca mu t trn trc ca cngt sao cho tng mmen hm, tc l gim mmen b cho n khi cngt ng yn th thi. 2. iu chnh gc = - = 2/: cho in p bng in p nh mc U = U ,
I N

dng in bng dng in nh mc I = I . iu chnh gc lch pha = /2 tc l cos


N

= 0. Lc ny watmet ch 0, cng t lc ny phi ng yn, nu cng t quay iu c ngha l / 2 v cng t khng t l vi cng sut. iu chnh cho gc = / 2 ta phi iu chnh gc hay t thng bng
u

cch iu chnh b phn phn nhnh t ca cun p, hoc c th iu chnh gc hay


1

t thng bng cch iu chnh vng ngn mch ca cun dng. C th cho n khi
I

cng t ng yn. Lc ny th s ch ca cng t t l ca cng sut, tc l gc = /2. 3. Kim tra hng s cng t: kim tra hng s cng t C th cn phi iu
p

chnh sao cho cos = 1 (tc l = 0), lc ny watmet ch P = U.I. Cho I = I , U = U lc P = U I


N N N N

o thi gian quay ca cng t bng ng h bm giy t. m s vng N m cng t quay c trong khong thi gian t. T ta tnh c hng s cng t:

Hng s ny thng khng i i vi mi loi cngt v c ghi trn mt cngt.

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p

V d: trn cng t c vit : 1kWh = 600vng . iu ny c nghi l C = 600 vng /1kWh. Trong thc t i khi ngi ta s dng mt i lng nghch o vi hng s C l hng s k:
p

thun tin, trn hp s ngi ta tnh ton cho k = 1kWh/1 s, s d dng cho ngi dng. Nu C (hoc k) khng bng gi tr nh mc ghi trn mt cng t th ta
p

phi iu chnh v tr ca nam chm vnh cu tng (hoc gim) mmen cn M cho
c

n khi C (hoc k) t c gi tr nh mc.


p

Sai s ca cng t c tnh nh sau :

Sau khi tnh nu sai s ny nh hn hoc bng cp chnh xc ghi trn cngt l c. Trng hp ln hn th phi sa cha v hiu chnh li cngt ri kim tra li. m. Cng t in t: ch to cng t in t, ngi ta bin i dng in I thnh in p U t l vi n:
1

U =k I
1 1

mt in p khc t l vi in p t vo U: U =k U
2 2

qua b phn in t (nhn analog) s nhn c in p U t l vi cng sut P:


3

U = k .P
3 3

Tip theo in p ny s ln lt qua cc khu: qua b bin i in p-tn s (hoc b bin i A/D), vo b m, ra ch th s. S ch ca c cu ch th s s t l vi nng lng N = CW trong khong thi gian cn o nng lng .

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Hnh 3.4. S khi nguyn l ca cngt in t Tt c cc b bin i trn y u thc hin bng mch in t. Cng t in t c th t ti cp chnh xc 0,5.

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Phn IV. S DNG CC LOI MY O THNG DNG 4.1. S DNG VOM, M.


4.1.1. S dng VOM. ng h vn nng (VOM) l thit b o khng th thiu c vi bt k mt k thut vin in t no, ng h vn nng c 4 chc nng chnh l o in tr, o in p DC, o in p AC v o dng in. u im ca ng h l o nhanh, kim tra c nhiu loi linh kin, thy c s phng np ca t in , tuy nhin ng h ny c hn ch v chnh xc v c tr khng thp khong 20K/Vol do vy khi o vo cc mch cho dng thp chng b st p. ng h vn nng hay vn nng k (VOM) l mt dng c o lng in c nhiu chc nng. Cc chc nng c bn l ampe k, vn k, v m k, ngoi ra c mt s ng h cn c th o tn s dng in, in dung t in, kim tra bng bn dn (transitor)... ng h vn nng in t, cn gi l vn nng k in t l mt ng h vn nng s dng cc link kin in t ch ng, v do cn c ngun in nh pin. y l loi thng dng nht hin nay cho nhng ngi lm cng tc kim tra in v in t. Kt qu ca php o thng c hin th trn mt mn tinh th lng nn ng h cn c gi l (ng h vn nng in t hin s).

Mt vn nng k in t

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Bn trong mt ng h vn nng in t Vic la chn cc n v o, thang o hay vi chnh thng c tin hnh bng cc nt bm, hay mt cng tc xoay, c nhiu nc, v vic cm dy ni kim o vo ng cc l. Nhiu vn nng k hin i c th t ng chn thang o. Vn nng k in t cn c th c thm cc chc nng sau: 1. Kim tra ni mch: my ku "bp" khi in tr gia 2 u o (gn) bng 0. 2. Hin th s thay cho kim ch trn thc. 3. Thm cc b khuych i in o hiu in th hay cng dng in nh, v in tr ln. 4. o t cm ca cun cm v in dung ca t in. C ch khi kim tra v lp t mch in. 5. Kim tra diode v transistor. C ch cho sa cha mch in. 6. H tr cho o nhit bng cp nhit. 7. o tn s trung bnh, khuych i m thanh, iu chnh mch in ca radio. N cho php nghe tn hiu thay cho nhn thy tn hiu (nh trong dao ng k). 8. Dao ng k cho tn s thp. Xut hin cc vn nng k c giao tip vi my tnh. 9. B kim tra in thoi. 10. B kim tra mch in -t. 11. Lu gi s liu o c (v d ca hiu in th). ng h vn nng hin th kim

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Mt vn nng k tng t

Bn trong ng h vn nng thng Loi ny ra i trc v dn b thay th bi vn nng k in t. B phn chnh ca n l mt Gavan k. N thng ch thc hin o cc i lng in hc c bn l cng dng in, hiu in th v in tr. Hin th kt qu o c thc hin bng kim ch trn mt thc hnh cung. Loi ny c th khng cn ngun in nui khi hot ng trong ch o cng dng in v hiu in th. 4.1.2. S dng M. Tnh nng ca thit b o in tr t

M t c tnh k thut: Chc nng o: in tr t,in p xoay chiu (Grounding Voltage). Di o v cp chnh xc: in tr t: 3 thang o 10/100/1000 Ohm; Cp chnh xc: +/-2.5% f.s in p xoay chiu: 0 - 30 V; cp chnh xc: +/-3% f.s
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Dng o: max :15mA AC , min : 3mA AC. Tn s o: 575Hz hoc 600Hz. in p cc m: max 50V AC. ng h o s dng phng php sai pha xoay chiu. Ngun cung cp: Pin R6P x 6. Kch thc: 164 x 119 x 88 mm. Trng lng: 800g. Ph kin km theo: Cp o: Model 9215 Hp ng my: 9393. Que o t ph: 9214. Ph kin ty chn: Mng t: Model 9050.

4.2. S DNG AMPE KM, OSC.


4.2.1. S dng Ampe km. * Ampe k km

Ampe k km o cng dng in Trong dng in xoay chiu, t trng bin thin sinh ra bi dng in c th gy cm ng in t ln mt cun cm nm gn dng in. y l c ch hot ng ca Ampe k km.

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- Chc nng o: dng v p xoay chiu, in tr, tn s, nhit (chn thm u o nhit), kim tra dn in - C chc nng kim tra mo dng sng, o gi tr nh sng. Slow/Peak/C.F/RMS/Record mode/Auto-off/Conduction. - ng knh km m ln nht: 33 mm. - Mn hnh tinh th lng hin th s v thanh hin th (35 vch) gi tr. - Khng cn cu ch bo v trong di in p ti 600V. - Kch thc: 62x218x39 mm. - Trng lng: 350g. c tnh k thut: Di o dng xoay chiu (3 thang o): Gi tr hiu dng: 30 600A, Cp chnh xc: +/-1%rdg.+/-5dgt Imax: 75 1000A, +/-3%rdg.+/-5dgt Di o in p xoay chiu (2 thang o): Gi tr hiu dng: 300 600V, Cp chnh xc: +/-1%rdg.+/-3dgt Umax: 750 1000V, +/-3%rdg.+/-5dgt Tn s dng xoay chiu: 40 1000Hz. o tr khng: 1 10kW. o nhit : - 50 ti 150oC. o tn s: 100 1000Hz, +/-0,3%rdg.+/-1dgt. Kim tra dn in: 1kW. H s mo dng sng: 1.00 5.00, +/-10%rdg.+/-5dgt. Tc ly mu: max 2 4 ln/s, min 1 ln/3s. Ph kin km theo: u o: Model 9207-10 , 70cm. Hp ng my: 9399. Ph kin ty chn: u o nhit : Model 9462 , 1.2m, -50 ti 150oC.

Ampe km model 3280-10 ca hng Hioki - Nht bn vi tnh nng s dng n gin v an ton. Dng o dng, p xoay chiu, in tr, kim tra dn in.

Kch thc gn nh: 57x175x16 mm.

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Trng lng: 100g. Ngun cung cp cho my: 1 pin CR2032 (3V DC). ng knh m ca km o: 33 mm. c tnh k thut:
Chc nng o Dng xoay chiu (50/60Hz) Di o v cp chnh xc C 3 thang o: 0.06 - 4/420/1000A. Cp chnh xc :+/-1.5%rdg+/-5dgt. in p mt chiu 420mV/42V/420V/600V. Cp chnh xc: +/-1.3%rdg+/-4dgt. in p xoay chiu (50/500Hz) in tr 4.2/42/420/600V. Cp chnh xc: +/-2.3%rdg+/-8dgt. 420W/4.2k/420k/4,2M/42MW. Cp chnh xc: +/-2.0%rdg+/-6dgt Kim tra thng mch 420W. Cp chnh xc: +/-2.0%rdg+/-6dgt

+ T ng chuyn i thang o, lu gi kt qu, cnh bo pin. + Mn hnh hin th LCD 4199 digits. + Tc ly mu : max 2,5 ln/s, min 1 ln/3s. + Bo v qu p: AC V/DC V 600V. + Ph kin km theo: + u o: Model 9208. + Hp ng: Model 9398. + Ph kin ty chn: + u o tin dng: Model 9209 (ch 1 que o gn vo thn my). 4.2.2. S dng Dao ng k (Oscilloscope).

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Hnh 4.1: Hnh nh my hin sng in t 4.2.2.1. M u My hin sng in t hay cn gi l dao ng k in t (electronico scilloscope) l mt dng c hin th dng sng rt thng dng. N ch yu c s dng v dng ca tn hiu in thay i theo thi gian. Bng cch s dng my hin sng ta xc nh c: ?

Hnh 4.2: My hin sng Oscilloscope v u dy o + Gi tr in p v thi gian tng ng tn hiu + Tn s dao ng ca tn hiu + Gc lch pha gia hai tn hiu + Dng sng ti mi im khc nhau trn mch in t + Thnh phn ca tn hiu gm th nh phn mt chiu v xoay chiu nh th no + Trong tn hiu c bao nhiu th nh phn nhiu v nhiu c thay i theo thi gian hay khng Mt my hin sng ging nh mt my thu hnh nh nhng c mn hnh c k v c nhiu phn iu khin hn TV. Di y l panel ca mt my hin sng thng dng vi phn hin th sng; phn iu khin theo trc X, trc Y, ng b v ch mn hnh; phn kt ni u o .

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Hnh 4.3: u dy o ca my hin sng Oscilloscope Mn hnh ca my hin sng c chia , 10 theo chiu ngang v 8 theo chiu ng. ch hin th thng thng, my hin sng hin dng sng bin i theo thi gian: trc ng Y l trc in p, trc ngang X l trc thi gian.

Hnh 10.4: Biu din cc trc trn mn hnh my hin sng Oscilloscope chi hay sng ca mn hnh i khi cn gi chi trc Z. My hin sng c th c dng rt nhiu lnh vc khc nhau ch khng n thun trong lnh vc in t. Vi mt b chuyn i hp l ta c th o c thng s ca hu ht tt c cc hin tng vt l. B chuyn i y c nhim v to ra tn hiu in tng ng vi i lng cn o, v d nh cc b cm bin m thanh, nh sng, cng, rung, p sut hay nhit Cc thit b in t thng c chia thnh 2 nhm c bn l thit b tng t v thit b s, my hin sng cng vy. My hin sng tng t (Analog oscilloscope)s chuyn trc tip tn hiu in cn o thnh dng electron bn ln mn hnh. in p lm lch chm electron mt cch t l v to ra tc thi dng sng tng ng trn hnh. Trong khi , my hin sng s (Digital osciloscope) s ly mu dng sng, a qua b chuyn i tng t/s (ADC). Sau n s dng cc thng tin di
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dng s ti to li dng sng trn mn hnh. Ty vo ng dng m ngi ta s dng my hin sng loi no cho ph hp.

Thng thng, nu cn hin th dng tn hin di dng thi gian thc (khi chng xy ra) th s dng my hin sng tng t. Khi cn lu gi thng tin cng nh hnh nh c th x l sau hay in ra dng sng th ngi ta s dng my hin sng s c kh nng kt n vi my tnh vi cc b vi x l. Phn tip theo ca ti liu chng ta s ni ti my hin sng tng t, loi dng ph bin trong k thut o lng in t. 4.2.2.2. S khi ca mt my hin sng thng dng

Hnh 4.5: S khi ca my hin sng Oscilloscope Tn hiu vo c a qua b chuyn mch AC/DC (kho K ng khi cn xc nh thnh phn DC ca tn hiu cn khi ch quan tm n thnh phn AC th m K). Tn hiu ny s qua b phn p (hay cn gi l b suy gim u vo) c iu khin bi chuyn mch nm xoay nm xoay VOLTS/DIV, ngha l xoay nm ny cho php ta iu chnh t l ca sng theo chiu ng. Chuyn mch Y- POS xc nh v tr theo chiu ng ca sng, ngha l c th di chuyn sng theo chiu ln hoc xung tu bng cch xoay nm vn ny. Sau khi qua phn p, tn hiu vo s c b khuch i Y khuch i lm lch ri a ti iu khin cp lm lch ng. Tn hiu ca b K Y cng c a ti trigo (khi ng b), trng hp ny gi l ng b trong, kch thch mch to sng rng ca (cn gi mch pht qut) v a ti iu khin cp lm lch ngang tng hiu qu iu khin, mt s mch cn s dng thm cc b khuch i X sau khi to in p rng ca). i khi ngi ta cng cho mch

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lm vic ch ng b ngoi bng cch ct ng tn hiu t khuch i Y, thay vo l cho tn hiu ngoi kch thch khi to sng rng ca.

i vo khi to sng rng ca cn c hai tn hiu iu khin t nm vn TIME/DIV v X - POS. TIME/DIV (c nhiu my k hiu l SEC/DIV) cho php thay i tc qut theo chiu ngang, khi dng sng s dng trn mn hnh vi n chu k nu tn s ca sng ln gp n ln tn s qut). X - POS l nm iu chnh vic di chuyn sng theo chiu ngang cho tin quan st. ng phng tia in t CRT c m t phn trc. Sau y ta s xem xt phn iu khin, vn v cc ng dng thng dng nht ca mt my hin sng. 4.2.2.3. Thit lp ch hot ng v cch iu khin mt my hin sng a. Thit lp ch hot ng cho my hin sng Sau khi ni t cho my hin sng ta s iu chnh cc nm vn hay cng tc thit lp ch hot ng cho my.

Panel trc ca my hin sng gm 3 phn chnh l VERTICAL (phn iu khin ng), HORIZONTAL (phn iu khin ngang) v TRIGGER (phn iu khin ng b). Mt s phn cn li (FOCUS - nt, INTENSITY - sng) c th khc nhau tu thuc vo hng sn xut, loi my, v model. Ni cc u o vo ng v tr (thng c k hiu CH1, CH2 vi kiu u ni BNC (xem hnh trn). Cc my hin sng thng thng s c 2 que o ng vi 2 knh v mn hnh s hin dng sng tng ng vi mi knh. Mt s my hin sng c ch AUTOSET hoc PRESET thit lp li

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ton b phn iu khin, nu khng ta phi tin hnh bng tay trc khi s dng my. Cc bc chun b nh sau:

1. + a tt c cc nt bm v v tr OUT + a tt c cc thanh trt v v tr UP + a tt c cc nm xoay v v tr CENTRED + a nt gim ca VOLTS/DIV, TIME/DIV, HOLD OFF v v tr CAL (cn chnh) 2. Vn VOLTS/DIV v TIME/DIV v v tr 1V/DIV v .2s/DIV 3. Bt ngun

4. Xoay Y-POS iu chnh im sng theo chiu ng (im sng s chy ngang qua mn hnh vi tc chm). Nu vn TIME/DIV ngc chiu kim ng h (theo chiu gim) th im sng s di chuyn nhanh hn v khi v tr c s trn mn hnh s l mt vch sng thay cho im sng.

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5. iu chnh INTENS thay i chi vt FOCUS thay i nt ca vch sng trn mn hnh.

6. a tn hiu chun kim tra chnh xc ca my a u o ti v tr ly chun (hoc l t my pht chun hoc ngay trn my hin sng v tr CAL 1Vpp, 1kHz). Vi gi tr chun nh trn nu VOLTS/DIV v tr 1V/DIV v TIME/DIV v tr 1ms/DIV th trn mn hnh xut hin mt sng vung c bin nh nh 1 trn mn hnh v rng xung cng l 1 trn mn hnh. (xoay Y - POS v X - POS m mt cch chnh xc) Sau khi ly li cc gi tr chun trn, tu thuc ch lm vic m ta s dng cc nt iu khin tng ng. b. Cc phn iu khin chnh * iu khin mn hnh Phn ny bao gm:

+ iu chnh sng - INTENSITY - ca dng sng. Thng thng khi tng tn s qut cn tng thm sng tin quan st hn. Thc cht y l iu chnh in p li + iu chnh nt FOCUS - ca dng sng. Thc cht l iu chnh in p cc anot A1, A2 v A3 + iu chnh lch ca trc ngang TRACE - (khi v tr ca my nhng im khc nhau th tc dng ca t trng tri t cng khc nhau nn i khi phi iu chnh c v tr cn bng) c. iu khin theo trc ng

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Phn ny s iu khin v tr v t l ca dng sng theo chiu ng. Khi tn hiu a vo cng ln th VOLTS/DIV cng phi v tr ln v ngc li. Ngoi ra cn mt s phn nh INVERT: o dng sng DC/AC/GD: hin th phn mt chiu/xoay chiu/t ca dng sng CH I/II: Chnh knh 1 hoc knh 2 DUAL: Chnh c 2 knh ADD: Cng tn hiu ca c hai knh Khi bm nt INVERT dng sng ca tn hiu s b o ngc li o pha 1800) Khi gt cng tc v v tr GD trn mn hnh s xut hin mt vt ngang, dch chuyn v tr ca ng ny xc nh v tr t ca tn hiu. Gt cng tc v v tr DC ngha l trong tn hiu bao gm c thnh phn mt chiu v xoay chiu, gt v v tr AC l hin dng sng tch thnh phn mt chiu. Xem hnh di y: (bn tri l ch DC v bn phi ch AC) Khi n nt DUAL chn c hai knh th trn mn hnh s xut hin 2 th ca 2 dng sng ng vi 2 u o. ADD cng cc sng vi nhau. Ni chung v tr ca 3 nt CH I/II, DUAl v ADD s cho cc ch hin th khc nhau tu thuc vo tng loi my.

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d. iu khin theo trc ngang Phn ny iu khin v tr v t l ca dng sng theo chiu ngang. Khi tn hiu a vo c tn s cng cao th TIME/DIV phi cng nh v ngc li. Ngai ra cn mt s phn sau:

X - Y: ch ny knh th 2 s lm trc X thay cho thi gian nh ch thng. Ch : Khi my hot ng ch nhiu knh th cng ch c mt phn iu khin theo trc ngang nn tn s qut khi s l tn s qut chung cho c 2 dng sng. e. ng dng ca my hin sng trong k thut o lng My hin sng hin nay c gi l my hin sng vn nng v khng n thun ch l hin th dng sng m n cn thc hin c nhiu k thut khc nh thc hin hm ton hc, thu nhn thng tin v x l s liu v thm ch cn phn tch c ph tn hiu ... Trong phn ny chng ta ch ni ti nhng ng dng c bn nht ca mt my hin sng. f. Quan st tn hiu quan st c tn hiu ch cn thit lp my ch ng b trong v iu chnh tn s qut v trigo dng sng ng yn trn mn hnh. Khi ny c th xc nh c s bin thin ca tn hiu theo thi gian nh th no. Cc my hin sng hin i c th cho php cng mt lc 2, 4 hoc 8 tn hiu dng bt k cng mt lc v tn s quan st c th ln ti 400MHz.

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* o in p Vic tnh gi tr in p ca tn hiu c thc hin bng cch m s trn mn hnh v nhn vi gi tr VOLTS/DIV V d: VOLTS/DIV ch 1V th tn hiu cho hnh trn c: Vp = 2,7 x 1V = 2,8V Vpp = 5,4 x 1V = 5,4V Vrms = 0,707Vp = 1.98V Ngoi ra, vi tn hiu xung ngi ta cn s dng my hin sng xc nh thi gian tng sn xung (rise time), gim sn xung (fall time) v rng xung (pulse width) vi cch tnh nh hnh di.

* o tn s v khong thi gian Khong thi gian gia hai im ca tn hiu cng c tnh bng cch m s theo chiu ngang gia hai im v nhn vi gi tr ca TIME/DIV Vic xc nh tn s ca tn hiu c thc hin bng cch tnh chu k theo cch nh trn. Sau nghch o gi tr ca chu k ta tnh c tn s.

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V d: hnh bn s/div l 1ms. Chu k ca tn hiu in di 16 , do vy chu k l 16ms f=1/16ms=62,5Hz * o tn s v lch pha bng phng php so snh Ngoi cch o tn s thng qua vic o chu k nh trn, c th o tn s bng my hin sng nh sau: so snh tn s ca tn hiu cn o fx vi tn s chun fo. Tn hiu cn o a vo cc Y, tn hiu tn s chun a vo cc X. Ch lm vic ny ca my hin sng gi l ch X-Y mode v cc sng u c dng hnh sin. Khi trn mn hnh s hin ra mt ng cong phc tp gi l ng cong Lissajou. iu chnh tn s chun ti khi tn s cn o l bi hoc l c nguyn ca tn s chun th trn mn hnh s c mt ng Lissajou ng yn. Hnh dng ca ng Lissajou rt khc nhau ty thuc vo tn s gia hai tn hiu v lch pha gia chng. Xem hnh bn.

Vi n l s mi theo chiu ngang v m s mi theo chiu dc (hoc c th ly s im ct ln nht theo mi trc hoc s im tip tuyn vi hnh Lissajou ca mi trc) Phng php hnh Lissajou cho php o tn s trong khong t 10Hz ti tn s gii hn ca my. Nu mun o lch pha ta cho 2 tn s ca hai tn hiu bng nhau, khi ng Lissajou c dng elip. iu chnh Y - POS v X - POS sao cho tm ca elip trng vi tm ca mn hnh hnh (gc to ). Khi gc lch pha c tnh bng:

A vi A, B l ng knh trc di v ng knh trc ngn ca elip


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Nhc im ca phng php ny l khng xc nh c du ca gc pha v sai s ca php o kh ln (5 10%)

4.3. S DNG MY BIN P O LNG.


Cu hi 1 : C cu o dng trong cng t in l loi c cu o no sau y: a. C cu o kiu t in. b. C cu o kiu in ng c. C cu o kiu cm ng. Cu hi 1 : C cu o dng trong cng t in l loi c cu o no sau y: a. C cu o kiu t in. b. C cu o kiu in t. c. C cu o kiu cm ng. Tr li: Cu tr li ng l c Cu hi 2 : C cu o kiu in t l c cu o c : a. Cun dy ng yn khi lm vic. b. Cun dy quay trn khi lm vic. c. Cun dy chuyn ng tnh tin khi lm vic. Cu hi 2 : C cu o kiu in t l c cu o c : a. Cun dy ng yn khi lm vic. b. Cun dy quay trn khi lm vic. c. Cun dy chuyn ng tnh tin khi lm vic. Tr li: Cu tr li ng l a. 4.3.1. My bin in p. My bin in p trong o lng hu ht l my bin p gim p. Chng c thit k l gim in p cun th cp xung cn khong 100 (V) , (y l gi tr in p thch hp vi hu ht cc thit b o).

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My bin p dng bin in p cao thnh in p nh o lng v iu khin. Cng sut ca my bin in p 251000VA. My bin in p c dy qun s ni vi li in v dy qun th ni vi Vn mt, cun dy p ca Watt k, cun dy ca cc r le bo v, hoc cc thit b iu khin khc. Cc loi dng c ny c tng tr Z rt ln nn my bin in p xem nh lm vic ch khng ti, do sai s v tr s nh v bng:

Gc gia U v U cng nh.


u 1 2

* Cu to My bin in p l mt my bin p cch ly vi cun s cp c s vng ln v cun th cp c t vng.

Hnh dng bn ngoi ca my bin in p.

c im cu to ca my bin in p

Cp chnh xc v sai s ca my bin in p

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Cp chnh xc Sai s U

0.5 0.5%

1 1%

3 40

A - My Bin p phn phi 1 pha 8.66-12.7/ 0.46-0.23 KV - Tn s 50 Hz. - Ch lm mt : ONAN. - Cht lm mt : Du khong cch n - Dung lng : 10 KVA ~ 100 KVA. - in p s cp : 8.66 - 12.7 KV - in p th cp : 0.46 - 0.23 KV - Vt liu ch to cun dy: ng. - Mu sn v my : Mu xm nht. - Ni t : Trong nh hoc ngoi tri - Vn hnh : Lin tc * Nguyn l lm vic ca my bin in p My bin in p c thit k sao cho in p dy qun th cp t thay i khi ti thay i t lc khng ti n y ti (ti nh mc). Trng thi lm vic ca cc my bin p in p gn nh khng ti v chng lm vic vi nhng thit b c tng tr ln (Volt k, cun p Wat k, cun p rle bo v. . .). Khi s dng my bin p in p cn ch khng c ni tt mch th cp v s gy s c ngn mch li in s cp. 4.3.2. My bin dng in. Trong hu ht cc thit b o lng v iu khin dng in u c qui v chun 5A nn cc my bin dng in s dng trong cc lnh vc ny thng c dng in ng ra cun th cp l 5A. Nh cp n trn, cun th cp ca my bin dng thng c ni vi cc thit b o nh ampere k, watt k hoc cc thit b t ng khc. C mt lu l khi s dng my bin dng cung cp cho nhiu thit b th phi mt ni tip cc thit b ny vi nhau. My bin dng in dng bin dng in ln thnh dng in nh o lng bng cc dng c o tiu chun v iu khin.

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Cp chnh xc v sai s ca my bin dng in Cc xc S s I 0.2 0.5 1 3 10

* Cu to My bin dng in cng ging nh mt my bin p cch ly thng thng gm c li thp c ghp t cc l thp k thut in, hai cun dy qun s cp v th cp t trn li thp. im c bit ca my bin dng nm tit din v s vng dy qun cun s cp v th cp. Cun dy s cp c qun rt t vng thng ch c qun mt vng dy. Dy qun s cp c tit din rt ln do my phi lm vic iu kin gn nh ngn mch. ng knh dy qun s cp ph thuc vo cp cng sut ca my bin dng; my bin dng c cng sut cng ln th ng knh dy qun s cp cng ln. Dy qun th cp ca my bin dng c tit din nh v c rt nhiu vng .

S nguyn l my bin dng. Hnh dng bn ngoi ca my bin dng in thng l hnh trn . V c dng hnh trn kn nn thng thng my bin dng c lp trong lc lp t mng in.

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Hnh dng bn ngoi ca my bin dng in

* Nguyn l hot ng ca my bin dng: Nh cp n trn, my bin dng thng xuyn hot ng tnh trng gn nh ngn mch. Do , mt iu rt quan trng khi s dng my l khng c php my hot ng ch khng ti v in p khng ti pha th cp ca my bin dng in rt ln c th gy hng lp cch in dn n ph hu my. Trng thi lm vic ca my bin dng trng thi ngn mch v chng lm vic vi cc thit b c tng tr rt nh (Ampre k, cun dng Wat k, cun dng rle bo v. Khi s dng my bin dng in cn ch khng c dy qun th cp h mch v dng in t ha s rt ln, li thp bo ha su s nng ln v lm chy dy qun. Ngoi ra, sut in ng s nhn u gy nn in p cao n hng nghn Volt th cp dn n khng an ton cho ngi s dng. Cu hi: 1. Em hy cho bit v sao khi s dng my bin dng in khng c dy qun th cp h mch ? Gii thch ? 2. Khi s dng my bin in p ngi ta ni tt mch th cp in hay khng ? Hy trnh by hin tng xy ra khi ta ni tt mch th cp ?

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PHNV. TI LIU CN THAM KHO [1] K thut o - Ng Vn Ky, Trng i Hc Bch Khoa Thnh ph H Ch Minh, 1993. [2] Cm nang k thut km nh dng cho th ng dy v trm mng in trung th [3] Trn Nguyn Thi, Trng K Thut in, Cng Ty in lc 2, B nng lng 1994. [4] Vt liu in - Nguyn Xun Ph, NXB Khoa hc v K thut , 1998. [5] Cung cp in - Nguyn Xun Ph, NXB Khoa hc v K thut , 1998. [6] o lng v iu khin bng my tnh - Ng Din Tp, NXB Khoa hc v K thut, 1997. [7] Sa cha in my cng nghip - Bi Vn Yn, NXB nng, 1998. [8] K Thut in - ng Vn o, NXB Gio Dc, 1999.Gio trnh An ton lao ng - Nguyn Th t, V Trung hc chuyn nghip - Dy ngh - NXB Gio Dc, 2002. [9] Gio trnh An ton in - Nguyn nh Thng, V Trung hc chuyn nghip - Dy ngh - NXB Gio Dc, 2002. [10] Gio trnh o lng cc i lng in v khng in - Nguyn Vn Ho, V Trung hc chuyn nghip - Dy ngh - NXB Gio Dc, 2002. [11] Phm Thng Hn (ch bin) - K thut o lng cc i lng vt l T1,2 NXB Gio dc 1997. [12] L Vn Doanh (ch bin) - Cc b cm bin trong k thut o lng v iu khin - NXB KH&KT 2001. [13] Nguyn Ngc Tn (ch bin) - K thut o - NXB KH&KT 2000. [14] Phan Quc Ph (ch bin) - Gio trnh cm bin - NXB KH&KT 2005. [15] Ernest O. Doebelin - Measurement Systems-Application and Design - 5st edition McGraw-Hill [16] Cc trang web ca cc hng sn xut thit b o lng v cm bin: OMRON, ABB, FLUKE, SIEMENS, HP, HONEYWELL, OMEGA [17] Tp ch T ng ha ngy nay + Trang web ca tp ch T ng ha ngy nay: www.automation.org.vn - chuyn mc Th gii cm bin. [18] Trang web www.hiendaihoa.com

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