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MC LC
MC LC...................................................................................................................1
LI NI U.............................................................................................................4
CHNG 1. MNG THNG TIN DI NG GSM.............................................5
I. Gii thiu chung v GSM.................................................................................5
1. Gii thiu v GSM.........................................................................................5
2. Lch s mng GSM........................................................................................5
3. Cc ch tiu k thut ca mng GSM............................................................5
4. Bng tn s dng trong mng GSM..............................................................6
5. Phng php truy nhp trong mng GSM.....................................................7
II. Cu trc ca h thng thng tin di ng GSM............................................8
1. Cu trc ca h thng....................................................................................8
2. Chc nng ca cc phn t trong h thng....................................................9
2.1. H thng con chuyn mch SS..............................................................9
2.2. H thng con trm gc BSS..................................................................10
2.3. H thng con khai thc OSS.................................................................11
2.4. Trm di ng MS..................................................................................12
III. Qu trnh x l cc tn hiu s v bin i vo sng v tuyn..................12
1. Chuyn i A/D.............................................................................................13
2. M ha ting..................................................................................................13
3. M ha knh..................................................................................................13
4. Ghp xen........................................................................................................14
5. Mt m ha....................................................................................................14
6. iu ch.........................................................................................................15
7. Cn bng Viterbi............................................................................................15
8. Chuyn i D/A.............................................................................................16
IV. Giao din v tuyn Um..................................................................................16
1. Knh vt l.....................................................................................................16
2. Knh logic......................................................................................................19
2.1. Knh lu lng TCH............................................................................19
2.2. Knh bo hiu iu khin......................................................................19
V. Cc trng hp thng tin................................................................................20
1. Cc trng thi ca my di ng MS...............................................................20
2. Th tc nhp mng........................................................................................20
3. Lu ng v cp nht v tr............................................................................20
4. Th tc ri mng...........................................................................................21
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5. Cc trng hp cuc gi................................................................................21
5.1. Trm di ng MS thc hin cuc gi....................................................21
5.2. Trm di ng MS nhn cuc gi...........................................................23
6. Cc trng hp chuyn giao (Handover)......................................................25
VI. Cc dch v trong GSM.................................................................................25
VII. Bo mt trong GSM.....................................................................................26
1. nh s nhn dng thu bao v cc vng mng............................................26
2. Nhn thc thu bao........................................................................................27
CHNG 2. L TRNH PHT TRIN T GSM LN 3G................................28
I. Gii thiu............................................................................................................28
II. L trnh pht trin t GSM ln 3G...............................................................28
1. Cng ngh s liu chuyn mch knh tc cao HSCSD............................29
2. Dch v v tuyn gi chung GPRS................................................................31
2.1. Gii thiu GPRS...................................................................................31
2.2. Cc c im ca mng GPRS.............................................................31
2.3. Cu trc ca mng GPRS......................................................................33
2.4. Giao thc trong mng GPRS.................................................................36
2.5. Giao din v tuyn................................................................................37
a. Lp vt l ca GPRS..........................................................................37
b. RLC/MAC ca GPRS.........................................................................38
c. Lp iu khin ng truyn logic LLC............................................38
2.6. Cc chc nng ca GPRS.....................................................................39
2.7. Nhp mng GPRS.................................................................................47
2.8. Kh nng pht trin ca GPRS ln 3G..................................................48
3. Tc s liu tng cng pht trin GSM (EDGE).................................49
3.1. K thut iu ch trong EDGE.............................................................49
3.2. Giao tip v tuyn.................................................................................50
CHNG 3. CNG NGH W-CDMA...................................................................52
I. Gii thiu............................................................................................................52
II. Cc c im ca W-CDMA..........................................................................52
III. Cc c tnh c bn ca W-CDMA.............................................................53
IV. Cu trc mng W-CDMA.............................................................................54
V. Cc dch v trong mng W-CDMA...............................................................58
VI. Giao din v tuyn..........................................................................................58
1. Cc knh logic...............................................................................................60
2. Cc knh truyn ti........................................................................................60
3. Cc knh vt l..............................................................................................61
3.1. Cc knh vt l ng ln.....................................................................61
3.2. Cc knh vt l ng xung...............................................................62
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VII. Cc gii php k thut trong W-CDMA....................................................63
1. Thit b thu pht v tuyn trong h thng TTD th h 3............................63
a. My pht...................................................................................................63
b. My thu....................................................................................................63
2. M ha v an xen.........................................................................................64
2.1. M vng................................................................................................64
2.2. M xon.................................................................................................65
2.3. M Turbo...............................................................................................66
2.4. an xen trong W-CDMA......................................................................66
3. iu ch BPSK v QPSK..............................................................................67
3.1. iu ch BPSK.....................................................................................67
3.2. iu ch QPSK.....................................................................................68
4. iu khin cng sut v chuyn giao............................................................69
4.1. iu khin cng sut.............................................................................69
a. iu khin cng sut vng h OLPC.................................................70
b. iu khin cng sut vng kn CLPC................................................70
4.2. Chuyn giao..........................................................................................71
a. Chuyn giao mm...............................................................................71
b. Chuyn giao mm hn........................................................................72
c. Chuyn giao cng...............................................................................72
VIII. K thut tri ph trong W-CDMA...........................................................72
1. Gii thiu.......................................................................................................72
2. Nguyn l tri ph DSSS...............................................................................74
3. M tri ph.....................................................................................................74
4. Cc h thng DSSS BPSK..........................................................................76
4.1. My pht DSSS BPSK.......................................................................76
4.2. My thu DSSS BPSK.........................................................................77
5. Cc h thng DSSS QPSK.........................................................................79
5.1. My pht DSSS QPSK.......................................................................79
5.2. My thu DSSS QPSK.........................................................................80
IX. Thit lp mt cuc gi trong W-CDMA UMTS.........................................81
KT LUN.................................................................................................................85
BNG TRA CU CC T VIT TT..................................................................86
TI LIU THAM KHO.........................................................................................92
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LI NI U
T xa ti nay, thng tin lin lc lun l mt lnh vc quan trng ca i sng x
hi. c bit l ngy nay khi m mng thng tin di ng ang ngy cng pht trin
mnh m th nhu cu ca con ngi khng ch dng li . Cng ngh GSM c nhng
c tnh ni bt nh dung lng ln, tnh bo mt cao,Tuy nhin v l h thng bng
thng hp, s dng cng ngh chuyn mch knh nn GSM ch c th h tr truyn s
liu vi tc ti a l 9,6 kbit/s, khng p ng c nhu cu ngy cng cao ca
ngi s dng v cc dch v mi nh truyn s liu tc cao, in thoi c hnh, truy
cp Internet tc cao t my di ng v cc dch v truyn thng a phng tin khc.
V nhng l do trn, cc nh khai thc GSM ang tng bc nng cp mng GSM. Tuy
nhin vic loi b hn cng ngh ang dng tip cn ngay mng 3G l rt tn km v
mt kinh t. V vy h phi chn gii php nng cp mng GSM qua bc trung gian
2,5G tm thi p ng nhu cu ca ngi s dng cng nh chun b c s h tng
k thut sau mi tin ln 3G.
c th nm vng cc k thut s dng trong qu trnh nng cp GSM ln 3G
cng nh tm hiu v cng ngh W-CDMA, em chn ti Cng ngh GSM v
qu trnh pht trin GSM ln 3G .
Ni dung trnh by trong bn n:
Chng 1: Mng thng tin di ng GSM
Chng 2: L trnh pht trin t GSM ln 3G
Chng 3: Cng ngh W-CDMA
Em xin gi li cm n chn thnh n PGS.TS Nguyn Quc Trung tn
tnh hng dn em trong sut qu trnh lm n.
Em cng xin chn thnh cm n cc thy c gio trong khoa Cng Ngh
trng i Hc Vinh ch bo cho em trong sut thi gian qua.
Vinh, ngy 03 thng 05 nm 2009
Sinh vin thc hin
Hong Th Hu
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CHNG I
MNG THNG TIN DI NG GSM
I. GII THIU CHUNG V GSM
1. Gii thiu v GSM
GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication) - h thng vin thng ton cu,
s dng tn s 900 MHz cng nh 1800 MHz Chu u v 1900 MHz Bc M.
GSM h tr truyn thoi vi tc 13 kbit/s v truyn s liu vi tc 9,6 kbit/s.
Mng GSM s dng phng php a truy nhp phn chia theo thi gian TDMA kt hp
a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s FDMA.
2. Lch s mng GSM
Vo u thp nin 1980, ti Chu u ngi ta pht trin mt mng in thoi di
ng ch s dng trong mt vi khu vc. Sau vo nm 1982 n c chun ha bi
CEPT (European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations) v to
ra Groupe Spccial Mobile (GSM) vi mc ch s dng chung cho ton Chu u.
Mng in thoi di ng s dng cng ngh GSM c xy dng v a vo s
dng u tin bi Radiolinja Phn Lan.
Vo nm 1989 cng vic qun l tiu chun v pht trin mng GSM c
chuyn cho vin tiu chun vin thng Chu u (European Telecommunications
Standards Institute - ETSI) v cc tiu chun, c tnh phase 1 ca cng ngh GSM
c cng b vo nm 1990. Vo cui nm 1993 c hn 1 triu thu bao s dng
mng GSM ca 70 nh cung cp dch v trn 48 quc gia.
3. Cc ch tiu k thut ca mng GSM
H thng thng tin di ng GSM cho php chuyn vng t do ca cc thu bao
trong chu u, c ngha l mt thu bao c th thm nhp sang mng ca nc khc khi
di chuyn qua bin gii. Trm di ng GSM MS (GSM Mobile Station) phi c kh
nng trao i thng tin ti bt c ni no trong vng ph sng quc t.
* V kh nng phc v:
- H thng c thit k sao cho MS c th dng c trong tt c cc nc c
mng.
- Cng vi phc v thoi, h thng phi cho php s linh hot ln nht cho cc
loi dch v khc lin quan ti mng s lin kt a dch v (ISDN).
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- To mt h thng c th phc v cho cc MS trn cc tu vin dng nh mt
mng m rng cho cc dch v di ng mt t.
* V cht lng phc v v an ton bo mt:
- Cht lng ca thoi trong GSM phi t nht c cht lng nh cc h thng di
ng tng t trc trong iu kin vn hnh thc t.
- H thng c kh nng mt m ho thng tin ngi dng m khng nh hng
g n h thng cng nh khng nh hng n cc thu bao khc khng dng n kh
nng ny.
* V s dng tn s:
- H thng cho php mc cao v hiu qu ca di tn m c th phc v
vng thnh th v nng thn cng nh cc dch v mi pht trin.
- Di tn s hot ng l 890-915 v 935-960 Mhz.
- H thng GSM 900Mhz phi c th cng tn ti vi cc h thng dng 900Mhz
trc y.
* V mng:
- K hoch nhn dng da trn khuyn ngh ca CCITT.
- K hoch nh s da trn khuyn ngh ca CCITT.
- H thng phi cho php cu trc v t l tnh cc khc nhau khi c dng
trong cc mng khc nhau.
- Trung tm chuyn mch v cc thanh ghi nh v phi dng h thng bo hiu
c tiu chun ho quc t.
- Chc nng bo v thng tin bo hiu v thng tin iu khin mng phi c
cung cp trong h thng
4. Bng tn s dng trong mng GSM
H thng GSM lm vic trong bng tn 890 960 MHz, chia lm 2 phn:
- Bng tn ln (Uplink band) t 890 915 MHz cho cc knh v tuyn t MS
n BTS
- Bng tn xung (Downlink band) t 935 960 MHz cho cc knh v tuyn t
BTS n MS
Mi bng rng 25MHz, chia lm 124 sng mang tng ng vi 124 knh v
tuyn. Cc sng mang cnh nhau cch nhau 200KHz. Mi knh s dng 2 tn s ring
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bit cho ng ln v cho ng xung. Cc knh ny c gi l knh song cng.
Khong cch gia 2 tn s l khng i v bng 45MHz. Knh v tuyn ny c 8 khe
thi gian, mi khe thi gian l mt knh vt l trao i gia BTS v MS.
Ngoi bng tn c s cn c bng tn GSM m rng v bng tn DCS:
- Bng tn GSM m rng: 882 915MHz v 927 960 MHz
- Bng tn DCS: 1710 1785 MHz v 1805 1880 MHz
5. Phng php truy nhp trong mng GSM
Mng GSM s dng phng php TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) kt
hp FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access).
- a truy nhp phn chia theo thi gian TDMA:
Khi c yu cu mt cuc gi th mt knh v tuyn c n nh. Cc thu bao
khc nhau dng chung mt knh nh ci xen thi gian. Mi thu bao c cp mt khe
thi gian trong cu trc khung tun hon 8 khe.
- a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s FDMA:
Phc v cc cuc gi theo cc knh tn s khc nhau. Ngi dng c cp pht
mt knh trong tp hp cc knh trong lnh vc tn s. Ph tn s c chia thnh 2N
di tn s k tip, cch nhau mt khong bo v. Mi di tn c gn cho mt knh
lin lc, N di dnh cho lin lc hng ln, N di cn li cho lin lc hng xung.
Cc knh tn s c s dng GSM nm trong di tn quy nh 900 MHz xc
nh theo cng thc:
F
L
= 890,2+0,2(n-1) MHz
F
U
= F
L
(n) + 45 MHz
1 n 124
Trong :
F
L
: Tn s na bng thp
F
U
: Tn s na bng cao
0,2 MHz: Khong cch gia cc knh ln cn
45 MHz: Khong cch thu pht
n: S knh tn v tuyn
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cho cc knh ln cn khng gy nhiu cho nhau mi BTS ph mt ca
mng phi s dng cc tn s cch xa nhau v cc s dng cc tn s ging nhau hoc
gn nhau cng phi xa nhau.
Truyn dn GSM c chia thnh cc cm (Burst) cha hng trm bit c
iu ch. Mi cm c pht i trong mt khe thi gian 577 s trong mt knh tn s
c rng 200KHz. Mi mt knh tn s cho php t chc cc khung thm nhp theo
thi gian, mi khung bao gm 8 khe thi gian t TS0 n TS7.
II. CU TRC CA H THNG THNG TIN DI NG GSM
1. Cu trc ca h thng
Mt h thng GSM c chia thnh cc h thng con sau y:
- H thng con chuyn mch (SS Switching Subsystem )
- H thng con trm gc (BSS Base Station Subsystem)
- H thng con khai thc (OSS Opration Subsystem)
- Trm di ng (MS Mobile Station)
* H thng con chuyn mch SS bao gm cc khi chc nng sau:
- Trung tm chuyn mch cc nghip v di ng (MSC Mobile Services
Switching Center)
- B ghi nh v thng tr ( HLR Home Location Register)
- B ghi nh v tm tr ( VLR Visitor Location Registor)
- Trung tm nhn thc ( AUC Authentication Center)
- B ghi nhn dng thit b (EIR Equipment Identification Register)
- Trung tm chuyn mch cc nghip v di ng cng (GMSC Gateway MSC)
* H thng con trm gc BSC gm cc khi chc nng sau:
- B iu khin trm gc ( BSC Base Station Controller)
- Trm thu pht gc ( BTS Base Transceiver Station)
* H thng con khai thc OSS gm cc khi chc nng sau:
- Trung tm qun l mng ( NMC Network Management Center)
- Trung tm qun l v bo dng ( OMC Operation & Maintenance Center)
* Trm di ng MS gm:
- Thit b di ng (ME Mobile Equipment)
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- Modul nhn dng thu bao (SIM Subscriber Identity Module)
2. Chc nng ca cc phn t trong h thng
2.1. H thng con chuyn mch SS
H thng con chuyn mch bao gm cc chc nng chuyn mch chnh ca GSM
cng nh cc c s d liu cn thit cho s liu thu bao v qun l di ng ca thu
bao. Chc nng chnh ca SS l qun l thng tin gia nhng ngi s dng mng GSM
vi nhau v vi mng khc.
- Trung tm chuyn mch cc nghip v di ng MSC
Tng i di ng MSC thc hin chc nng chuyn mch cho cc thu bao di ng
thng qua trng chuyn mch ca n. MSC qun l vic thit lp cuc gi, iu khin
cp nht v tr v th tc chuyn giao gia cc MSC. Vic cp nht v tr ca thu bao
cho php tng i di ng MSC nhn bit c v tr ca cc thu bao di ng trong qu
trnh tm gi trm di ng MS. MSC c tt c cc chc nng ca mt tng i c nh
nh tm ng, nh tuyn, bo hiu, iu khc bit gia tng i ca mng c nh
( PSTN, ISDN, ) v MSC l MSC thc hin x l cho cc thu bao di ng, thc hin
chuyn vng gia cc cell.
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Hnh 1.1 M hnh h thng GSM
PST
N
PLMN
CSPDN
PSPDN
9
SS
VLR EIR HLR
MSC
OSS
BSS
BSC
BTS
MS
ISD
N
AUC
Truyn bo hiu
Truyn lu lng
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Chc nng ca tng i MSC ngoi vic kt ni vi cc phn t ca mng di ng
n cn kt ni vi cc phn t ca mng khc nh PSTN, ISDN, PSPDN, CSPDN,
PLMN. MSC thc hin chc nng trn gi l MSC cng (GMSC). Vic giao tip vi
mng ngoi m bo thng tin cho nhng ngi s dng mng GSM i hi cng
thch ng ( Cc chc nng tng tc IWF Interworking Function). IWF l cng giao
tip gia ngi dng mng GSM vi cc mng ngoi. N c th c thc hin trong
cng chc nng MSC hay c th thit b ring.
- B ghi nh v thng tr HLR
HLR cha y cc thng tin lin quan n vic ng k dch v v v tr ca cc
thu bao. Thng HLR l mt my tnh ng ring khng c kh nng chuyn mch
nhng c kh nng qun l hng trm ngn thu bao. Khi mng c thm mt thu bao
mi th cc thng tin v thu bao s c ng k trong HLR.
- B ghi nh v tm tr VLR
L c s d liu th hai trong mng GSM, cha cc thng tin v v tr hin thi
ca thu bao di ng trong vng phc v ca MSC tng ng v ng thi lu gi s
liu v v tr ca cc thu bao ni trn cp nht cho MSC vi mc chnh xc hn
HLR.
- Trung tm nhn thc AUC
c ni n HLR, chc nng ca AUC l cung cp cho HLR cc tn s nhn
thc v cc kha mt m s dng cho bo mt. ng v tuyn cng c AUC
cung cp m bo mt chng nghe trm, m ny c thay i ring bit cho tng
thu bao.
- B ghi nhn dng thit b EIR
EIR c chc nng kim tra tnh hp l ca thit b di ng ME thng qua s liu
nhn dng di ng quc t (IMEI International Mobile Equipment Identity) v cha
cc s liu v phn cng ca thit b.
2.2. H thng con trm gc BSS
L mt h thng cc thit b c th ring cho cc tnh cht t ong v tuyn ca
GSM. BSS thc hin u ni cc MS vi tng i v nh vy u ni nhng ngi s
dng cc trm di ng vi nhng ngi s dng vin thng khc. BSS bao gm 2 loi
thit b: BTS giao din vi MS v BSC giao din vi MSC.
- Trm thu pht gc BTS
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Bao gm cc thit b thu pht, anten v x l tn hiu c th cho giao din v
tuyn. Mt b phn quan trng ca BTS l TRAU (khi chuyn i m v thch ng tc
). TRAU l thit b m qu trnh m ha v gii m ting c th ring cho GSM
c tin hnh, y cng thc hin thch ng tc trong trng hp truyn s liu.
- B iu khin trm gc BSC
C nhim v qun l tt c giao din v tuyn thng qua cc lnh iu khin t
BTS v MS, ch yu l cc lnh n nh, gii phng knh v tuyn v qun l chuyn
giao. Mt BSC trung bnh c th qun l ti vi chc BTS ph thuc vo lu lng ca
cc BTS ny.
2.3. H thng con khai thc OSS
OSS thc hin 3 chc nng chnh sau:
- Khai thc v bo dng mng:
+ Khai thc: L hot ng cho php cc nh khai thc mng theo di hnh vi ca
mng nh: ti ca h thng, mc chn, s lng chuyn giao (Handover) gia hai ,
Nh vy nh khai thc c th gim st c ton b cht lng ca dch v m h
cung cp cho khch hng v kp thi x l cc s c. Khai thc cng bao gm vic thay
i cu hnh gim nhng vn xut hin thi im hin thi, chun b tng lu
lng trong tng lai, tng vng ph sng.
+ Bo dng: C nhim v pht hin, nh v, sa cha cc s c v hng hc. N
c mt s quan h vi khai thc. Bo dng cng bao gm c cc hot ng ti hin
trng nhm thay th thit b c s c.
- Qun l thu bao v tnh cc:
Bao gm cc hot ng qun l ng k thu bao. Nhim v u tin l nhp v
xa thu bao khi mng. ng k thu bao cng c th rt phc tp, bao gm nhiu dch
v v cc tnh nng b sung. Qun l thu bao mng GSM ch lin quan n HLR v
mt s thit b OSS ring, chng hn mng ni HLR vi cc thit b giao tip ngi my
cc trung tm giao dch vi thu bao. Simcard cng ng vai tr nh mt b phn ca
h thng qun l thu bao.
- Qun l thit b di ng:
c b ng k nhn dng thit b EIR thc hin. EIR lu gi tt c cc d liu
lin quan n trm di ng. EIR c ni n MSC qua ng bo hiu kim tra s
c php ca thit b. Mt thit b khng c php s b cm.
2.4. Trm di ng MS
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MS c th l thit b xch tay, thit b t trong t hay thit b cm tay. Ngoi
vic cha cc chc nng v tuyn chung v x l cho giao din v tuyn, MS cn phi
cung cp cc giao din vi ngi s dng nh: micro, loa, mn hin th, bn phm
qun l cuc gi hoc giao din vi mt s thit b khc nh my tnh c nhn, Fax
MS thc hin hai chc nng:
- Thit b vt l giao tip gia thu bao di ng vi mng qua ng v tuyn
- ng k thu bao: mi thu bao phi c mt th gi l Simcard truy nhp vo
mng
V cu trc MS gm hai phn chnh:
- Thit b di ng ME: l b phn x l cc cng vic chung nh thu, pht,
- Modul nhn dng thu bao SIM: l thnh phn nhn dng thu bao trong qu
trnh MS hot ng trong mng, n l mt card in t thng minh c th lu tr thng
tin.
III. QU TRNH X L CC TN HIU S V BIN I VO SNG V TUYN
my pht, ting t Micro qua b lc thng di 0,3 3,4 KHz a vo b A/D.
Ti y tin hnh ly mu (8000 mu/s), s dng 13 bit m ha tng ng tc
8000 x 13 = 104 kbit/s.
Tn hiu 13 bit, 8000 mu/s c chia ra cc khong 160 mu/20ms (chia 8000
mu/s thnh 50 on) a vo m ha ting. Sau m ha ting dng s ra l
260bit/20ms. 260 bit ny c phn cp theo tm quan trng v c m ha knh. Sau
m ha knh tn hiu c ghp xen, mt m ha, lp khun cm v sau c iu
ch vo sng mang trong di tn GSM.
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M ha
ting
Gii
iu
ch
D/A
3KHz
160 mu
13 bit 260 bit/20ms
456 bit/20ms
22,8 kbit/s
270 kbit/s
khe TS
A/D
Phn
on
M ha
knh
Ghp
xen
Mt m
ha
Lp
khun
cm
iu
ch
Gii m
ting
Gii m
Viterbi
Gii
ghp
xen
Gii
mt m
Cn
bng
Viterbi
3
12
Hnh 1.2 X l tn hiu s v bin i vo sng v tuyn MS
n tt nghip
my thu tin hnh gii iu ch, cn bng Viterbi. Sau tn hiu c gii
mt m, gii m knh, gii m ting, qua b D/A v ti loa.
1. Chuyn i A/D
Bin i tn hiu thoi tng t t micro ca MS bn pht sang tn hiu PCM 13
bit/mu, tn s ly mu 8 KHz a n b m ha.
2. M ha ting
c th cho ra ting ni 13 kbit/s, b m ha ny da trn nguyn l m ha
phn tch bng cch tng hp thng qua vic s dng phng php m ha d on
tuyn tnh kch thch xung u. B m ha ting a cc khi 260 bit/20 ms n b m
ha knh. Cc bit ny c chia thnh 182 bit loi I (cc bit c bo v), 78 bit loi II
(cc bit khng c bo v).
3. M ha knh
M ha knh truyn thm cc bit d vo vng d liu bn thu c th pht hin
v sa li bit sinh ra trong qu trnh truyn. Thut ton m ha ting a ra mt khi
260 bit/20ms tng ng 13 kbit/s. B m ha knh thm 3 bit parity vo mi 50 bit rt
quan trng (m ha khi) to thnh 53 bit. 53 bit ny cng thm 132 bit quan trng v 4
bit ui tip tc c m ha nhp thnh 378 bit. Sau 378 bit ny cng vi 78 bit cn
li thnh khung ting ni 456 bit/20ms tng ng 22,8 kbit/s. Khung ting ni 456 bit
ny tip tc c ghp xen.
Tn ti hai dng m knh khc nhau: m khi tuyn tnh v m xon.
- Cc m khi tuyn tnh: loi m ny lung thng tin c chia thnh cc
khi c di bng nhau. Cc bit d c b sung vo cc khi theo mt thut ton
nht nh ph thuc vo loi m c s dng. Cc m khi tuyn tnh c xc nh
bng ba thng s: di khi n, di thng tin k (bit) v khong cch cc tiu d. Cc
m khi tuyn tnh trong cc bn tin xut hin phn u ca khi c gi l m h
thng. T s r = k/n c gi l t l m.
Khong cch cc tiu c nh gi bng s bit khc nhau gia hai t m ging
nhau nht. Khong cch cc tiu ny c gi l khong cch Hamming nh nht gia
hai t m.
Hong Th Hu 45K2 T - VT Khoa Cng Ngh
B m
ha knh
T m n bit k bit bn tin
Hnh 1.3 V d b m ha knh
3
13
n tt nghip
- M xon: m xon mt khi n bit m to ra khng ch ph thuc vo k bit
bn tin ca khi ny m cn ph thuc vo cc bn tin ca cc khi trc . M xon
c xc nh bi cc thng s sau:
+ T l m: r = k/n, trong n s bit u ra khi ng vi k bit u vo.
+ di hu hn (ph thuc vo s phn t nh ca thanh ghi dch).
Mt b m xon bao gm mt thanh ghi dch to thnh t cc Flip-Flop, cc u
vo hoc u ra ca cc thanh ghi dch c cng vi nhau theo mt quy lut nht nh
to nn cc chui xon, sau cc chui xon c ghp chung vi nhau to ra
khi m.
4. Ghp xen
Cc li bit thng xut hin thnh chm li nhng m ha knh ch pht hin v
sa li cc bit v cc chm li ngn. Phng php ghp xen c s dng loi b
vn ny bng cch chia khi bn tin cn gi thnh cc cm ngn ri hon v cc cm
ny vi cc cm ca cc khi bn tin khc. Nh vy khi xy ra cm li di mi bn tin
ch mt i mt cm nh, phn cn li ca bn tin vn cho php cc dng m ha knh
khi phc li c bn tin ng sau khi sp xp li cc cm ca bn tin theo th t
nh pha pht.

5. Mt m ha
Mt m ha bo v thng tin v ngi dng v bo hiu tng i gia cc
BTS v cc MS i vi cc c nhn mun xm nhp tri php.
Mt m ha tn hiu t c bng thao tc hoc loi tr (XOR) gia mt chui
ngu nhin vi 114 bit ca cm bnh thng, ngha l vi tt c cc bit thng tin tr cc
c ly cp. gii mt m ngi ta thc hin thao tc hoc loi tr (XOR) gia tn hiu
thu vi chui ngu nhin.
Hong Th Hu 45K2 T - VT Khoa Cng Ngh
1 2 3 4 1 2
3
4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4
1 x 3 4 1 x 3 4 1 x
3
1
4 1 x 3
4
1
Cc khi bn tin
ghp xen
Cc khi bn tin
c ghp xen
Hnh 1.4 Nguyn l ghp xen
14
n tt nghip
6. iu ch
GSM s dng phng php iu ch kha dch pha cc tiu Gauss GMSK
(Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying). Phng php ny tha mn c cc yu cu t ra:
- Ph cng sut u ra hp: m bo yu cu cng sut ngoi bng tn pht x
vo cc knh ln cn nh hn 60 80 dB trong cc knh yu cu. iu ny l cn thit
trnh nhiu cc knh ln cn gy ra trong qu trnh truyn lan.
- Xc sut li qu trnh truyn lan nh
- Ngun sng ti s dng cng knh trong vng a l phi cao
- Ch s khuch i tuyn tnh nh
- c s sc bn v mm do hn khi thay i pha, tn hiu bng gc c lc
vi b lc thng di vung Gaussian. GMSK cung cp mt bng thng hp hn MSK
bnh thng nhng sc chng nhiu tt hn.
GMSK l phng php iu ch bng hp da trn k thut iu ch dch pha,
thc hin bng cch ni dy chuyn mt b lc Gauss v mt b iu ch MSK. MSK
chnh l phng php iu ch FSK lin tc trong trng hp h s iu ch bng 0,5.
FSK l phng php iu tn, n bin i thng tin thnh cc tn hiu tn s trong sng
mang ri truyn i. C th s dng b VCO ( Voltage Controlled Oscillator) thc
hin FSK

Hnh 1.5 Cu to nguyn l FSK
7. Cn bng Viterbi
B cn bng Viterbi s to m hnh ton hc ca knh truyn dn. S liu c
truyn trong cc cm t trong cc khe thi gian 577s. gia mi cm c mt mu
bit S c (chui hun luyn) c bit trc. Bng cch so snh cc chui tun t
bit trong mt tng quan bn thu vi mu bit nhn c (S), b cn bng s to nn
mt m hnh knh.
Hong Th Hu 45K2 T - VT Khoa Cng Ngh
VCO
Tn hiu m mc
FSK m gi tr
47 48 49 50 0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3
22 23 24 25
0 1 2 3
47 48
49 50
0 1
24 25
0 1
2 3 4 5 6 7
15
n tt nghip
B cn bng Viterbi GSM cho php x l cc tn hiu phn x tr ti 15s. B
cn bng cng a ra thng tin mm n b gii m knh to iu kin cho b ny
hiu chnh li c tt hn.
8. Chuyn i D/A
Dn tn hiu PCM c nn vi 8 bit/mu, tn s ly mu 8000 mu/s thnh tn
hiu PCM u 13 bit/mu.
IV. GIAO DIN V TUYN Um
Giao din v tuyn l giao din phc tp v c th nht ca mt h thng thng
tin di ng t ong. Giao din v tuyn GSM 900 bao gm hai bng tn song cng
25MHz cho c ng ln v ng xung. Trong h thng GSM, cng ngh a truy
nhp phn chia theo thi gian TDMA c ng dng cho mi sng mang c rng
bng tn 200KHz. Trong bng tn 25 MHz chia lm 124 knh sng mang bt u t
890,2 MHz , tch bit song cng 45MHz gia tn s ln v xung.
Mi sng mang c ghp vo 8 khe thi gian (mi khe c di 577s) theo
cng ngh TDMA gi l mt khung TDMA, mt khung c lu l 4,616 ms. Mi khe
thi gian l mt knh vt l.
1. Knh vt l
Trong GSM mi khe thi gian c coi l mt knh vt l. H thng GSM c
124 knh, mi knh c 8 khe thi gian nn s c 124 x 8 = 992 knh vt l.
V mt thi gian, cc knh vt l mt knh tn s c t chc theo cu trc
khung, a khung, siu a khung v siu siu khung.
Hong Th Hu 45K2 T - VT Khoa Cng Ngh
B tng
quan
M hnh
knh
Khc ?
Chn sao
cho khc
nhau t
nht
S liu S S liu
Thng tin
mm
Cm thu
Viterbi
? ? S
Hnh 1.6 B cn bng Viterbi
47 48 49 50 0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3
22 23 24 25
0 1 2 3
47 48
49 50
0 1
24 25
0 1
2 3 4 5 6 7
16
n tt nghip
Mt siu siu khung c lu l 3 gi 28 pht 53 giy 760 ms. Cc khung
TDMA c nh s trong siu khung t 0 n 2715647. Mt siu siu khung c
Hong Th Hu 45K2 T - VT Khoa Cng Ngh
1 0 2 3 4 2044 2045 2046 2047
47 48 49 50 0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3
22 23 24 25
0 1 2 3
47 48
49 50
0 1
24 25
0 1
2 3 4 5 6 7
1 siu siu khung = 2048 siu khung = 2715648 khung TDMA
1 siu khung = 1326 khung TDMA (6,12 giy)
TB
3
57 bit
c mt m ha
F
1
chui hngdn
26 bit
F
1
57 bit
c mt m ha
TB
3
GP
8,25
TB
3 42 bit c nh
TB
3
GP
8,25
TB
3
39 bit
c mt m ha
chui ng b
64 bit
39 bit
c mt m ha
TB
3
GP
8,25
TB
3
Cc bit hn hp
58 bit
chui hng dn
26 bit
Cc bit hn hp
58 bit
TB
3
GP
8,25
TB
3
chui ng b
41 bit
Cc bit c mt m
36 bit
TB
3
GP
68,25
1 khung TDMA = 8 khe thi gian ( ~ 4,615 ms)
1 khe thi gian = 156,25 bit (~ 0,577 ms)
Cm bnh thng NB (C F ch tng ng vi TCH)
Cm hiu chnh tn s (FB)
Cm ng b (SB)
Cm thm nhp (AB)
Cm gi (DB)
Hnh 1.7 T chc khung v cm
K hiu:
TB: bit ui
F: c ly cp
GP: on bo v
17
n tt nghip
chia thnh 2048 siu khung, mi siu a khung c lu l 5,12 giy. Mi siu khung
c chia thnh cc a khung. C 2 loi a khung:
- a khung 26 khung (51 siu khung trn mt siu siu khung): c lu 120 ms
v cha 26 khung.
- a khung 51 khung (26 siu khung trn mt siu siu khung): c lu 235,4
ms v cha 51 khung.
Cu trc cc cm
Khe thi gian 577 s tng ng vi lu ca 156,25 bit l ni dung vt l ca
mt cm. Tn ti bn dng cm khc nhau trong h thng:
- Cm bnh thng NB (Normal Burst): c s dng mang cc thng tin v
cc knh lu lng v cc knh kim tra. i vi knh lu lng TCH, cm ny cha
114 bit c mt m, ba bit ui (0, 0, 0) u v cui, 2 bit c ly cp (ch cho TCH),
26 bit hng dn v khong thi gian bo v c lu bng 8,25 bit. NB c dng cho
TCH v cc knh iu khin tr RACH, SCH v FCCH.
- Cm hiu chnh tn s FB (Frequency Correction Burst): c s dng
ng b tn s cho trm di ng. Cm cha 142 bit c nh bng 0 to ra dch tn s
+67,7 KHz trn tn s danh nh, ba bit ui (0, 0, 0) u v cui v khong bo v 8,25
bit. FB c s dng cho FCCH.
- Cm ng b SB (Synchronization Burst): c s dng ng b thi gian
cho trm di ng. Cm cha 78 bit c mt m ha mang thng tin v FN (Frame
Number - s khung) ca TDMA v BSIC (Base Transceiver Station Identity Code
M nhn dng trm thu pht gc), ba bit ui u v cui, chui hng dn di 64 bit
v khong bo v 8,25 bit. SB c s dng cho SCH.
- Cm thm nhp AB (Access Burst): c s dng thm nhp ngu nhin v
thm nhp chuyn giao. Cm cha 36 bit thng tin, 41 bit ng b, 8 bit ui u, 3 bit
ui cui v khong bo v 68,25 bit. AB c s dng cho RACH v TCH.
- Cm gi DB (Dummy Burst): c pht i t BTS trong mt s trng hp.
Cm khng mang thng tin. Cm c cu trc ging nh cm NB nhng cc bit mt m
c thay th bng cc bit hn hp.
2. Knh logic
Cc knh logic c t vo cc knh vt l truyn i, cc knh ny mang
thng tin iu khin v bo hiu gia BTS v MS. C 2 loi: Knh lu lng TCH v
knh bo hiu iu khin CCH.
Hong Th Hu 45K2 T - VT Khoa Cng Ngh
18
n tt nghip
2.1. Knh lu lng TCH
- Knh ton tc Bm: Mang thng tin ting hoc s liu tc khong 22,8
Kbps
- Knh bn tc Lm: Mang thng tin tc vo khong 11,4 Kbps
2.2. Knh bo hiu iu khin
- Cc knh iu khin qung b:
+ Knh iu khin qung b BCCH (Broadcast Control Channel): pht qung b
cc thng tin chung v . y l knh ng xung t mt im n a im.
+ Cc knh hiu chnh tn s FCCH (Frequency Correction Channel): mang
thng tin hiu chnh tn s cho cc trm MS.
+ Knh ng b SCH (Synchoronization Channel): mang thng tin ng b
khung cho trm di ng MS v nhn dng BTS.
- Knh iu khin chung CCCH (Common Control Channel): bao gm:
+ Knh tm gi PCH (Paging Channel): c s dng cho ng xung tm
trm di ng MS.
+ Knh truy cp ngu nhin RACH (Random Access Channel): c MS s
dng yu cu dnh mt knh SDCCH.
+ Knh cho php truy cp AGCH (Access Grant Channel): ch c s dng
ng xung ch nh mt knh SDCCH cho MS.
- Knh iu khin dnh ring DCCH (Dedicated Control Channel): bao gm:
+ Knh iu khin dnh ring ng mt mnh SDCCH (Stand alone Dedicated
Control Channel): ch c s dng dnh ring cho bo hiu vi mt MS. SDCCH
c s dng cho cc th tc cp nht v trong qu trnh thit lp cuc gi trc khi
n nh knh TCH, s dng cho c ng ln ln ng xung.
+ Knh iu khin lin kt chm SACCH (Slow Associated Control Channel):
lin kt vi mt TCH hay mt SDCCH. y l mt knh s liu lin tc mang cc
thng tin lin tc, s dng cho c ng ln ln ng xung.
+ Knh iu khin lin kt nhanh FACCH (Fast Associated Control Channel):
lin kt vi mt TCH. FACCH lm vic ch ly cp bng cch thay i lu
lng ting hay s liu bng bo hiu.
V. CC TRNG HP THNG TIN
Hong Th Hu 45K2 T - VT Khoa Cng Ngh
19
n tt nghip
1. Cc trng thi ca my di ng MS
- MS tt my:
Mng khng th tip cn n MS v n khng tr li thng bo tm gi cng nh
khng thng bo cp nht v tr. Trng hp ny mng cho rng MS ri mng.
- MS bt my, trng thi ri:
Trong khi chuyn ng, MS lin tc kim tra xem n c th c ni vi mt
knh qung b hay khng. MS cng lin tc thng bo cho h thng nhng thng tin v
cp nht vi tr sau nhng khong thi gian nht nh.
- MS bt my, trng thi bn:
C mt knh TCH ni gia mng v MS, khi chuyn ng MS c th chuyn
n mt knh thng tin mi. Qu trnh ny gi l chuyn giao (Handover). quyt
nh chuyn giao, h thng phi din gii thng tin nhn c t MS v BTS. Qu trnh
ny c gi l nh v.
2. Th tc nhp mng
Khi MS bt my n s qut c 124 tn s tm tn s c cng ln nht. Tn
s m n tm kim cha thng tin qung b v c thng tin tm gi. MS s t ng kha
n tn s thch hp nh vic hiu chnh tn s. Sau MS gi thng bo cp nht n
MSC. Lc ny MSC cha c thng tin g v MS ny. MS gi yu cu cp nht v tr ti
HLR km theo thng tin v v tr. HLR s thc hin cc th tc nhn thc. Nu xt thy
MS l hp l, HLR s ghi thng tin v v tr vo trng d liu ca MS v gi thng bo
xc nhn cp nht v tr ti MSC. T y MS xem l c nhp mng v c nh du
mt c nhp mng vo s thu bao di ng quc t.
3. Lu ng v cp nht v tr
Khi MS trong mt BTS n s lun c ni n mt tn s v tuyn nht nh.
Khi n chuyn ng ra xa dn so vi BTS th cng tn hiu thu s gim dn. mt
v tr gn bin gii gia hai , cng thu gim n mc m MS quyt nh chuyn
sang tn s mi ca ln cn c cng ln hn tn s c. Sau khi kha n tn s
mi ny, MS li tip tc nghe cc thng bo tm gi v cc thng tin cp nht v tr t h
thng. Quyt nh v vic thay i ca MS khng cn thng bo cho mng tr khi tn
s c v tn s mi khng thuc cng mt vng nh v.
C hai trng hp cp nht v tr:
- Khi MS chuyn ng t vng nh v ny sang vng nh v khc thuc cng
mt MSC:
Hong Th Hu 45K2 T - VT Khoa Cng Ngh
20
n tt nghip
Vng nh v ca MS c ghi b ghi nh v tm tr VLR. V MS khng
chuyn ng n vng phc v mi nn qu trnh cp nht v tr ch l MS gi thng
bo cp nht v tr v s nhn dng vng nh v mi cho MSC. MSC tip nhn thng
bo cp nht v tr, ghi gi tr mi vo c s d liu ca VLR v gi thng bo xc nhn
cp nht v tr cho MS.
- MS lu ng gia hai vng phc v (MSC/VLR):
Khi MS chuyn sang vng phc v mi n s gi thng bo cp nht v tr cho
MSC mi cng vi s nhn dng ca n. MSC mi ny s gi cc thng tin ti HLR
yu cu nhn thc. Sau khi HLR gi thng bo xc nhn MS l hp l ng k trong
mng cho MSC hin thi v xa vng phc v c thay bng gi tr ca vng phc v
mi, VLR cng ghi cc s liu v MS vo c s d liu ca n nh l mt thu bao tm
thi v gi thng bo xc nhn cp nht v tr cho MS.
4. Th tc ri mng
Khi MS tt my hay ra khi vng ph sng n s gi thng bo cui cng cha
yu cu cho th tc v cc s nhn dng ca n. Khi thu c thng bo ny, VLR ca
MSC ang qun l MS ny s nh du mt c ri mng vo a ch s nhn dng thu
bao di ng quc t. Khi c mt cuc gi ti thu bao ny nh c c ri mng nn
thng bo tm gi s khng c pht ra lm gim ti trn cc knh trung k v knh
qung b.
5. Cc trng hp cuc gi
5.1. Trm di ng MS thc hin cuc gi
- MS yu cu n nh knh:
Sau khi thc hin vic quay s, MS yu cu c n nh knh trn knh truy
cp ngu nhin RACH. Nhn c yu cu ny trm thu pht gc BTS s gii m bn
tin. Phn mm ca trm gc BSS n nh knh SDCCH vi bn tin n nh knh tc
thi gi trn knh cho php truy nhp AGCH.
- MS tr li:
MS tr li bn tin n nh knh tc thi v chuyn ti n nh knh SDCCH.
Trn knh SDCCH, MS s truyn i cc bn tin SAMB (Set Asynchronous Balance
Mode Kiu cn bng khng ng b t hp). Bn trong bn tin SABM bao gm cc
ch th yu cu cc dch v khc nh bn tin yu cu thc hin cuc gi hay cp nht v
tr.Cc bn tin ny s c x l ti trm gc BSS v c chuyn ti trung tm chuyn
mch MSC thng qua giao din A.
- Yu cu nhn thc:
Hong Th Hu 45K2 T - VT Khoa Cng Ngh
21
n tt nghip
Sau khi nhn c cc yu cu v dch v, MSC s gi i mt yu cu nhn thc
i vi MS. Cc yu cu nhn thc s c gi ti BSS thng qua ng bo hiu.
Trm thu pht gc BTS s lm nhim v truyn cc yu cu ny ti MS trn knh
SDCCH.
- MS tr li nhn thc:
Trm di ng MS tr li yu cu nhn thc bng mt p ng nhn thc. p
ng nhn thc ca MS s c BTS chuyn ti BSC trn ng bo hiu v tuyn.
- Yu cu m ha:
Sau qu trnh nhn thc c hon thnh, MSC s gi n BSC mt lnh yu
cu m ha qu trnh trao i thng tin gia MS v MSC. Qu trnh ny c thit lp
hay khng l ph thuc vo BSC v MSC thit lp ch m ha l ON hay OFF.
- Hon thnh qu trnh m ha:
MS tr li hon thnh qu trnh m ha bng cch gi bn tin thc hin xong qu
trnh m ha.
- MS thit lp cuc gi:
MS gi bn tin thit lp cuc gi trn knh SDCCH. N gi ti tng i MSC
dch v yu cu thit lp cuc gi
- Yu cu n nh knh lu lng:
Sau khi MSC nhn c bn tin yu cu thit lp cuc gi, MSC s gi li h
thng BSS bn tin n nh knh lu lng, Bn tin ny ch th loi knh lu lng s
c yu cu l knh bn tc hay ton tc hoc truyn s liu. BTS s ch nh v n
nh cho MS mt knh lu lng TCH bng cch gi mt lnh n nh trn knh
SDCCH.
- MS hon thnh vic n nh knh lu lng TCH:
p ng lnh n nh knh, MS chim ly knh TCH ng thi gi bn tin
hon thnh vic n nh knh trn knh iu khin lin kt nhanh FACCH.
- Bn tin chung:
Tng i MSC gi bn tin chung ti my di ng MS. Bn tin ny thng bo cho
MS hon thnh vic gi v c tn hiu hi m chung c nghe thy t MS. Bn tin
ny l trong sut i vi BSS.
- Bn tin kt ni:
Khi bn b gi nhc my tr li th mt bn tin kt ni c gi n trm di ng
MS. Tn hiu ny l trong sut i vi trm gc BSS. Bn tin kt ni c truyn thng
Hong Th Hu 45K2 T - VT Khoa Cng Ngh
22
n tt nghip
qua knh FACCH. tr li tn hiu kt ni, MS m mt ng ting v truyn i
thng qua knh FSCCH. Bn tin kt ni ti tng i MSC v cuc gi c thc
hin.
5.2. Trm di ng MS nhn cuc gi
- Nhn tin tm gi:
Khi thu bao c tm gi th tng i di ng MSC s gi ti mt bn tin
yu cu nhn tin (Paging Request) n h thng iu khin trm gc BSC. BSC s x
l bn tin ny v truyn chng trn knh PCH.
- Thu bao tr li:
Sau khi thu c bn tin Paging Request, MS tr li bng cch gi bn tin yu
cu knh trn knh RACH.
- n nh knh SDCCH:
Nhn c bn tin n nh knh, BSS s x l bn tin v ngay lp tc n nh
mt knh SDCCH. Vic n nh ny s c m ha v truyn trn knh cho php truy
nhp AGCH. Trm di ng MS c n nh mt knh SDCCH v truyn mt bn tin
kiu cn bng khng ng b t hp SABM tr li nhn tin. Sau khi c x l ti
BSS, bn tin tr li tm gi s c gi ti MSC.
- Yu cu nhn thc:
Sau khi nhn c bn tin tr li tm gi, tng i di ng MSC s gi i mt
yu cu nhn thc i vi trm di ng MS. Yu cu nhn thc c gi ti trm gc
BSS thng qua ng bo hiu. Trm thu pht gc BTS s lm nhim v truyn cc yu
cu ny ti trm di ng MS trn knh SDCCH.
- MS tr li nhn thc:
MS tr li yu cu nhn thc bng mt p ng nhn thc. p ng ny s c
BTS chuyn ti BSC trn ng bo hiu v tuyn.
- Yu cu m ha:
Qu trnh nhn thc c hon thnh, MSC s gi n BSC mt lnh yu cu m
ha qu trnh trao i thng tin gia MS v MSC.
- Hon thnh qu trnh m ha:
MS tr li hon thnh qu trnh m ha bng cch gi bn tin hon thnh ch
m ha
- Bn tin thit lp:
Hong Th Hu 45K2 T - VT Khoa Cng Ngh
23
n tt nghip
MSC gi bn tin thit lp ti MS yu cu cc dch v. BSS gi bn tin thit lp
trn knh SDCCH.
- MS xc nhn cuc gi:
Khi nhn c thng tin v vic thit lp cuc gi, trm di ng MS gi i mt
bn tin xc nhn cuc gi. Bn tin ny thng bo rng MS nhn c bn tin thit lp
cuc gi v cho bit MS c th nhn cuc gi.
- n nh knh:
Khi nhn c bn tin xc nhn, tng i di ng MSC gi mt bn tin n nh
knh. H thng trm gc BSS nhn c bn tin ny n nh knh lu lng TCH v
gi bn tin n nh knh ti trm di ng MS trn knh SDCCH.
- Hon thnh n nh knh:
Trm di ng chim ly knh TCH v gi bn tin hon thnh vic n nh knh
trn knh FACCH. H thng trm gc nhn bn tin ny v gi n n tng i di ng
MSC.
- Bn tin chung:
MS gi bn tin chung ti tng i di ng MSC trn knh FACCH. Bn tin
ny thng bo tng i MSC tm gi c trm di ng MS v MS ang chung.
Tng i MSC gi hi m chung ny cho my ch gi.
- MS thc hin kt ni:
Khi trm MS tr li, MS gi bn tin kt ni trn knh FACCH v thit lp mt
ng thoi n ngi s dng. Bn tin kt ni c truyn qua BSS ti tng i di
ng MSC i n tng i ca my ch gi.
- Thit lp thnh cng:
Kt ni cuc gi c thit lp v cuc thoi c tin hnh.
6. Cc trng hp chuyn giao ( Handover)
Mng quyt nh chuyn giao nh cc thng s o cng trng v cht
lng truyn dn t MS v BTS. Khi Handover xy ra th c nhiu thng tin iu khin
cn c truyn nn knh SDCCH khng p ng c v h thng phi s dng knh
FACCH trao i thng tin iu khin.
- Handover gia cc BTS ca cng mt BSC:
Trong trng hp ny, BSC phi thit lp mt ng ni ti BTS mi, n nh
mt knh TCH ca BTS ny chun b Handover, gi lnh cho MS chuyn tn s sang
Hong Th Hu 45K2 T - VT Khoa Cng Ngh
24
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knh v tuyn mi v ch ra khe thi gian ca knh TCH mi ny. Handover ch xy ra
trong vng BSC nn c th x l ti BSC m MSC khng cn bit. Nu thay i vng
nh v, MS mi cn c thng bo cp nht v tr cho MSC.
- Handover gia cc BSC cng mt MSC/VLR:
Trong trng hp ny mng phi can thip nhiu hn. BSC mi nhn c yu
cu chuyn giao t MSC. Sau mt ng ni mi t MSC n BSC n BTS c
thit lp v mt knh TCH dnh cho Handover. Sau MS c lnh chuyn tn s
mi cho TCH mi.
- Handover gia hai vng phc v MSC/VLR:
y l trng hp phc tp nht vi nhiu tn hiu c trao i trc khi
Handover. MSC c phi gi thng bo yu cu Handover ti MSC mi. MSC ny m
nhn vic phi ghp n BTS mi. Sau khi thit lp xong ng ni gia hai MSC,
MSC c s gi lnh Handover ti MS.
VI. CC DCH V TRONG GSM
- Dch v thoi:
L dch v quan trng nht ca GSM. N cho php cc cuc gi hai hng din
ra gia ngi s dng GSM vi thu bao bt k mt mng in thoi ni chung no.
Tc truyn thoi trong GSM l 13 kbit/s
- Dch v s liu:
S liu cng nh thoi trong GSM s dng cng ngh chuyn mch knh. GSM
c thit k a ra rt nhiu dch v s liu. Cc dch v s liu c phn bit vi
nhau bi ngi s dng phng tin (ngi s dng cc mng in thoi PSTN,
ISDN), bi bn cht cc lung thng tin u cui (d liu th, fax, videotex, teletex,
), bi phng tin truyn dn (gi hay mch, ng b hay khng ng b,) v bi
bn cht thit b u cui. Tc truyn s liu trn mng GSM l 9,6 kbit/s.
- Dch v bn tin ngn SMS:
L mt loi dch v s liu. Dch v nhn tin ngn SMS cho php cc thu bao
GSM gi cho nhau cc bn tin ch di khng qu 160 k t. C th s dng mt trung
tm dch v mt thu bao c bn tin n . Sau bn tin s c pht n thu
bao. Nu thu bao ngoi vng ph sng ca h thng hay tt ngun th bn tin s c
lu gi v gi i khi thu bao li sn sng. C th thu hay gi cc thng bo ngn
trng thi ri hay trong qu trnh cuc gi.
Hong Th Hu 45K2 T - VT Khoa Cng Ngh
25
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Ngoi ra cn c cc dch v ph khc nh: chn hng cuc gi, gi cuc gi,
tnh cc cho thu bao...
VII. BO MT TRONG GSM
Ging nh cc mng thng tin khc, mng thng tin di ng GSM phi thc hin
chng vic truy nhp tri php. Cc bin php chng vic truy nhp tri php:
- nh s nhn dng thu bao, cc vng phc v, vng nh v
- Nhn thc thu bao bng cc cha kha mt m
- Mt m tin tc
1. nh s nhn dng thu bao v cc vng mng
- S nhn dng thu bao di ng quc t IMSI:
IMSI = MCC (m nc) + MNC (m mng) + MSIN (s nhn dng thu bao)
Ngoi ra cn c tin t 00 ( gi quc t )
- S lu ng ca trm di ng (cp vo VLR):
MSRN = MCC + NDC (s MSC) + SN (s thu bao tm thi)
Mi mt vng phc v khc nhau th cc thu bao s c MSRN khc nhau.
- S nhn dng thu bao di ng tm thi mi vng nh v IMSI nh hn hoc
bng 4 byte. N ch c ngha tng vng nh v LA (Location Area).
- S nhn dng trm di ng theo phn cng IMEI: S nhn dng phn cng ca
mi thu bao s c nhn thc nh EIR.
- S nhn dng vng nh v:
LAI = MCC + MNC + LAC
N gip cho vic nh tuyn cc cuc gi n tng BSC.
- S nhn dng :
CGI = LAI + CI CI (Cell Identity): S nhn dng t bo 16 bit
Dng nh tuyn cuc gi n tng BTS. M nhn dng vng nh v s c
pht lin tc trn knh iu khin qung b BCCH cc MS bit s vng nh v ca
mnh.
- M nhn dng trm gc BSIC: dng MS bit c BTS ca mnh v cc
BTS ln cn. Trm BTS pht BSIC trn knh ng b SCH. Khi MS mun truy nhp th
n s pht BSIC trn knh truy nhp ngu nhin RACH.
2. Nhn thc thu bao
- Cc trng hp nhn thc:
Hong Th Hu 45K2 T - VT Khoa Cng Ngh
26
n tt nghip
+ Khi MS mi truy nhp vo mng
+ Khi MS bt u mt cuc gi hoc tr li mt cuc gi
+ Khi MS chuyn vng nh v
Mc ch l xc nh xem MS c phi l thu bao ca mnh hay khng. Nhn
thc l cch kim tra quyn truy nhp ca cc thu bao
- B ba cha kha mt m:
+ S ngu nhin R: ly ngu nhin mi khi cn nhn thc
+ Mt khu S: dng hi p
+ Kha mt m k
c
: kha mt m tin tc
AUC to ra cc b ba cha kha v c lu gi trong MSC d tr cho cc thu
bao ang nm trong vng .
- Trnh t nhn thc:

BTS pht s ngu nhin R cho MS. MS pht mt khu S vo mng, mng s
kim tra xem gi tr S c ng hay khng.
CHNG II
Hong Th Hu 45K2 T - VT Khoa Cng Ngh
BTS
MS
R
S
27
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L TRNH PHT TRIN T GSM LN 3G
I. GII THIU
H thng thng tin di ng GSM cung cp cc dch v thoi v s liu trn c s
chuyn mch knh bng thng hp. Do tc truyn thp, 13 kbit/s vi truyn thoi
v 9,6 kbit/s vi truyn s liu. Tc ny khng p ng c nhu cu ngy cng cao
ca ngi s dng v cc dch v mi nh truyn s liu tc cao, in thoi c hnh,
truy cp Internet tc cao t my di ng v cc dch v truyn thng a phng tin
khc. V nhng l do trn, cc nh khai thc GSM ang tng bc nng cp mng GSM
ln mt h thng thng tin di ng th h th 3. Con ng tin ti 3G duy nht ca
GSM l CDMA bng thng rng. Trn th trng chu u, W-CDMA c gi
l h thng vin thng di ng ton cu UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunication
System). Trong cu trc dch v 3G cn c bng thng rt ln v nh th cn nhiu ph
tn hn. Tuy nhin vic loi b hn cng ngh ang dng tip cn ngay mng 3G l
rt tn km v mt kinh t. V vy h phi chn gii php nng cp mng GSM qua
bc trung gian 2,5G tm thi p ng nhu cu ca ngi s dng cng nh chun
b c s h tng k thut sau mi tin ln 3G. Ni chung 2,5G bao gm mt hoc tt
c cc cng ngh sau:
- S liu chuyn mch knh tc cao (HSCSD)
- Dch v v tuyn gi chung (GPRS)
- Tc s liu tng cng pht trin GMS (EDGE)
II. L TRNH PHT TRIN T GSM LN 3G
L trnh nng cp GSM ln W-CDMA nh sau:
HSCSD (High Speed Circuit Switched Data): S liu chuyn mch knh tc
cao.
GPRS (General Packet Radio Service): Dch v v tuyn gi chung.
EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution): Tc s liu tng cng
pht trin GSM.
W-CDMA (Wideband Code Division Multiple Access): a truy cp phn m
bng rng.
Hong Th Hu 45K2 T - VT Khoa Cng Ngh
GSM HSCSD GPRS
EDGE
W-CDMA
28
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1.Cng ngh s liu chuyn mch knh tc cao HSCSD
GSM ch h tr cc dch v s liu vi tc cc i m mt khe thi gian c
th cung cp l 9,6 kbit/s. h tr tc s liu cao hn cho GSM, MS phi s dng
nhiu khe thi gian. Cng ngh HSCSD s dng nguyn tc ny.
Cng ngh HSCSD cho php nng cao kh nng truyn s liu trn mng GSM
bng cch cp pht nhiu khe thi gian hn cho ngi s dng. HSCSD phi hp 4
knh thoi GSM 14,4 kbit/s thnh mt knh 57,6 kbit/s. i vi dch v s liu th tc
ti a l 64 kbit/s t c vi 4 khe thi gian. D liu truyn trong dch v HSCSD
c hnh thnh di dng cc lung song song a vo cc khe thi gian khc nhau
v chng s c kt hp li ti u cui. Tt c cc khe thi gian s dng trong mt
kt ni HSCSD phi thuc v cng mt sng mang. Vic cp pht cc khe thi gian ph
thuc vo th tc cp pht khe thi gian.
Cng ngh HSCSD c trin khai da trn c s h tng sn c ca mng
GSM, ch cn nng cp phn mm hin c m khng cn lp t thm cc phn t mng
mi. N cho php cp pht ti nguyn khng i xng giao din v tuyn. Tuy nhin
do vn s dng chuyn mch knh nn hiu sut s dng ti nguyn v tuyn ca
HSCSD khng cao.
Cu trc h thng HSCSD:
Hnh 2.1 Cu trc h thng HSCSD
TE (Terminal Equipment): Thit b u cui
MT (Mobile Terminal): My di ng u cui
TAF (Terminal Adaptation Function): Chc nng thch ng u cui
IWF (Interworking Function): Chc nng kt ni mng
- Chc nng thch ng u cui TAF:
Hong Th Hu 45K2 T - VT Khoa Cng Ngh
TE MT BTS MSC IWF
PDN
PLMN
ISDN
PSPDN
TRAU
TAF
BSC
Knh 64 kbit/s Knh nx 16 kbit/s
nx cc knh ton tc
nx khe thi
gian/khung TDMA
Giao din v tuyn
Abis A
29
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ng vai tr tip nhn s liu ca thit b u cui TE a ti v chia chng vo
cc khe thi gian c chn trc. Mi khe thi gian mang s liu vi cc tc
c chun ha 1,2 kbit/s; 2,4 kbit/s; 4,8 kbit/s; 9,6 kbit/s; 14,4 kbit/s.
- MT v giao din v tuyn:
S liu t TAF a ti u cui di ng MT, ti y mi khe thi gian c m
ha knh. u ra sau m ha l lung s liu tc 22,8 kbit/s cho mi khe thi gian v
n c chuyn ti giao din v tuyn.
- Trm thu pht gc BTS:
BTS tip nhn lung s liu t giao din v tuyn, n thc hin gii m cho mi
khe thi gian thu c lung s liu c tc ph hp vi khung TRAU (16
kbit/s). Sau lung s liu c chuyn ti khi TRAU t ti b iu khin trm gc
BSC. Cc khung TRAU 16 kbit/s c gi ti BSC thng qua giao din Abis.
- Giao din Abis:
Cc khung TRAU 16 kbit/s c gi ti BSC thng qua giao din Abis.
- B chuyn i m v thch ng tc TRAU:
TRAU tip nhn cc khung s liu 16 kbit/s t giao din Abis v n nh dng li
thng tin ca mi lung s liu thnh dng A - TRAU truyn i trn giao din A.
- Giao din A:
Cho php cha c 4 khung A-TRAU tc 16 kbit/s t mt ngi s dng
a n. Cc khung ny c ghp li vi nhau pht i trn mt ng 64 kbit/s.
- Trung tm chuyn mch di ng MSC v cc khi IWF:
MSC tip nhn cc khung A-TRAU ca ng kt ni 64 kbit/s v nh tuyn
chng thng qua IWF. Sau khi tip nhn, khi IWF ly ra cc thng tin s liu trong A-
TRAU v kt hp chng thnh nhng lung s liu ghp trc khi chuyn ti cc
modem ca mnh. Modem tip nhn s liu v nh tuyn chng qua mng PSTN ti
cc modem ch v cc thit bi u cui s liu DTE (Data Terminal Equipment) ni
khc.
2. Dch v v tuyn gi chung GPRS
2.1 Gii thiu GPRS
GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) l cng ngh chuyn mch gi c cc
nh khai thc GSM la chn nh l mt bc chun b c s h tng k thut tin ln
3G. N s gip cc nh khai thc c th trin khai nhiu ng dng i vi mng in
Hong Th Hu 45K2 T - VT Khoa Cng Ngh
30
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thoi di ng. GPRS h tr dch v s liu tc cao cho GSM vi tc ti a ng
truyn c th t 171,2 kbit/s. Nh c th truy cp Internet t MS c tnh nng WAP
(Wireless Application Protocol) gi tin nhn hnh nh v m thanh. V c th truy
cp mng Internet gi email, nhn fax, truy cp cc c s d liu. GPRS cho php
cung cp dch v nhn tin a phng tin (MMS Multimedia Message Service) v dch
v truyn nh ng VTS (Video Streaming). c bit vi tnh nng lun lun kt ni,
mng GPRS cho php ngi s dng va c th kt ni mng Internet va c th m
thoi ng thi. Mt MS trong mng GPRS c th truy nhp n nhiu khe thi gian.
Vi GPRS, ngi s dng c th dng chung mt ti nguyn v tuyn. V th hiu sut
s dng ti nguyn v tuyn rt cao, cc ph truy cp mng cng ch tnh theo lu
lng d liu c truyn ti.
Giao din v tuyn ca GPRS c xy dng trn cng nn tng nh giao din
v tuyn ca GSM, cng sng mang v tuyn rng 200KHz v 8 khe thi gian. Nh
vy c dch v chuyn mch knh v chuyn mch gi u c th s dng cng sng
mang. Tuy nhin mng ng trc ca GPRS c thit k sao cho n khng ph thuc
vo giao din v tuyn. Mng GPRS l mt mng s liu gi c xy dng trn c s
cu trc mng GSM, v vy vic a chuyn mch gi vo i hi phi b sung thm
thit b cho mng.
2.2 Cc c im ca mng GPRS
- S dng cng ngh chuyn mch gi:
Vi vic s dng cng ngh chuyn mch gi, mt thit b c th lun lun c
kt ni v sn sng gi mt thng tin m khng cn chim dng mt knh ring trong
sut thi gian truyn s liu v knh c th c chia s cho nhiu ngi dng khc
nhau. iu ny mng chuyn mch knh khng th lm c. Ngoi ra, trong GPRS
nu mt li c pht hin trong mt khung d liu thu c trong BSS th khung s
c yu cu pht li cho n khi chnh xc trc khi gi qua mng li GPRS.
- Cho php kt hp nhiu khe thi gian truyn d liu:
GPRS s dng cng mt sng mang vi bng thng 200 KHz v 8 khe thi gian
nh GSM. Tuy nhin trong GPRS c th kt hp cc khe trong s 8 khe thi gian
truyn d liu nn s gi d liu truyn i trong mi khung truyn tng ln. Kt hp
vic cp pht ti nguyn ng nn hiu qu s dng bng tn tng ln ng k.
- Kt ni tc thi v tnh cc thun li:
GPRS d dng kt ni tc thi v ngi dng c th thit lp lun kt ni m
khng chim dng ti nguyn, do thng tin c th gi hoc nhn tc thi ngay khi c
Hong Th Hu 45K2 T - VT Khoa Cng Ngh
31
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nhu cu. Tc thi l mt u im ca GPRS khi so snh vi s liu chuyn mch knh
GSM v n p ng c cc ng dng c tnh cp bch.
Trong chuyn mch knh th vic tnh cc l ton b thi gian chim dng knh
mc d c nhng khong thi gian khng c d liu c gi i. Vi GPRS ch tnh
cc theo dung lng c gi i. iu ny thun li cho vic kt ni trc tuyn vi
mng trong thi gian di.
-H tr cc dch v bng rng:
Cng nh Internet, GPRS s dng cng ngh chuyn mch gi v cc giao thc
trong h TCP/IP nn tt c cc ng dng nh email, truy cp Web tin nhanh v truyn
file u c th thc hin qua mng GPRS. Tc truyn s liu nhanh hn cho php
GPRS cha ng cc ng dng bng rng vn khng thch hp vi cc kt ni quay s
chm hn nh GSM.
- Tnh bo mt cao hn:
GPRS cho php thm vo cc giao thc s dng cho nhn thc trc khi thu
bao c php truy cp vo Internet hoc cc mng s liu khc. GPRS ph tr vic m
ha d liu ngi dng qua giao din Wireless t u cui di ng n SGSN (nt h
tr dch v).
- Hiu qu trong vic s dng ph:
Trong GPRS ti nguyn v tuyn ch c s dng khi ngi s dng thc ti
ang gi hoc nhn d liu. Mt ti nguyn v tuyn hin c c th c chia s ng
thi gia vi ngi s dng khc nhau. Nh hiu sut s dng ti nguyn v tuyn ny
m mt s ln ngi s dng GPRS c th chia s cng mt bng thng v c phc
v t cng mt cell.
2.3. Cu trc ca mng GPRS
Hong Th Hu 45K2 T - VT Khoa Cng Ngh
32
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Hnh 2.2 Cu trc mng GPRS
Cc phn t trong mng GPRS
- Nt h tr dch v GPRS (SGSN - Serving GPRS Support Node): thc hin cc
chc nng chnh sau:
+ Qun l vic di chuyn ca cc u cui GPRS bao gm vic qun l nhp
mng, ri mng ca thu bao; mt m, bo mt ca ngi s dng; qun l v tr hin
thi ca thu bao
+ nh tuyn v truyn cc gi d liu gia cc my u cui GPRS. Cc lung
c nh tuyn t SGSN n BSC thng qua BTS n MS.
+ Qun l trung k logic ti u cui di ng bao gm vic qun l cc knh lu
lng gi, lu lng nhn tin ngn SMS v tn hiu gia cc my u cui vi mng.
+ X l cc th tc d liu gi PDP (Packet Data Protocol) bao gm cc thng
s quan trng nh tn im truy nhp, cht lng dch v khi kt ni vi mt mng d
liu khc bn ngoi h thng.
+ Qun l cc ngun knh ti nguyn BSS.
+ Cung cp cc file tnh cc dnh cho d liu gi.
+ Qun l truy nhp, kim tra truy nhp cc mng d liu ngoi bng mt m v
s xc nhn.
Hong Th Hu 45K2 T - VT Khoa Cng Ngh
SMS-GMSC
SMS-IWMSC
SMS-C
MSC/
VLR
HLR
BSC GGSN
SGSN EIR
PCU SGSN
Mng PLMN khc
GGSN
PDN
BTS
MT
TE
E
C
Gd
D
Cs Gr Gc A
Um
R
Gb Gn Gi
Gn Gp Gf
Bo hiu
Bo hiu v lu lng
33
n tt nghip
- Nt h tr cng GPRS(GGSN - Gateway GPRS Support Node):
L im giao din vi cc mng s liu gi bn ngoi. Mt SGSN c th giao
din vi mt hay nhiu GGSN. y l giao din trn c s IP c s dng mang
bo hiu v s liu ngi s dng. Giao din ny truyn xuyn s liu gia SGSN v
GGSN qua mng ng trc IP. GGSN chuyn i cc gi d liu GPRS n t SGSN
thnh khun dng giao thc d liu gi (PDP).
Chc nng chnh ca GGSN:
+ H tr giao thc nh tuyn cho d liu my u cui.
+ Giao tip vi cc mng d liu gi IP bn ngoi.
+ Cung cp chc nng bo mt mng.
+ Qun l phin GPRS theo mc IP, thit lp thng tin n mng bn ngoi.
+ Cung cp d liu tnh cc (CDRs - Charging Data Records ).
- H thng trm gc BSS
BSS cung cp tt c cc chc nng iu khin v truyn dn thng tin v tuyn
ca mng, bao gm:
+ Khi iu khin d liu gi PCU: c nhim v kt hp cc chc nng iu
khin v tuyn GPRS (iu khin truy nhp giao din v tuyn) vi phn h thng trm
gc BSS ca mng GSM. PCU nh tuyn cc bn tin bo hiu v truyn ti d liu ca
ngi s dng. PCU s lp rp v sp xp li d liu chuyn ti SGSN. Ti PCU cc
khi d liu RLC s c sp xp trong khung LLC (iu khin lin kt logic), sau
c chuyn ti SGSN. PCU t ti BSC v phc v BSC .
+ B iu khin trm gc BSC: trong mng GPRS, BSC ng vai tr trung tm
phn phi, nh tuyn d liu v thng tin bo hiu GPRS. BSC c th thit lp, gim
st v hy b kt ni ca cc cuc gi chuyn mch knh cng nh chuyn mch gi.
+ Trm gc BTS: cung cp kh nng n nh knh vt l ti cc khe thi gian
cho cuc gi chuyn mch knh trong mng GSM v d liu chuyn mch gi trong
mng GPRS. BTS kt hp vi BSC thc hin cc chc nng v v tuyn.
- Phn chuyn mch:
+ MSC/VLR: c s dng cho vic ng k v lin lc vi thu bao nhng
khng ng vai tr g trong vic nh tuyn d liu GPRS. Trong h thng GSM,
MSC/VLR khng c dng cho th tc nhn thc thu bao nh trong h thng GSM
m thay vo l HLR. Do SGSN s nhn b ba thng s dnh cho vic nhn thc
t HLR/AUC.
Hong Th Hu 45K2 T - VT Khoa Cng Ngh
34
Mng s
liu
MS ca
Operator1
n tt nghip
+ HLR/AUC: HLR lu gi tt c cc thng tin v thu bao GSM cng nh
GPRS. Thng tin v thu bao GPRS c trao i gia HLR vi SGSN. HLR thc hin
qun l di ng cho cc thu bao GPRS bng cch lu tr cc thng tin nh tuyn ca
cc thu bao GPRS t vng cp nht v tr trong SGSN v bo cho SGSN c bit s thay
i v tr ca thu bao. HLR c s dng trc tip cho vic nhn thc thu bao thay
cho MSC/VLR.
AUC cung cp b ba thng s nhn thc v thc hin m ha ng truyn.
+ EIR: thc hin cc chc nng nh trong h thng GSM. EIR lu gi tt c cc
d liu lin quan n thit b u cui MS, n c ni n MSC qua ng bo hiu
kim tra s hp php ca thit b.
- Thit b cung cp dch v nhn tin ngn SMS-GMSC (tng i di ng c
cng cho dch v SMS) v SMS-IWMSC (tng i di ng lin mng cho dch v SMS):
c kt ni vi SGSN qua giao din Gd nhm cung cp kh nng truyn ti cc
bn tin ngn.
- Thit b u cui GPRS (MS):
C th chia lm 3 loi:
+ Loi 1: H tr s dng ng thi cc dch v thoi v s liu. Ngi s dng
loi 1 c th va ni chuyn va truyn s liu GPRS cng mt lc (s dng c hai dch
v chuyn mch knh v chuyn mch gi ng thi).
+ Loi 2: H tr ng thi vic nhp mng GPRS v nhp mng GSM nhng
khng cho php s dng ng thi c hai dch v. Ngi s dng loi 2 c th c
ng k mng GSM v mng GPRS ng thi nhng khng th va ni chuyn va
truyn s liu.
+ Loi 3: C th nhp mng GPRS hoc GSM nhng khng th nhp ng thi
c hai mng. Ti mt thi im nht nh, thit b loi 3 hoc l thit b GSM hoc l
thit b GPRS. Nu nhp mt loi dch v th c th coi rng thit b ri b dch
v kia.
- Mng ng trc GPRS (Backbone):
Hong Th Hu 45K2 T - VT Khoa Cng Ngh
35
Mng s
liu
MS ca
Operator1
n tt nghip
Mng Backbone kt hp mt s giao din chun d liu chun dng kt ni
gia cc nt SGSN, GGSN v cc mng d liu bn ngoi. C hai loi mng Backbone:
- Mng intra-backbone: Kt ni cc phn t trong cng mt PLMN nh cc nt
SGSN, GGSN.
- Mng inter-backbone: Dng kt ni gia cc mng intra-backbone ca hai
PLMN khc nhau thng qua cng BG (Border Gateway).
Mng Backbone gii quyt vn tng tc gia cc mng GPRS. L do chnh
m h thng h tr vn tng tc gia cc mng GPRS l cho php roaming gia
cc thu bao GPRS. Cc thu bao roaming s c mt a ch PDP c cp pht bi
mng PLMN ch, mt router chuyn tip gia mng PLMN ch v mng PLMN m
thu bao di chuyn n. nh tuyn ny c dng cho c thu bao hon ton hay bt
u truyn d liu. Thng tin c truyn thng qua cc cng bin BG.
2.4. Giao thc trong mng GPRS
Cc giao thc ca GPRS cung cp cc chc nng iu khin v truyn ti d liu
trn mt phng bo hiu v mt phng truyn dn.
* Cc giao thc trong mt phng truyn dn:
- Giao thc to ng hm GTP (GPRS Tunnelling Protocol): phc v cho vic
truyn ti d liu gia cc nt GSN trong mng ng trc GPRS.
- Giao thc iu khin truyn dn/giao thc d liu gi ngi s dng
TCP/UDP: TCP chuyn cc khi d liu gi PDU ca giao thc GTP trong mng ng
trc GPRS cho cc giao thc cn thit lin kt d liu tin cy. TCP cung cp kh
nng iu khin lung v bo v chng li s tht thot hay ngt qung cc PDU ca
GTP.
Hong Th Hu 45K2 T - VT Khoa Cng Ngh
36
Mng ni ht
Mng intra
backbone
Mng inter
backbone
Mng intra
backbone
Mng s
liu
Operator 1
Operator 2
MS ca
Operator1
MS ca
Operator1
GPRS
Register
GPRS
Register
Hnh 2.3 Mng ng trc ca GPRS
n tt nghip
- Giao thc IP (Internet Protocol): c s dng trong mng ng trc GPRS,
phc v cho vic bo hiu v nh tuyn d liu.
- iu khin kt ni logic LLC (Logical Link Control): cung cp lin kt d liu
tin cy gia my u cui v SGSN ang phc v my u cui . LLC phc v
truyn ti cc PDU gia my u cui v SGSN, pht hin v khi phc cc PDU ca
LLC b tht lc hoc ngt qung.
- Chuyn tip (Relay): Trong BSC chc nng ny s chuyn tip cc PDU ca
LLC gia giao din Um v Gb. Ti SGSN n s chuyn tip cc PDU ca PDP gia cc
giao din Gb v Gn.
- iu khin kt ni v tuyn/iu khin truy nhp mi trng RLC/MAC: RLC
cung cp mt lin kt tin cy trn giao din v tuyn. MAC iu khin cc th tc bo
hiu truy nhp trn knh v tuyn v sp xp cc khung LLC vo cc knh vt l.
* Cc giao thc trong mt phng bo hiu:
- iu khin vic truy nhp mng GPRS nh nhp mng v ri mng
- iu khin thit lp cc kt ni trong mng nh qu trnh khi hot mt a ch
PDP
- iu khin vic nh tuyn trong mng
- iu khin vic n nh, cp pht ti nguyn.
2.5 Giao din v tuyn
a. Lp vt l ca GPRS
c chia lm 2 lp con:
- Lp RF vt l (Physical RF Layer): thc hin chc nng truyn dn c bn, thu
nhn nh iu ch v gii iu ch. Sau truyn ln lp ng truyn vt l.
- Lp ng truyn vt l (PLL Physical Link Layer): thc hin chc nng
ng khung n v d liu, m ha, hiu chnh li truyn dn trung k vt l v ghp
xen. Ngoi ra cn cung cp chc nng cho vic la chn li cell, iu khin cng sut.
b. RLC/MAC ca GPRS
Tn y ca lp 2 l iu khin truy nhp mi trng MAC v lp iu khin
lin kt v tuyn RLC. MAC l lp con thp cn RLC l lp con cao hn.
*Cc chc nng ca MAC:
- MAC cho php nhiu MS chia s mt ti nguyn truyn dn chung. MAC cho
php mt MS s dng song song mt vi knh vt l, ngha l s dng mt vi khe thi
Hong Th Hu 45K2 T - VT Khoa Cng Ngh
37
n tt nghip
gian trong khung TDMA. i vi lu lng d liu kt cui di ng, thc th MAC
cung cp cc th tc xp hng v lp lch ca nhng ln c gng truy nhp. i vi lu
lng d liu c khi u bng di ng, MAC cung cp cch x l gia cc my di
ng c gng truy nhp mi trng c chia s cng lc.
- MAC cung cp cch ghp knh hiu qu d liu v bo hiu trn c hai hng
ng ln v ng xung.
- i vi truy cp knh c khi u bi di ng, MAC gii quyt tranh chp
gia nhng ln c gng truy cp knh bao gm d tm v khi phc xung t.
- i vi knh kt cui di ng, MAC lp biu nhng ln c gng truy cp,
nhng ln ny c th sp xp cc ln truy cp gi.
- MAC x l u tin.
*Cc chc nng ca RLC:
- Giao din Um cho php truyn cc LLC PDU gia lp LLC v lp con MAC.
- Phn on cc LLC PDU thnh cc khi d liu RLC ti bn truyn v rp li
ti bn nhn.
- Cc th tc hiu chnh li tr li cho php truyn li c chn lc cc khi d
liu RLC c phn phi khng thnh cng.
- S thch ng lin kt, l truyn cc t m ty theo cc iu kin ca knh.
c. Lp iu khin ng truyn logic LLC
LLC cung cp mt trung k kt ni logic ng tin cy hn gia SGSN v MS
cng nh bc cu cho hai giao tip Gb v Um. Ngoi ra LLC cng c thit k
khng ph thuc vo cc giao thc v tuyn c bn nhm c th a ra cc gii php v
tuyn GPRS thay i v sau. Cu trc khung LLC bao gm:
- Trng a ch: gm mt byte nhn dng im truy nhp (SAPI), mt bit phn
bit giao thc PD v mt bit C/R (Command/Respone).
- Trng iu khin in hnh: gm t 1 n 3 byte dng xc nh kiu
khung.
2.6. Cc chc nng ca GPRS
* Cc chc nng iu khin truy nhp mng
Truy nhp mng l mt phng thc m mt ngi s dng kt ni vi mng
c th s dng cc dch v v cc phng tin ca mng . Giao thc truy nhp l mt
tp xc nh cc th tc cho php khai thc cc dch v v phng tin mng. Ngi
Hong Th Hu 45K2 T - VT Khoa Cng Ngh
38
n tt nghip
truy cp GPRS c th t bn di ng hoc bn c nh ca mng GPRS. Giao din pha
mng c nh c th h tr nhiu giao thc truy nhp ti cc mng d liu ngoi (X.25,
IP). Phn qun l ca mi PLMN c th yu cu cc th tc iu khin truy nhp ring
cho php ngi truy nhp mng hay gii hn thu bao s dng cc dch v. Ngoi vic
truyn dn d liu theo chun im - im (PTP Point to Point), im a im
(PTM Point to Multi Point), GPRS h tr thm loi truy nhp ngm nh (anonymous)
ti mng. Dch v ny cho php MS trao i cc gi d liu vi host xc nh trc
c nh a ch bi cc giao thc lin mng c xc nh. Tuy nhin ch c mt
s a ch ch PDP nht nh s dng trong dch v ny. IMSI hoc IMEI s khng
c s dng trong khi truy nhp mng do bo mt ngm nh cao. Do cc chc
nng nhn thc v m ha khng c xt trong kiu truy nhp ngm nh.
- Chc nng ng k:
ng k l phng thc m ngi s dng dng IP Mobile (nhn dng di ng)
lin kt vi cc giao thc v a ch ca gi d liu trong mng PLMN cng nh lin
kt vi cc im truy nhp ra mng PDP ngoi. Kt ni ny c th l lin kt tnh (c
lu tr trong HLR) hoc ng (c n nh theo yu cu cn thit).
- Chc nng nhn thc v cp php:
Chc nng ny thc hin vic nhn dng v nhn thc ngi yu cu dch v,
hp thc ha loi yu cu dch v m bo rng thu bao c php s dng cc
dch v mng. Chc nng nhn thc c thc hin kt hp vi chc nng qun l di
ng.
- Chc nng iu khin tip nhn:
Mc ch ca iu khin tip nhn l xc nh cc ti nguyn mng no cn cung
cp theo ng yu cu cht lng dch v QoS. Nu cc ti nguyn ny c php th
n phi tin hnh t trc. iu khin tip nhn c thc hin kt hp vi cc chc
nng qun l ti nguyn v tuyn ca mng m bo nhng yu cu s dng ti
nguyn v tuyn trong mi cell.
- Chc nng gim st bn tin:
Chc nng ny c thc hin bi chc nng lc gi tin trong cc rounter v cc
firewall cho php truyn hay loi b cc bn tin khng hp l, trnh s xm nhp tri
php t bn ngoi.
- Chc nng tng thch u cui:
Chc nng ny thc hin thch ng cc gi d liu nhn hoc truyn ti thit b
u cui vi phng thc truyn qua mng GPRS.
Hong Th Hu 45K2 T - VT Khoa Cng Ngh
39
n tt nghip
- Chc nng thu thp d liu tnh cc:
Chc nng ny thu thp cc d liu cn thit tnh cc thu bao hoc tnh
cc lu lng. Cc ph c tnh bng s lng byte s dng. Thng tin tnh cc
do cc SGSN v GGSN thu thp. SGSN lu thng tnh cc ca mi thu bao lin quan
ti vic s dng mng v tuyn trong khi GGSN lu cc thng tin tnh cc lin quan
ti vic dng mng d liu bn ngoi ca mi thu bao. Trn c s nh khai thc
mng GPRS s s dng cc thng tin ny to ra ha n tnh cc cho tng thu bao.
Thng tin tnh cc ti thiu m SGSN thu thp bao gm:
+ Mc s dng giao din v tuyn: thng tin tnh cc v s lng d liu
c truyn theo hng MS pht i v MS thu v, c phn loi theo cht lng dch
v QoS v cc giao thc ngi s dng.
+ Mc s dng a ch giao thc gi d liu: thng tin tnh cc ghi li thi
gian MS s dng cc giao thc gi d liu PDP ca MS.
+ Mc s dng ti nguyn chung ca GPRS: thng tin tnh cc s m t mc
s dng ca thu bao i vi cc ti nguyn khc nhau c lin quan ti GPRS cng
nh cc hot ng trong mng GPRS ca MS.
+ V tr ca MS: cc thng tin v HPLMN, VPLMN v c th thm cc thng tin
v tr vi chnh xc cao hn.
Thng tin tnh cc ti thiu m GGSN thu thp bao gm:
+ a ch ch v a ch ngun ca thng tin trao i: mc chnh xc ca
thng tin ny c xc nh bi nh khai thc GPRS.
+ Mc s dng mng d liu ngoi: cc thng tin v khi lng d liu c
gi i v nhn t cc mng d liu ngoi.
+ Mc s dng cc a ch giao thc d liu gi: thng tin tnh cc lu li
thi gian MS s dng cc a ch giao thc d liu gi PDP ca MS.
+ V tr ca MS: cc thng tin v HPLMN, VPLMN v c th thm cc thng tin
v tr vi chnh xc cao hn.
* Chc nng nh tuyn v truyn dn gi
- Chc nng chuyn tip:
L mt phng thc m mt nt mng chuyn cc n v d liu gi PDU nhn
c t mt nt ri chuyn ti mt knh u ra thch hp cho nt tip theo trong tuyn.
- Chc nng nh tuyn:
Hong Th Hu 45K2 T - VT Khoa Cng Ngh
40
n tt nghip
Chc nng nh tuyn s dng a ch ch trong bn tin xc nh nt nhn
bn tin v s dng cc dch v lp di a cc bn tin ny ti GSN. Chc nng
nh tuyn s la chn ng truyn cho hop tip theo trong tuyn.
Cc chc nng nh tuyn v truyn dn gi:
+ nh tuyn v truyn dn gi gia thit b di ng v mng ngoi.
+ nh tuyn v truyn dn gi gia thit bi di ng v mng PLMN GPRS
khc.
+ nh tuyn v truyn dn gi gia cc thit b di ng khc nhau.
- Chc nng phin dch v sp xp a ch:
Phin dch a ch l s chuyn i mt a ch loi ny thnh mt a ch loi
khc. Chc nng phin dch v sp xp a ch chuyn i a ch giao thc mng ngoi
thnh a ch mng ni b nhm phc v cho vic nh tuyn cc gi tin trong mng
PLMN hoc gia cc mng PLMN.
- Chc nng ng gi:
GPRS truyn trong sut PDP PDU gia mng ngoi v MS. Cc PDP c ng
gi v tch gi nhm phc v nh tuyn trong mng. ng gi cho php gn thm
thng tin iu khin v a ch vo mt PDU. Tch gi l qu trnh tch a ch v thng
tin iu khin t gi ly ra n v d liu ban u. Chc nng ng gi c thc
hin gia cc SGN trong backbone v gia cc SGSN v MS.
- Chc nng Tunnelling:
Tunnelling l mt phng thc truyn dn cc PDU c ng gi trong hoc
gia cc mng PLMN t mt im ng gi ti mt im tch gi. Tunnel (ng hm)
l mt giao tuyn hai chiu kt ni im - im nhng ch c im cui ca tunnel l
c xc nh.
- Chc nng nn:
Chc nng ny cho php s dng ti u dung lng ca phn v tuyn bng cch
truyn i cc SDU cng nh cng tt m vn m bo ni dung trong n.
- Chc nng m ha:
Cho php bo mt d liu v d liu ca ngi s dng qua cc knh v tuyn v
bo v mng PLMN t nhng ngi xm phm.
- Chc nng qun l tn min:
Hong Th Hu 45K2 T - VT Khoa Cng Ngh
41
n tt nghip
L chc nng Internet chun m bo thng nht tng ng gia tn gi, chc
nng v a ch ca cc GSN trong mng.
* Cc chc nng qun l di ng
Chc nng ny thc hin tng t nh trong h thng GSM. Cc chc nng qun
l di ng c s dng theo di v tr hin ti ca MS trong mng PLMN hoc
trong mng PLMN khc.
Mi vng nh tuyn c phc v bi mt SGSN. Vic theo di v tr ca MS
ph thuc vo trng thi qun l di ng nh sau:
+ Khi MS trong trng thi Stanby (ch): v tr ca MS c bit cp mt vng
nh tuyn.
+ Khi MS trong trng thi Ready (sn sng): v tr ca MS c bit cp mt
cell.
- Cc trng thi ca MS:
GPRS c 3 trng thi qun l di ng khc nhau:
+ Trng thi ri: trng thi ny c s dng khi thu bao MS khng hot ng
(khng khai bo kt ni mng GPRS). Trong trng thi ri, thu bao khng c gn
chc nng qun l di ng. Cc ni dung ca MS v SGSN khng cha cc thng tin
nh tuyn v thng tin v tr thu bao. Vic nhn tin v truyn d liu khng c thc
hin nhng MS c th nhn d liu trong dch v im a im. thit lp cc chc
nng qun l di ng trong MS v SGSN, MS phi thc hin th tc khai bo kt ni
mng GPRS.
+ Trng thi ch: Trong trng thi ny, thu bao khai bo kt ni mng v
c qun l di ng. Lc ny mng bit MS ang nm mt vng nh tuyn no. MS
c th nhn cc trang nhn tin bo hiu, d liu v c th c cc trang nhn ca dch v
chuyn mch knh. Trng thi ny cha th truyn v nhn d liu. MS thc hin la
chn vng nh tuyn GPRS v chn cc b. MS s dng cc th tc di ng khai
bo cho SGSN khi vo vng nh tuyn mi nhng khng cn thng bo khi thay i
cell trong cng mt vng nh tuyn. Do thng tin v v tr ca MS trong qun l di
ng ca SGSN ch cha s nhn dng vng nh tuyn. Nu ht thi gian ch, MS
chuyn v trng thi ri v vic qun l di ng ht hiu lc. Nu MS cn gi d liu
th n chuyn sang trng thi sn sng.
+ Trng thi sn sng: MS thc hin cc th tc qun l di ng v mng bit
thu bao ang cell no. SGSN gi d liu ti MS m khng cn tm gi MS v MS
gi d liu ti SGSN bt c lc no. Qun l di ng vn c duy tr trong trng thi
Hong Th Hu 45K2 T - VT Khoa Cng Ngh
42
n tt nghip
sn sng d MS c hay khng c cung cp ti nguyn v tuyn thm ch khi khng c
d liu c truyn. Trng thi sn sng c gim st bi mt b nh thi. Mt phin
qun l di ng s chuyn t trng thi sn sng sang trng thi ch khi b nh thi sn
sng kt thc.
- Chc nng gn/tch GPRS:
L chc nng qun l di ng nhm thit lp hay kt thc kt ni ti mng
GPRS. SGSN ng vai tr tip nhn yu cu gn/tch v x l chng. Vic khai bo kt
ni mng (gn GPRS), thu bao di ng chuyn sang trng thi sn sng v ni dung
qun l di ng c thit lp, MS c nhn thc, kha m c to ra, ng kt ni
c m ha c thit lp v MS c cp pht mt TLLI (nhn dng knh logic tm
thi). SGSN nhn thng tin v thu bao t HLR, sau khi thc hin mt gn GPRS,
SGSN s lun bm theo v tr ca MS. Lc ny MS c th nhn v gi SMS nhng
khng thu pht c s liu. chuyn giao s liu, trc tin MS phi thc hin kch
hot ni dung giao thc s liu gi. Khi thu bao mun kt thc mt kt ni ti mng
GPRS th n thc hin tch GPRS. Vic thc hin tch GPRS cho php MS chuyn
sang trng thi ri v ngt ton b ni dung qun l di ng.
C hai kiu MS kt thc kt ni ti mng:
+ Mng (SGSN) gi yu cu tch ti MS hoc MS gi yu cu tch hon ton ti
SGSN.
+ Mng ngt kt ni m khng thng bo cho MS khi t ti nh thi di ng
hoc khi c li v tuyn khng th khi phc gy ra mt kt ni knh logic.
MS c th thc hin tch GPRS t mng theo ch mc nh khi thi gian ch
ht hiu lc nhng thng thng vic tch GPRS l t MS.
- Chc nng bo mt:
C 3 chc nng bo mt sau:
+ Chng li vic s dng khng hp php dch v GPRS
+ Bo mt nhn dng ngi s dng
+ Bo mt d liu ngi s dng (m ha)
- Chc nng qun l v tr:
Cc chc nng qun l v tr:
+ Cung cp c ch chn v PLMN
Hong Th Hu 45K2 T - VT Khoa Cng Ngh
43
n tt nghip
+ Cung cp c ch mng nhn bit vng nh tuyn (RA) ca MS trong trng
thi ch v sn sng.
Cc th tc qun l s kim sot s thay i hay vng nh tuyn, ng thi
nh k cp nht thng tin v vng nh tuyn ca MS. Nu mt MS trong thi gian di
khng thay i v tr th mng phi nhn c thng bo MS vn nm trong kh nng
nhn bit ca mng. Do vic cp nht vng nh tuyn phi c thc hin theo chu
k nht nh. Khi MS vo mi v c th vo vng nh tuyn mi th MS phi thc
hin mt trong ba th tc sau:
1/ Cp nht
2/ Cp nht vng nh tuyn
3/ Cp nht kt hp v vng nh tuyn
C hai kiu cp nht vng nh tuyn:
+ Cp nht trong mt SGSN
+ Cp nht gia cc SGSN
SGSN c th qun l vi vng nh tuyn. Nu vng nh tuyn mi thuc v s
qun l ca mt SGSN khc th kiu cp nht trong mt SGSN c s dng, nu vng
nh tuyn mi vn thuc s qun l ca SGSN c th kiu cp nht gia cc SGSN
c s dng. Thng thng SGSN c s chuyn cc gi tin ca ngi s dng ti
SGSN mi cho ti khi n nhn c thng bo xa v tr t HLR th thi.
- Chc nng qun l thu bao:
Chc nng ny thc hin mt c ch thng bo cho cc nt ca GPRS khi d liu
thu bao GPRS ca mt ngi s dng thay i. Bt c khi no d liu thu bao GPRS
thay i trong HLR v s thay i tc ng n d liu c lu trong SGSN th SGSN
s thng bo s thay i bng mt trong hai cch sau:
+ Thc hin th tc chn d liu thu bao: b sung hoc sa i d liu thu bao
trong SGSN
+ Thc hin th tc xa d liu thu bao: xa d liu thu bao trong SGSN.
* Cc chc nng qun l knh logic
Cc chc nng qun l knh lgic lin quan ti vic duy tr mt knh thng tin
gia mt MS v PLMN qua giao din v tuyn. Cc chc nng ny thc hin iu phi
cc thng tin trng thi lin kt gia MS v PLMN cng nh gim st qu trnh chuyn
giao d liu qua knh logic.
Hong Th Hu 45K2 T - VT Khoa Cng Ngh
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n tt nghip
- Chc nng thit lp knh logic:
Thit lp knh logic c thc hin khi MS khai bo s dng dch v GPRS
- Chc nng gim st knh logic:
Thc hin vic gim st tnh trng knh logic v iu khin khi thay i trng
thi knh.
- Chc nng gii phng knh logic:
Thc hin ngt kt ni logic, gii phng cc ti nguyn lin quan ti kt ni
logic.
* Cc chc nng qun l ti nguyn v tuyn
Cc chc nng qun l ti nguyn v tuyn lin quan n vic n nh v duy tr
cc tuyn thng tin v tuyn.
- Chc nng qun l Um:
Chc nng ny qun l mt s knh vt l c s dng trong mi v xc nh
s lng cc ti nguyn v tuyn cung cp s dng cc dch v GPRS. S lng cc
ti nguyn v tuyn dnh cho GPRS c th thay i t ny ti khc ph thuc nhu
cu ngi s dng hoc c ch nh bi nh vn hnh mng PLMN.
- Chc nng la chn :
Chc nng ny cho php MS la chn ti u thit lp mt ng truyn ti
mng PLMN. Vic ny lin quan n vic kim t v xc nh cht lng tn hiu t cc
ln cn cng nh vic pht hin v trnh tc nghn trong cc .
- Chc nng Um Tranx:
Chc nng ny cung cp kh nng chuyn giao gi d liu thng qua giao din
v tuyn gia MS v BSS. N bao gm cc th tc:
+ iu khin truy nhp qua cc knh v tuyn
+ Ghp cc gi tin trn qua cc knh v tuyn chung
+ Phn b gi trong MS
+ Pht hin v sa li
+ Cc th tc iu khin lu lng to i
- Chc nng qun l ng kt ni: chc nng ny qun l cc ng truyn
thng gia BSS v cc nt SGSN. Vic thit lp v gii phng cc tuyn ny c th l
ng hoc tnh.
Hong Th Hu 45K2 T - VT Khoa Cng Ngh
Cc khi RLC
(yu cu nhp mng)
Yu cu nhn
thc v mt m
45
n tt nghip
* Chc nng qun l mng
Chc nng ny cung cp cc c ch h tr chc nng khai thc v bo dng
lin quan ti GPRS nh: qun l li, cu hnh, ch tiu, bo mt,c thc hin t xa
hoc ti ch.
2.7. Nhp mng GPRS
Hong Th Hu 45K2 T - VT Khoa Cng Ngh
Cc khi RLC
(yu cu nhp mng)
Yu cu nhn
thc v mt m
46
n tt nghip

Khi bt ngun MS hoc khi tch cc trnh duyt, c th tch cc chc nng GPRS trong
MS. Mi khi khi u chc nng GPRS trong MS, MS phi nhp mng GPRS mng
ny bit rng MS kh dng i vi lu lng gi. Lc ny MS trng thi sn
sng. Khi trng thi sn sng, MS c th gi hoc nhn gi. Ngoi ra MS cng c th
vo trng thi ch sau khi trng thi sn sng tm ngng.
Hnh 2.4 m t trng hp MS loi 3 thc hin nhp mng GPRS:
Hong Th Hu 45K2 T - VT Khoa Cng Ngh
MS BSS SGSN
HLR/
AUC
SGSN
Yu cu knh gi
n nh ng ln gi
Cc khi RLC
(yu cu nhp mng)
Cng nhn ng ln gi
Cng nhn iu khin gi
Cc khi RLC
(yu cu nhn thc v mt m)
Yu cu knh gi
n nh ng ln gi
Cc khi RLC
(Tr li nhn thc v mt m)
Cng nhn ng ln gi
Cng nhn iu khin gi
Cc khi RLC
(Nhp mng c tip nhn)
Cng nhn ng xung
n nh ng xung gi
Cng nhn ng xung
Yu cu knh gi
n nh ng ln gi
Cc khi RLC
(Nhp mng hon thnh)
Cng nhn ng ln gi
Cng nhn iu khin gi
Yu cu nhp mng
Yu cu nhn
thc v mt m
Tr li nhn
thc v mt m
Nhp mng
c tip nhn
Nhp mng hon
thnh
Gi thng tin nhn
thc
Gi thng tin nhn
thc
Cp nht v tr GPRS
Chn s liu
thu bao
Chn s liu thu bao
RR
Cp nht v tr
GPRS
Hy v tr
Hy b v tr RR
Mi C
Hnh 2.4 Nhp mng GPRS
47
n tt nghip
u tin MS yu cu knh gi (Packet Channel Request): MS a ra mc ch
ca yu cu l tr li tm gi, th tc qun l di ng (MM). Mng tr li bng n nh
ng ln gi (cp pht mt khe thi gian hoc cc khe thi gian) cho MS truyn
bn tin m MS nh gi.
MS tip tc gi yu cu nhp mng mt hay nhiu khi v tuyn n mng
trn cc ti nguyn c cp pht. MS c th gi s khi v tuyn bng s khi m
mng cp pht cho n.
Khi nhn c yu cu nhp mng ti BSS, BSS s dng PACCH cng nhn
l nhn c yu cu ny. Trng hp MS gi ton b thng tin cn gi, MS gi
bn tin cng nhn iu khin gi n mng v gii phng cc ti nguyn c cp pht.
Trong lc BSS chuyn yu cu nhp mng n mt SGSN. SGSN ny c th yu cu
cc th tc an ninh, trong n nhn cc b ba t HLR.
BSS gi bn tin n nh ng xung gi n MS. Bn tin ny c th gi trn
knh PCCCH hoc PACCH. Bn tin n nh ng xung gi hng dn MS s dng
ti nguyn quy nh ng xung. Sau BSS gi i yu cu nhn thc v mt m
m n nhn c t SGSN. Khi nhn c yu cu ny, MS cng nhn bn tin ng
xung v yu cu cc ti nguyn ng ln n c th tr li. V th n gi mt yu
cu knh gi khc rt ging vi yu cu knh gi m n gi lc u. Mt ln na mng
lai n nh cc ti nguyn cho MS. MS s dng cc ti nguyn ny gi tr li v
nhn thc v mt m n mng. Tr li ny c BSS chuyn n SGSN. BSS cng gi
cng nhn n MS. MS khng nh l nhn c cng nhn ging nh lm vi
yu cu nhp mng ban u.
Sau khi MS c SGSN nhn thc, SGSN gi cp nht v tr GPRS n HLR.
Qu trnh ny ging nh cp nht v tr GSM bao gm ti xung t HLR n SGSN
cc thng tin v thu bao, ghi li v tr ca MS vo HLR. Khi HLR nhn c cp nht
v tr GPRS, SGSN gi bn tin cp nht mng c tip nhn ti MS. i vi cc bn
tin khc, trc ht BSS n nh ti nguyn c th tr li bng mt bn tin nhp
mng hon thnh n MS. BSS cng nhn vic nhn c s liu cha trong
nhp mng hon thnh v chuyn bn tin ny n SGSN. MS khng nh nhn
c cng nhn.
2.8. Kh nng pht trin ca GPRS ln 3G
C hai cch xy dng mt h thng thng tin di ng th h th 3 nng cp t
GPRS l:
Hong Th Hu 45K2 T - VT Khoa Cng Ngh
48
n tt nghip
- Nng cp tc truyn ca GPRS bng cch pht trin GPRS ln EDGE v
tip theo l thng tin di ng th h 3 UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunication
System - H thng vin thng di ng ton cu).
- Pht trin trc tip t GPRS ln UMTS.
Tuy nhin ti mt s quc gia th vic trin khai mng UMTS gp mt s kh
khn v ph tn v cc quc gia th ph tn c em bn u gi cng nh vn
cp giy php cho 3G. Do cc nh khai thc mng phi tr mt khon tin ln cho
vic xin cp php hot ng di tn UMTS. Trong khi EDGE l mt chun
c cng nhn ca 3G s dng bng tn GSM hin c v h tr tc truyn ti d
liu ln ti 384 kbit/s m khng cn thm bt k mt giy php no. V vy EDGE c
th d dng thch ng vi h thng GSM. Bn cht ch l s nng cp phn mm ca
h thng trm v tuyn GSM. Nh vy Vit Nam, vic chuyn t GSM/GPRS sang
EDGE, sau l UMTS l con ng u t hiu qu v tit kim chi ph.
3. Tc s liu tng cng pht trin GSM (EDGE)
EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution) l mt cng ngh di ng
c nng cp t GPRS cho php truyn d liu vi tc c th ln n 384 kbit/s cho
ngi dng c nh hoc di chuyn chm v 144 kbit/s cho ngi dng di chuyn tc
cao. Trn ng tin ti 3G, EDGE c bit n nh mt cng ngh 2,5G. Mc tiu
chnh ca EDGE l tng cng cc kh nng cho qua s liu ca mng GSM/GPRS tc
l nn nhiu bit hn trong mt giy sng mang c cng rng bng tn 200 KHz v
8 khe thi gian. thc hin iu ny ngi ta chuyn t s iu ch kha chuyn
pha Gaux cc tiu GSM (GMSK) sang s iu ch kha chuyn pha 8 trng thi
(8-PSK). EDGE l mt phng thc nng cp hp dn i vi cc mng GSM v n ch
yu cu mt phn mm nng cp trm gc. N khng thay th hay ni ng hn n
cng tn ti vi phng php iu ch GMSK nn cc thu bao c th tip tc s dng
my di ng c ca mnh nu khng cn c cung cp cc dch v tt hn. Xt trn
kha cnh k thut cng cn gi li GMSK v 8PSK ch c hiu qu vng hp, vi
vng rng vn cn GMSK. Nu EDGE c s dng cng vi GPRS th s kt hp ny
c gi l GPRS nng cp EGPRS.
3.1 K thut iu ch trong EDGE
tng tc truyn d liu trong EDGE ngi ta s dng k thut iu ch
8PSK thay th cho GMSK trong GSM.
Dng tn hiu iu ch 8PSK:
Hong Th Hu 45K2 T - VT Khoa Cng Ngh
49
n tt nghip
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
1
]
1

t w
T
i
t w
T
i
E t s
o o S
sin
2
8
1 2
sin cos
2
.
8
1 2
cos .

Trong :
w
o
: Tn s gc sng mang
E
S
: Nng lng tn hiu
T: Chu k tn hiu
Chm sao iu ch 8PSK:
S dng iu ch 8PSK c tc bit gp 3 ln tc bit ca iu ch GMSK.
Do tc truyn d liu ca EDGE cng gp 3 ln so vi GSM. Tuy nhin iu ch
8PSK trong EDGE thay i theo thi gian nn vic thit k cc b khuch i rt phc
tp. Hiu sut cng sut ca iu ch 8PSK ch bng 4/7 ca iu ch GMSK nn cng
sut ca my thu pht EDGE phi ln gp i so vi GSM. iu ny nh hng n
vic ch to thit b u cui v cc trm thu pht cng sut nh. Do phn ln cc dch
v tc cao u nm ng xung nn hn ch tnh phc tp cho my u cui,
ngi ta a ra gii php ng ln s pht tn hiu s dng iu ch GMSK cn
ng xung s dng iu ch 8PSK.
3.2 Giao tip v tuyn
Trong cng ngh EDGE ngoi vic thay th k thut iu ch, cc thng s vt l
khc ca giao din v tuyn tng t nh trong GSM. Th tc v tuyn ca EDGE
chnh l cc th tc c s dng trong GSM/GPRS. iu ny hn ch ti thiu vic
xy dng thm cc th tc mi cho EDGE. Tuy nhin h tr cho vic truyn d liu
Hong Th Hu 45K2 T - VT Khoa Cng Ngh
Q
I
010
011
111
110
101
100
000
001
50
n tt nghip
tc cao, mt vi th tc s c thay i cho ph hp. C hai dng truyn d liu
ca EDGE :
- Truyn dn chuyn mch gi EDGE EGPRS:
Cung cp tc truyn d liu t 9,6 kbit/s n 21,4 kbit/s cho mt khe thi
gian. EDGE s cho php truyn vi tc t 11,2 kbit/s n 59,2 kbit/s cho mt khe
thi gian. Nh vy nu ghp nhiu khe thi gian s cho tc truyn ti a l 384
kbit/s. m bo tc truyn cng nh bo v thng tin, th tc kim sot knh v
tuyn LLC trong EDGE s c mt s thay i xoay quanh vic ci tin mu RLC v s
tng hp ng kt ni v gia tng tc d phng. S tng hp ng kt ni l
vic la chn m hnh iu ch v m ha ph hp vi cht lng ng v tuyn.
S gai tng tc d phng cng l mt bin php m bo cht lng dch v.
EGPRS cung cp mu tng hp kt ni v gia tng d phng lm c s cho vic o
lng cht lng ng truyn nhm m bo vic khai thc dch v truyn dn vi
tr ngn hn v gim yu cu b nh.
- Truyn dn chuyn mch knh EDGE ECSD:
Chun GSM hin ti c th cung cp truy nhp v tuyn truyn dn trong sut v
khng trong sut. Truyn trong sut yu cu tc bit c nh hng dy t 9,6 kbit/s
n 64 kbit/s, cn truyn khng trong sut thay i t 4,8 kbit/s n 57,6 kbit/s. Tc
thc t ca truyn khng trong sut ph thuc vo cht lng knh v kt qu ca vic
truyn li khi sai st.
EDGE khng nh hng g n vic truyn ny trong h thng chuyn mch
GSM nn tc bit cng khng thay i. Tuy nhin cc thnh phn trong m ha knh
s c mt s thay i c tc cao hn. Trong tng lai khi EDGE s dng dch v
thi gian thc thng qua giao thc Internet th s c tc ng mnh khng nhng trn
truy nhp v tuyn m c trn trng chuyn mch truyn thng.
Hong Th Hu 45K2 T - VT Khoa Cng Ngh
51
n tt nghip
CHNG III
CNG NGH W-CDMA
I. GII THIU
W-CDMA (Wideband Code Division Multiple Access) l pht trin ca GSM
cung cp cc kh nng cho th h th 3. W-CDMA s dng cng ngh tri ph chui
trc tip DS-CDMA bng rng v mng li c pht trin t GSM v GPRS. N c
th cung cp cc dch v vi tc ln n 2 Mbit/s. W-CDMA c th c hai gii php
cho giao din v tuyn l ghp song cng phn chia theo thi gian TDD v ghp song
cng phn chia theo tn s FDD. C hai giao din ny u s dng DS-CDMA.
FDD s dng hai bng tn 5 MHz vi hai sng mang phn cch nhau 190MHz:
- ng ln: 1920 1980 MHz
- ng xung: 2110 2170 MHz
TDD s dng cc tn s nm trong di 1900 1920 MHz v t 2010 2025
MHz vi ng ln v ng xung s dng chung mt bng tn.
W-CDMA s dng rt nhiu kin trc ca mng GSM v GPRS hin c. Kin
trc mng li pht hnh 3 GPP 1999 c xy dng trn c s kin trc mng li ca
GSM/GPRS.
II. CC C IM CA W-CDMA
- Hiu sut s dng tn s cao:
V nguyn tc, dung lng tim nng ca h thng c xem nh ging nhau
ngay c khi cc cng ngh a truy nhp nh TDMA v FDMA c ng dng. Trong
khi CDMA thng c coi l c hiu sut s dng tn s cao ngha l CDMA rt d
nng cao hiu sut s dng tn s.Vic s dng cc cng ngh c bn ca h thng
CDMA theo ng cch s em li hiu sut s dng tn s cao cho h thng.
- D qun l tn s:
Do CDMA cho php cc ln cn chia s cng mt tn s nn khng cn c quy
hoch tn s. Ngc li trong cc h thng s dng TDMA v FDMA cn phi c bit
ch n quy hoch tn s.
- Cng sut pht ca my di ng thp:
Hong Th Hu 45K2 T - VT Khoa Cng Ngh
52
n tt nghip
Nh c qu trnh t iu chnh cng sut pht (TPC) m h thng W-CDMA c
th gim c t s Eb/No (tng ng t s tn hiu trn nhiu) mc thp chp
nhn c. iu ny khng ch lm tng dung lng h thng m cn lm gim cng
sut pht yu cu khc phc tp m v nhiu. Vic gim ny ng ngha vi gim
cng sut pht yu cu i vi my di ng. N lm gim gi thnh v cho php hot
ng trong mt vng rng hn vi cng sut thp khi so vi h thng TDMA hoc h
thng tng t c cng cng sut. Ngoi ra vic gim cng sut pht yu cu s lm
tng vng phc v v gim s lng BS yu cu khi so vi cc h thng khc.
Mt u im ln hn xut pht t qu trnh t iu chnh cng sut pht trong h
thng W-CDMA l n lm gim cng sut pht trung bnh. Trong h thng W-CDMA,
cng sut pht trung bnh c th gim v cng sut yu cu ch c pht i bi vic
iu khin cng sut v cng sut pht ch tng khi xy ra pha inh.
- S dng cc ti nguyn v tuyn mt cch c lp trong ng ln v ng
xung:
Trong CDMA, rt d cung cp mt cu hnh khng i xng gia ng ln
v ng xung. V d trong cc h thng truy nhp khc nh TDMA s rt kh
phn chia cc khe thi gian cho ng ln v ng xung ca mt thu bao c lp
vi cc thu bao khc. Trong FDMA, rt kh thit lp cu hnh khng i xng cho
ng ln v ng xung v rng bng tn sng mang ca ng ln v ng
xung s phi thay i. Ngc li, trong CDMA h s tri ph (SF) c th c thit
lp c lp gia ng ln v ng xung i vi mi thu bao v nh c th thit
lp cc tc khc nhau ng ln v ng xung. iu ny cho php s dng hiu
qu cc ti nguyn v tuyn ngay c trong cc loi hnh thng tin khng i xng nh
truy cp Internet. Khi khng pht s liu th ti nguyn v tuyn khng b chim dng.
Do nu mt thu bao ch thc hin truyn tin trn ng ln v mt thu bao khc
ch thc hin truyn tin ng xung th cc ti nguyn v tuyn c s dng tng
ng ti nguyn cho mt cp ng truyn ln v xung.
III. CC C TNH C BN CA W-CDMA
- Phng thc truy nhp: CDMA tri ph trc tip
- Phng thc truyn hai chiu (song cng): Song cng phn chia theo tn s
FDD v song cng phn chia theo thi gian TDD
- rng bng thng: 5 MHz
- Tc chip: 3,84 Mchip/s
- Khong cch sng mang: 200 KHz
Hong Th Hu 45K2 T - VT Khoa Cng Ngh
53
n tt nghip
- Tc s liu: ~ 2 Mbit/s
- di khung s liu: 10, 20, 40, 80 ms
- M hiu chnh li: M vng, m xon, m Turbo
- Phng thc iu ch s liu:
+ ng xung: iu ch pha 4 trng thi QPSK
+ ng ln: iu ch pha hai trng thi BPSK
- Phng thc iu ch tri ph:
+ ng xung: QPSK
+ ng ln: iu ch pha hn hp HPSK
- H s tri ph (SF): 4 ~ 512
- Phng thc ng b gia cc trm gc: D b (cng c th s dng ch
ng b)
- Phng thc m ha thoi: M ha nhiu tc thch ng AMR (1,95 kbit/s
12,2 kbit/s).
IV. CU TRC MNG W-CDMA
V mt chc nng, cc phn t mng c nhm thnh hai phn:
- Mng li CN (Core Network) thc hin chc nng chuyn mch, nh tuyn
cuc gi v kt ni s liu.
- Mng truy nhp v tuyn UTRAN thc hin chc nng lin quan n v tuyn.
USIM (UMTS Subscriber Identity Module): Modul nhn dng thu bao UMTS
Hong Th Hu 45K2 T - VT Khoa Cng Ngh
USIM
ME
USIM
Nt
B
Nt
B
Nt
B
Nt
B
RNC
RNC
MSC/
VLR
GMSC
GGSN SGSN
HLR
PLMN,
PSTN,ISDN
Internet
U
u
I
u
UE
C
u
I
ur
UTRAN
I
ub
CN
Cc mng ngoi
Hnh 3.1 Cu trc ca UMTS
54
n tt nghip
MS (Mobile Station): Trm di ng
RNC (Radio Network Controller): B iu khin mng v tuyn
MSC (Mobile Service Switching Center): Trung tm chuyn mch cc dch v di
ng
VLR (Visitor Location Register): B ghi nh v tm tr
SGSN (Serving GPRS Support Node): Nt h tr dch v GPRS
GGSN (Gateway GPRS Support Node): Nt h tr GPRS cng
HLR (Home Location Register): B ghi nh v thng tr
UTRAN (UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network): Mng truy nhp v tuyn
mt t UMTS.
CN (Core Network): Mng li
PLMN (Public Land Mobile Network): Mng di ng cng cng mt t
PSTN (Public Switch Telephone Network): Mng in thoi chuyn mch cng
cng.
ISDN (Integrated Service Digital Network): Mng s lin kt a dch v
ME (Mobile Equipment): Thit b di ng
* UE (User Equipment): Thit b ngi s dng
Thit b ngi s dng UE thc hin chc nng giao tip ngi s dng vi h
thng. UE gm hai phn :
- Thit b di ng ME ( Mobile Equipment ) : L u cui v tuyn c s dng
cho thng tin v tuyn trn giao din U
u
.
- Module nhn dng thu bao UMTS (USIM) : L mt th thng minh cha
thng tin nhn dng ca thu bao, n thc hin cc thut ton nhn thc, lu gi cc
kha nhn thc v mt s thng tin thu bao cn thit cho u cui.
* UTRAN (UMTS Terestrial Radio Access Network): Mng truy nhp v
tuyn
Mng truy nhp v tuyn c nhim v thc hin cc chc nng lin quan n
truy nhp v tuyn. UTRAN bao gm nhiu h thng mng con v tuyn RNS (Radio
Network Subsystem). Mt RNS gm mt b iu khin mng v tuyn RNC v cc nt
B.
Hong Th Hu 45K2 T - VT Khoa Cng Ngh
55
n tt nghip
- Chc nng ca UTRAN:
+ H tr cc chc nng truy nhp v tuyn, c bit l chuyn giao mm v cc
thut ton qun l ti nguyn c th ca W-CDMA.
+ m bo tnh chung nht cho vic x l s liu chuyn mch knh v chuyn
mch gi bng cch s dng giao thc v tuyn duy nht kt ni t UTRAN n c
hai vng ca mng li.
+ m bo tnh chung nht vi GSM.
+ S dng c ch truyn ti ATM l c ch truyn ti chnh UTRAN.
- Cc thnh phn ca UTRAN:
+ Nt B: L nt logic c chc nng thu v pht v tuyn, n cn c gi l trm
thu pht gc BTS. Giao din gia nt B v RNC c gi l I
ub
. Nt B thc hin chuyn
i dng s liu gia cc giao din I
ub
v U
u
. N cng tham gia qun l ti nguyn v
tuyn. Nt B ph sng cho mt hoc nhiu , n c kt ni vi thit b ngi s dng
UE qua giao din v tuyn.
+ B iu khin mng v tuyn RNC (Radio Network Controller): C chc nng
qun l cc ti nguyn v tuyn v iu khin nt B nh iu khin chuyn giao. Giao
din gia cc RNC c gi l I
ur
. y l mt giao din logic c th thc hin u
ni vt l gia cc RNC. RNC cn l im truy cp tt c cc dch v do UTRAN cung
cp cho mng li CN.
* CN (Core Network):Mng li
- HLR (Home Location Register) : L thanh ghi nh v thng tr lu gi thng
tin chnh v l lch dch v ca ngi s dng. Cc thng tin ny bao gm : thng tin v
Hong Th Hu 45K2 T - VT Khoa Cng Ngh
Nt
B
Nt
B
Nt
B
Nt
B
RNC
RNC
I
u
I
ur
UTRAN
I
ub
MSC/
VLR
SGSN
I
u
- PS
I
u
- CS
USIM
ME
U
u
UE
C
u
Hnh 3.2 Cu trc UTRAN
56
n tt nghip
cc dch v c php, cc vng khng c chuyn mng v cc thng tin v dch v
b sung nh : trng thi chuyn hng cuc gi, s ln chuyn hng cuc gi.
- MSC/VLR (Mobile Services Switching Center/Visitor Location Register) : L
tng i (MSC) v c s d liu (VLR) cung cp cc dch v chuyn mch knh cho
UE ti v tr ca n. MSC c chc nng s dng cc giao dch chuyn mch knh. VLR
c chc nng lu gi bn sao v l lch ngi s dng cng nh v tr chnh xc ca UE
trong h thng ang phc v.
- GMSC (Gateway MSC) : Chuyn mch kt ni vi mng ngoi.
- SGSN (Serving GPRS) : C chc nng nh MSC/VLR nhng c s dng
cho cc dch v chuyn mch gi (PS Packet Switch).
- GGSN (Gateway GPRS Support Node) : C chc nng nh GMSC nhng ch
phc v cho cc dch v chuyn mch gi.
* Cc mng ngoi
- Mng CS (Circuit Switch): Mng kt ni cho cc dch v chuyn mch knh
ging nh cc dch v in thoi. ISDN v PSTN l cc v d v mng CS.
- Mng PS (Packet Switch): Mng kt ni cho cc dch v chuyn mch gi.
Internet l mt v d v mng PS
* Cc giao din v tuyn
- Giao din C
u
:
L giao din gia th thng minh USIM v ME. Giao din ny tun theo mt
khun dng chun cho cc th thng minh.
- Giao din U
u
:
L giao din m qua UE truy cp cc phn t c nh ca h thng v v th
m n l giao din m quan trng nht ca UMTS.
- Giao din I
u
:
Giao din ny ni UTRAN vi CN, n cung cp cho cc nh khai thc kh nng
trang b UTRAN v CN t cc nh sn xut khc nhau. I
u
c hai kiu:
+ I
u
CS kt ni UTRAN vi CN chuyn mch knh
+ I
u
PS kt ni UTRAN vi CN chuyn mch gi
- Giao din I
ur
:
L giao din v tuyn gia cc b iu khin mng v tuyn, n cho php
Hong Th Hu 45K2 T - VT Khoa Cng Ngh
FACH
Knh truy nhp ng xung
57
n tt nghip
chuyn giao mm gia cc RNC t cc nh sn xut khc nhau. Giao din I
ur
phi m
bo 4 chc nng sau:
+ H tr tnh di ng c s gia cc RNC
+ H tr knh lu lng ring
+ H tr knh lu lng chung
+ H tr qun l ti nguyn v tuyn ton cu
- Giao din I
ub
:
Giao din cho php kt ni mt nt B vi mt RNC. I
ub
c tiu chun ha nh
l mt giao din m hon ton. Giao din I
ub
nh ngha cu trc khung v cc th tc
iu khin trong bng cho tng kiu knh truyn ti. Cc chc nng chnh ca I
ub
:
+ Thit lp, b sung, gii phng v ti thit lp mt kt ni v tuyn u tin ca
mt UE v chn im kt cui lu lng.
+ Khi to v bo co cc c th , nt B, kt ni v tuyn
+ X l kt hp chuyn giao
+Qun l s c kt ni v tuyn
V. CC DCH V TRONG MNG W-CDMA
H thng thng tin di ng th h ba W-CDMA c th cung cp cc dch v vi
tc bit ln n 2MBit/s. Bao gm nhiu kiu truyn dn nh truyn dn i xng v
khng i xng, thng tin im n im v thng tin a im. Vi kh nng , cc h
thng thng tin di ng th h ba c th cung cp d dng cc dch v mi nh : in
thoi thy hnh, ti d liu nhanh, ngoi ra n cn cung cp cc dch v a phng tin
khc.
VI. GIAO DIN V TUYN
Giao din v tuyn c phn thnh 3 lp giao thc:
- Lp vt l (Lp 1): L lp thp nht giao din v tuyn, c s dng
truyn dn giao din v tuyn.
- Lp lin kt d liu (Lp 2): c chia thnh cc lp con sau:
+ Lp iu khin truy nhp mi trng MAC (Medium Access Control): iu
khin truy nhp mi trng
+ Lp iu khin lin kt v tuyn RLC (Radio Link Control): C chc nng
iu khin pht li v mt s chc nng khc.
Hong Th Hu 45K2 T - VT Khoa Cng Ngh
FACH
Knh truy nhp ng xung
58
n tt nghip
Mt phng giao din iu khin c chc nng truyn cc tn hiu iu khin, mt
phng giao din thu bao c chc nng truyn cc tin tc ca thu bao. Giao thc hi t
s liu gi (PDCP) v iu khin a a ch/qung b (BMC) ca lp 2 c th s dng
cho mt phng giao din thu bao.
- Lp mng (Lp 3): Bao gm lp con iu khin ti nguyn v tuyn (RRC) kt
thc ti UTRAN v cc lp cao hn kt thc ti CN.
x l linh hot cc dng dch v khc nhau v cc kh nng gi hi ngh, giao
din v tuyn c cu trc da trn ba lp knh c bn: cc knh vt l, cc knh
truyn ti v cc knh logic. Cc knh logic c phn loi theo chc nng ca cc tn
hiu truyn dn v cc c tnh logic ca chng, v c gi tn theo ni dung thng tin
m n truyn. Cc knh truyn ti c phn loi theo khun dng truyn, c nh r
c tnh theo cch truyn v loi thng tin c truyn qua giao din v tuyn. Cc knh
vt l c phn loi theo cc chc nng ca lp vt l , c nhn bit bi m tri ph,
sng mang v dng pha iu ch ca ng ln.
Vic ghp v pht cc knh truyn ti trn cc knh vt l to cc kh nng:
ghp tn hiu iu khin vi tn hiu s liu ca cc thu bao, ghp v pht tn hiu s
liu ca cc thu bao kt hp vi a truy nhp. Vic lin kt cc knh logic vi mt
knh truyn ti n cng em li kh nng truyn dn hiu qu hn. Vic xp knh
truyn ti vi knh vt l c tin hnh trong lp vt l, vic xp knh logic vi knh
truyn ti c tin hnh trong lp con MAC.
1. Cc knh logic
Hong Th Hu 45K2 T - VT Khoa Cng Ngh
BCH
Knh thng tin qung b
FACH
Knh truy nhp ng xung
PCH
Knh tm gi
RACH
Knh truy nhp ngu nhin
DCH
Knh ring
DSCH
Knh chung ng xung
BCCH
Knh iu khin qung b
PCCH
Knh iu khin tm gi
CCCH
Knh iu khin chung
DCCH
Knh iu khin ring
DTCH
Knh lu lng ring
PCCPCH
Knh vt l iu khin chung s cp
PRACH
Knh truy nhp ngu nhin vt l
DPCH
Knh vt l ring
PDSCH
Knh vt l chung ng xung
Cc knh vt l Cc knh truyn ti Cc knh logic
59
SCCPCH
Knh vt l iu khin chung th cp
Hnh 3.3 Sp xp gia cc knh vt l chnh ,cc knh truyn ti v cc knh
logic
n tt nghip
Cc knh logic c th c chia thnh hai nhm ch yu l: nhm knh iu
khin v nhm knh lu lng
- Nhm knh iu khin bao gm:
+ Knh iu khin qung b BCCH
+ Knh iu khin nhn tin PCCH
+ Knh iu khin dnh ring DCCH
+ Knh iu khin chung CCH
+ Knh iu khin phn chia knh SHCCH
+ Knh iu khin ring cho ODMA OCCH
+ Knh iu khin chung cho ODMA OCCH
- Nhm knh lu lng bao gm:
+ Knh lu lng dnh ring DTCH
+ Knh lu lng chung CTCH
2. Cc knh truyn ti
Cc knh truyn ti c nhim v truyn thng tin gia phn lp MAC v lp vt
l. Cc knh truyn ti c phn loi chung thnh hai nhm: cc knh ring v cc
knh chung.
- Cc knh truyn ti dnh ring DCH:
L mt knh thc hin vic truyn thng tin iu khin v thng tin thu bao
gia UTRAN v UE. DCH c truyn trn ton b hoc ch truyn trn mt phn
ang s dng. Thng thng ch c mt knh truyn dn dnh ring s dng cho ng
ln hoc ng xung ch TDD hoc FDD.
- Cc knh truyn ti chung:
Mc d chc nng ch yu ca tng knh truyn ti chung c th khng nht
thit phi l ging nhau hai ch FDD v TDD nhng chng c cng mt vi chc
nng v du hiu c bn. C FDD v TDD u c mt s knh truyn ti khc nhau, tuy
nhin FDD khng c knh dng chung ng ln v TDD khng c knh gi chung.
+ Knh qung b BCH: Knh truyn ti ng xung, dng cho h thng qung
b v thng tin c th v . BCH thng c truyn trn ton b .
+ Knh truy nhp ng xung FACH: Knh truyn ti ng xung, truyn
thng tin iu khin ti trm di ng khi h thng bit c nh v ca trm di ng.
Hong Th Hu 45K2 T - VT Khoa Cng Ngh
60
n tt nghip
+ Knh tm gi PCH: Knh truyn ti ng xung, thng c truyn trn
ton b , dng truyn thng tin iu khin ti trm di ng khi h thng khng bit
v tr ca trm i ng.
+ Knh truy nhp ngu nhin RACH: Knh truyn ti ng ln, thng thu
c t ton b , thc hin truyn thng tin iu khin t trm di ng.
+ Knh gi chung CPCH:
Vi FDD: l knh truyn ti ng ln kt hp vi mt knh ring ng xung
to cc lnh iu khin CPCH. N c c trng bi nguy c xung t ban u v vic
s dng iu khin cng sut vng trong cho vic truyn dn.
Vi TDD: knh truyn ti ng ln c dng chung bi mt vi UE thc hin
truyn s liu iu khin dnh ring hoc lu lng.
+ Knh dng chung ng xung DSCH: l knh truyn ti ng xung c
dng chung bi mt vi UE, thc hin truyn s liu iu khin dnh ring hoc lu
lng.
3. Cc knh vt l
Cc knh vt l c phn loi da trn hai c trng: knh ng ln v ng
xung, knh dnh ring v knh chung.
3.1. Cc knh vt l ng ln
- Cc knh vt l dnh ring ng ln:
C hai kiu:
+ Knh s liu vt l dnh ring DPDCH
+ Knh iu khin vt l dnh ring DPCCH
Cc knh vt l dnh ring ng ln c m I/Q ghp knh cho tng khung v
tuyn. DPDCH truyn knh truyn dn DCH, cn DPCCH truyn thng tin iu khin
nh: cc bit hoa tiu h tr nh gi vic xc nh knh trong qu trnh pht hin
tng quan, cc lnh iu khin cng sut pht TPC, thng tin phn hi FBI v mt b
ch th kt hp nh dng truyn dn TFCI. TFCI thng bo cho pha thu vic kt hp
nh dng truyn dn tc thi ca cc knh truyn dn truyn mt cch ng thi. C
mt v ch mt knh DPCCH ng ln trn mt lin kt v tuyn. Tuy nhin c th
khng c, c mt hoc vi knh DPDCH ng ln trn mi lin kt v tuyn.
C hai kiu knh vt l dnh ring ng ln, v th mt knh c cha trng
TFCI v mt knh khng cha TFCI.. ch nn, cc khe DPCCH c nh dng
vi cc trng TFCI b thay i. C hai dng khe nn c th c cho mi dng khe danh
Hong Th Hu 45K2 T - VT Khoa Cng Ngh
61
n tt nghip
nh. Chng c nh nhn l A v B v vic la chn chng ty thuc vo s khe
c truyn trn tng khung ch nn. Khi ch c mt knh DPCCH trn mt lin
kt v tuyn th c mt vi knh DPDCH song song s dng cc m knh khc nhau c
th c truyn theo phng thc a m trn cc knh vt l dnh ring ng ln.
- Cc knh vt l chung ng ln: c chia thnh hai loi:
+ Knh truy nhp ngu nhin vt l PCH: mang thng tin ca knh giao vn
RACH.
+ Knh gi chung vt l PCPCH: mang thng tin ca knh giao vn CPCH.
3.2. Cc knh vt l ng xung
Cc knh vt l ng xung bao gm mt knh vt l dnh ring, mt knh
phn chia v 5 knh iu khin chung.
Cc knh iu khin chung:
- Knh vt l dnh ring ng xung DPCH: pht s liu dnh ring c to
t lp 2 v lp cao hn.
- Cc knh hoa tiu chung CPICH: l mt knh vt l ng xung tc c
nh 30 kbit/s, thc hin truyn chui bit / k t xc nh trc. Trong phn tp pht,
trn bt k knh ng xung no khng c iu khin cng sut vng kn hoc h,
CPICH c th c pht t hai anten s dng cng m knh v m ngu nhin.
- Knh phn chia vt l ng xung DSCH
- Knh vt l iu khin chung chnh v d phng CCPCH:
+ CCPCH s cp: l mt knh vt l ng xung vi tc c nh 30 kbit/s
truyn hnh qung b BCH. N khc vi DPCH ng xung ch n khng truyn
cc lnh TCP hoc cc bit hoa tiu
+ CCPCH th cp: c hai kiu: mt c TFCI v mt khng c TFCI truyn
FACH v PCH. Do UTN xc nh khi no TFCI c th c truyn nu n c y
nhim bi tt c cc UE h tr s dng TFCI. Tc CCPCH th cp c th ging vi
DPCH ng xung.
- Knh ng b SCH: l mt tn hiu ng xung s dng trong qu trnh d
tm khe, n bao gm 2 knh con: SCH s cp v SCH th cp.
VII. CC GII PHP K THUT TRONG W-CDMA
1. Thit b thu pht v tuyn trong h thng thng tin di ng th h ba
Hong Th Hu 45K2 T - VT Khoa Cng Ngh
62
n tt nghip
* My pht:
Lp vt l b sung m CRC cho tng khi truyn ti pht hin li pha thu.
Sau s liu c m ha knh v an xen. S liu an xen c b sung thm cc bit
iu khin cng sut TPC (Transmit Power Control), c sp xp ln cc nhnh I v Q
ca QPSK v c tri ph hai lp (tri ph v ngu nhin ha). Chui chip sau ngu
nhin ha c gii hn trong bng tn 5 MHz bng b lc Nyquist cosin tng cn hai
(h s dc bng 0,22) v c bin i thnh tng t bng b bin i D/A a ln
iu ch vung gc cho sng mang. Tn hiu trung tn IF sau iu ch c bin i
nng tn vo sng v tuyn RF trong bng tn 2 GHz, sau c a ln khuch i
trc khi chuyn n anten pht vo khng gian.
* My thu:
Ti pha thu, tn hiu thu c khuch i bng b khuch i tp m thp, sau
c a vo tng trung tn IF thu ri c khuch i tuyn tnh bi b khuch i
AGC. Sau khuch i AGC, tn hiu c gii iu ch c cc thnh phn I v Q.
Hong Th Hu 45K2 T - VT Khoa Cng Ngh
Ghp
Cng
CRC
Phn on
khi m
M ha
knh
Phi hp
tc
an
xen
Knh truyn ti A
Knh truyn ti B
Cc bit hoa tiu
TCP
S liu
pht
a/ My pht
iu ch
QPSK
Tri
ph
B lc
Nyquist cosin
tng cn
hai
D/A
iu ch
vung gc
Bin i
nng tn
B khuch
i
b/ My thu
Khuch
i tp
m thp
Bin
i h
tn
Khuch
i AGC
A/D
B lc
Nyquist
cosin
tng cn
hai
Ngn
hng gii
iu ch
B kt hp
RAKE nht qun
o SIR
B to
lnh TCP
B tm ng truyn
Gii an
xen
Gii m
k
Ghp
khi m
Pht hin li khi Knh truyn ti A
Knh truyn ti B
S liu c khi phc
Hnh 3.4 S khi my pht v my thu v tuyn
63
n tt nghip
Cc tn hiu tng t ca cc thnh phn ny c bin i thnh tn hiu s ti b bin
i A/D, sau tn hiu qua b lc Nyquist cosin tng cn hai v c phn chia theo
thi gian vo mt s thnh phn ng truyn c cc thi gian tr truyn sng khc
nhau. Sau gii tri ph cho cc thnh phn ny, chng c kt hp li bi b kt hp
my thu KE. Tn hiu tng hp c gii an xen, gii m knh, c phn thnh cc
khi truyn ti v c pht hin li. Cui cng chng c a n lp cao hn.
2. M ha v an xen
2.1. M vng
M khi l b m ha chia dng thng tin thnh nhng khi tin (message) c k
bit. Mi tin c biu din bng mt khi k thnh phn nh phn u = (u
1
,u
2
,..,u
k
), u c
gi l vecto thng tin. C tng cng 2
k
vecto thng tin khc nhau. B m ha s chuyn
vecto thng tin u thnh mt b n thnh phn v = (v
1
,v
2
,...,v
n
) c gi l t m. Nh vy
ng vi 2
k
vecto thng tin s c 2
k
t m khc nhau. Tp hp 2
k
t m c chiu di n
c gi l mt m khi (n,k). T s R = k/n c gi l t s m, R chnh l s bit
thng tin a vo b gii m trn s bit c truyn. Do n bit ch ph thuc vo k bit
thng tin vo, b gii m khng cn nh v c th c thc hin bng mch logic t
hp. M vng l mt tp con ca m khi tuyn tnh.
M vng l phng php m ha cho php kim t d vng (CRC Cyclic
Redundance Check) v ch th cht lng khung cc khung bn tin pht. M vng
l mt tp con ca m khi tuyn tnh.
M ha m vng (n,k) dng h thng gm ba bc :
Bc 1: Nhn a thc thng tin u(x) vi x
n-k
.
Bc 2: Chia x
n-k
.u(x) cho a thc sinh g(x), ta c phn d b(x).
Bc 3: Kt hp phn d vi tch trn ta c a thc t m c(x) = b(x) + x
n-k
Tt c ba bc ny c thc hin bng mch chia vi thanh ghi dch (n-k) tng
c hm hi tip tng ng vi a thc sinh g(x).
Trong h thng W-CDMA, cc a thc sinh c th c s dng l:
g
CRC24
(x) = x
24
+ x
23
+ x
6
+ x
5
+ x + 1
g
CRC16
(x) = x
16
+ x
12
+ x
5
+ 1
g
CRC12
(x) = x
12
+ x
11
+ x
3
+ x
2
+ x +1
g
CRC8
(x) = x
8
+ x
7
+ x
4
+ x
3
+ x + 1
2.2. M xon
Hong Th Hu 45K2 T - VT Khoa Cng Ngh
64
n tt nghip
M xon (Convolutional Code) (n,k,m) cng c n u , k u vo nh m khi
(n,k) nhng n u ca m xon ph thuc khng ch vo k u vo ti thi gian m
cn ph thuc vo m khi bn tin trc . M xon c xc nh bng cc thng s
sau:
- T l m: r = k/n
- di hu hn k
M xon (n,k,m) c xy dng bi mch dy. Mch ny dng thanh ghi dch m
bit lm b nh, cc u ca cc phn t nh c cng vi nhau theo quy lut nht
nh to nn chui m, sau cc chui ny c ghp xen vi nhau to nn
chui m u .
ng truyn xung (trm gc ti my di ng) trong W-CDMA s dng m
xon t l 1/2 (mt bit u vo cho hai bit u ) v di gii hn k = 9.
Hnh 3.5 M ha xon s dng ng truyn xung
trong h thng W-CDMA
Ban u tt c cc thanh ghi c gi tr l 0. Khi cc bit bn tin m
i
c a vo t
bn tri, cc bit c r nhnh cc tng khc nhau v c cng li b cng modul
hai. Gi tr ca tng l gi tr u ca b m ha xon. V y l b m ha xon t l
1/2 nn hai bit c to i vi mi chu k xung nhp. Mt chuyn mch o trng thi
s thay i trng thi trn c hai im u i vi mi chu k xung nhp u vo, do
tc u gp hai ln tc u vo. a thc sinh cho hai bit u :
g(x) = x
8
+ x
7
+ x
5
+ x
3
+ x
2
+ x +1
g(x) = x
8
+ x
4
+ x
3
+ x
2
+ 1
H thng W-CDMA s dng mt h thng m ha xon khc trn ng truyn
ln (my di ng ti trm gc). V my di ng c mt cng sut pht hn ch nn i
khi ng truyn ln c th l ng truyn b gii hn. Do vy mt m xon hiu sut
Hong Th Hu 45K2 T - VT Khoa Cng Ngh
65
n tt nghip
cao hn c t l 1/3 v di gii hn k = 9 c s dng. Trong trng hp ny, ba bit
c to i vi mi bit u vo v tc u gp ba ln tc u vo.
Hnh 3.6 M ha xon s dng ng truyn ln
trong h thng W-CDMA
a thc sinh cho ba bit u :
g(x) = x
8
+ x
7
+ x
6
+ x
5
+ x
3
+ x
2
+ 1
g(x) = x
8
+ x
7
+ x
4
+ x
3
+ x + 1
g(x) = x
8
+ x
5
+ x
2
+ x + 1
2.3. M Turbo
M ha Turbo ch c s dng trong cc h thng thng tin di ng th h ba
khi hot ng tc bit cao vi yu cu t s li bit BER nm trong khong 10
-3
n
10
-6
. B m ha turbo thc cht l b m xon mc ni song song PCCC (Pallel
Concatenated Convolutional Code) vi cc b m ha thnh phn 8 trng thi c s
dng, n gm hai b m ho xon theo phng php quy RSC1, RSC2 v mt b
an xen Turbo bn trong b m ha Turbo.
2.4. an xen trong W-CDMA
an xen c thc hin trn nguyn tc l lung k hiu pht c vit vo mt
ma trn nh gm cc hng v cc ct theo trnh t pht. Sau c c t ma trn
ny theo cc a ch c xc nh bi mt quy nh no m bo vic hon v v
tr cc k t.
3. iu ch BPSK v QPSK
3.1. iu ch BPSK
Trong mt h thng iu ch BPSK (Binary Phase Shift Keying) cp tn hiu s
1
(t)
Hong Th Hu 45K2 T - VT Khoa Cng Ngh
66
n tt nghip
v s
2
(t) c s dng biu din cc gi tr nh phn. Ta c:
( ) [ ] + + t f
T
E
t s
c
b
b
i
. 2 cos .
2
) (
Trong :
T
b
: rng bng thng.
E
b
: Nng lng ca mt bit.
(t) : Gc pha thay i theo tn hiu iu ch, l gc pha ban u.
(t) = (i - 1), 0 t T
b
,

i = 1,2
Mt cp sng sin i pha 180
0
nh trn gi l mt cp tn hiu i cc.
Lung s tc bit R
b
c a qua b chuyn i v tn hiu NRZ (01, 1
-1), sau nhn vi sng mang c tn hiu iu ch BPSK.
Chn mt tn hiu l c s l trc chun:
( ) t f
T
t u
c
b
2 cos .
2
) (
1

Ta c :
( ) ( ) t u t d E t S
b i 1
. ) (
Khong cch gia hai tn hiu :
Hong Th Hu 45K2 T - VT Khoa Cng Ngh
Hnh 3.7 S nguyn l iu ch BPSK
Lung s c
hai
R
b
= 1/T
b S
i
(t)
c
b
f
T
b
E
. 2 cos
2

NRZ
67
n tt nghip
Xc sut li trong BPSK:

,
_

0
2
2
1
N
E
erfc P
b
e
Vi :
E
b
: Nng lng ca bit .
N
0
: Mt xc sut nhiu trng.
3.2. iu ch QPSK
Tn hiu iu ch QPSK c dng:
( )

'

> <

,
_

+ +

T t t
T t i t f
T
E
t S
c
QPSK
; 0 , 0
0 ,
4
1 2 . 2 cos
2
) (

Trong
E
b
: Nng lng mt bit.
T
i
: Thi gian mt bit.
E = 2E
b
: Nng lng tn hiu pht i trn mt k hiu.
T = 2T
b
: Thi gian ca mt k hiu.
f
c
: Tn s sng mang
: gc pha ban u.
i = 1, 2, 3, 4.
Bin i lng gic ta c phng trnh dng tng ng nh sau :
( )
( ) ( )

'

> <

1
]
1

T t t
T t t f i
T
E
t S
c
QPSK
; 0 , 0
0 , . 2 cos
4
. 1 2 cos
2

Nu ta chn Q
1
v Q
2
l cc hm nng lng c s trc giao chun :
Hong Th Hu 45K2 T - VT Khoa Cng Ngh
68
0
b
E
b
E
Hnh 3.8 Khong cch gia hai tn hiu BPSK
n tt nghip
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) T t t f
T
t Q
T t t f
T
t Q
c
c


0 , . 2 cos
2
0 , . 2 sin
2
2
1

Ta c th biu din tn hiu iu ch QPSK bng bn im trong khng gian tn


hiu vi cc to xc nh nh sau :
( )
( )
. 4 , 3 , 2 , 1 ,
4
. 1 2 cos
4
. 1 2 sin
2
1

'

1
]
1


1
]
1


i
i E Q
i E Q
S
QPSK

Quan h ca cp bit iu ch v ta ca cc im tn hiu iu ch QPSK


trong khng gian tn hiu th hin bng sau :
Cp bit vo
0 t T
Pha ca tn hiu
QPSK
im tn hiu
S
i
Ta cc im tn hiu
Q
1
Q
2
00
/4
S
1 + 2 / E + 2 / E
01
3/4
S
2 + 2 / E - 2 / E
11
5/4
S
3 - 2 / E - 2 / E
10
7/4
S
4 - 2 / E + 2 / E
Xc sut li trong QPSK:

,
_

0
,
2
N
E
Q P
b
QPSK e
Ta thy xc sut li ca BPSK v QPSK l nh nhau. Tuy nhin, vi QPSK th
hiu sut bng thng gp 2 ln BPSK. Bng thng ca QPSK xp x bng Rb.
4. iu khin cng sut v chuyn giao
4.1. iu khin cng sut
Trong W-CDMA, iu khin cng sut c thc hin cho c ng ln ln
ng xung. iu khin cng sut ng xung nhm ti thiu nhiu n cc khc
v b nhiu do cc khc gy , cng nh nhm t mc SNR yu cu. Tuy nhin iu
khin cng sut cho ng xung khng thc s cn thit nh iu khin cng sut cho
ng ln. H thng W-CDMA s dng cng sut ng xung nhm ci thin tnh
nng h thng bng cch kim sot nhiu t cc khc.
Hong Th Hu 45K2 T - VT Khoa Cng Ngh
69
n tt nghip
iu khin cng sut ng ln tc ng ln cc knh truy nhp v lu lng.
N c s dng thit lp ng truyn khi khi to cuc gi v phn ng ln cc
thng ging tn hao ng truyn ln. Mc ch chnh ca iu khin cng sut ng
ln l nhm khc phc hiu ng xa - gn bng cch duy tr mc cng sut truyn dn
ca cc my di ng trong nh nhau ti my thu trm gc vi cng mt QoS. Do vy
vic iu khin cng sut ng ln l thc hin tinh chnh cng sut truyn dn ca
my di ng. H thng W-CDMA s dng hai phng php iu khin cng sut:
- iu khin cng sut vng h OLPC
- iu khin cng sut vng kn CLPC
a. iu khin cng sut vng h OLPC
OLPC s dng ch yu iu khin cng sut cho ng ln. Trong qu trnh
iu khin cng sut, UE xc nh cng tn hiu truyn dn bng cch o mc cng
sut thu ca tn hiu hoa tiu t BS ng xung. Sau UE iu chnh mc cng
sut truyn dn theo hng t l nghch vi mc cng sut tn hiu hoa tiu thu c.
Do vy, nu mc cng sut tn hiu hoa tiu cng ln th mc cng sut pht ca UE
(P_trx) cng nh.
Vic iu khin cng sut vng h l cn thit xc nh mc cng sut pht
ban u (khi khi to kt ni). phng php ny trm gc khng tham gia vo cc th
tc iu khin cng sut.
b. iu khin cng sut vng kn CLPC
Hnh 3.10 C ch iu khin cng sut CLPC
TPC (Transmit Power Control): iu khin cng sut truyn dn.
Hong Th Hu 45K2 T - VT Khoa Cng Ngh
BS UE
c tnh cng hoa tiu
P_trx = 1/cng hoa tiu
Hnh 3.9 OPLC ng ln
70
BS

UE

UE
Lnh TPC
Lnh TPC
Quyt nh
iu khin
cng sut
iu chnh
P_trx ca UE
theo lnh TPC
iu chnh
P_trx ca UE
theo lnh TPC
n tt nghip
CLPC c s dng iu khin cng sut khi kt ni c thit lp. Mc
ch chnh l b nhng nh hng ca s bin i nhanh ca mc tn hiu v tuyn.
Do chu k iu khin phi nhanh phn ng li s thay i nhanh ca mc tn
hiu v tuyn.
Trong CLPC, BS iu khin UE tng hoc gim cng sut pht. Quyt nh tng
hay gim cng sut ph thuc vo mc tn hiu thu SNR ti BS. Khi BS thu tn hiu t
UE, n so snh mc tn hiu thu vi mt ngng cho trc. Nu mc tn hiu thu c
vt qu mc ngng cho php, BS s gi lnh iu khin cng sut pht TCP ti UE
gim mc cng sut pht ca UE. Nu mc tn hiu thu c nh hn mc ngng,
BS s gi lnh iu khin n UE tng mc cng sut pht.
Cc tham s c s dng nh gi cht lng cng sut thu nhm thc hin
quyt nh iu khin cng sut nh: SIR, t l li khung FER, t l li bit BER. C ch
CLPC l c ch iu khin cng sut vng trong v l c ch iu khin cng sut
nhanh nht trong h thng W-CDMA.
4.2. Chuyn giao
Cng nh iu khin cng sut, chuyn giao mm v chuyn giao mm hn cn
phi c cc h thng thng tin di ng CDMA trnh hin tng xa - gn (l hin
tng m trong mt h thng nhiu ngi s dng gp nguy him do s c mt ca
mt tn hiu mnh). Khi MS tin su vo vng ph sng ca ln cn m khng c
BTS ca ny iu khin cng sut n s gy nhiu ln cho cc MS trong ny.
Chuyn giao cng c th trnh c iu ny nhng c th xy hin tng xa - gn
thi gian tr. V th cng vi iu khin cng sut, cc chuyn giao mm v chuyn
giao mm hn l cng c quan trng gim nhiu CDMA.
a. Chuyn giao mm
Chuyn giao mm xy gia hai hay nhiu hay hai on thuc hai BTS khc
nhau. MS pht n v thu t hai BTS ny ng thi. Trong khi chuyn giao mm MS
vng chng ln vng ph ca hai on thuc hai trm gc khc nhau. MS thu ng
thi thng tin ca ngi s dng t cc BTS v kt hp chng c c thng tin tt
nht. ng ln, thng tin pht i t MS c cc BTS thu li ri chuyn n RNC
Hong Th Hu 45K2 T - VT Khoa Cng Ngh
71
n tt nghip
c kt hp chung. Trong trng hp chuyn giao mm, cc BTS pht lnh iu
khin cng sut.
u im ca chuyn giao mm:
So vi chuyn giao cng truyn thng, chuyn giao mm c mt s u im ni
bt:
- Hn ch hiu ng ping-pong (to ra do pha inh ca knh v tuyn v khi MS
di chuyn qua li vng bin gii ca cc ) nn lm gim ti trong bo hiu mng v
vic truyn dn l trong sut nn gim kh nng rt cuc gi v mt mt d liu dn n
gim kh nng nghn.
- Cng vi iu khin cng sut, chuyn giao mm c dng nh l mt k
thut gim nhiu giao thoa.
b. Chuyn giao mm hn
Chuyn giao mm hn xy gia hai hay nhiu hay nhiu on thuc cng
mt BTS. Trong khi chuyn giao mm hn MS vng chng ln gia hai vng ph ca
hai on ca BTS. Thng tin gia MS v BTS xy ng thi trn hai knh ca giao
din v tuyn. V vy cn s dng hai m khc nhau ng xung MS c th phn
bit c hai tn hiu.
c. Chuyn giao cng
Chuyn giao cng c th x trong mt s trng hp nh: chuyn giao t mt
ny sang mt khc khi hai c tn s sng mang khc nhau hoc t mt ny sang
khc khi cc ny c ni n hai RNC khc nhau v khng tn ti giao din I
ur
gia
hai RNC ny. W-CDMA cng h tr c chuyn giao cng n GSM. iu ny l cn
thit khi trin khai W-CDMA cc thu bao W-CDMA c th phi s dng GSM cc
vng W-CDMA cha kp ph sng.
VIII. K THUT TRI PH TRONG W-CDMA
1. Gii thiu
Trong cc h thng thng tin vic s dng hiu qu bng tn l vn c quan
tm hng u. Cc h thng c thit k sao cho rng bng tn cng nh cng tt.
Trong W-CDMA tng tc truyn d liu, phng php a truy nhp kt
Hong Th Hu 45K2 T - VT Khoa Cng Ngh
72
n tt nghip
hp TDMA v FDMA trong GSM c thay th bng phng php a truy nhp phn
chia theo m CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) hot ng bng tn rng
(5MHz) gi l h thng thng tin tri ph. i vi cc h thng thng tin tri ph (SS:
Spread Spectrum), rng bng tn ca tn hiu c m rng trc khi c pht.
Tuy rng bng tn tng ln rt nhiu nhng lc ny nhiu ngi s dng c th dng
chung mt bng tn tri ph, do m h thng vn s dng bng tn c hiu qu ng
thi tn dng c cc u im ca tri ph. pha thu, my thu s khi phc tn hiu
gc bng cch nn ph ngc vi qu trnh tri ph bn my pht.
C ba phng php tri ph c bn sau:
- Tri ph dy trc tip (DSSS - Direct Sequence Spreading Spectrum):
Thc hin tri ph bng cch nhn tn hiu ngun vi mt tn hiu gi ngu
nhin c tc chip cao hn rt nhiu so vi tc bit
- Tri ph nhy tn (FHSS - Frequency Hopping Spreading Spectrum):
H thng FHSS thc hin tri ph bng cch nhy tn s mang trn mt tp cc
tn s. Mu nhy tn c dng m ngu nhin. Tn s trong khong thi gian mt chip T
c
c c nh khng i . Tc nhy tn c th thc hin nhanh hoc chm, trong h
thng nhy tn nhanh nhy tn thc hin tc cao hn tc bit ca bn tin, cn
trong h thng nhy tn thp th ngc li.
- Tri ph nhy thi gian (THSS - Time Hopping Spreading Spectrum):
Thc hin tri ph bng cch nn mt khi cc bit s liu v pht ngt qung
trong mt hay nhiu khe thi gian. Mu nhy tn thi gian s xc nh cc khe thi gian
c s dng truyn dn trong mi khung.
Trong h thng DSSS, tt c cc ngi s dng cng dng chung mt bng tn
v pht tn hiu ca h ng thi. My thu s dng tn hiu gi ngu nhin chnh xc
ly tn hiu bng cch nn ph. Cc tn hiu khc xut hin dng nhiu ph rng,
cng sut thp ging tp m. Trong cc h thng FHSS v THSS mi ngi s dng
c n nh mt m ngu nhin sao cho khng c cp my pht no dng chung tn s
hoc khe thi gian, nh vy cc my pht s trnh b xung t. Ni cch khc DSSS l
kiu h thng ly trung bnh, FHSS v THSS l kiu h thng trnh xung t. H thng
thng tin di ng cng ngh CDMA ch s dng DSSS nn ta ch xt k thut tri ph
DSSS.
2. Nguyn l tri ph DSSS
Tri ph dy trc tip (DSSS - Direct Sequence Spreading Spectrum): Thc hin
tri ph bng cch nhn tn hiu ngun vi mt tn hiu gi ngu nhin c tc chip
Hong Th Hu 45K2 T - VT Khoa Cng Ngh
g
m-1

ggg
m1
73
n tt nghip
cao hn rt nhiu so vi tc bit. Hiu qu ca qu trnh ny l tri rng rng bng
tc thi ca dng sng theo h s N vi cng mt mc cng sut tn hiu lm cho mt
ph cng sut ca tn hiu tr nn kh thp v ging nh tp m.
Tc chip tn hiu gi ngu nhin v tc bit c tnh theo cng thc sau :
R
c
= 1/T
c
R
b
= 1/T
b
Trong :
R
c
: tc chip tn hiu gi ngu nhin.
R
b
: tc bit.
T
c
: thi gian mt chip.
T
b
: thi gian mt bit.
3. M tri ph
Cc tn hiu tri ph bng rng c to bng cch s dng cc chui m gi tp
m PN (Pseudo Noise). M gi tp m cn c gi l m gi ngu nhin do c cc tnh
cht thng k ca tp m trng AWGN (Additive White Gaussian Noise) v c biu hin
ngu nhin, bt xc nh. Tuy nhin my thu cn bit m ny to bn sao mt cch
chnh xc v ng b vi m c pht gii m bn tin. V th m gi ngu nhin
phi hon ton xc nh.
M gi ngu nhin c to bng cc b thanh ghi dch c mch hi tip tuyn
tnh (LFSR : Linear Feedback Shift Register) v cc cng XOR.
Hong Th Hu 45K2 T - VT Khoa Cng Ngh
T
b
= T
n
T
b
= T
n
T
c
Hnh 3.11. Tri ph chui trc tip (DSSS)
T
b
: Thi gian mt bit ca lung s cn pht
T
n
: Chu k ca m gi ngu nhin dng cho tri ph
g
m-1

ggg
m1
74
n tt nghip
Mt chui thanh ghi dch hi tip tuyn tnh c xc nh bi mt a thc to
m tuyn tnh g(x) bc m (m > 0) :
g(x) = g
m
x
m
+ g
m-1
x
m-1
+ + g
1
x + g
0
vi g
m
= g
0
= 1
x
m
: n v tr.
Gi s ta np chui gi tr khi u cho thanh ghi dch :
S
0
= {S
0
(1), S
0
(1), S
0
(m)}
Gi tr u trong (m -1) xung ng h u tin l :
C
0
= S
0
(m)
C
1
= S
0
(m-1)
.
C
m-1
= S
0
(1)
Ti xung ng h th i (i > m-1) ta c trng thi ca thanh ghi dch :
S
i
(m) = S
i-1
(m-1) = S
i-2
(m-2) = = S
i-m+1
(1) (*)
S
i-m+1
(1) = g
1
S
i-m
(1) + g
2
S
i-m
(2) + + S
i-m
(m) (g
m
= 1)
=> S
i
(m) = g
1
S
i-m
(1) + g
2
S
i-m
(2) + + S
i-m
(m)
p dng cng thc (*), ta c :
S
i
(m) = g
1
S
i-1
(m) + g
2
S
i-2
(m) + + S
i-m
(m)
Gi tr u ti xung th i chnh l gi tr phn t nh S
i
(m) ca thanh ghi dch:
C
i
= g
1
C
i-1
+ g
2
C
i-2
+ + C
i-m
Hay :
Hong Th Hu 45K2 T - VT Khoa Cng Ngh
c
i
S
i
(1) S
i
(2)
g
1
g
2
g
m-1

ggg
m1
c
i-m
n b
iu ch
S
i
(m)
Hnh 3.12. Mch thanh ghi dch to chui PN
S
i
(j) : L gi tr phn t nh j trong thanh ghi dch
xung ng h i.
g
i
= 0 : kha m, g
i
= 1 : kha ng.
75
n tt nghip
C
i+m
= g
1
C
i+m-1
+ g
2
C
i+m-2
+ + C
i
Tc ca mch nh trn b hn ch v tc do tng thi gian tr trong cc
ca mch to m ngu nhin ta c th s dng s mch sau :
4. Cc h thng DSSS BPSK
4.1. My pht DSSS BPSK
S khi my pht DSSS BPSK:
Ta c th biu din s liu hay bn tin nhn cc gi tr 1 nh sau:
) ( ) (
T
p
d b
i
i
i t
T
t d
b


Trong :
d
i
= 1 l bit s liu th i .
T
b
: rng ca mt bit s liu.
Hong Th Hu 45K2 T - VT Khoa Cng Ngh
S
i
(1) S
i
(2)
g
2
c
i
n b
iu ch
S
i
(m)
Hnh 3.13. Mch thanh ghi dch to chui PN tc cao
S
i
(j) : L gi tr phn t nh j trong thanh ghi dch
xung ng h i.
g
i
= 0: kha m, g
i
= 1: kha ng.
g
1
g
m-1
Bn tin c s hai
B iu ch
(BPSK)
Tn hiu PN c s hai c(t)
) t 2 cos(
f
2
c
+
T
E
b
b
s(t) =
Tn hiu DSSS - BPSK
d(t)c(t)
76
n tt nghip
Tn hiu d(t) c tri ph bng tn hiu PN c(t) bng cch nhn hai tn hiu ny
vi nhau. Tn hiu nhn c d(t)c(t) sau s iu ch cho sng mang s dng BPSK.
Kt qu cho ta tn hiu DSSS BPSK xc nh theo cng thc:
) 2 cos( ) ( ) ( ) (
2
+ t t c t d t s
f
T
E
c
b
b
Trong :
E
b
: nng lng trn mt bit ca sng mang.
T
b
: rng mt bit
f
c
: tn s sng mang
: pha ban u ca sng mang
4.2. My thu DSSS BPSK
S khi my thu DSSS BPSK:
Mc ch ca my thu ny l ly bn tin d(t) (s liu {d
i
}) t tn hiu thu c
bao gm tn hiu c pht cng vi tp m. Do tn ti tr truyn lan nn tn hiu thu
l:
[ ] ) ( ' ) ( 2 cos ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
2
t n t t c t d t n t s t r
f
T
E
c
b
b
+ + +
Trong :
Hong Th Hu 45K2 T - VT Khoa Cng Ngh

+
T t
t
dt
b i
i
(.)
Khi phc
sng mang
Khi phc
ng h k hiu
B to tn
hiu PN ni
ng b
tn hiu PN
1 hay -1
B gii iu ch BPSK
Z
i +
-
t
i
w(t)
c(t - )
xcos(2f
c
t+)
) ( ) ( ) (
2
t c t d t s
T
E
b
br
) ' 2 cos(
2
+ t
f
T
c
b
77
n tt nghip
E
br
: nng lng trung bnh ca sng mang trn mt bit
n(t): tp m ca knh v u vo my thu
gii thch qu trnh khi phc li bn tin ta gi thit rng khng c tp
m.Trc ht tn hiu thu c tri ph gim bng tn rng vo bng tn hp. Sau
n c gii iu ch nhn c tn hiu bng gc. gii tri ph, ph tn hiu thu
c nhn vi tn hiu ng b PN c(t-) c to my thu, ta c:
) ' 2 cos( ) ( ) ' 2 cos( ) ( ) ( ) (
2 2
2
+ + t t d t t t d t w
f
T
E
f
c
T
E
c
b
br
c
b
br
(V c(t) = 1)
Trong : = - 2f
c

Tn hiu nhn c l mt tn hiu bng hp vi rng bng tn theo Nyquist


l 1/T
b
. gii iu ch ta gi thit rng my thu bit c pha cng nh im khi
u ca tng bit. Mt b gii iu ch BPSK bao gm mt b tng quan, hai b lc
phi hp, i sau l mt thit b nh gi ngng. tch bit s liu th i, b tng
quan tnh ton:

+
+
T t
t
dt t t w
b i
i
f
T
z
c
b
i
) ' 2 cos(
2
) (

+
+
T t
t
dt t t d A
b i
i
f
T
E
c
b
b
) ' 2 ( ) (
2
cos
2


[ ]dt
T t
t
t t d
b i
i
f
E
c
br
+
+ + ) ' 2 4 cos( 1 ) (

E E br br
t d t ) (
(*)
Trong : t
i
= iT
b
+ l thi im u ca bit th i.
V d(t - ) l +1 hoc -1 trong thi gian mt bit nn thnh phn th nht ca tch
phn s cho ta T
b
hoc T
b
. Thnh phn th hai l thnh phn nhn i tn s nn sau
tch phn gn bng 0. Vy kt qu thu c nh (*). Cho kt qu ny qua thit b nh
gi ngng (hay b so snh) vi ngng 0 ta c u c s hai 1 hay -1. Ngoi thnh
phn tn hiu
Ebr
t
, u ca b tch phn cng c thnh phn tp m c th gy li.
Tn hiu PN ng vai tr nh mt m c bit trc c my pht ln my thu
ch nh. V my thu ch nh bit trc m nn n c th gii tri ph tn hiu SS
Hong Th Hu 45K2 T - VT Khoa Cng Ngh
78
n tt nghip
nhn c bn tin. Nu my thu ch nh khng bit c m th n khng th gii m
bn tin, do n ch nhn thy mt tn hiu ngu nhin 1.
my thu c th khi phc c bn tin th my thu phi ng b vi tn hiu
thu c. My thu phi nhn c cc thng s nh , t
i
, t tn hiu thu c. Qu
trnh nhn c gi l qu trnh ng b, thng c thc hin hai bc bt v
bm. Qu trnh nhn c t
i
gi l qu trnh khi phc ng h k hiu. Cn qu trnh
nhn c (cng nh f
c
) gi l qu trnh khi phc sng mang.
5. Cc h thng DSSS QPSK
5.1. My pht DSSS QPSK
S khi chc nng my pht DSSS QPSK:
S bao gm hai nhnh:
- Mt nhnh ng pha
- Mt nhnh pha vung gc
s trn, cng mt u vo s liu d(t) iu ch cc tn hiu PN c
1
(t) v c
2
(t)
c hai nhnh. Tn hiu DSSS QPSK c dng:
s(t) = s
1
(t) + s
2
(t)

) 2 cos( ) ( ) ( ) 2 sin( ) ( ) (
2 1
+ + + t t t d t t t d
f
c
T
E
f
c
T
E
c
b
b
c
b
b

Trong :

,
_


) ( ) (
) ( ) (
) (
2
1
1
tan
t d t
t d t
t
c
c

Hong Th Hu 45K2 T - VT Khoa Cng Ngh


B to PN 1
B to PN 2
Acos(2f
c
t+)
Dch /2
B iu
ch BPSK
B iu
ch BPSK
-Asin(2f
c
t+)
s
1
(t)
s
2
(t)
d(t)c
2
(t)
d(t)c
1
(t)
d(t)
c
2
(t)
c
1
(t)
Tn hiu DSSS-QPSK
79
n tt nghip

'

4 / 7
4 / 5
4 / 3
4 /

Vy tn hiu s(t) c th nhn bn trng thi pha khc nhau: + /4, + 3/4,
+ 5/4, + 7/4.
5.2. My thu DSSS QPSK
S khi ca my thu DSSS QPSK:
s trn, cc thnh phn ng pha v vung gc c nn ph c lp vi
nhau bi c
1
(t) v c
2
(t);
Tb
B
2

Gi thit rng tr l , tn hiu vo s l (Nu b qua tp m):


) ' 2 cos( ) ( ) ( ) ' 2 sin( ) ( ) ( ) (
2 1
+ + + t t t d t t t d t s
f
c
T
E
f
c
T
E
c
b
br
c
b
br
Trong :
E
br
: nng lng bit thu
= - 2f
c

Cc tn hiu trc b cng s l:


[ ]
) ' 2 4 sin(
2
1
) ( ) ( ) (
) ' 2 4 cos( 1
2
1
) ( ) (
2 1
1
2
2


+
+
t t t t d
t t d t
f
c c
T
E
f
T
E
u
c
b
br
c
b
br
Hong Th Hu 45K2 T - VT Khoa Cng Ngh

+
T t
t
dt
b i
i
(.)
Z
+
-
-Bsin(2f
c
t+)
Bcos(2f
c
t+)
c
2
(t-)
c
1
(t-)
s(t-)
W
1
(t)
W
2
(t)
u
1
(t)
u
2
(t)
u(t)
1 hay -1
B c tnh
80
nu c
1
(t)d(t) = 1, c
2
(t)d(t) = -1
nu c
1
(t)d(t) = -1, c
2
(t)d(t) = -1
nu c
1
(t)d(t) = -1, c
2
(t)d(t) = 1
nu c
1
(t)d(t) = 1, c
2
(t)d(t) = 1
n tt nghip
[ ] ) ' 2 4 cos( 1
2
1
) (
) ' 2 4 sin(
2
1
) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
2
2
2 1 2


+ + +
+
t t d
t t t t d t
f
T
E
f
c c
T
E
u
c
b
br
c
b
br
Ly tch phn cho tng ca hai tn hiu trn (tt c cc thnh phn tn s 2f
c
c
gi tr trung bnh bng 0) ta c:
[ ]

t +
T
t d dt t t
b
E E u u z b br i
0
2 1 2 2
) ( ) ( ) (
V th u ca b quyt nh ngng ta c +1 khi bit bn tin l +1 v -1 nu
bit bn tin l -1. Hai tn hiu PN c
1
(t) v c
2
(t) c th l hai tn hiu PN c lp hay chng
cng c th ly t cng mt tn hiu PN, chng hn c(t).
u im v nhc im ca h thng DSSS QPSK so vi DSSS BPSK
- u im:
Nu cng mt s liu c pht i bi mt h thng DSSS QPSK c cng
rng bng tn v li x l G
p
nh h thng DSSS BPSK th h thng DSSS
QPSK c u vit v SNR (t s tn hiu trn tp m) dn n xc sut li thp hn.
Mt khc mt h thng DSSS QPSK c th pht gp hai ln s liu so vi DSSS
BPSK khi s dng cng rng bng tn v c cng G
p
v SNR.
Cc h thng DSSS QPSK c u im hn so vi cc h thng DSSS
BPSK l nh tnh trc giao ca cc sng mang sin(2f
c
t+) v cos(2f
c
+) cc
nhnh ng pha v vung gc.
- Nhc im:
Nhc im ca h thng DSSS QPSK l phc tp hn h thng DSSS
BPSK. Ngoi ra, nu cc sng mang c s dng gii iu ch my thu khng
thc s trc giao th s xy xuyn m gia hai nhnh v s gy thm s gim cht
lng ca h thng.
Hong Th Hu 45K2 T - VT Khoa Cng Ngh
81
n tt nghip
IX. THIT LP MT CUC GI TRONG W-CDMA UMTS
Qu trnh bt u bng yu cu truy nhp t UE. Yu cu truy nhp ny c
pht trn knh truyn ti FACH hoc knh truyn ti CPCH. Bn tin c pht l mt
yu cu thit lp mt kt ni RRC trc khi thc hin cc giao dch bo hiu hay
thit lp vt mang. Yu cu kt ni RRC bao gm c l do yu cu kt ni.
Hong Th Hu 45K2 T - VT Khoa Cng Ngh
RNC
MSC/
VLR
CCCH: Yu cu kt ni RRC
CCCH: Thit lp kt ni RRC
DCCH:Kt ni RRC hon thnh
DCCH: Truyn trc tip khi u
DCCH: Truyn trc tip
(Yu cu nhn thc)
DCCH: Truyn trc tip (Tr l nhn thc)
DCCH: Lnh ch bo mt
DCCH: Hon thnh ch bo mt
DCCH: Truyn trc tip (Thit lp)
DCCH: Truyn trc tip (Tip tc cuc gi)
DCCH:Thit lp vt mang hay lp li cu hnh vt
mang v tuyn
UE
DCCH: Thit lp vt mang v tuyn hon
thnh hay lp li cu hnh hon thnh
DCCH: Truyn trc tip (Bo chung)
DCCH:Truyn trc tip (Kt ni)
DCCH:Truyn trc tip (Cng nhn kt ni)
RANAP: Bn tin UE khi u
(Yu cu dch v CM)
RANAP: Truyn trc tip
(Yu cu nhn thc)
RANAP: Truyn trc tip
(Tr li nhn thc)
RANAP: Lnh ch bo mt
RANAP:Hon thnh ch bo
mt
RANAP: Yu cu n nh RAB
RANAP: Truyn trc tip
(Thit lp)
RANAP: Truyn trc tip
(Tip tc cuc gi)
RANAP: Hon thnh n nh RAB
RANAP: Truyn trc tip
(Bo chung)
RANAP: Truyn trc tip
(Kt ni)
RANAP: Truyn trc tip cng
nhn kt ni
Hnh 3.14 Th tc thit lp cuc gi W-CDMA
82
n tt nghip
RNC tr li bng mt bn tin thit lp kt ni RRC. Bn tin ny c pht
knh logic CCCH (thng c truyn trn knh truyn ti FACH). Nu mt knh
truyn ti DCH c cp pht th bn tin thit lp kt ni RRC s ch mt m ngu
nhin UE s dng ng ln.
UE tr li RNC bng bn tin kt ni RRC hon thnh. Bn tin ny c mang
trn knh logic DCCH ng ln. Sau UE pht mt bn tin cho mng li. Bn tin ny
c pht bn tin truyn trc tip khi u v lc ny cha c thit lp quan h bo
hiu trc tip gia UE v mng li. Bn tin ny ch th cho RNC v mng li l cn thit
lp mt quan h bo hiu ni gia UE v mng li. RNC t bn tin truyn trc tip
khi u vo bn tin UE khi u RANAP (Radio Access Network Applocation Part -
phn ng dng mng truy nhp v tuyn), RANAP l giao thc bo hiu I
u
, v gi
bn tin ny n mng li. Trong trng hp ny bn tin c gi n MSC. Vic chn
MSC hay SGSN ph thuc vo thng tin tiu ca bn tin truyn khi u pht i t
UE.
Tip theo MSC s khi u cc th tc bo an. Th tc ny bt u bng nhn
thc trn nguyn tc hiu lnh - tr li ging nh GSM. y c mt im khc l UE
v mng nhn thc ln nhau. Ngha l mng khng ch pht s ngu nhin n UE
nhn c tr li ng m cn pht c th nhn dng mng AUTN (Authentication
Token Network) c tnh ton c lp mng trong HLR so snh vi AUTN c
tnh ton c lp UE trong SIM. UE pht yu cu nhn thc bng cch pht bn tin
truyn trc tip ca RANAP v giao thc RRC.
Nu nhn thc thnh cng, UE pht tr li bng mt bn tin tr li nhn thc
MSC kim tra. Bn tin ny c mang bng cch s dng cc kh nng truyn trc tip
ca RANAP v RRC.
Sau mng li khi u cc th tc m ha MSC gi bn tin lnh ch bo
mt RRC n UE. UE tr li MSC bng bn tin RANAP. Hon thnh ch bo mt.
Ti thi im ny, thng tin thit lp cuc gi thc s nh s in thoi b gi c gi
bn tin thit lp t UE n MSC bng cch s dng bo hiu truyn trc tip. Nu c
th x l c cuc gi ny, MSC s tr li bng tin ang tin hnh cuc gi. Sau
RNC cn thit lp vt mang truy nhp v tuyn B truyn ti lung ting thc s ca
ngi s dng. B l mt vt mang gia UE v mng li truyn ti s liu ca ngi
s dng. Ting hoc s liu gi B c t trn mt hay nhiu vt mang v tuyn giao
din v tuyn. Mi B c s nhn dng ring ca mnh s dng trong qu trnh bo
hiu gia UE v mng. Mng li pht yu cu thit lp B thng qua bn tin yu cu n
nh B ca RANAP.
Hong Th Hu 45K2 T - VT Khoa Cng Ngh
83
n tt nghip
Trn c s thng tin yu cu n nh B, RNC c th thit lp mt vt mang v
tuyn mi cho UE hoc c th lp li cu hnh vt mang hin UE ang hot ng. RNC
s dng hoc bn tin RRC thit lp vt mang v tuyn hoc lp li cu hnh vt mang v
tuyn hng dn UE s dng cc vt mang mi hoc lp li cu hnh. UE tr li hoc
bng bn tin thit lp vt mang v tuyn hon thnh hoc bn tin lp li cu hnh vt
mang v tuyn hon thnh. RNC tr li MSC bng bn tin RANAP hon thnh n
nh B. Lc ny c mt ng dn vt mang t UE n MSC.
Phn cn li ca qu trnh thit lp cuc gi hon ton ging nh thit lp cuc
gi GSM bao gm: Cc bn tin bo chung, kt ni v xc nhn kt ni c truyn
bo hiu truyn trc tip.

Hong Th Hu 45K2 T - VT Khoa Cng Ngh
84
n tt nghip
KT LUN
Sau mt thi gian hc tp, nghin cu, c s hng dn tn tnh ca cc thy
gio trng i hc Bch Khoa H Ni, trc tip l PGS.TS Nguyn Quc Trung
cng cc thy c gio trong Khoa Cng ngh trng i hc Vinh n nay em hon
thnh bn n tt nghip. Tuy nhin do kh nng c hn nn s khng trnh khi
nhng thiu st. Rt mong nhn c s ch bo, gp ca cc thy c gio v cc bn
em c th nm vng thm kin thc khi ra trng.
Em xin chn thnh cm n!
Sinh vin thc hin
Hong Th Hu
Hong Th Hu 45K2 T - VT Khoa Cng Ngh
85
n tt nghip
BNG TRA CU CC T VIT TT
A
AB Access Burst Cm thm nhp
A/D Analog/Digital B chuyn i tng t sang s
AUC Authentication Centre Trung tm nhn thc
AUTN Authentication Token Network Th nhn dng mng
AGC Automatic Gain Control Mch iu khin khuch i t ng
AGCH Access Grant Channel Knh cho php thm nhp
AMR Adaptive Multi Rate M ha nhiu tc thch ng
ATM Asynchronous Tnsfer Mode Ch truyn khng ng b
AWGN Addition White Gaussian Noise Tp m Gauss trng cng sinh
B
BTS Base Transceiver Station Trm thu pht gc
BSS Base Station Subsystem H thng con trm gc
BSC Base Station Controller B iu khin trm gc
BSIC Base Transceiver Station Identity
Code
M nhn dng trm thu pht gc
BCCH Broadcast Control Channel Knh iu khin qung b
BG Border Gateway Cng ng bin
BPSK Binary Phase Shift Keying iu ch pha nh phn
BER Bit Error Rate T l li bit
BS Base Station Trm gc
C
CEPT European Conference of Postal
and Telecommunications
Administtions
CCITT Committee International
Telephone and Telegph
CSPDN Circuit Switch Public Data
Network
Mng s liu cng cng chuyn mch
theo mch
CCH Control Channel Knh iu khin
CCCH Common Control Channel Knh iu khin chung
CGI Cell Global Identity S nhn dng
CI Cell Identity S nhn dng t bo
CDMA Code Division Multiple Access a truy nhp phn chia theo m
CDRs Charging Data Records Bn ghi d liu cc
CN Core Network Mng li
CS Circuit Switching Chuyn mch knh
CTCH Common Traffic Channel Knh lu lng chung
CPCH Common Packet Channel Knh gi chung
Hong Th Hu 45K2 T - VT Khoa Cng Ngh
86
n tt nghip
CPICH Common Pilot Channel Knh hoa tiu chung
CCPCH Common Control Physical
Channel
Knh vt l iu khin chung
CLPC Closed loop Power Control iu khin cng sut vng kn
CC Convolutional Code M xon
CRC Cyclic Redundance Check Kim tra d vng
D
DPCH Deticated Physical Channel Knh vt l dnh ring
DCCH Deticated Control Channel Knh iu khin dnh ring
DTCH Deticated Traffic Channel Knh lu lng dnh ring
DPDCH Deticated Physical Data Channel Knh s liu vt l dnh ring
DPCCH Deticated Physical Control
Channel
Knh iu khin vt l dnh ring
DSSS Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Tri ph chui trc tip
E
ETSI European Telecommunications
Standards Institute
Vin tiu chun vin thng Chn u
EIR Equipment Identification Register B ghi nhn dng thit b
EDGE Enhanced Data tes for GSM
Evolution
Tc s liu tng cng pht
trin GSM
ECSD Enhanced Circuit Switched Data Tng cng d liu chuyn mch
knh
F
FDMA Frequency Division Multiple
Access
a truy nhp phn chia theo thi gian
FSK Frequency Shift Keying iu ch s theo tn s tn hiu
FB Frequency Correction Burst Cm hiu chnh tn s
FCCH Frequency Correction Channel Knh hiu chnh tn s
FN Frame Number S khung
FACCH Fast Associated Control Channel Knh iu khin lin kt nhanh
FSCCH Forward Supplemental Code
Channel
FDD Frequency Division Duplex Song cng phn chia theo tn s
FER Frame Error Rate T l li khung
FHSS Frequency Hopping Spreading
Spectrum
Tri ph nhy tn
G
GSM Global System for Mobile
Communication
H thng vin thng ton cu
GMSC Gateway MSC Trung tm chuyn mch cc nghip
Hong Th Hu 45K2 T - VT Khoa Cng Ngh
87
n tt nghip
v di ng cng
GMSK Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying iu ch kha dch pha cc tiu
Gauss
GPRS General Packet Radio Service Dch v v tuyn gi chung
GGSN GPRS Support Node Nt h tr cng GPRS
GTP GPRS Tunnelling Protocol Giao thc ng hm GPRS
GSN GPRS Support Node Nt h tr GPRS
3GPP Third Generation Partnership
Pecject
T chc chun ha cc cng ngh
mng thng tin di ng t bo
H
HLR Home Location Register B ghi nh v trng tr
HSCSD High Speed Circuit Switched Data S liu chuyn mch knh tc cao
HPLMN Home Public Land Mobile
Network
Mng di ng mt t cng cng
thng tr
HPSK Hybrid Phase Shift Keying iu ch pha hn hp
I
ISDN Integrated Service Digital
Network
Mng s lin kt a dch v
IWF Interworking Function Cc chc nng tng tc
IMEI International Mobile Equipment
Identity
S nhn dng di ng quc t
IMSI International Mobile Subciber
Identity
S nhn dng thu bao di ng quc
t
IP Internet Protocol Giao thc Internet
IF Intermediate Frequency Trung tn
L
LA Location Area Vng nh v
LAI Location Area Identity S nhn dng vng nh v
LAC Location Area Code M vng nh v
LLC Logical Link Control iu khin knh logic
LFSR Linear Feedback Shift Register B thanh ghi dch c mch hi tip
tuyn tnh
M
MS Mobile Station Trm di ng
MSC Mobile Service Switching Center Trung tm chuyn mch cc nghip
v di ng
ME Mobile Equipment Thit b di ng
MSK Minimum Shift Keying iu ch kha pha cc tiu
MCC Mobile Country Code M quc gia ca mng di ng
MNC Mobile Network Code M mng thng tinn di ng
Hong Th Hu 45K2 T - VT Khoa Cng Ngh
88
n tt nghip
MSIN Mobile Station Identification
Number
S nhn dng trm di ng
MSRN Mobile Station Roaming Number S lu ng ca thu bao di ng
MT Mobile Terminal My di ng u cui
MMS Multimedia Messaging Service Dch v tin nhn a phng tin
MAC Medium Access Control iu khin truy nhp mi trng
MM Mobile Management Qun l di ng
N
NMC Network Management Center Trung tm qun l mng
NB Normal Burst Cm bnh thng
NRZ Non Return ti Zero M khng tr v khng
NSS Network Subsystem Phn h mng
O
OSS Opration Subsystem H thng con khai thc
OMC Operation & Maintenance Center Trung tm qun l v bo dng
OLPC Open Loop Power Control iu khin cng sut vng h
P
PSTN Public Switch Telephone Network Mng in thoi chuyn mch cng
cng
PSPDN Packet Switched Public Data
Network
Mng s liu cng cng chuyn mch
gi
PLMN Public Land Mobile Network Mng di ng mt t cng cng
PCM Pulse Code Modulation iu ch xung m
PCH Paging Channel Knh tm gi
PCU Packet Control Unit n v iu khin gi
PDP Packet Data Protocol Giao thc d liu gi
PLL Physical Link Layer Lp ng truyn vt l
PTP Point to Point im - im
PTM Point to Multi point im a im
PN Pseudo Noise M gi tp m
PACCH Packet Associated Control
Channel
Knh iu khin lin kt gi
PCCCH Packet Common Control Channel Knh iu khin gi chung
PCPCH Physical Common Packet Channel Knh gi chung vt l
PDSCH Physical Downlink Shared
Channel
Knh chia s ng xung vt l
PRACH Physical Random Access Channel Knh truy nhp ngu nhin vt l
PSK Phase Shift Keying Kha dch pha
PDCP Packet Data Convergence Giao thc hi t s liu gi
PS Packet Switch Chuyn mch gi
PCCC Parallel Concatenated
Convolutional Code
M xon mc ni song song
Hong Th Hu 45K2 T - VT Khoa Cng Ngh
89
n tt nghip
R
RACH Random Access Channel Knh truy nhp ngu nhin
RLC Radio Link Control iu khin lin kt v tuyn
RF Radio Frequency Tn s sng mang
RA Routing Area Vng nh tuyn
RNC Radio Network Controller B iu khin mng v tuyn
RNS Radio Network Subsystem H thng mng con v tuyn
RANAP Radio Access Network
Application Part
Phn ng dng truy nhp mng v
tuyn
S
SS Switching Subsystem H thng con chuyn mch
SIM Subscriber Identity Module Modul nhn dng thu bao
SB Synchronization Burst Cm ng b
SCH Synchoronization Channel Knh ng b
SDCCH Stand alone Dedicated Control
Channel
Knh iu khin dnh ring ng mt
mnh
SACCH Slow Associated Control Channel Knh iu khin lin kt chm
SAMB Set Asynchronous Balance Mode Kiu cn bng khng ng b t hp
SMS Short Message Service Dch v bn tin ngn
SN Subcriber Number S thu bao
SGSN Serving GPRS Support Node Nt h tr dch v GPRS
SAPI Service Access Point Identifier Nhn dng im truy nhp dch v
SNR Signal to Noise Ratio T l tn hiu trn tp m
SDU Service Data Unit Khi liu dch v
SF H s tri ph
SCPCH Secondary Common Control
Physical Channel
Knh vt l iu khin chung th cp
SHCCH Shared Channel Control Channel Knh iu khin phn chia knh
T
TDMA Time Division Multiple Access a truy nhp phn chia theo thi gian
TRAU Transcoder/Rate Adapter Unit Khi chuyn i m v thch ng tc

TCH Traffic Channel Knh lu lng


TE Terminal Equipment Thit b u cui
TAF Terminal Adaptation Function Chc nng thch ng u cui
TCP Transmission Control Protocol Giao thc iu khin truyn dn
TLLI Temporary Logical Link Identifier Nhn dng knh logic tm thi
TDD Time Division Duplex Song cng phn chia theo thi gian
TS Time Slot Khe thi gian
TPC Transmit Power Control iu khin cng sut truyn dn
TFCI Transport Format Combination
Indicator
B ch th kt hp nh dng truyn
dn
Hong Th Hu 45K2 T - VT Khoa Cng Ngh
90
n tt nghip
THSS Time Hopping Spreading
Spectrum
Tri ph nhy thi gian
U
UMTS Universal Mobile
Telecommunication System
H thng vin thng di ng ton cu
UTRAN UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access
Network
Mng truy nhp v tuyn mt t
UMTS
UE User Equipment Thit b ngi s dng
USIM UMTS Subscriber Identity
Module
Modul nhn dng thu bao UMTS
V
VLR Visistor Location Register B ghi nh v tm tr
VTS Video Streaming Dch v truyn nh ng
VPLMN Visited Public Land Mobile
Network
Mng di ng mt t cng cng tm
tr
W
WAP Wireless Application Protocol Giao thc ng dng khng dy
W-CDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple
Access
a truy cp phn m bng rng
TI LIU THAM KHO
Hong Th Hu 45K2 T - VT Khoa Cng Ngh
91
n tt nghip
1. Thng tin di ng GSM TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng, Hc vin Cng ngh Bu
chnh - Vin thng, Nh xut bn Bu in 1999
2. H thng thng tin di ng W-CDMA KS. Nguyn Vn Thun, Hc vin Cng
ngh Bu chnh - Vin thng.
3. Thng tin di ng th h 3 (tp 1,2) TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng, Nh xut bn
Bu in
4. L thuyt tri ph v a truy nhp v tuyn TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng, Hc vin
Cng ngh Bu chnh - Vin thng, Nh xut bn Bu in 2004.
5. Cc Website:
www.google.com.vn
www.diendandientu.com
www.picvietnam.net
www.vntelecom.org.vn
www.quantrimang.com
www.dientuvietnam.net
v mt s trang web khc.
Hong Th Hu 45K2 T - VT Khoa Cng Ngh
92

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