SLOPE/W

CHNG 5

SLOPE
I. TNG QUAN SLOPE/W l mt trong nhng chng trnh ca cng ty GEO-SLOPE CANADA chuyn v tnh n nh ca mi dc (t nhin v nhn to). Chng trnh Slope c xy dng da trn mt s l thuyt tnh n nh mi dc nh : Bishop, Janbu, Ordinary, Spencer, Finite element stress.... Chng trnh Slope cho php tnh ton mi dc trong mi iu kin c th xy ra trong thc t nh xt n p lc nc l rng, xt n neo trong t, ti trng ngoi, vi a k thut, t bo ho nc v khng bo ho nc.... Chng trnh Slope c thit k di dng h CAD, nn lm cho ngi dng d s dng. Hu ht s liu c nhp vo trc tip ngay trn bn v ging nh ta quen lm bng tay thng thng nn rt thun li cho ngi mi dng. Chi tit v cc l thuyt tnh c th xem trong gio trnh mn C hc t v n nh mi dc ca trng H GTVT S qua v mt s l thuyt tnh c dng trong chng trnh Slope: Ordinary : xem c lc php tuyn v lc ct ca mnh trt l bng 0 Bishop v Janbu l phng php c xt n lc php tuyn nhng khng xt n lc trt gia cc mnh. Phng php theo Bishop ch xt n s cn bng mmen v Janbu xt n s cn bng lc. H s an ton theo Janbu khng bao gm h s kinh nghim. H s ny phi c xt bng th cng. Phng php PTHH : phng php ny phn mnh ca mi dc thnh li cc vung hay ch nht tnh ng sut. T s tnh ra c h s n nh. Spencer : xt c hai iu kin cn bng lc v cn bng mmen, n hn ch coi lc trt l hng s. ..... Trong ti liu ny, cch s dng chng trnh c trnh by song song vi v d tnh c th. Bc u s l phn nhp s liu cho bi ton, tip theo l tnh ton h s n nh, th hin kt qu, sau a ra phng php nng cao tnh n nh ca mi dc, cui cng l in kt qu. Slope c chia thnh 3 module, l chng trnh nhp s liu (Define), chng trnh tnh ton (Solve) v chng trnh biu th kt qu tnh (Contour). Thng thng ta s bt u vi module Define sau dng module Solve tnh ton v module Contour kim tra v in kt qu.

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II.

NHP S LIU

Thit lp ban u
Bt u vi Slope : Chy chng trnh Define trong nhm chng trnh ca Slope. Thng thng c th tm n nh sau: Start --> Programs --> GEO SLOPEW 4.22 --> SLOPEW DEFINE. Khi khi ng thnh cng m hnh ca chng trnh c th nh sau:

Ta nn phng to ca s ny ton mn hnh c vng lm vic rng nht. Nu nh lm vic ln u tin hoc c thay i v trang in th ta nn thit lp vng lm vic nh sau : menu : Set -->Page : <nhp cc s liu ph hp vi kh giy s in ra tng t hnh sau>

Tip theo ta nn thit lp t l ca bn v v vi thng s lin quan khc. Cch lm nh sau : menu : Set --> Scale --> <Thit lp cc thng s cho ba phn l phn n v dng tht bn ngoi (Engineering Units), t l v (Scale) theo phng ng (vert.)

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v ngang (horz.) cng vi phm vi m rng ca bi ton (Problem Extents). Thng thng ta c th thit lp nh hnh di v lu l phm vi bi ton cng ln th cn t t l v ln theo sao cho va kh giy in chn t trc >

Trc to lm vic vi bi ton l trc to vung gc thng thng. tin cho qu trnh nhp s liu hay m t bi ton ta nn thit lp h thng li tr gip v (Grid), n tng t nh ta k vung khi v tay. Cch thc hin nh sau : menu : Set --> Grid --> <nhp cc thng s bao gm khong cch gia cc nt li (Grid Spacing), y l theo n v tht cn n v ca mt li s do Slope t tnh. Ta cng nn chn phn hin th li (Display Grid) v bt dnh nt li (Snap to Grid). Hnh sau l mt v d>

Hin th trc to s lm cho bi ton d nhn hn. Cch lm : menu : Set --> Axes --> <thit lp cc thng s nh cn hin th ni dung g, tn gi cho tng trc to v bc tng gi tr ghi trn thang to . Thng thng ta ch nn hin th trc X (trc nm di) v trc Y (trc thng ng) v nn t tn cho mi trc ny d quan st. Trc X biu din khong cch theo phng ngang v trc Y biu din chiu dy ca cc lp t. Hnh di l cch thit lp hay dng nht>

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Kt qu sau khi thit lp l mn hnh tng t hnh di

Ch ra phng php tnh v cc tu chn h tr qu trnh tnh

Sau khi thit lp cc thng s lin quan n hnh hc ca bi ton ta cn phi ch ra phng php tnh ph hp cho bi ton ny. Slope a ra tu chn nhiu cch tnh khc nhau v mi cch tnh s hp l hn trong nhng bi ton c th. c th la chn phng php tnh thch hp cn c kin thc v lnh vc a k thut. C th tham kho gio trnh mn C hc t hoc ti liu i km theo chng trnh Slope v phn l thuyt tnh.

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ch ra phng php tnh vo menu : KeyIn --> Analysis Method --> <chn phng php tnh, hay dng nht l Bishop (with Ordinary & Janbu). Hnh di l v d >

Tip theo ta cn ch ra cc tu chn khi tnh ton nh s mnh, hng trt.... Cch lm : menu : KeyIn --> Analysis Control --> <nhp cc thng s cn thit nh hnh di>

Nhp cc thng s a cht ca cc lp t

y l nhng s liu rt quan trng ca bi ton, n c thu thp t qu trnh kho st a cht. Slope s qun l cc lp t theo th t nh s t 1. n v tnh ca cc c trng ca t cn phi c xc nh r t trc, trong v d ny ly n v l KN/m2. Mt lu na l lp cui cng phi khai bo l nn dng t cng m cung trt khng th ct qua. Trong Slope n c nh ngha l Bedrock.

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T menu : KeyIn --> Soil Properties --> <Nhp vo cc thng s a cht cho tng lp t nh hnh di>

Soil Strength Model Description

Trnh t nhp bt u t : Soil --> Strength Model --> Description --> Unit Weight --> Phi --> Cohesion --> Copy --> Lp li cho ti khi ht cc lp t Lu l phi chn phn "Strength Model" cho lp cui l "Bedrock". Cc ni dung khc tham kho ti liu ca Slope.

V hnh dng mt ct mi dc cn tnh n nh

Mt bi ton tnh n nh mi dc bao gi cng gn lin vi hnh dng mt ct ca n. Hnh dng ny th hin cu to a cht v cc iu kin tc dng khc nhau ca bn ngoi. Trong Slope th phn ny c gi l v phc ho (Sketch) v cch thc hin l ta s lm vic vi cc lnh trong menu : Sketch. Khi v ta nn ch n dnh dng ca chut (mouse), mi trng thi lnh khc nhau th s c hnh dng mouse tng ng, v d nh v th mouse c dng hnh du thp +, cn chn th n c dng mi tn... Bi ton y l tnh n nh ca nn p trn t yu. Cc thng s ca bi ton s cp ln lt trong cc mc sau, phn ny ch v cu to hnh hc ca nn p v lp a cht di. S liu kho st v phng n thit k ban u (s b) ca nn p xem trong hnh v cui ti liu ny. Thng thng vi nn p i xng th vi phm vi khng ln (khong trn di 100m) ta ch cn lm cho mt ct l . Nu tnh cho c mt ct th hnh v s c t

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l ln hn v s kh nhn hn. Trong mt s trng hp c bit phi v ton mt ct. Ta nn phng to phn bn v m trn mt ct s c v. Dng cc nt lnh trong thanh Toolbar : Zoom nh hnh di :

Vo menu : Sketch --> Lines --> Con tr s bin thnh du + --> Chn im : (0,11) --> (9,11) --> (15,8) --> (40,8) --> (40,0) --> (0,0) --> (0,11) --> Bm phm phi mouse --> menu : Sketch --> Lines --> Chn im : (0,8) --> (15,8) --> (13,6) --> (0,6) --> Bm phm phi mouse --> menu : Sketch --> Lines --> Chn im : (0,3) --> (40,3) --> Bm phm phi mouse

Sketch Lines

Modify Objects

Khi thc hin xong th hnh dng bi ton nh hnh trn. Ta cng c th dng nt "Sketch Lines" v thay v chn menu : Sketch --> Lines. xo b ng no ta chn nt "Modify Objects", lc ny mouse s bin thnh mi tn mu en v ta chn ng cn xo ri chn nt "Delete" trn ca s "Modify Objects". Thao tc ny cng dng xo tt c cc loi i tng khc trong Slope.

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Gn v tr cho tng lp t
Sau khi hon thnh v phn hnh hc ca bi ton ta s gn phn a cht ca cc lp t. Phn ny s l phn hay nhm ln, nht l i vi ngi mi dng. Khi gn lp t l ta phi v vng m lp t tn ti theo cc im m ta v trong phn phc ho. Nguyn tc : lun v t im tri xa nht v kt thc im phi xa nht ca lp t. ng s 1 bao gi cng l ng trn cng nht ca bi ton. S lng ng nh ngha lp t l c nh v do Slope a ra. Hnh di l ca s v cc ng gn cc lp t.

Trnh t thc hin nh sau : menu : Draw --> Lines --> Chn ng s 1 trong hp "Line #" --> Chn nt "Draw" --> Chn im : (0,11) --> (9,11) --> (15,8) --> (40,8) --> Mt ng m mu c v theo 4 im va chn --> Bm nt phi mouse --> Chn ng s 2 trong hp "Line #" --> Chn nt "Draw" --> Chn im : (0,8) --> (40,8) --> Bm nt phi mouse --> mt vng s c t mu theo mu ca lp t s 1 (Soil 1) --> Chn ng s 3 trong hp "Line #" -> Chn nt "Draw" --> Chn im : (0,6) --> (13,6) --> (15,8) --> (40,8) --> Bm nt phi mouse --> mt vng s c t mu theo mu ca lp t s 2 (Soil 2) -> Chn ng s 4 trong hp "Line #" --> Chn nt "Draw" --> Chn im : (0,3) --> (40,3) --> Bm nt phi mouse --> mt vng s c t mu theo mu ca lp t s 3 (Soil 3) --> Chn ng s 5 trong hp "Line #" --> Chn nt "Draw" --> Chn im : (0,0) --> (40,0) --> Bm nt phi mouse --> mt vng s c t mu theo mu ca lp t s 4 (Soil 4) --> Chn nt "Done"

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Nu thc hin nh trn th kt qu nh sau :

Cc ch mu trn hnh v th hin im bt u ca ng gn a cht tng ng. Cc s mu en th hin s th t im v trong phn "Sketch" Ta c th kim tra kt qu bng cch xem v tr tng lp t theo lnh sau: menu : View --> Soil Properties --> <Bm mouse vo vng lp t cn kim tra, nu thy vng c gch cho v cc thng s ca lp t c hin ra ng th c ngha l ta gn ng s liu cho cc lp t. Hnh sau l v d> Ta c th sa i ni dung gn cc lp t bng cch xo i v v li cc ng thng phn nh ranh gii mi. Cch lm ny tng t nh trong phn "V mt ct hnh hc", c th l mc cui, phn "Modify Objects"

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V bn knh mt trt
Bn knh mt trt (Slip surface radius) l mt khi nim do Slope a ra v bt buc ngi dng phi v. Yu cu y l ngi dng phi ch ra mt s ng thng (ti thiu l 1 ng v tm gi l "ng bn knh") m chng c tnh cht l tip tuyn ca cc cung trt. Slope s tnh bn knh cung trt da vo cc nt li tm trt (ta s lm sau) nh l ng vung gc t nt li n cc ng thng ny. Cc ng thng ny c xy dng da vo mt hnh t gic do ngi dng nh ra. S lng cc ng bn knh trong t gic ny v v chng do Slope t lm. Cc ng bn knh s c to ra theo 2 cnh ca t gic theo th t t tri sang phi. 4 im ca nh t gic ny c chn phi theo nguyn tc : im tri trn --> im tri di --> im phi di --> im phi trn. La chn c 4 im hp l i hi ngi dng phi c kh nng phn on cung trt s nm trong khong no v s trt nh th no. Tt nht ta nn chn sao cho gc nghing ca cc ng bn knh ph hp vi kh nng c th xy ra hin tng trt tim n. Nn ly cc ng bn knh song song vi mi taluy v nn t cng. Cch nh ra cc "ng bn knh" : menu : Draw --> Slip Surface --> Radius --> <Chn 4 im nh ra hnh t gic gii hn. trong v d ly 4 im l (0,8) , (0,0) , (40,0) , (40,8)> --> <Nhp vo s bc tng ca cc ng bn knh nh hnh di. Nt "Rotate" cho php xoay ng bn knh i mt gc 90o cn cc thng s khc ta nn mc nh hoc xem thm ch dn ca Slope>

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Hnh di th hin cc ng bn knh, l cc ng nt t.

Cc ng bn knh

Nu mun v li cc ng bn knh ta cn xo b cc ng hin c bng lnh : "Modify --> Objects" c gii thiu phn trc.

V li tm cc cung trt
Trong Slope cng nh trong hu ht cc chng trnh tnh n nh mi dc u c yu cu nh ra tm cc cung trt thnh dng li. lm tt iu ny i hi ngi dng phi vng kin thc chuyn mn v c kinh nghim. S lng li cng ln v nhiu ng bn knh th thi gian tnh ton s lu, nhng cha chc l chnh xc. c kt qu tt th phi tnh ng dn, cch lm c cp n trong mc V. Cc li c dng ln theo mt hnh bnh hnh c xc nh bi 3 im. Hai im u s xc nh cnh c s ca hnh bnh hnh cn im th ba s nh ra hnh dng cui cng ca hnh bnh hnh. S lng cc li trong hnh bnh hnh ny do ta tu chn. Nu my tnh mnh v cng trnh phc tp nn chn mt li dy.
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Cch v li tm trt nh sau : menu : Draw --> Slip Surface --> Grid --> <Mouse bin thnh hnh ch thp + , chn hai im c s > --> <Chn im c nh> --> <Nhp vo s bc tng ca li theo hai phng nh hnh di>

Nu lm ng th Slope s v nh sau:

Nh hnh trn ta c hn 400 im lm tm cho cc cung trt. thay i li tm trt ta nn dng "Modify --> Objects" xo b ci hin c v lm mi.

Ghi cc thng s ln bn v
Thng thng trn bn v ta cn th hin cc thng tin a cht ca cc lp t cng nh mt s ghi ch quan trng khc nh v tr vi a k thut hay cc neo ngm trong t, hay cc ti trng khc. C hai cch ghi khc nhau, cch th nht l t ng ghi cc thng tin ca lp t, cch ny ch p dng cho cc lp t. Cch th hai l do ta t ghi bng lnh ring trong Slope, vi cch ny ta c th ghi bt k thng tin no vo bt c ch no trong bn v.

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Ghi cc thng tin ca lp t : menu : Sketch --> Text --> tab : Soil --><Mouse s bin thnh mi tn mu en> --> <Bm chn vo vng lp t cn ghi thng s> --> <Trong mc "Soil Properties" ca ca s "Sketch Text" chn cc mc cn ghi ra nh hnh sau> --> <Khng chn nt "Done">

Di chuyn mouse trong phm vi lp t va chn (c gch cho) cho ti khi n bin thnh du thp + th c ngha l v tr c th in cc thng s c. Mi thng tin s ghi trn mt dng tnh t im chn tr ln. Tip tc cho n khi ghi ht ton b cc lp th chn "Done" ng ca s "Sketch Text" li. Nu cha hp l ta c th xo chng bng lnh "Modify --> Objects".

Gii hn tnh trt

Modify Objects Toolbar bt tt cc i tng

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Nu khng chn c i tng cn xo th ta nn tt bt cc loi i tng ca bn v bng cng c trong thanh "Toolbars" bn phi mn hnh. Sau khi lm xong th bt tr li. Ghi cc ghi ch ngi dng : menu : Sketch --> Text --> tab : Text --><Nhp ni dung dng ch cn ghi ra> --> <Mouse bin thnh du thp + > --> <Chn im cn ghi ch>

Ta c th chn hng ca dng ch (ng hay nm ngang) hoc i font. Tuy nhin Slope khng h tr font Unicode. Mc "Project ID" dng ghi cc thng tin v d n, cch lm tng t nh phn trc.

Kim tra li s liu nhp

Kim tra li s liu l bc bt buc v quan trng nhng n gin. Trong qu trnh lm ta nn lu bi ton bng lnh "File --> Save", cn kim tra ch thc hin c khi nhp xong ton b s liu ( mc c bn) Cch lm : menu : Tools --> Verify --> Chn nt "Verify" trong ca s "Verify Data". Nu s liu khng c vn g th c thng bo nh hnh sau :

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Nu c li s liu, Slope s thng bo trong ca s "Verify Data" ni dung mc gy li. Ta cn quay li sa v kim tra li cho n khi ht li.

III.

TNH H S N NH Sau khi m bo s liu l khng sai ta c th chuyn sang phn tnh h s n nh mi dc theo phng php la chn t trc. Cch lm : menu : Tools --> SOLVE --> <c th phi lu li s liu> --> Chn nt "Start" trong ca s "SLOPE/W SOLVE"

y l lnh gi mt chng trnh c lp (module SOLVE), n s tnh ra h s an ton nh nht theo cc phng php khc nhau m ta chn. Thi gian tnh ton c th nhanh hay chm ph thuc vo tc my tnh v s lng cn tnh ca bi ton. Nu thy Slope tnh qu lu th ta c th chn "Stop" trong hnh trn kt thc qu trnh tnh ton. Vi mi phng php tnh th h s an ton nh nht s khc nhau do cc gi thit trong phng php tnh. V th cn la chn phng php ph hp l rt quan trng.

IV.

HIN TH KT QU Hin th kt qu l biu din mt trt c h s an ton nh nht (Kmin) cng nh bt k mt trt no m ngi dng quan tm. ng thi Slope cho php ngi dng xy dng mt h thng cc ng ng mc ca cc h s an ton nhm cho php ta nghin cu k hn kt qu tnh xem n hp l cha da vo s hi t ca cc h s an ton tnh c.

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Cch lm : menu : Tools --> CONTOUR --><Module Contour s c gi vo v n s v cung trt bt li nht> v ng ng mc cc gi tr h s n nh ta lm nh sau : trong ca s "SLOPE/W CONTOUR" --> menu : Draw --> Contour --> <Nhp vo cc thng s v ng ng mc trong ca s "Draw Contour">

Kt qu c th nh sau :

V.

TNH TON NNG CAO Ni dung trong phn ny cp n vn tng cng tnh n nh cho mi dc bng cc bin php nh dng vi a k thut hay dng neo ngm trong t v mt

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s ni dung khc. Cn mt s vn khc nh xt n vt nt do s cng, p lc nc l rng, ... s c trnh by trong phn chuyn su hn. Bn cnh kt qu tnh c (nh v d trn) ta cn phi bit th no l kt qu hp l. Nu nh Kmin c tm trt nm bin li, nh v d trn, th c l kt qu cha chnh xc. Ta c th chn li li cc tm cung trt hay nh li cc ng bn knh.

Hiu chnh bi ton c kt qu hp l hn

Trong v d trn khi thay i li v tr li tm trt nh hnh di :

Sau khi tnh li ta c cc ng ng mc tm trt v kt qu tnh nh sau :

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ng ng mc th hin tm trt bt li nht nm gia vng li l hp l.

Tnh ton c xt n ti trng ri u

Nu ta xt thm ti trng ri u trn mt nn p (v d :0.15 t/m2) th ta lm nh sau: trong "SLOPE/W DEFINE" chn menu : Draw --> Pressure Lines --> <Nhp ln ca p lc> --> Chn nt "Draw" v v tr ng p lc.

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Tip tc nh phn "Draw Lines" cho n khi v xong ton b cc v tr c p lc ngoi. Hnh sau l kt qu:

V tr c p lc

Sau khi kim tra v tnh li kt qu nh sau :

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ng ng mc h s an ton nh sau:

Ta thy h s an ton nh nht b gim i so vi trc khi c ng p lc, ngha l bt li hn.

Tnh ton khi c lc tp trung tc dng

Lc tp trung y c th l ti trng bnh xe nng, cng trnh xy dng trn nh mi dc nh nh ca... Lc tp trung ny thng lm cho km n nh hn. khai bo lc tp trung tc dng ta lm nh sau : menu : Draw --> Line Load --> <Nhp vo ln ca lc v hng tc dng. Thng thng ta nh ra v tr v hng tc dng ca lc bng mouse trn mn hnh cn nhp vo ln ca n>

Hnh trn l nh ngha mt lc tp trung P=10t. V tr v hng ca n xc nh trn hnh v. Sau khi nhp xong v tnh ta c kt qu nh sau :
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P=10t

Ta c th thy khi c thm lc P=10t th Kmin gim t 1.445 xung cn 1.098

Nng cao tnh n nh bng vi a k thut hoc neo ngm

H s n nh Kmin=1.098 l qu nh, nu xt theo quy trnh hin hnh l khng n nh, v th cn phi c bin php nng cao h s n nh Kmin. C nhiu bin php gii quyt vn ny trong dng neo ngm hoc vi a k thut l mt phng php kh thi. Trong Slope th n xem vai tr ca vi a k thut trong vic nng cao tnh n nh chnh l kh nng chng ko t ca n. Cho nn ta phi b tr sao cho vi a k thut nm ct qua cung trt bt li nht ng thi m bo vng neo ca vi vo vng t n nh phi ln. Cn neo ngm c xem nh mt lc tp trung tc dng chng li s trt. Slope yu cu hai loi neo ngm v vi a k thut khai bo s liu ging nhau, ch khc mt s thng s c th. Thng thng khi khai bo l vi a k thut vi chiu di dnh bm trn sut chiu di ca lp vi cn neo ngm th chiu di dnh bm ch l on ngn nm trong phn t n nh. Trong v d ny ta dng 2 lp neo ngm (hay vi a k thut) c tng kh nng chu lc cho mi lp l 4 tn. cch lm nh sau: vo menu : Draw --> Anchor Loads --> <Nhp vo ln (magnitude), chiu di dnh bm (bonded length), cn cc thng s kh nn nguyn mc nh> --> <Dng mouse nh ra v tr neo ngm, im chn th nht l pha ngoi ca neo (phn nm trong khi trt) cn im th hai l

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pha trong ca neo (nm trong khi t n nh)> --> <lm ln lt cho n khi ht cc neo ngm th chn nt "Done" trong ca s "Draw Anchor Loads">

Theo s liu ca v d trn th kt qu sau khi tnh nh sau :

P=10 T

u neo u neo

Lp neo 1

Lp neo 2

H s n nh Kmin tng t 1.098 ln 1.382. Trong ca s "SLOPE/W DEFINE" th im u neo l mt mi tn v im cui neo l on k m tng ng vi chiu di dnh bm ca neo (do ta nhp vo)

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VI.

IN KT QU Kt qu s c in ra theo cc thit lp v trang giy in v t l v ngay t khi mi bt u tnh bng Slope ( c ni phn trc). m bo hnh v b tr hp l trong trang giy in nn kim tra bng lnh "Zoom Page" trong thanh cng c "Zoom" nh hnh di : Zoom Page

Nu ton b ni dung cn in c hin ra hp l th ta chn menu : File --> Print in ton b bn v. Ta cng c th in mt phn bt k ca bn v bng lnh "Print Selection", cch lm nh sau : chn nt "Print Selection" --> Dng mouse chn vng cn in trn mn hnh theo cch "ko, th mouse" --> Bm "OK" ca ca s "Print" Print Selection

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