ANCIENT ROME

Home to the Triumphal arches, domes, amphitheatres

ARCHITECTURE HISTORY + CULTURE I

ANCIENT ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

and the Gladiators

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ANCIENT ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

ANCIENT ROME
Geography + Location.

Ancient Rome 3 Stages of Political Power a. Monarchy b. Roman Republic c. Roman Empire

Ancient Roman Architecture a. Construction Methods b. Roman Building Types i. Domestic ii. Places of Worship iii. Public Spaces c. urban / city planning Conclusion

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ANCIENT ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

EGYPT, GREEK AND ROMAN CIVILISATIONS

EGYPTIAN CIVILISATION

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GREEK CIVILISATION

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ROMAN CIVILISATION

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ANCIENT ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

ROMAN CIVILISATION

ARCHITECTURE HISTORY + CULTURE I

ANCIENT ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

ROMAN CIVILIZATION
Ancient Rome civilization grew from small agricultural and trade community on the Italian peninsula (10th cent BC) to become the largest empire of the world. The politics of its civilization shifted from Monarchy (single domination) to Republic to an Empire through conquest and assimilation The later years saw the empire split into two during the reign of Constantinople (during the reign of Christianity). The two empires are the Eastern empire (Byzantine) and the West. The empire later lost Egypt and Syria to the Islamic empire. The civilization was much influenced by ancient Greece and had a lot of similarities in the built form. The influence of ancient Rome to the world is in the areas of arts, law, literatures, architecture and technology (early development of concrete)

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ANCIENT ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

ROMAN CIVILISATION
THE KINGSHIP / MONARCHY PERIOD (EARLY ROME) 753 TO 509 BC

Natural advantages of Rome: Settlements grew along the Tiber River Early Romans were called Latins farmers and traders Close proximity to the sea allowed trade possibilities Centrally located in the Italian peninsula and the entire Mediterranean. Natural barrier of the mountaineous terrain, Alps in the North and all around by sea gave natural security to the country. Other tribes (Etruscans and Samnites) were jealous Romans invested in armies ANCIENT ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

ARCHITECTURE HISTORY + CULTURE I

ROMAN CIVILISATION
THREE STAGES OF POLITICAL POWER

The Kingship / Monarchy Period ( Early Rome ) 753 to 509 BC The construction of palaces The Roman Republic

509 to 31 BC
the fall of kingship Rise the magistrate and voting system the assassination of Julius Caesar (44 BC) and the rise of Octavian and Mark Anthony The Roman Empire 31 BC to AD 476 Emperors as rulers, Octavian as first Emperor Augustus The split of the empires The fall of the empires to Islam

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ANCIENT ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

ROMAN CIVILISATION
THE KINGSHIP / MONARCHY PERIOD (EARLY ROME) 753 TO 509 BC

According to legend, the city was founded by the twin sons Remus and Romulus. descendent of the Trojans and the God Mars making then half devine. They were abandoned by the shores of the Tiber river, and was brought up by a she-wolf.

They founded the city of Rome on the banks of the Tiber, at the amalgamation of settlements over the 7 hills surrounding Rome, in 753 BC. Romulus became king of Rome when he killed Remus over the power struggle.

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ANCIENT ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

ROMAN CIVILISATION
THE ROMAN REPUBLIC 509 TO 31 BC

Aristocratic form of government. Headed by a Senate (the advisory committee) and by magistrates who were called Consuls usually 2 in number. Consuls were elected by the Senate. Society were divided into 2 segments: The Patricians privileged upper class citizens of Rome The administrators of law. Had voting opportunity. The Plebeians lower in social class and majority of the citizens. Not included in Senate and no representation. No voting opportunity.

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ANCIENT ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

ROMAN CIVILISATION
31 BC 476 AD ROMAN EMPIRE

Empire established by Octavian as first Emperor Augustus. Conquests in Central Europe and north to England during first two centuries.

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ANCIENT ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

ROMAN CIVILISATION
THE ROMAN EMPIRE 31 BC TO AD 476

Centralized and orderly world-wide organization around old and newly founded urban centers: England: London, Bath, Leicester France: Paris, Nimes Egypt: Alexandria

Creation of overall administrative and legal framework comparable to modern times. Extensive public works, imperial patronage of the arts. Laws and power were administered by the Emperor who appointed assistants and advisors.

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ANCIENT ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

ROMAN CIVILISATION
THE ROMAN EMPIRE 31 BC TO AD 476

31 BC 476 AD ROMAN EMPIRE

Hadrians Wall AD 122 Built by Emperor Hadrian to keep the Roman Britains safe Stretches from the North Sea to the Irish Sea (117km long, 3m wide and 6m high) Along the wall at every 1500m are forts and towers to house soldiers.

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ANCIENT ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

ROMAN CIVILISATION
THE ROMAN EMPIRE 31 BC TO AD 476

31 BC 476 AD ROMAN EMPIRE

Hadrians Wall AD 122

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ANCIENT ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

ROMAN CIVILISATION
THE ROMAN EMPIRE 31 BC TO 476 AD

AD 380 - Christianity as state religion of the empire The Roman Empire split between the East, with its capital at Constantinople, and the West, with its capital at Rome. Because the Emperors began to locate themselves in Constantinople, the Western Empire grew weak. In the 5th century AD the Western Empire fell to invaders from the north, while the Eastern Roman Empire continued until its defeat by the Muslims in the 15th century.

31 BC 476 AD ROMAN EMPIRE

ARCHITECTURE HISTORY + CULTURE I

ANCIENT ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE Construction Methods: Development in Engineering

ARCH, VAULT + DOME ROMAN MASONRY

Building Types:
RESIDENTIAL PUBLIC BUILDINGS RELIGIOUS BUILDINGS

ARCHITECTURE HISTORY + CULTURE I

ANCIENT ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE CONSTRUCTION METHODS

Romans were famous for their advancement in architecture and engineering. AESTHETICALLY, the Romans were content to follow Greek precedents but STRUCTURALLY they improved on them . POST AND LINTEL: The size of the Greek post and lintel was limited by the length a single piece of stone can span and the weight it could carry.

ARCHITECTURE HISTORY + CULTURE I

ANCIENT ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE CONSTRUCTION METHODS

ARCH, VAULT AND DOME

Introduction of new construction methods : Roman Arch, Vault and Dome With these methods the Romans were able to construct bigger temples and buildings than ever before adoption of imposing building scale and size to reflect the grandeur of the empire.

ARCHITECTURE HISTORY + CULTURE I

ANCIENT ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE CONSTRUCTION METHODS

ARCH

Roman Arch The arch is made up of small pieces of stone or brick on a wooden framework which is then removed. Therefore an arch can be as big as you like. The problem with the arch is that it tends to spread sideways. This has to be countered with thick walls.

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ANCIENT ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE ROMAN AQUADUCT

ARCH

Arches were used not just for their immense support capabilities but as well for their power to amaze and glorify. In addition the Romans developed over 500 KM of aqueduct to bring fresh water into the capital city. This along with over 50,000 miles of roads show the size and strength of the empire's architecture.

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ANCIENT ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE ROMAN AQUADUCT

ARCH

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ANCIENT ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE ROMAN AQUADUCT

ARCH

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ANCIENT ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE ROMAN AMPHITHEATRE

ARCH THE COLOSSEUM AD 75-80

Cement was used to supplement arch construction which again allowed the Romans to expand buildings. For example the Coliseum used the arch system, along with concrete, to build a four story high stadium to seat over 50,000 spectators. ANCIENT ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

ARCHITECTURE HISTORY + CULTURE I

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE CONSTRUCTION METHODS

VAULT

Round Arch

Barrel Vault / Tunnel Vault Arches can be combined to form continuous roofs barrel vaults Groin Vault / Cross Vault By combining four vaults (groin vault) each supported the other and allowed large window openings.

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ANCIENT ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE CONSTRUCTION METHODS

VAULT HOT ROOM, FORUM BATHS, POMPEII, C. 80BC

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ANCIENT ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE CONSTRUCTION METHODS

VAULT BASILICA MAXENTIUS, ROME, AD308 - 312

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ANCIENT ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE ROMAN TEMPLES

DOME

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ANCIENT ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE ROMAN TEMPLES

DOME THE PANTHEON, AD 118-128

The extension of the arch idea lead to the development of domes. The largest dome built for 18 centuries was the Pantheon.

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ANCIENT ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE ROMAN TEMPLES

DOME THE PANTHEON, AD 118-128

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ANCIENT ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE ROMAN MASONRY

Walls were built of ordinary masonry or of concrete (faced or unfaced). Concrete walls, except below ground, were always faced. Most stone walls were laid in regular courses as headers (stone or brick laid with its end toward the face of the wall) and stretchers (stone or brick laid with its length parallel to the face of the wall). This type of masonry was called opus quadratum.
ANCIENT ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

ARCHITECTURE HISTORY + CULTURE I

ROME ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

Key Characteristics & Principles

Illustration of the different uses of concrete fill, bricks and a veneer. Included are examples of the opus incertum, opus reticulatum, and opus testaceum methods.

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ANCIENT ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE
KEY ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTERISTICS AND PRINCIPLES

concrete construction (often faced with brick or marble) use of the arch, vault (extruded arch), and dome -- all of which can be used to span spaces. Large scale and fully-developed interior spaces designed to accommodate large numbers of people Public architecture -- befitting a grand republic and empire. Not just temples. Infrastructure roads, aqueducts, drainage, etc. return to frontality (facades) rather than "object" buildings or pavilions). Greek motifs (pediments, porticos, columns) applied to surfaces.
ANCIENT ROMAN ARCHITECTURE
Diagram showing construction of arches, barrel vaults and cross (or groin) vaults

ARCHITECTURE HISTORY + CULTURE I

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE BUILDING TYPES

The Romans created architecture for 3 basic categories of usages:

1.Domestic / residential uses.

- Domus (city/town dwelling for the upper class citizens) - Villa (country dwelling) - Insula (apartment block for the lower class citizens)

2.Public Buildings.
- Forum and Basilica - Baths - Theatres and amphitheatres - Stadiums / Circuses

3. Places of Worship
- Roman temples

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ANCIENT ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE RESIDENTIAL BUILDING

Domus Symmetrical house plan, axial Entrance connected with an atrium, large public room, open to the sky. Pool in the center impluvium, for rain water from the roof. Principle public room tablinium. Open peristyle, ringed with colonnade. Has running water and hot water for baths Villa Suburban / country dwelling. Insulae Apartment dwelling units / houses. 3 to 4 floors Opened to landscaped internal courtyards. No running water Cooking in the units were hazardous

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ANCIENT ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE RESIDENTIAL

DOMUS

Symmetrical house plan. Entrance connected with an atrium, large public room, open to the sky. Pool in the center impluvium, collecting rain water from the roof. Principle public room tablinium. Open peristyle, ringed with colonnade. ANCIENT ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

ARCHITECTURE HISTORY + CULTURE I

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE BUILDING TYPE

DOMUS COMPARISON TO THE GREEK DOMUS

A house with a courtyard (open to the sky) was the general plan. Usually built of mud bricks on top of a small row of stones, and covered in plaster Usually consisted of 4-6 rooms The entrance from the street led directly to the courtyard while the other rooms opened into the courtyard. The most richly decorated room in the house was the andron - men's room. Couches were arranged around the sides of the room where the men would recline while they ate and were entertained. The remaining rooms on the ground floor were for storage.

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ANCIENT ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE BUILDING TYPE

DOMUS

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ANCIENT ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE BUILDING TYPE

DOMUS

Symmetrical house plan. Entrance connected with an atrium, large public room, open to the sky. Pool in the center impluvium, for rain water from the roof. Principle public room tablinium. Open peristyle, ringed with colonnade.

ARCHITECTURE HISTORY + CULTURE I

ANCIENT ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE BUILDING TYPE

DOMUS

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ANCIENT ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE BUILDING TYPE

DOMUS

Roman urban Domus with bright colours.

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ANCIENT ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE BUILDING TYPE

DOMUS

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ANCIENT ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE POMPEII

DOMUS

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ANCIENT ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE POMPEII

DOMUS

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ANCIENT ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE POMPEII

DOMUS

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ANCIENT ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE POMPEII

DOMUS

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ANCIENT ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE POMPEII

DOMUS

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ANCIENT ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE POMPEII

DOMUS

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ANCIENT ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

The Roman Roads

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ANCIENT ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

ROME All Roads Lead to Rome

VIA APPIA / APPIAN WAY

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ANCIENT ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE BUILDING TYPE

VILLA

2 kinds of villas: the villa urbana, which was a country resting area that could easily be reached from Rome (or another city) for a night or two, and the villa rustica, the country farm-house, estate permanently occupied by the servants who had charge of the estate. Rooms mainly for farming Purposes.

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ANCIENT ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

VILLA URBANA VILLA OF MYSTERIES

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ANCIENT ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

VILLA URBANA VILLA OF MYSTERIES

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ANCIENT ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

VILLA RUSTICA VILLA, BOSCOREALE

Rooms in the villa were for farming purposes. The owners seasonally live in the villa rustica.

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ANCIENT ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

Ostia apartment for travellers

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ANCIENT ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

OSTIA, 2ND CENTURY AD

Model of Roman apartment house at Ostia

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ANCIENT ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE BUILDING TYPE

INSULA

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ANCIENT ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE BUILDING TYPE

URBAN PLANNING

Growth of cities can be considered organic as the buildings of rectangular shapes are randomly arranged in a layering of grids. The heart of the old cities is Forum civic open spaces lined with stoas and civil buildings. Similar to agora but now architecturally more well defined. Generally rectangular in shape and dominated by a temple at one end of the forum axis. Around the forum, several buildings housing the civia (city officials), a basilica, temples and various public buildings. Forum Romanus most important and prototype, grew with necessity; ANCIENT ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

ARCHITECTURE HISTORY + CULTURE I

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE BUILDING TYPE

FORUM

Usage The Forum was the main marketplace and business center, where the ancient Romans went to do their banking, trading, shopping, and marketing. It was also a place for public speaking. The ancient Romans were great orators. They loved to talk. The job of their orators was not to argue, but to argue persuasively! People thronging the Forum would stop and listen, then wander away to do their shopping, and perhaps leave a gift at a temple for one of their gods. The Forum was also used for festivals and religious ceremonies. The Roman Forum is a square which is surrounded by some of the most ancient Roman monuments.

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ANCIENT ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE BUILDING TYPE

FORUM

ATHENIAN AGORA

ROMAN FORUM

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ANCIENT ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE BUILDING TYPE

FORUM

CHARACTERISTICS Forums are place for gathering with government buildings, temples, public buildings, market and palaces. The many forums were added by succeeding emperors, each commemorating a significant military achievement and dedicated to a god whose attributes were admired by the patron emperor. Imperial forums began in the vast Forum of Trajan designed by Applodorus of Damascus and built to commemorate his victories. Most complex Stoa lined forecourt measuring 200 x 120 m. Attached market facilities Temple built by Hadrian, his successor. 2 libraries (Greek and Latin manuscript wings). Great stone column of Trajan (38 m high) covered with relief depicting victories in battle. Basilica Ulpio longest in all of Rome.

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ANCIENT ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE BUILDING TYPE

FORUM

Master planning

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ANCIENT ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE BUILDING TYPE

FORUM

IMPERIAL FORUMS AT PALATINE HILL

IMPERIAL FORUMS 1. Market of Trajan 2. Forum of Trajan 3. Forum of Augustus 4. Forum of Nerva 5. Forum of Vespasian 6. Forum of Caesar

ARCHITECTURE HISTORY + CULTURE I

ANCIENT ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE BUILDING TYPE

FORUM

Model of the Imperial Forum marking the Basilica Ulpia, Forum of Trajan, Forum of Julius Caesar, Forum of Nerva, Markets of Trajan, Forum of Augustus, and Forum of Vespasian (Forum of Peace).

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ANCIENT ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE BUILDING TYPE

FORUM

Reconstruction of the interior of Basilica Ulpia

Forum of Trajan, c. 113 A.D. (reconstruction model), Rome, Shows the forecourt with Triumphal Arch, equestrian statue

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ANCIENT ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE BUILDING TYPE

FORUM

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ANCIENT ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE BUILDING TYPE

FORUM

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ANCIENT ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE BUILDING TYPE

TEMPLES MAISON CARREE, NIMES, FRANCE C. 19-16 BC

Roman Temples Are not replicas of Greek. Usually using the Ionic or Corinthian orders, rarely Doric. They were raised upon a podium approached by steps, they usually had a portico one or two columns deep at one end, and often attached demicolumns along the sides, rather than a free standing colonnade all around.

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ANCIENT ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE BUILDING TYPE

TEMPLES THE PANTHEON, ROME, AD 118 - 128

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ANCIENT ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE BUILDING TYPE

TEMPLES THE PANTHEON, ROME, AD 118 - 128

OCULUS

The Pantheon Best symbol of classic Roman enclosure of space. Built to house and symbolise all gods (pan all; theos gods).

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ANCIENT ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE BUILDING TYPE

TEMPLES THE PANTHEON, ROME, AD 118 - 128

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ANCIENT ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE BUILDING TYPE

TEMPLES THE PANTHEON, ROME, AD 118 - 128

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ANCIENT ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE BUILDING TYPE

TEMPLES THE PANTHEON, ROME, AD 118 - 128

The Pantheon

View of front approach, Pantheon, Rome

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ANCIENT ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE BUILDING TYPE

TEMPLES THE PANTHEON, ROME, AD 118 - 128

CONCRETE
Romans invention of concrete enabled them to erect massive engineering structures aqueducts, triumphal arches, public baths, or temples

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ANCIENT ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE BUILDING TYPE

TEMPLES THE PANTHEON, ROME, AD 118 - 128

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ANCIENT ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE BUILDING TYPE

TEMPLES THE PANTHEON, ROME, AD 118 - 128

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ANCIENT ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE BUILDING TYPE

TEMPLES THE PANTHEON, ROME, AD 118 - 128

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ANCIENT ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE
Contributions

Roman architects were the first to manipulate large interior spaces shaping of space being the essence of Roman architecture. Superiority of space with high degree of engineering capability vast interior of the Pantheon with an internal span of 143 feet. Discovered the economy of building with small stones and rubble held together with mortar than with large stone blocks laid dry. This early development of concrete in conjunction with brick, made the construction of domes and vaults possible. Columns were frequently degraded to merely decorative roles; walls became essential elements. Great importance given to public architecture from the beginning Roman civilization focused on the city development centering around the Forum.

ARCHITECTURE HISTORY + CULTURE I

ANCIENT ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE
CONCLUSION

Elegance of details and refinement of form of Greece with the pragmatic functionalism, civil scale and sense of power of Rome. Universal architecture, embodying the essence of Romanitas wherever it was built. Discovered ways of shaping and playing with space, of moulding light and shadow, with a new pliable material in concrete.

ARCHITECTURE HISTORY + CULTURE I

ANCIENT ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE
ARCHITECTURAL IMPORTANCE

Strongly influenced by classical Greece, as many architects of Imperial Rome were Greeks. First combination of the column and beam system of classical Greece adopted with the arch and vault system developed by the Etruscans. Adopted imposing scale to spaces to reflect the grandeur and supremacy of the empire such as the Pantheon. Manipulation of large interior spaces as shaping (carving) of space is essence of Roman architecture. Sophisticated engineering skills and discovery of early concrete technology possibilities for building domes and vaults. Walls as essential elements of construction columns as merely decorative roles. Great Importance to public architecture

ARCHITECTURE HISTORY + CULTURE I

ANCIENT ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

END

ARCHITECTURE HISTORY + CULTURE I

ANCIENT ROMAN ARCHITECTURE