Tiu lun mn n mn kim loi

CHNG 1 : C S L THUYT CA N MN KIM LOI

1.1 nh ngha n mn:

n mn kim loi l s ph hy kim loi do tng tc ha hc hoc in ha ca kim loi vi mi trng xung quanh. 1.2 Phn loi cc qu trnh n mn: 1.2.1 Phn loi theo c ch ca qu trnh n mn Theo c ch ca qu trnh ngi ta chia ra lm hai loi n mn ha hc v n mn in ha: a. n mn ha hc: n mn ha hc l qu trnh n mn do tc dng ha hc ca kim loi vi mi trng. b. n mn in ha: n mn in ha l qu trnh n mn do tc dng in ha hc gia kim loi vi mi trng phn ng in ha, n tun theo qui lut ng hc in ha. n mn in ha xy ra 2 qu trnh ng thi. Qu trnh anot l qu trnh bin i trc tip kim loi thnh ion hydrat ha trong dung dch. Me + xH2O = Me(H2O)n+ + ne Trong kim loi cn mt lng tng ng cc electron d tha.

- Qu trnh catot l qu trnh lm cc electron d qu trnh anot b ng ha do

mt vi cht nhn electron, c gi l cht kh phn cc. Nghin cu chi tit qu trnh n mn ha hc v in ha cho thy khng c ranh gii phn bit r nt gia chng. Trong nhiu trng hp, s bin i chm t c ch ha hc sang c ch in ha c th xy ra v ngc li. S n mn trong dung dch in ly c th xy ra theo c c ch in ha ln c ch ha hc.

GVHD: L Trng Thnh 1

Nhm 5 _ DHHC5LT

Tiu lun mn n mn kim loi

1.2.2. Phn loi theo iu kin ca qu trnh n mn - n mn kh quyn l n mn kim loi trong kh quyn hay cc kh m t khc. - n mn trong cht in ly ( axit, baz, mui) - n mn di t ngha l n mn cc cng trnh ngm di t - n mn in gy ra di tc dng ca dng in ngoi hay cc dng lang thang - n mn di tc dng ca in th gy ra do tc dng ng thi ca mi trng xm thc v ca in th trn kim loi. - n mn sinh vth hc l n mn gy ra do cc vi sinh vt hay sn phm chuyn ha c chng. 1.2.3. Phn loi theo dng c trng ca n mn - n mn ton b xy ra trn ton b b mt kim loi, n c th u n hoc khng u - n mn cc b tp trung cc khu ring bit ca b mt kim loi. V d: n mn hang hc, n mn im - n mn gia cc tinh th l s ph hy kim loi dc theo ranh gii gia cc tinh th - n mn xuyn tinh hnh thnh cc vt rn xuyn tinh dn n s ph hy ton b kim loi

GVHD: L Trng Thnh 2

Nhm 5 _ DHHC5LT

Tiu lun mn n mn kim loi

Chng 2:GII THIU V VT LIU THP CACBON 2.1 nh hng ca cc nguyn t n t chc, c tnh ca thp cc bon. 2.1.1 nh ngha Thp Cacbon.. Thp ccbon l hp kim ca st v ccbon vi cha lng ccbon di 2,14%. Tuy nhin do iu kin nu luyn nn c nhiu nguyn t khc cng c mt trong thp. Chng l cc tp cht thng c nh Mangan (Mn), Silc (Si), Pht pho (P), lu hunh (S), cc tp cht n nh hydr (H), nit (N), xy (O), v cc tp cht ngu nhin nh crm (Cr), nikel (Ni), vnfram (W), titan (Ti), molibden (B), vanadi (V), Tt c cc loi nguyn t k trn c trong thp vi lng cha nh v nh hng khng ng k n t chc v tnh cht ca thp. Chnh v th m k c cc nguyn t c li u c gi l tp cht. Cn lu rng nu mt hay mt vi nguyn t k trn m ngi ta c cho vo thp vi dng no th chng li c gi l nguyn t hp kim (s c trnh by chi tit trong phn thp hp kim). Tm li ngoi st ra thnh phn ha hc ca thp ccbon thng thng bao gm: C < 2%; Mn 0,5-0,8%; Si 0,3-0,6%; P 0,05-0,06%; S 0,05-0,06%. 2.1.2 nh hng ca nguyn t ccbon. Trong tt c nguyn t, ccbon l nguyn t quan trng nht, quyt nh ch yu n t chc v tnh cht ca thp ccbon (v c i vi thp hp kim). S thay i hm lng ccbon nh hng n c tnh ca thp gm gii hn bn ( b), cng (HB), gin di ( ), tht t i ( ) v dai va p (ak). Khi hm lng ccbon trong thp tng, bn v cng ca thp tng cn do v dai va p li gim. Tuy nhin, bn ca thp ch tng ln v t ti gi tr cc i khi hm lng ca ccbon tng ln ti khong gii hn 0,8 ti 1,0%, vt qu gii hn ny bn li gim i. C tng 0,1% ccbon, trong thp cng tng thm khong 20-25HB v gii hn bn ( b) tng thm khong 60-80 MPa, nhng gin di tng i ( ) gim i khong 2-4%, tht t i ( ) gim i 1-5% v dai va p (ak) gim i khong 200 kJ/m2. Qui lut thay i ny c gii thch nh sau:

Cc thp c hm lng ccbon thp ( 0,25%) ni chung do, mm v bn, cng thp, hiu qu ha bn bng nhit luyn nh ti v ram khng cao, nn chng c dng ch yu lm cc chi tit cn qua dp ngui (l nhng sn phm cn do cao v khng cn qua nhit luyn) v lm cc kt cu xy dng. Mun tng hiu qa ca nhit luyn ca cc thp ny cn phi qua thm ccbon lp b mt. Cc thp vi hm lng ccbon trung bnh (0,3-0,5%) c c tnh tng hp cao v c s hi ha gia bn, cng, do v dai. Cc thp ny

GVHD: L Trng Thnh 3

Nhm 5 _ DHHC5LT

Tiu lun mn n mn kim loi

thng c dng lm cc vt liu kt cu nh cc chi tit chu ti trng tnh v va p cao nh trc truyn lc, bnh rng,.

Cc thp c hm lng ccbon tng i cao (0,55-0,7%) c cng cao v gii hn n hi cao nht nn thng c s dng lm cc chi tit n hi nh l xo, nhp. Cc thp c hm lng ccbon cao ( 0,7%) c cng v tnh chng mi moon cao, nn thng c dng lm dng c ct gt, dng c o, khun dp ngui, Ch rng, ngoi nh hng n c tnh, ccbon coi nh hng n mt s tnh cht ha l ca thp. Chng hn khi hm lng ccbon tng, mt (khi lng ring ) cng t thm ( ) v kh nng chng n mn ca thp gim i cn in tr ( ) v lc kh t (Hc) li tng ln. 2.1.3 nh hng ca cc nguyn t khc. Mangan (Mn): Nguyn t mangan c cho vo thp ccbon khi tinh luyn di dng fero mangan nhm mc ch kh xy v lu hunh. Khi ha tan vo ferit mangan c tc dng nng cao bn, cng ca pha ny, nn c lm tng c tnh ca thp. Nhng do lng mangan trong thp ccbon nh (thng di 0,8%) nn tc dng ny khng ng k v tc dng ch yu ca n ch kh xy v hn ch s c mt ca lu hunh. Silc (Si): Nguyn t silc c cho vo nhiu loi thp nhm kh xy trit hn. Cng nh mangan, khi c ha tan vo pha fert, nguyn t silic nng cao bn v cng cho pha ny. Cng do hm lng silc trong thp ccbon cn nh (thng di 0,6%) nn tc dng ha bn coi nh v tc dng ch yu ca n ch kh xy. Pht pho (P): Nguyn t pht pho d dng ha tan trong fert hay dng lin kt Fe3P u lm cho thp b gin, c bit l trng thi ngui do n l nguyn t c hi cn phi hn ch di mc cho php no . i vi thp ccbon thng thng hm lng ccbon nh hn 0,06%. Ring i vi thp d ct, nng cao kh nng b gy phoi, lng pht pho co th cao ti 0,08-0,15%. Pht pho c mt trong thp t cc qung hay t nhin liu than trong qu trnh luyn gang ban u. Lu hunh (S): Tng t nh pht pho, lu hunh c mt trong thp t cc qung v c bit l t than khi nu luyn gang. Cng tinh (Fe + FeS) c nhit nng chy thp khong 9880C nm bin gii ht d b mm v chy khi nung nng lm thp b t bin gii ht to hin tng ph hy gin, coi c gi l dn nng. V vy cn hn ch hm lng nguyn t c hi ny trong thp di mc cho php no . i vi thp thng thng hm lng lu hunh thng phi nh hn 0,06%. Tuy nhin i vi thp d ct, nng cao hin tng gy phoi, hm lng lu hunh c th ln ti 0,08 0,3%.

GVHD: L Trng Thnh 4

Nhm 5 _ DHHC5LT

Tiu lun mn n mn kim loi

2.2 Phn loi thp cc bon 2.2.1 Phn loi theo hm lng ccbon. Theo hm lng ccbon trong thp ngi ta chia thp ccbon ra lm bn loi: - Thp ccbon thp vi hm lng ccbon nh hn 0,25%, - Thp ccbon trung bnh vi hm lng ccbon trong khong t 0,25 0,5%, - Thp ccbon tng i cao khi hm lng ccbon trn 0,50.7%. - Thp ccbon cao khi hm lng ccbon trn 0,7%. 2.2.2 Phn loi theo cht lng. Ty thuc vo cht lng luyn kim, ngha l ty theo mc ng nht ca thnh phn ha hc, ca t chc v tnh cht ca thp v nht l ty theo hm lng cc tp cht c hi l pht pho v lu hunh c trong thp, ngi ta chia thp ra my loi sau:

- Thp c cht lng thng khi cha ti 0,05%S v P thng dng cho cc yu
cu khng cao nh thp xy dng thng.

- Thp c cht lng tt khi cha khng qu 0,04%S v P dng trong ch to

my thng dng.

- Thp c cht lng cao khi cha khng qu 0,025%S v P. - Thp c cht lng c bit cao khi cha khng qu 0,015%S v 0,025%P.
2.2.3 Phn loi theo phng php kh xy. Theo mc kh xy ngi ta chia thp ra lm ba loi l thp si, thp lng v thp na lng Thp si l thp c kh xy khng trit tc l ch dng fero mangan l mt loi cht kh khng mnh. Do vn coi FeO trong thp lng nn n c th tc dng vi ccbon theo phn ng: FeO + C Fe + CO Kh CO bay ln lm cho mt thp lng chuyn ng ging nh n b si v th loi thp ny mang tn thp si. Do kh CO vn coi to thnh ngay c khi rt thp lng vo khun nn chng to thnh mt s bt kh trong thi thp c (Hnh v 5.1a).

GVHD: L Trng Thnh 5

Nhm 5 _ DHHC5LT

Tiu lun mn n mn kim loi

Hnh 2.1 Cu to thi c: a)thp si v b) thp lng. Trong qu trnh cn nng tip theo phn ln cc bt kh ny c hn lin li lm cho thp c st cht hn. Thp lng l loi thp c kh xy trit hn do ngoi fero mangan, ngi ta coi s dng fero silc v nhm nn trong thp cn rt t FeO v th mt thp lng phng lng v do chng c gi l thp lng. Trong thi thp lng hu nh khng c bt kh, khng c s phn lp nh thp si nhng li c lm co kh ln (Hnh v 5.1b). Thp lng c cht lng cao hn thp si nhng khng kinh t bng v phi ct b phn lm co chim ti 10 15% trng lng ca thi c v chi ph cho vic kh xy ln. Trong thp lng pha fert c cha nhiu silc hn (khong 0,15 0,30%) nn chng cng hn so vi thp si v chng thch hp cho cng ngh hn. Thp lng l loi thp tt lm phn ln cc chi tit my. Thp na lng l loi trung gian gia hai loi thp trn, chng ch c kh xy bng fero mangan v nhm 2.2.4 Phn loi theo t chc t vi: Cn c vo cc t chc khc nhau trn gin trng thi Fe - Fe3C ngi ta phn thp ra lm ba loi: thp trc cng tch, thp cng tch v thp sau cng tch.

Thp trc cng tch.

Thp trc cng tch c hm lng cc bon nh hn 0,8% (khong 0,10 0,70) tc nm v bn tri ca im S c t chc gm fert v pclt (hnh 5.2).

GVHD: L Trng Thnh 6

Nhm 5 _ DHHC5LT

Tiu lun mn n mn kim loi

Hnh 2.2. T chc t vi thp trc cng tch 0,6% C (x500 ln). Khi lng ccbon tng ln th t l phn pclt mu ti trong t chc ca thp trc cng tch tng ln, cn fert c mu sng li gim i. Nu hm lng ccbon qu t (trong khong 0,02 0,05%) c th coi hp kim ny nh thp nguyn cht vi t chc hu nh ton fert tc l c mu sng hon ton. T l gia peclit v fert thay i theo thnh phn ca cc bon cha trong thp.

Vi thp c cc bon 0,1% th phn ti tc peclt khong 1/8. Vi thp c cc bon 0,4% th phn ti tc peclt khong 1/2. Cn vi thp c cc bon 0,6% th phn ti tc peclt khong 3/4.
Thp cng tch. Thp cng tch l thp c thnh phn 0,8% C (c th x dch cht t) ng vi im S c t chc ch gm c peclt.

Hnh 2.3 T chc t vi ca peclt tm (a) v pclt ht (b) (x 500 ln) Thp sau cng tch. Thp sau cng tch c thnh phn trn 0,80% C (nhng thng ch ti 1,5% C, c bit c th ti 2,0 2,2%) ng vi bn phi ca im S. Thp sau cng tch c t chc peclt v xementt th hai dng li mu sng nh c trnh by trn hnh 5.4.

GVHD: L Trng Thnh 7

Nhm 5 _ DHHC5LT

Tiu lun mn n mn kim loi

Hnh 2.4. T chc t vi thp sau cng tch 1,2 %C (x500 ln). Cn lu rng: Thp trc cng tch c t chc fert - peclt cn phn bit fert trc cng tch c to thnh trc khi xy ra phn ng cng tch v fert ca cng tch c to thnh trong phn ng cng tch. R rng l fert trc l c lp c dng ht cn loi sau l dng hn hp nm xen k ln vi xementt trong peclt. Tng t, vi thp sau cng tch, cng cn phn bit hai loi xementt. Xementt th hai c to thnh sau cng tch v xementt cng tch nm trong peclt. 2.2.5 Phn loi theo cng dng, Theo cng dng thp ccbon c chia lm bn nhm chnh: thp cn nng thng dng, thp kt cu, thp dng c, v thp c cng dng ring. y l cch phn loi thng c s dng nht nn chng s c trnh by su hn trong phn k hiu thp ccbon. 2.3 u v nhc im ca thp cc bon 2.3.1 u im Thp ccbon c s dng rt rng ri trong cng nghip cng nh trong i sng sinh hot do chng c nhng u im c bn sau: Do d nu luyn v khng s dng cc nguyn t hp kim t tin nn thp ccbon rt r. So vi thp hp kim th thp ccbon c tnh cng ngh tt hn nh d c, d hn, d gia cng p lc nh rn, dp ko si cng nh d gia cng ct gt. C c tnh nht nh cho cc chi tit nh, trung bnh v khng quan trng. Sau khi t i, cng ca thp ccbon cng rt cao khng thua km g thp hp kim c hm lng ccbon tng ng. 2.3.2 Nhc im

GVHD: L Trng Thnh 8

Nhm 5 _ DHHC5LT

Tiu lun mn n mn kim loi

Tuy nhin, v cc mt khc so vi thp hp kim, thp ccbon c nhng nhc im sau: Thp ccbon trng thi thng ha v trng thi c bn thp, gii hn n hi khng vt qu 700MP mc d t c gii hn bn ny do v dai cng gim i mnh. Thp ccbon c thm ti thp nn hiu qa ho bn khng cao,nh hng xu n bn, c bit vi tit din ln.

Thp ccbon thp gi c bn v cng nhit khng cao, thng ch ti 180 2200C v th chng khng c dng lm dng c ct tc nhanh v cc chi tit lm vic nhit cao. Khng c cc tnh cht vt l, ha hc c bit nh cng nng, chng n mn

2.4 iu kin n mn thp cacbon:

- Cc in cc phi khc cht nhau: c th l cp kim loi khc nhau, cp kim loi - phi kim (C), cp kim loi - hp cht ha hc ( xmentit ). Trong kim loi c tnh kh mnh hn s l cc m. Nh vy kim loi nguyn cht kh b n mn. - Cc in cc phi tip xc vi nhau ( hoc trc tip hoc gin tip qua dy dn ) - Cc in cc cng tip xc vi mt dung dch in li. n mn in ha hc hp kim ca st (gang, thp) trong khng kh m - Gang, thp l hp kim Fe C gm nhng tinh th Fe tip xc trc tip vi tinh th C (graphit) - Khng kh m c cha H2O, CO2, O2to ra lp dung dch cht in li ph ln b mt gang, thp lm xut hin v s pin in ha m Fe l cc m, C l cc dng 2.5 . C ch n mn in ha : Thp l nhng hp kim Fe-C, trong cc m l nhng tinh th Fe, cc dng l nhng tinh th c. Cc in cc ny tip xc trc tip vi nhau v vi mt dung dch in li ph ngoi. Nh vy, vt b n mn theo kiu in ha:

GVHD: L Trng Thnh 9

Nhm 5 _ DHHC5LT

Tiu lun mn n mn kim loi

- cc m: Cc nguyn t Fe b oxi ha. Cc ion ny tan vo dung dch in li trong c mt lng khng kh oxi, ti y chng b oxi ha tip thnh . - cc dng: Cc ion hiro ca dung dch in li di chuyn n cc dng, ti y chng b kh thnh hiro t do, sau thot ra khi dung dch in li: . Cc tinh th Fe ln lt b oxi ha t ngoi vo trong. Sau mt thi gian, vt bng gang (thp) s b n mn ht.

- cc m xy ra s oxi ha: Fe Fe2+ + 2e - cc dng xy ra s kh: 2H+ + 2e H2 v O2 + 2H2O + 4e 4OH- Tip theo: Fe2+ + 2OH- Fe(OH)2 4Fe(OH)2 + O2(kk) + 2H2O 4Fe(OH)3 - Theo thi gian Fe(OH)3 s b mt nc to ra g st c thnh phn ch yu l Fe2O3.xH2

CHNG 3 : BO V BNG PHNG PHP M CROM 3.1 Gii thiu chung v lp m crom:

GVHD: L Trng Thnh 10

Nhm 5 _ DHHC5LT

Tiu lun mn n mn kim loi

3.1.1 Tnh cht crom :

Cr l kim loi mu trng bc c nh xanh, c cng rt cao, chu mi mn tt.

Trng lng nguyn t l 52,01.

Nhit nng chy l 1750-1800oC. in th tiu chun Cr/Cr3+l -0,7V. Trong kh quyn trn b mt Cr hnh thnh
mt lp oxit mng rt kn, chc, chng n mn v gip Cr gi c bng v mu sc. Trong khng kh m v trong mi trng oxi ho Cr c in th +0,2V nn lp m Cr i vi thp phi kn mi c kh nng bo v.

3.1.2 Tnh cht v cu to lp m crom :

Lp m crm c cu to tinh th nh mn. Lp m crm c n nh ho hc cao, chu c mi mn, b ngoi sng p. Lp m crm c cng cao (310-1050HB) ch sau kim cng v crunum. Lp m crm c bng cao mu sng trng c nh xanh v bn mu. Crm li d m ln hu ht cc kim loi nh st, ng, km, niken

Lp m crom c 2 dng cu to: Cr v Cr

Dng Cr

Dng Cr

GVHD: L Trng Thnh 11

Nhm 5 _ DHHC5LT

Tiu lun mn n mn kim loi T trng: 6,08g/cm3.

Lp m sp xp t cht

T trng : 7,1g/cm3
Lp m sp xp cht ch. Thu c khi m nhit cao v mt dng in ln. Lp m cng, bng.

ch. Thu c khi m nhit thp v mt dng nh. Lp m xm ti, xp, bm km.

Dng Cr ch bn nhit di 25oC, khi nhit cao hn s chuyn

sang dng Cr n nh hn ng thi gii phng hydro hp ph v co rt tinh th to thnh mng vt nt chi cht trn b mt.

Lp m Crm dng cho cng cao hn dng . Mun u tin dng Lp m Crm c ng sut ni cao l do s co rt th tch khi n chuyn

no ch cn thay i diu kin in phn: nhit , mt dng.

t dng Cr sang dng Cr nhng vn bm chc vi nn. Kt qu l lp m b rng nt, to thnh mng vt nt chng cht khp b mt.

do ca lp m crom cng ph thuc vo ch in phn. M

nhit thp, mt dng in cao s thu c lp m crm bng hoc m c gin cao. - M nhit cao, mt dng in thp s c lp crom sa do. Chiu dy lp m crm c th tnh gn ng theo cng thc sau: = 4,6 . H . t . DC ( m) Trong : H hiu sut dng in (12-18%) t- thi gian m (h) DC mt dng in catod A/dm2.

3.2 C s l thuyt qu trnh m crom :

GVHD: L Trng Thnh 12

Nhm 5 _ DHHC5LT

Tiu lun mn n mn kim loi M crom tin hnh trong dung dch l hn hp acid H2Cr2O4 v H2Cr2O7 ch
khng phi mui ca kim loi kt ta.

Dung dch nht thit phi c ion hot ho (ion xc tc) l: SO42- , F-, SiF62khng c chng khng th kt ta. Nng ion hot ho phi khng ch trong mt gii hn hp mi thu c lp m tt v hiu sut dng in cao. M Cr c in th kh ion cromat rt m, hiu sut dng in catod rt thp, mt dng in rt ln, kh nng phn b lp m rt km. Khng dng anod crom ho tan m dng anod tr bng hp kim ch.

3.3 Cc dung dch m crom: 3.3.2 Nhng dung dch dng m crom: a.
M t dung dch c anion SO42-:

Dung dch ny gm 2 cu t chnh: CrO3 v H2SO4. CrO3 c dng vi nng t 150-400 g/l. Nng cao cho lp m t cng, hiu sut dng v kh nng phn b Nng long cho lp m rt cng, hiu sut dng v kh nng phn b Acid sunfuric cung cp ion hot ho SO42-. Nng H2SO4 cao cho lp

thp. cao.

m bng, tinh th nh cn nng thp cho lp m xm, km cht lng v c 2 trng hp u lm gim hiu sut dng in.

bng.

T l nng gia 2 cu t chnh CrO3:H2SO4 nh hng n cht lng

lp m CrO3:H2SO4 = 100:1 lp m bng nht, hiu sut dng cao nht, kh nng

phn b cao nht. CrO3:H2SO4 = 70:1 n 80:1 cho lp m rt cng nhng khng sng

GVHD: L Trng Thnh 13

Nhm 5 _ DHHC5LT

Tiu lun mn n mn kim loi

Cn cc t k khc lp m cht lng rt xu. Nng cc cu t g/l CrO3 H2SO4 220 250 150 175 275 300 2.2 2.5 1.5 1.75 2.75 3.0 Ch m Dc (A/dm2) toC 15 60 45 100 10 30 45 55 55 65 35 45

Loi dung dch

Dung dch vn nng Dung dch long Dung dch c

Dung dch m crm c ion SO42- c chia thnh 3 loi:

b.
Ch m CrO3: 300-400g/l KF.2H2O: 8-12 g/l Nhit : 20-30oC Dc: 10A/dm2

M t dung dch c anion F-: u im C th m nhit phng Kh nng phn b v kh nng m su tt. C th m mt dng in thp (0,5-2A/dm2). Hiu sut dng in cao. Lp m c tnh n hi cao. C th m bng c. Nhc im Do cha ion F- c tnh n mn cao. Anod phi dng hp kim Pb. Anod Pb d sinh ra cht ch florua bao ph lm tng in tr. Lp m c cng thp.

GVHD: L Trng Thnh 14

Nhm 5 _ DHHC5LT

Tiu lun mn n mn kim loi c.

chnh): Dung dch cha ng thi hai ion SO42- v SiF62Ch m CrO3: 250-300 g/l SrSO4: 5,5-6,5 g/l K2SiF6: 18-20 g/l Nhit : 55-65oC Dc: 40-100 A/dm2 H: 17-18% u im Nhc im Thnh phn dung dch lun n Do cha ion F- nn c tnh n nh. mn cao. Tng khong nhit v mt Anod phi dng hp kim Pb dng in nn cho lp m vi Sn bng. Tng kh nng phn b. Tc kt ta nhanh. iu chnh v phn tch kh khn. Dung dch nhy vi tp cht nht l Fe. d. M t dung dch tetracromat: M t dung dch c cc ion SO42- v SiF6 2- (dung dch t iu

Khc vi dung dch m thng, acid cromic trong dung dch tetracromat
c trung ho bng NaOH v crom trong dung dch tn ti dng natri tetracromat Na2Cr4O13. dung dch ny dng m crom bo vtrang sc. Ch m u im M nhit thng. bng cao. l xp. 24oC. b un nng do phi lm Nhc im

CrO3: 350 - 400 g/l H2SO4: 2,5 - 3 g/l NaOH: 40-60 g/l Nhit : 15-24oC Dc: 10-60 A/dm2 H: 30%

Lp m d nh bng v t Phi khng ch nhit lun Lp m mm do, khng c Do DC ln nn dung dch lun C th m Crom chng ln lnh thng xuyn. nhau m khng cn bc lp cng lp m khng cao. m c v dy trn 20 m Cha m bng trc tip c. kh ng u. C th m phn on c.

GVHD: L Trng Thnh 15

Nhm 5 _ DHHC5LT

Tiu lun mn n mn kim loi

Nng H2SO4 bng 2-2,5 g/l cho lp m d nh bng; nng cao hn cho lp m gin, gc cnh vt m c vt sng. Nng H2SO4 thp hn hiu sut dng in gim rt nhanh Nng NaOH tt nht l 40-60g/l M crm en: M crm en dng cho cc vt cn phn quang thp hc trang sc trong Dung dch m crm en khng c gc SO42Hm lng crm oxit khong 75% cn li l hp cht oxy ho crm. Pha ch dung dch crm en cn dng nc ct, v loi ht gc sunfat. M crm en ln nn thp cn m ng hoc niken trc, i vi chi tit Gi treo m crm en cn phi ty lp m c th mi dn in tt.

e.

nhng trng hp c bit.

ng, km cn m niken.

Thnh phn v ch . CrO3 NaNO3 H2SiF6 CH3COOH (CH3COO)2Ba NiCl2.6H2O Vanadi nitrat NH2SO3H NH2CONH2 Nhit oC GVHD: L Trng Thnh

Dung dch 1 300-320 7-11 0,1ml/l 212 7,5 2 250 300 3 250 0,25 5 ml/l 20 2 4 200

< 35

32 -45

25-35

35 -40

Nhm 5 _ DHHC5LT 16

Tiu lun mn n mn kim loi Dc Thi gian (ph) Anod 15-30 20 Pb-Sn 49 Pb - Sn 15-45 100

3.3.3 Thnh phn dung dch m crom v nh hng ca chng ln qu

trnh in phn v cht lng lp m: Thnh phn dung dch nh hng L thnh phn c bn ca mi dung dch m crom Tng nng CrO3: hiu sut dng in gim nn kh nng phn b kim loi cng gim theo. CrO3 Tng nng CrO3: tng dn in ca dung dch, gim th trong b in phn, tuy nhin cn ph thuc vo nhit . Tng nng CrO3: lm gim gii hn mt dng v khong nhit ti u thu c lp m Cr bng ng vai tr cht xc tc. Thiu n phn ng kh CrO42- trn catod SO42SiF62khng din ra : lp m catod khng hnh thnh ng vai tr cht xc tc: nng hiu sut dng catod ln cao Nng Cr3+ thp: tc m chm, tc m mm, kh nng phn b thp. Cr3+ Nng Cr3+ cao: phm vi thu c lp m bng hp, bng km Tp cht ( Fe, Cu, Zn, Cl-, NO3-) L thnh phn khng th thiu trong dung dch m crom nh hng n cht lng lp m: Hm lng st cao: dn in gim, dng in khng n nh, phm vi thu c lp m bng hp. hm lng Fe khng vt qu 8g/l.

GVHD: L Trng Thnh 17

Nhm 5 _ DHHC5LT

Tiu lun mn n mn kim loi

Hm lng Cu khng vt qu 5 g/l Hm lng Zn khng vt qu 3 g/l Nng ion Cl- cao: hiu sut dng in gim, kh nng phn b thp, lp m en, c hoa bn n mn km. Lng ion clo cho php trong phm vi 0.3 0.5 g/l. Ion NO3-: d c rt t ion NO3- s lm cho lp m en, b ch b n mn, phi dng mt dng in cao mi c lp m crom Ch lm vic: Kh nng phn b ca lp m crom km. Gia kh nng phn b v che ph ca dung dch m crom c mi quan h mt thit vi nhau v ph thuc vo s phn b dng s cp, nhit v mt dng.

Khi nhit cao, phn b s km cn mt dng tng phn b s

tng v hm lng H2SO4 ti u, kh nng phn b 1% cng nh s c mt ca Cr3+ s lm tng s phn b.

3.3.4

Cch pha ch dung dch v iu chnh dung dch m:

a. Pha ch dung dch:

Cc dung dch cha ion sunfat c pha ch bng cch ho tan CrO3 vo
nc ct hay nc mm. ho tan ca chng nhit phng l 620 -630 g/l. dung dch c khuy cn thn cho tan ht v 1 ngy sau mi s dng. CrO3 k thut c ln mt t acid sunfuric do phi tr lng ny khi thm cu t th 2 H2SO4 vo dung dch mi pha.

Dung dch t iu chnh: ho tan CrO3 nh trn, xc nh nng CrO3 v

SO42- kt ta ion sunfat d bng SrCO3 , cho thm cc mui kh tan theo n ch nh, un nng dung dch , n 60-70oC khuy k gi nhit ny 16-18h. M x l Dc v nhit lm vic trong 2-3h.

GVHD: L Trng Thnh 18

Nhm 5 _ DHHC5LT

Tiu lun mn n mn kim loi Dung dch tetra cromat: ho tan CrO3 nh trn xc nh nng SO42- ,
NaOH, pha thnh dung dch v rt t t vo dung dch trn, khuy k, khi dung dch ngui cho acid sunfuric vo lng qui nh. b. iu chnh dung dch m crm: M crm khng dng anod tan nn dung dch long dn theo thi gian m. Lc phi dng dung dch c pha sn b sung vo b m.

i vi dung dch t iu chnh th ion sunfat trong dung dch c phau sn

phi dng SrCO3 chuyn chng thnh dng kt ta. SrSO4 v K2SiF6 b sung theo ch tiu sau: c 1l dung dch m c 1m2 sn phm cn phi b sung 1g SrSO4 v 6g K2SiF6.

Khi nng Cr3+ tch t qu nhiu phi m x l: dng catod thp c din
tch b hn anod, m x l vi Da = 1-1,5A/dm2 cn Dc phi ln hn. 3.5 Nhng h hng thng gp ,nguyn nhn v cch khc phc trong m crom: S C NGUYN NHN - bm lp Cr vo lp m Ni yu. - Chun b b mt kim loi Lp Cr tch khi lp nn m Ni khng tt. Ni hay tch khi kim - Lp m Ni th ng. loi nn. - Lp Ni bng nhng d tch lp. - Dd m Ni khng t yu cu. Lp m Cr khng kt ta ln lp m - Lp m Ni b th ng. - m Ni qu lu mi m - Kh mng th ng Ni. - Cn m Cr ngay sau khi m CCH KHC PHC

- Phi m Cr ngay sau m Ni. - Ty m, ty g kim loi nn ng k thut. - X l b mt Ni th ng. - Km tra li dd m Ni.

GVHD: L Trng Thnh 19

Nhm 5 _ DHHC5LT

Tiu lun mn n mn kim loi

Ni. Cr. - C bt kh bm vo b mt catt. Cr khng kt ta tng ch ca b mt. - Mt dng Ik qu b. - Tip xc in yu. - B che chn. in th trong b nhy vt, cng dng in gim. - Ant b che ph bi PbO2 dy. - Thm 1 t H2SO4 m Lp m Cr mu xm hay khng bng. - Nng axit H2SO4 gim, thm d. nng Cr2O3 cao. - nh bng khng u. - Nng Cr2O3 qu nh, cn SO42- qu ln. Cr khng kt ta han tan. - Ik qu b. - Tip in khng tt. Chi tit b ph lp mu nu hay cu vng. - Tip in km. Ant (Pb) b n mn. Dd bn bi axit HCl - Mt phn kim loi nn b Lp m c cc vt m nh v ln. C xut hin cc vt th ng. - B mt b bn bi lp du m, lp oxyt. Thiu SO42- trong dd t - Nhit qu cao. - Nng H2SO4 nh. - in phn vi b mt ant ln. - o t trng, thm CrO3 n gii hn yu cu. - Tng Ik.. - Kim tra tip in. - Tip in yu. Ni. - Khuy mnh. - Tng Ik.. - Kim tra tip xc in. - Xem li cch sp xp.

- Kim tra cch tip in. - Cr3+o, ty PbO2.

- Kim tra tng thm H2SO4. - Kim tra tip in.

- Kh th ng. - Ty k b mt. Kim tra, thm 2-3g/l cht

GVHD: L Trng Thnh 20

Nhm 5 _ DHHC5LT

Tiu lun mn n mn kim loi

trng trn b mt. iu chnh. - Mt dng qu nh trong giai an u in C cc vt nu. phn. - Nng CrO3 qu ln. - Nng SO42- qu nh. - Nhit cao. SrSO4. - S dng Ik cao ngay t u. - o t trng bng bm k v pha lang thch hp.

- Gim nhit thch hp. - Chi tit cn che chn ng - Kim tra treo chi tit cho cch. Kh nng ph su km. - S xp t ant khng ph hp hoc khng c ant ph. ng. - Tng khang cch ant catt. - Sp xp li ant v catt ph hp hn - Thnh phn dd khng ph - Kim tra, phn tch v sa hp, CrO3 qu nh, SO42qu ln, Cr3+ qu ln. bng km nhng kh nng phn b lp m tt. - Nng CrO3 ln. - Thiu SO42-. - Nhit qu cao, mt dng Ik qu nh hoc c Lp m cnh chi tit bng, gia th mu sa. hai. - Mt dng lc u qu cao. - Thnh phn dd c kh nng phn b km. Lp m cnh chi tit qu m, trung tm li bng. - Nhit qu thp. - Mt dng khi u qu ln. - iu chnh thnh phn dd. - Gim Ik lc bt u v rt ngn thi gian Ik cao. - Kim tra dd, lm gim SO42- xung. - Tng nhit thch hp. - Gim Ik lc u. cha dd cho ph hp.

GVHD: L Trng Thnh 21

Nhm 5 _ DHHC5LT

Tiu lun mn n mn kim loi

- Thnh phn dd c kh nng phn b km. - Mt dng ln. - Nhit qu thp( hay c hai) Lp m m, cnh gc nhn g gh. - Nng CrO3 thp. - Thiu K2SiF6 v SrSO4 trong dd. - Qu nhiu cc vy ant trong dd. - Tng nng CrO3 thch hp. - Khi thy khng c kt ta y b th thm 2-3g/l SrSO4 v 5-10g/l K2SiF6.

- Tng Ik thch hp. - Ik qu nh. Lp m kt ta chm. - Chi tit b che chn. - Nng SO ln.
24

- Kim tra cch treo ant v catt. - Phn tch, gim SO42-. - Loi kim loi l bng in phn, nhit thp mt dng catt rt nh, b mt catt ln. - Duy tr nhit 540C. - Tng Ik thch hp.

qu ln.

- Nng Cr3+, Fe3+, Cu2+

Lp Cr mm, mu sa.

- Nhit dd qu cao. - Mt dng Ik qu nh.

Nhng s c khi m Cr k thut Trn cnh mp, ch li xut hin enryt. Lp m tch lp. - Lm trn cc cnh mp Do mt dng Ik qu ln cc ch . - Ngt dng qu lu khi in phn. - S thay i mt dng trc khi m Cr. - Cn s dng che chn hp l. - Trnh lm thay i mt dng t ngt. - Hn ch thay i nhit

GVHD: L Trng Thnh 22

Nhm 5 _ DHHC5LT

Tiu lun mn n mn kim loi

qu 1,5%, mt dng qu nhy vt. - S thay i t ngt t0 do thm nc lnh vo b m khi in phn. - S dng bnh mi, tc mi thch hp, khng dng cht bi trn, hp th nhit. - nh bng lp Cr dng bnh xe vi, l, c du ha, bt nng, m k thuttc 5%. -Thm tng phn nh nc nng 500C.

quay 15-20m/s. - Tin hnh in phn trc - Ch bt u in phn (m) khi c cn bng nhit dd chi tit. khi t0 dd v chi tit ng nht. Nu chi tit c nhit dung ln, trc khi m cn nhng vo nc nng mt Tch lp m khi kim loi nn. - Chi tit b ph mt lp oxit do lu ngoi khng kh trc khi m Cr. - Thp c cha hm lng Cr, Mn, Ni ln. - Cc vt nt b che kn trong qu trnh ti thp. - S hp th H2. - Bt H2 bm lu trn catt. - Kim loi nn c cha cc ht than ch do hu qu ca gia cng nhit thp khng ng k thut. - B mt kim loi nn b l. - Mi ty xa vt r. - Phi tin hnh gia cng c bit trc khi m Cr. - Cn kim tra chi tit trc khi m Cr. - Sau khi m phi kh H2. - Khuy mnh ui H2. - Cn tin hnh gia cng nhit ng k thut. - Ty li. cht.

Lp m b nt trong v sau khi m. Lp m c chm kim.

GVHD: L Trng Thnh 23

Nhm 5 _ DHHC5LT

Tiu lun mn n mn kim loi

S c khi m Cr trong dd Tetracromat - Mt dng Ik qu cao. - Do nng H2SO4 vt qu 2,5g/l. Lp m en chy cnh mp, gc nhn. - Do nng CrO3, nng NaOH qu cao. - Nng Cr3+ qu 10g/l. - Nng H2SO4 di Lp m Cr ti. 1,5g/l. - Nng Cr qu ln. - T0 > 300C. Lp m Cr cng, kh nh bng. - Nng qu ln. - Nng CrO3 qu nh. - Nng SO42- qu nh. - Nng Cr3+ qu nh. Mt s phn b mt khng c Cr. Tc m chm. Mt dng qu ln hay qu nh. - Nng CrO3 qu nh. - Nng SO42- qu nh. - Nhit qu cao hay qu thp. - Nng CrO3 qu ln hay qu nh.
3+

- Gim Ik xung. - Kim tra gim H2SO4.

- Kim tra, thm CrO3, pha lang, b sung cc thnh phn khc. - in phn gim Cr+ - Kim tra, b sung H2SO4. - in phn gim Cr3+. - H t0 < 230C. - o t trng, pha lang. - Thm 100-150g/l CrO3. - Thm mt t H2SO4, in phn thm d. - Phn tch Cr3+, thm ng (1g ng to 3-5g Cr2O3) Dng mt dng thch hp. - Kim tra, phn tch, thm 100-150g/l CrO3. - Kim tra b sung nng H2SO4 khong 1,2-2,5g/l l ti u. - Duy tr t0 = 17-230C.

GVHD: L Trng Thnh 24

Nhm 5 _ DHHC5LT

Tiu lun mn n mn kim loi

- Kim tra, phn tch nng CrO3 t do trong khang 100-150g/l l ti u. - Nng Natri tetracromat - Kim tra nng chung qu nh. CrO3, cn c vo t trng m b sung xt. 3.6 Kim tra cht lng lp m: 3.6.1 Kim tra b mt ngoi lp m: Kim tra b mt ngoi lp m l phng php thng dng kim tra Dng mt kim tra c th phn thnh 3 loi: loi t cht lng, loi Chi tit c lp m khng t cht lng bao gm nhng chi tit phi ty i cht lng lp m. phi lm li v loi ph phm. m li v loi khng cn ty lp m m thm mt s nguyn cng na (nh nh bng li). o B mt ngoi lp m khng cho php c chm kim, im r, bng, chy, Cn c vo yu cu s dng ca lp m m chn nhng chi tit t cht i vi m bo v trang sc, chn nhng chi tit khng nh hng ti ti lp m phi c bng p, mu sc ph hp. lng: b mt ngoi. Lp m Crom phi gi c bng lu di v cn ng vai tr chng n mn. Kh nng chng n mn ca n ph thuc vo lp m c xp hay khng, iu ny ph thuc ch yu vo loi dung dch m Crom. o i vi lp m bo v phi chn nhng chi tit c tnh nng chng g ph hp vi yu cu. Nhng chi tit ph phm bao gm nhng loi sau: chi tit n mn nhiu, 3.6.2 Kim tra bm chc lp m: chi tit c khuyt tt v c kh

GVHD: L Trng Thnh 25

Nhm 5 _ DHHC5LT

Tiu lun mn n mn kim loi

bm chc lp m khng tt, nguyn nhn ch yu do khu chun b b mt, trc khi m khng tt. Ngoi ra bm chc cn chu nh hng ca thnh phn dung dch, ch lm vic, h s n nhit gia kim loi nn v lp m. C nhiu phng php kim tra bm chc lp m vi kim loi nn. Phng php ny da trn c s s khc nhau ca tnh nng c kh vt l ca lp m v kim loi nn tc l mu m chu tc dng trc tip ca ngoi lc, nhit , s bin dng khng ng u m kim tra bm chc lp m. Chn phng php no cn c vo tng chi tit m v kim loi m. Ta c th lm cc th nghim nh sau: Th nghim un cong: Mu m kp trn to, un cong i, un cong li nhiu ln, n khi mu m t ri ra, lp m khng b bong. Hoc phng i 4 ln kim tra, lp m v kim loi nn vn gn chc vi nhau. Th nghim da:

Mu m kp trn t, dng da, da i cnh ca lp m. B mt da to Th nghim vch:

thnh gc 450 vi b mt lp m, cho kim loi nn l ra, lp m khng b bong. Dng dao nh vch ngang dc trn b mt chi tit m, cho ti khi ti kim

loi nn, s lng vch, c ly gia cc vch khng hn ch, quan st lp m khng c hin tng bong. Th nghim gia nhit: Chi tit m a vo t sy hoc l nung, gia nhit thi gian 0,5 1 gi, sau Nhit th nghim gia nhit: Lp m Kim loi nn Thp ng v hp kim ng Hp kim km Crm, Niken, ng Niken + crm, thic + niken 300 10 250 10 150 10 lm ngui trong nc nhit thng, lp m khng b bong dp.

GVHD: L Trng Thnh 26

Nhm 5 _ DHHC5LT

Tiu lun mn n mn kim loi

Nhm v hp kim nhm 3.6.3 Kim tra dy lp m: dy lp m l nhn t quan trng nh gi cht lng lp m, nh hng rt ln n bn s dng. bn lp m l vic rt quan trng xc nh tnh nng vt l ca lp m. C hai phng php dy lp m: phng php ha hc v phng Phng php ha hc bao gm: phng php o dng chy, phng php php vt l. ha tan, phng php nh git v phng php in lng. Phng php vt l bao gm: phng php trng lng, phng php o trn my, phng php kim tng Phng php o dng chy: Mt phn nh lp m trn chi tit, di tc dng ca dung dch chy vi 220 10

tc nht nh b ha tan. Quan st trc tip bng mt, khi lp m ha tan ht, mu sc kim loi khng thay i. dy ca lp m c tnh ton bi thi gian ha tan lp m trn b phn cn kim tra ca chi tit.

Phng php ny c dng cho lp m Crm bo v trang sc hoc lo8p1

m nhiu lp: ng niken crm, ng ng thic, crm Din tch lp m cn o nh hn 0.3 mm2. Trc khi kim tra cn phi ty sch du m trn b mt chi tit bng dung mi hu c: xng, axetn hoc bt cao MgO. Khi chi tit ly ra t b m kim tra, khng cn ty du. Vi lp m Crm cn phi ty lp mng th ng trn b mt lp m. Thnh phn dung dch kim tra dy lp m crm: Lp m Kim loi nn hoc lp Tn ha cht trung gian Hm lng (g/l) im kt thc

GVHD: L Trng Thnh 27

Nhm 5 _ DHHC5LT

Tiu lun mn n mn kim loi

HCl (1,19) H2SO4(1,84) Crm Thp, niken FeCl3 6H2O CuSO4 5H2O C2H5OH 220ml/l 100ml/l 60 30 100ml/l Xut hin mu

Dng c o dy l phu thy tinh c kha. dy ca lp m c tnh theo cng thc: h = ht . t h: dy lp m ( m ). ht : dy lp m b ha tan trong 1 giy nhit nht nh ( m / giy ). t: thi gian ha tan lp m (giy). 3.6.4 Kim tra bn n mn lp m: Phng php kim tra bn n mn lp m gm c th nghim n mn ngoi tri v th nghim tng tc n mn. Kt qu th nghim n mn ngoi tri l cn c tiu chun nh gi dy lp m. Th nghim tng tc n mn kim tra nhanh cht lng lp m. Nhng d bt k th nghim tng tc n mn thc t lp m, kt qu th nghim cung cp s hiu tng i.

Phng php lm tng tc n mn gm c: Th nghim phun nc

mui trung tnh, th nghim phun nc mui c tnh axit axtic, th nghim phun nc mui c ng v axit axtic, cao n mn, th nghim SO 2, th nghim n mn in phn Th nghim n mn phun nc mui:

GVHD: L Trng Thnh 28

Nhm 5 _ DHHC5LT

Tiu lun mn n mn kim loi

Loi iu kin Dung dch mui Phun nc mui trung tnh NaCl 50 5 g/l Phun nc mui c axit axtic NaCl 5 g/l. Cho CH3COOH iu chnh pH Phun nc mui c ng v axit axtic NaCl 5 g/l. CuCl2 2H2O 0,26 0,02 g/l Cho CH3COOH iu Gi tr pH Nhit trong bung (0C) Phng thc phun Nc mui lng xung Dung dch mui thu c Chu k th nghim (h) 6,5 7,2 35 2 Lin tc 1,5 0,5 ml/ (h.80cm2) NaCl 50 10 g/l pH 0,5 7,2 2, 6, 16, 24, 48, 96, 240, 480, 720 3,2 0,1 35 2 Lin tc 1,5 0,5 ml/(h.80 cm2) NaCl 50 10 g/l pH 3,2 0,1 4, 8, 24, 48, 96, 144, 240, 360, 480, 720 chnh Ph 3,2 0,1 50 2 Lin tc 1,5 0,5 ml /(h.80 cm2) NaCl 50 10 g/l pH 3,2 0,1 2, 4, 8, 16, 24, 48, 72, 96, 144, 240, 480, 720

Cn c vo thnh phn dung dch khc nhau, th nghim phun nc mui phn thnh th nghim phun nc mui trung tnh (NSS), th nghim phun nc mui c axit axtic (ASS) v th nghim phun nc mui c ng v axit axtic (CASS). Phng php th nghim NSS s dng rng ri, chu k di. Th nghim ASS l th nghim tng tc tt. th nghim CASS l phng php tng tc n mn cho lp m ng niken crm hoc niken crm. Ch th nghim phun cc loi nc mui: Pha ch dung dch nc mui: Khi pha ch dung dch nc mui phi dng nc ct hoc nc trao i ion. Tng hm lng tp cht trong mui NaCl khng vt qu 0,4 %. Pha ch dung dch NSS c pH = 6,0 7,0. iu chnh pH bng NaOH hoc HCl tinh khit.

GVHD: L Trng Thnh 29

Nhm 5 _ DHHC5LT

Tiu lun mn n mn kim loi Dung dch NSS cho thm CH3OOH, cn dng CH3OOH hoc NaOH iu
chnh pH = 3,1 3,3 c dung dch ASS.

Dung dch CASS v ASS c pH ging nhau, ch khc nhau l dung dch
CASS cho thm 0,26 0,02 g/l CuCl2 2H2O lm tng tc n mn v nng cao nhit n 50 20C. loi tr lm tt vi phun, trc khi th nghim cn lc dung dch. Dung dch phun ch s dng mt ln. Thit b th nghim phun:

Cn chn th nghim phun ph hp vi tiu chun. Th tch thng phun

khng nh hn 0,2 m3. Thit b phun bao gm vi phun mui, bung phun mui v thng ng nc mui. Nguyn liu lm thng th nghim khng nh hng n tnh nng n mn ca mui, khng c phun trc tip trn mu, np trn bung dung dch mui ngng ng khng c ng li trn mu.

Khi s dng bung phun phi iu chnh tt lng mui lng xung v xc
nh theo phng php di y. Trong vng mui, t hai ng thu sch. ng thu l 2 ng c khc ng knh 10 cm, ni vi phu dn vo. Din tch ng thu l 80 cm2. Khi lp mt u gn phun, mt u xa vi phun. Lng thu c l m mui khng phi l cht lng ri xung t mu m hoc cc b phn khc ca thng. Phun nc mui lin tc trong 8 gi, tnh ton s ml lng xung thu c trong 1 gi vi din tch ng thu 80cm2. Cn ch phng php phun phi lin tc. Yu cu v b tr mu: S lng chi tit quy nh l 3 ci. Trc khi th nghim cn phi ra sch. Phng php ra ty theo cht bn bm trn b mt m quyt nh. Khng c s dng ht mi v dung mi l n mn b mt.

V tr t mu trong thng phun, so vi phng thng gc lm thnh gc 15

300.

GVHD: L Trng Thnh 30

Nhm 5 _ DHHC5LT

Tiu lun mn n mn kim loi

Trong th nghim mu khng c tip xc nhau, cng khng c va chm vo thnh thng. C ly gia cc mu lm sao cho m muic lng xung trn b mt ch yu ca mu. Dung dch mui trn mukhng c ng li trn b mt mu khc. Gi mu thng lm bng phi kim loi nh: thy tinh, cht do Nu cn treo mu, nguyn liu gi treo khng c dng l kim loi, phi dng phi kim loi, dung dch trn gi khng ri vo b mt mu. Sau khi th nghim kt thc, kh t nhin 0,5 1 gi, sau ra nh loi b mui cn lng ng trn mu, th khng kh nn, kim tra nh gi cp sn phm. nh gi kt qu th nghim n mn: nh gi kt qu th nghim n mn c th nh gi trn cp n mn b ngoi v nh gi theo cp bo v. nh gi theo cp bo v, quan h gia cp bo v vi din tch n mn % xem bng sau: Cp Din tch n mn 3.6.5 o xp lp m: S l ln nh t b mt b mt lp m n kim loi nn gi l l xp. S lng l xp nh hng n tnh nng bo v lp m, l ch tiu quan trng nh gi cht lng lp m. C nhiu phng php o xp: phng php qut ln lp m, phng php dn giy lc, phng php ngm 10 Khng c 9 8 7 0,25 -0,5 6 0,51 5 12,5 4 2,55 3 5-10 2 1025 1 2550 0 >50

0,1 0,1
0,25

GVHD: L Trng Thnh 31

Nhm 5 _ DHHC5LT

Tiu lun mn n mn kim loi

y ta tm hiu phng php dn giy lc, phng php ny xc nh xp lp m mt lp hoc nhiu lp: ng, niken, crm, niken crm, ng niken, ng niken crm trn st thp v hp kim ng. Quy trnh kim tra: B mt mu phi ty sch du m, dng nc ct, ra sch, kh. Nu ly vt m trong b ra, khng cn phi ty du. Dn giy lc c thm dung dch ln b mt vt m, thnh phn dung dch v iu kin xc nh, sau ra sch, kh trn tm thy tinh sch.

lm hin r l xp, c th nh git trn giy lc K3Fe(CN)6 4%, khi c l

xp trn nn st xut hin mu xanh, trn nn ng vb hp kim ng xut hin mu nu . Ra sch, t trn tm thy tinh, sy kh.

Cch tnh l xp: Di nh nng ban ngy hay n, quan st cc im c

mu trn lp m. t tm thy tinh hu c c vch 1cm2 trn tm giy lc c l xp, m s l c mu trn 1cm2, sau i chiu vi ton b s l m c. Cn c vo din tch giy lc, tip xc vi b mt lp m m tnh ton s l xp trn 1cm2, l l xp lp m. iu kin xc nh v thnh phn dung dch phng php dn giy lc: Lp m Kim loi nn hoc lp trung gian Crm, Niken Crm Niken ng crm Crm Niken - crm ng v hp kim ng Nh trn Nh trn Nh trn Thp K3Fe(CN)6 NH4Cl NaCl Thnh phn dung dch Hm lng (g/l) 10 30 60 10 Thi gian dn giy lc (pht) im mu xanh l xp n nn st thp. im mu nu - l xp n lp m ng hoc nn ng. im mu vng c im l xp

GVHD: L Trng Thnh 32

Nhm 5 _ DHHC5LT

Tiu lun mn n mn kim loi

l xp n lp m niken 3.7 Ty lp m Crm khng t yu cu: 3.7.1 Ty trong dung dch NaOH:

S dng dung dch xt NaOH 3-5% cha trong b thp, nc pha khng Chi tit c lp m Crm ni cc dng vi ngun in mt chiu cn cc in th in phn 6-8 V. Nhit in phn iu kin bnh thng. Phng php ny thng c dng ty lp m crm k thut m trc

c cha clo (Cl-). m ni vi thnh b bng thp lm catot.

tip ln gang, thp. 3.7.2 Ty trong dung dch HCl (10 20 %): Tin hnh bng cch nhng chi tit m crm trong dung dch axit HCl (d = Phng php ny thch hp i vi cc lp m crm m trn ng thau 1,18) pha long 2 hoc 3 ln; tin hnh nhit bnh thng. hoc trn lp m niken. 3.7.3 Ty trong dung dch axit H2SO4 90%: C pha thm 10 15 glyxrin, nhit bnh thng, in th 6 8 V. Catot l tm ch, anot l chi tit c lp m crm.

Phng php ny thch hp ty lp m crm trn hp kim km nhm

(ZnAl), ng thi loi niken ln crm trn chi tit bng thp hoc ng thau. 3.7.4 Ty trong dung dch m crm:

Catot l tm ch, anot l chi tit c lp m crm, tin hnh nhit bnh Phng php ny ch yu dng ty lp crm trn hp kim km nhm.

thng. Mt dng anot ln hn 15 A/dm2.

GVHD: L Trng Thnh 33

Nhm 5 _ DHHC5LT

Tiu lun mn n mn kim loi

CHNG 4: NG DNG LP M CROM BO V KIM LOI TRONG THC TIN Nh nhng c tnh u vit ca crm nn n uc s dng rng ri trong cng nghip m phc v cho cc mc ch sau: M trang tr - bo v: lp m crm trn lp m ng hoc niken c tc dng chng n mn li lm b mt bng p nh m trn t, xe p, xe my

M crm tng phn x nh sng. Kh nng phn x nh sng ca crm

ch km bc, nhm nhng bng ca crm khng b bin i theo thi gian v nhit .

M crm lm tng chu mi mn c hc nh m ln cc chi tit my,

m ln khun c thu tinh, m ln khun dp nham ln cc dng c, chi tit lm vic nhit cao nh ng hi, vng gng ca ng c t trong hoc xilanh. M phc hi cc chi tit b hng, b mi mn nh: trc quay, trc c, vng bi

GVHD: L Trng Thnh 34

Nhm 5 _ DHHC5LT

Tiu lun mn n mn kim loi

KT LUN

GVHD: L Trng Thnh 35

Nhm 5 _ DHHC5LT