Phng php gii cc dng bi tp di truyn hc qun th.

mnh mi tm c ci ny ca thy Phm Ngc Hi trng Tnh Linh, thy hay nn post cho mi ngi cng xem. I. TNH TN S CA MI ALEN TRONG QUN TH. I. 1. Tnh tn s ca cc alen khi bit thnh phn kiu gen ca qun th (gen nhm mu) V d 1 : Tnh tn s i vi mt gen c 2 alen. Mt qun th c cu trc di truyn nh sau : 0,6AA : 0,2Aa : 0,2aa. Hy tnh tn s ca alen A v alen a trong qun th trn ? Phng php : y l dng bi tp u tin nn gio vin hng dn hc sinh cc bc gii mt cch c th, gip cc em hnh dung r * Cch 1 : Tnh theo tng s alen : - Tng s alen A : 0,6 x 2 + 0,2 = 1,4 - Tng s alen a : 0,2 x 2 + 0,2 = 0,6 - Tng s alen trong qun th : 1,4 + 0,6 = 2. - T l alen A = tn s alen A : pA = 1,4 : 2 = 0,7 - T l alen a = tn s alen a : qa = 0,6 : 2 = 0,3 * Cch 2 : Tnh theo t l loi giao t - C th c kiu gen AA khi gim phn cho loi giao t A = 0,6 - C th c kiu gen Aa khi gim phn cho loi hai giao t A = a = 0,2 : 2 - C th c kiu gen aa khi gim phn cho loi giao t a = 0,2. Vy t l loi giao t A= tn s alen A : pA = 0,6 + (0,2 : 2) = 0,7 Vy t l loi giao t a = tn s alen a : qa = 0,2 + (0,2 : 2) = 0,3 I. 2. Tnh tn s ca cc alen khi bit s lng kiu hnh ca mi qun th V d : mt loi ng vt c : Cp alen AA quy nh lng en gm c 205 c th. Cp alen Aa quy nh lng nu gm c 290 c th. Cp alen aa quy nh lng trng c 5 c th. Hy tnh tn s ca alen A v alen a trong qun th ? Phng php : Yu cu ca dng bi tp ny l tnh tn s ca mi alen nhng d kin bi ton cho bit s lng ca mi dng kiu hnh. - Tng s c th trong qun th : 205 + 290 + 5 = 500 c th. - T l kiu gen AA trong qun th : 205 : 500 = 0,41. - T l kiu gen Aa trong qun th : 290 : 500 = 0,58. - T l kiu gen aa trong qun th : 5 : 500 = 0,01. Vy cu trc di truyn ca qun th : 0,41AA : 0,58Aa : 0,01aa n y, gio vin yu cu hc sinh tnh tn s ca mi alen tng t nh v d 1 dng bi tp 1. C th : - Tn s alen A : pA = 0,41 + (0,58 : 2) = 0,7 - Tn s alen a : qa = 0,01 + (0,58 : 2) = 0,3 I. 3. Tnh tn s ca cc alen khi bit t l kiu hnh ng hp ln hay t l kiu hnh tri khi qun th ang trng thi cn bng * V d 1: Trong mt qun th thc vt giao phn, alen A quy nh hoa tri hon ton so vi alen a quy nh hoa trng. Hy tnh tn s ca mi alen bit rng trong qun th c 16% cy hoa trng. Phng php : Ta bit cy hoa trng c kiu gen aa, c tn s q2 = 16% = 0,16. Tn s ca alen A : pA = 1 0,4 = 0,6.Vy tn s ca alen a : qa = 0,4. * Gio vin nn lu vi hc sinh : cng thc trn ch p dng khi qun th t trng thi cn bng. * V d 2 : mt loi ng vt, tnh trng khng sng l tnh trng tri so vi tnh trng c sng. Khi nghin cu mt qun th trng thi cn bng di truyn thy c 84% c th khng sng. Hy tnh tn s ca mi alen trong qun th ? Phng php : Khi gii bi tp ny, hc sinh thng hay p dng phng php sau C th khng sng l tnh trng tri nn c kiu gen AA + Aa c thnh phn kiu gen : p2AA + 2pqAa = 0,84. Mt khc p + q = 1. Vy p = 0,6 v q = 0,4. i vi phng php gii ny, s mt nhiu thi gian thc hin cc php tnh nn gio vin hng dn hc sinh tin hnh theo phng php sau :

Trong qun th c 84% c th khng sng. Vy s c th c sng l 16%. tn s alen A : pA = 1 0,4 = 0,6.C th c sng l tnh trng ln c kiu gen aa = 0,16. Vy tn s ca alen a = 0,4 * V d 3 : Gi s trong mt qun th ngi trng thi cn bng di truyn, tn s ca cc nhm mu l : A = 0,45 ; B = 0,21 ; O = 0,04. Gi p, q, r l tn s ca alen IA, IB, IO. Tn s ca cc alen p, q, r trong qun th trn l bao nhiu ? Phng php : i vi dng bi tp ny khc vi dng bi tp trn l trong qun th c 3 alen. K hiu kiu gen ca tng nhm mu : Nhm mu O c kiu gen IOIO c t l kiu gen r2 = 0,04. Vy r = 0,2. Nhm mu A : IAIA, IAIO c t l kiu gen p2 + 2pr = 0,45. Thay r = 0,2 ta tm c p = 0,5. q = 1 p r = 1 0,2 0,5 = 0,3.Ta c p + q + r = 1 Bi tp p dng : mt loi thc vt, A quy nh kh nng khng c ; alen a khng c kh nng ny. Ngi ta tin hnh gieo 1000 ht trn t nhim c thy c 960 cy con pht trin bnh thng. (Cc iu kin ngoi cnh khc cc thun). Hy tnh tn s alen A v alen a trong qun th trn ? I. 4. Tnh tn s ca cc alen trong mt s trng hp c bit I. 4. 1. Tnh tn s ca alen khi c s tc ng ca t bin gen V d : Qun th ban u ca mt loi thc vt c 301 cy hoa ; 402 cy hoa hng ; 304 cy hoa trng. Bit rng, trong qu trnh pht sinh giao t c xy ra t bin alen A thnh alen a vi tn s 20%. Trong qun th khng chu p lc ca chn lc t nhin, cc c th c kiu gen khc nhau c sc sng nh nhau. Hy xc nh tn s ca alen A v alen a ca qun th trn sau khi c qu trnh t bin. Phng php : Theo bi ra, qun th ban u ca mt loi thc vt c 301 cy hoa ; 402 cy hoa hng ; 304 cy hoa trng. Vy t l kiu gen ca qun th : 0,3 AA : 0,4 Aa : 0,3aa. Tn s ca mi alen trc t bin : - Tn s alen A : pA = 0,3 + (0,4 : 2) = 0,5 - Tn s alen a : qa = 0,3 + (0,4 : 2) = 0,5 Sau khi xy ra t bin, alen A b bin i thnh alen a vi tn s 20%, c ngha l alen A b gim v alen a tng ln. C th : - Tn s alen A : pA = 0,5 [(0,5 x 20) : 100] = 0,4 - Tn s alen a : qa = 0,5 + [(0,5 x 20) : 100] = 0,6 I. 4. 2. Tnh tn s ca cc alen khi c s tc ng ca chn lc t nhin V d : g, kiu gen AA quy nh m rt ngn n mc trng khng m v c v trng chui ra, lm g con cht ngt ; kiu gen Aa quy nh m ngn ; kiu gen aa quy nh m di ; gen nm trn nhim sc th thng. Khi cho g m ngn giao phi vi nhau. Hy xc nh tn s alen A v alen a th h F3. Bit khng c t bin, cc th h ngu phi. Phng php : ni dung bi ny, gio vin nn lu v kiu gen gy cht (AA), qua mi th h, thnh phn kiu gen c s thay i. kiu gen AA gy cht Thnh phn kiu gen ca F1 : 1/4AA + 1/2Aa + 1/4aa P : Aa x Aa Kiu gen 1/9AA gy cht F2 : 1/9AA + 4/9Aa + 4/9aa (2/3Aa + 1/3aa) x (2/3Aa x 1/3aa) F1 x F1 (1/2Aa + 1/2aa) x (1/2Aa x 1/2aa)F2 x F2 Thnh phn kiu gen hp t F3 : 1/16AA + 6/16Aa + 9/16aa Tn s alen A : p(A) = 1/5 ; q(a) = 4/5. Nh vy, di tc dng ca chn lc th tn s alen A ngy cng gim v tn s alen a ngy cng tng. I. 4. 3. Tnh tn s ca cc alen khi c s di nhp gen V d : Mt qun th sc gm 160 c th trng thnh sng trong mt vn thc vt c tn s alen Est 1 l 0,90. Mt qun th sc khc sng mt khu rng bn cnh c tn s alen ny l 0,50. Do thi tit ma ng khc nghit t ngt, 40 con sc trng thnh t qun th rng di c sang qun th thc vt tm thc n v ho nhp v qun th sc trong vn thc vt. Tn s alen Est 1 ca qun th sc trong vn thc vt sau s di c ny l bao nhiu ? Phng php : - Tng s c th sc mang alen Est 1 ca 160 c th sng trong vn thc vt 160 x 0,9 = 144 (c th)

- Tng s c th sc mang alen Est 1 ca 40 c th di c t qun th rng sang vn thc vt : 40 x 0,5 = 20 (c th) Tng s c th sc mang alen Est 1 ca qun th sc trong vn thc vt sau khi c s di nhp gen : 144 + 20 = 164 (c th) - Tng s c th trong qun th sc vn thc vt sau khi c s di nhp gen : 200. - Tn s alen Est 1 ca qun th sc trong vn thc vt sau khi c s di nhp gen : 164 : 200 = 0,82 II. PHNG PHP XC NH TRNG THI CN BNG DI TRUYN CA QUN TH II. 1. Xc nh trng thi cn bng ca qun th khi bit cu trc di truyn ca qun th. V d : Cho qun th c cu trc di truyn l : 0,6AA : 0,2 Aa : 0,2 aa. Hy cho bit qun th trn t trng thi cn bng di truyn khng ? Phng php : Cch 1 : p dng cng thc ca nh lut Haci Vanbec chng minh - Tn s ca alen A : pA = 0,6 + 0,2 : 2 = 0,7 - Tn s ca alen a : qa = 0,2 + 0,2 : 2 = 0,3 Khi qun th t trng thi cn bng tha mn cng thc : p2 AA : 2pq Aa : q2 aa (1) Thay pA = 0,7 ; qa = 0,3 vo (1) 0,49 AA : 0,42 Aa : 0,09 aata c : 0,72 AA : 2 x 0,7 x 0,3 Aa : 0,32 aa Thnh phn kiu gen khng ph hp vi bi ra nn qun th khng cn bng. Cch 2 : Cu trc di truyn ca qun th th h xut pht : 0,6AA : 0,2 Aa : 0,2 aa. Cng thc ca nh lut Haci Vanbec : p2 AA : 2pq Aa : q2 aa i chiu gi tr ca AA, Aa, aa gia th h xut pht vi cng thc ca nh lut, ta c : p2 = 0,6 q2 = 0,2 2pq = 0,2 So snh gi tr ca p2 x q2 v (2pq/2)2, ta thy : p2 x q2 # (2pq/2)2. Vy qun th khng t trng thi cn bng di truyn. * Lu : - Cch 1 : Thng khng p dng khi xc nh trng thi cn bng ca qun th i vi hnh thc thi trc nghim v phi dng nhiu php ton nhng gio vin vn hng dn i vi hc sinh phng php ny hc sinh xc nh thnh phn kiu gen ca qun th khi t trng thi cn bng. - Cch 2 : Thng c p dng i vi vic xc nh trng thi cn bng di truyn ca qun th i vi hnh thc tri trc nghim v phng php ny n gin v nhanh gn d dng tm ra p n ng. II. 2. Xc nh trng thi cn bng di truyn ca qun th khi bit s lng ca mi loi kiu hnh. V d : mt loi ng vt c : Cp alen AA quy nh lng en gm c 205 c th. Cp alen Aa quy nh lng nu gm c 290 c th. Cp alen aa quy nh lng trng c 5 c th. Xc nh t l ca mi loi kiu hnh khi qun th t trng thi cn bng di truyn ? Phng php : Sau khi hc sinh gii cc dng bi tp v xc nh tn s ca mi alen trong qun th s d dng tm c cu trc di truyn ca qun th trn l : 0,41AA : 0,58 Aa : 0,01 aa. - Tn s alen A : pA = 0,41 + (0,58 : 2) = 0,7 - Tn s alen a : qa = 0,01 + (0,58 : 2) = 0,3 Cu trc di truyn ca qun th khi t trng thi cn bng tha mn cng thc ca nh lut Haci Vanbec : p2 AA : 2pq Aa : q2 aa (1) Thay pA = 0,7 ; qa = 0,3 vo (1) 0,49 AA : 0,42 Aa : 0,09 aata c : 0,72 AA : 2 x 0,7 x 0,3 Aa : 0,32 aa Vy, t l mi loi kiu hnh ca qun th khi t trng thi cn bng di truyn l - Lng en (AA) : 49% - Lng m (Aa) : 42% - Lng trng (aa) : 9% * Nh vy, thc cht ca bi tp ny l yu cu hc sinh xc nh trng thi cn bng di truyn ca qun th khi bit s lng ca mi loi kiu hnh th h xut pht.

#2 II. 3. Xc nh trng thi cn bng di truyn ca qun th khi kiu hnh tng qut. V d : mt loi thc vt, alen A quy nh hoa tri hon ton so vi alen a quy nh hoa trng. Hy cho bit qun th no sau y t trng thi cn bng di truyn - Trng hp 1 : Qun th gm ton cy hoa trng - Trng hp 2 : Qun th gm ton cy hoa Phng php : i vi dng bi tp xc nh trng thi cn bng di truyn ca qun th theo trng hp ny l mt dng bi tp mi i vi hc sinh, gio vin hng dn hc sinh xc nh trng hp 1, yu cu hc sinh tin hnh trng hp 2. Theo bi ra, alen A quy nh hoa tri hon ton so vi alen a quy nh hoa trng. p2 = 0 ; 2pq = 0.Vy, i vi trng hp 1 : Cy hoa trng c kiu gen aa, theo cng thc c t l kiu gen q2. Qun th gm ton cy hoa trng c q2 = 1 p dng cng thc : p2 x q2 = 1 x 0 = 0 ; (2pq/2)2 = (0/2)2 = 0 So snh gi tr ca p2 x q2 v (2pq/2)2, ta thy : p2 x q2 = (2pq/2)2. Vy qun th t trng thi cn bng di truyn. Trng hp 2, hc sinh tin hnh v thng ch gii quyt 1 trng hp l qun th gm ton cy hoa ng hp ; ch cha gii quyt trng hp qun th gm ton cy hoa trng d hp v va c cy hoa d hp v ng hp. q2 = 0 ; 2pq = 0.- Khi qun th gm ton cy hoa ng hp, ta c : p2 = 1 p dng cng thc : p2 x q2 = 1 x 0 = 0 ; (2pq/2)2 = (0/2)2 = 0 So snh gi tr ca p2 x q2 v (2pq/2)2, ta thy : p2 x q2 = (2pq/2)2. Vy qun th t trng thi cn bng di truyn. q2 = 0 ; p2 = 0- Khi qun th gm ton cy hoa d hp, ta c : 2pq = 1 p dng cng thc : p2 x q2 = 0 x 0 = 0 ; (2pq/2)2 = (1/2)2 = 0,25 So snh gi tr ca p2 x q2 v (2pq/2)2, ta thy : p2 x q2 # (2pq/2)2. Vy qun th t khng trng thi cn bng di truyn. q2 = 0- Khi qun th gm c cy hoa ng hp v d hp, ta c : 2pq # 0 ; p2 # 0 p dng cng thc : p2 x q2 = 0 ; (2pq/2)2 # 0 So snh gi tr ca p2 x q2 v (2pq/2)2, ta thy : p2 x q2 # (2pq/2)2. Vy qun th t khng trng thi cn bng di truyn. * Sau khi hng dn bi tp trn, gio vin c th cng c kin thc ca hc sinh theo hnh thc thi trc nghim bng cc cu hi sau Cu hi 1 : mt loi thc vt giao phn, xt mt gen c 2 alen, alen A quy nh hoa tri khng hon ton vi alen a quy nh hoa trng, th d hp v cp gen ny c hoa mu hng. Qun th no sau y ang trng thi cn bng di truyn ? a. Qun th gm ton cy hoa mu hng b. Qun th gm c cy hoa mu v hoa mu hng c. Qun th gm c cy hoa mu v hoa mu trng d. Qun th gm ton cy hoa mu Cu hi 2 : Quan the nao sau ay trang thai can bang di truyen ? Quan the Tan so kieu gen AA Tan so kieu gen Aa Tan so kieu gen aa 1100 2010 3001 4 0.2 0.5 0.3 ap an ung la : a. 1 va 3 b. 2 va 3 c. 3 va 4 d. 2 va 4 III. PHNG PHP XC NH CU TRC DI TRUYN CA QUN TH QUA CC TH H III. 1. Xc nh cu trc di truyn ca qun th t phi III. 1. 1. Th h xut pht ca qun th c 100% th d hp V d : Th h xut pht ca mt qun th t phi c kiu gen d hp chim 100%. Hy cho bit thnh phn kiu gen ca qun th sau mt, hai th h t phi ? Phng php : Khi qun th xut pht c 100% th d hp Aa, tnh thnh phn kiu gen ca qun th qua cc

th h, hc sinh s d dng vn dng cng thc tnh. C th : - th h th nht : Aa = 1/2 ; AA = aa = (1 1/2)/2 = 1/4 - th h th hai : Aa = 1/4 ; AA = aa = (1 1/4)/2 = 3/8 III. 1. 2. Th h xut pht bao gm th ng hp v th d hp V d : th h xut pht ca mt qun th t phi c thnh phn kiu gen 0,4 AA : 0,4Aa : 0,2aa. Hy cho bit thnh phn kiu gen ca qun th sau mt, hai th h t phi ? Phng php : Theo hnh thc thi t lun, gio vin gii thiu cng thc thnh phn kiu gen ca qun th sau cc th h t phi nu th h xut pht c xAA : yAa : zaa. C th l : Khi cho t phi n th h th n th thnh phn kiu gen nh sau : + AA = x + (1-1/2n)y/2 + Aa = y/2n +aa = z + (1-1/2n)y/2 Tuy nhin, theo hnh thc thi trc nghim, cng thc ny c th nhiu hc sinh khng nh nn gio vin hng dn phng php tm p n nhanh hn. C th - Sau th h t phi th nht : + Aa = 0,4/2 = 0,2. Kiu gen AA = aa tng 0,1Nh vy, t l kiu gen d hp t gim 0,2 th t l kiu gen ng hp tng 0,2 m kiu gen ng hp gm c hai kiu gen l AA v aa T l kiu gen AA = 0,4 + 0,1 = 0,5 ; aa = 0,2 + 0,1 = 0,3 Thnh phn kiu gen ca qun th : 0,5AA : 0,2 Aa : 0,3aa - Qua th h t th phn tip theo : + Aa = 0,2/2 = 0,1. Kiu gen AA = aa tng 0,05Nh vy, t l kiu gen d hp t gim 0,1 th t l kiu gen ng hp tng 0,1 m kiu gen ng hp gm c hai kiu gen l AA v aa T l kiu gen AA = 0,5 + 0,05 = 0,55 ; aa = 0,3 + 0,05 = 0,35 Thnh phn kiu gen ca qun th : 0,55AA : 0,1 Aa : 0,35aa. * Theo phng php ny th hc sinh s d nh v vn dng nhanh hn khi tin hnh lm bi thi theo hnh thc trc nghim. III. 1. 3. Th h xut pht bao gm th ng hp v d hp, trong qu trnh sinh sn c kiu gen khng tham gia sinh sn V d : Th h xut pht ca mt qun th t phi c thnh phn kiu gen 0,6AA : 0,2Aa : 0,2aa. Hy tm thnh phn kiu gen ca qun th sau mt th h t phi, bit rng kiu gen aa khng sinh sn. Phng php : Theo bi, kiu gen aa khng tham gia vo qu trnh sinh sn hay trong qu trnh sinh sn ch c s tham gia ca kiu gen AA v Aa. Nh vy, thnh phn kiu gen ca qun th tham gia vo qu trnh sinh sn : 0,6/0,8AA : 0,2/0,8Aa = 0,75AA : 0,25Aa Sau khi tnh c thnh phn kiu gen ca qun th tham gia vo qu trnh sinh sn, p dng phng php tnh III. 1. 2, hc sinh d dng tnh c thnh phn kiu gen ca qun th sau mt th h t phi l : 0,8125AA : 0,125Aa : 0,0625aa. III. 2. Xc nh cu trc di truyn ca qun th ngu phi III. 2. 1. Xc nh cu trc di truyn ca qun th ngu phi khi bit tn s ca alen. V d : Cho mt qun th ngu phi c tn s alen A = 0,8. Hy xc nh cu trc di truyn ca qun th ngu phi khi trng thi cn bng. Phng php : Khi xc nh cu trc di truyn ca qun th ngu phi, gio vin yu cu hc sinh vn dng cng thc ca nh lut Haci Vanbec : p2AA : 2pqAa : q2aa qa = 1 - pA = 1 0,8 = 0,2Ta c : pA + qa = 1 Thay pA = 0,8 ; qa = 0,2 vo cng thc, ta c : 0,82AA : 2.0,8.0,2Aa : 0,22aa = 0,64AA : 0,32Aa : 0,04aa III. 2. 2. Xc nh cu trc di truyn ca qun th ngu phi khi bit cu trc di truyn th h xut pht V d : Cho mt qun th c thnh phn kiu gen th h xut pht l : 0,6AA : 0,2Aa : 0,2aa. Hy tnh thnh phn kiu gen ca qun th sau mt th h ngu phi ? Phng php : bi yu cu tnh thnh phn kiu gen ca qun th sau mt th h ngu phi c ngha, tnh

thnh phn kiu gen ca qun th khi cn bng v sau mt th h ngu phi qun th s t trng thi cn bng Tn s ca mi alen : pA = 0,7 ; qa = 0,3. Khi qun th cn bng, thnh phn kiu gen ca qun th tho mn cng thc ca nh lut : p2AA : 2pqAa : q2aa Thay pA = 0,7 ; qa = 0,3 vo cng thc, ta c : 0,72AA : 2.0,7.0,3Aa : 0,32aa = 0,49AA : 0,42Aa : 0,09aa. *Gio vin c th m rng dng bi tp ny bng cch cho hc sinh t v nh lm thm v d sau : Cho mt qun th c thnh phn kiu gen : 0,2AA : 0,6Aa : 0,2aa. Khi qun th t trng thi cn bng c 2000 c th th s lng tng loi kiu hnh l bao nhiu ? Bit rng alen A : thn cao >> alen a : thn thp IV. PHNG PHP XC NH S KIU GEN IV. 1. 1. Trn mt nhim sc th ch xt mt gen c nhiu alen V d : Gen th nht c 3 alen, gen th 2 c 5 alen. Hy cho bit s kiu gen c th c trong qun th ? Cho bit cc gen nm trn NST thng. Phng php : Khi gen nm trn NST thng, s kiu gen c th c trong qun th c tnh theo cng thc : n x (n + 1)/2 - Gen th nht c 3 alen th s kiu gen l 3 x (3 + 1)/2 = 6 kiu gen. - Gen th hai c 5 alen th s kiu gen l 5 x (5 + 1)/2 = 15 kiu gen. Vy s kiu gen c th c ti a trong qun th : 6 x 15 = 90 kiu gen. IV. 1. 2. Trn mt nhim sc th xt nhiu gen c nhiu alen (c lin kt) V d : Gen A v gen B cng nm trn cp NST th nht, trong 1o gen A c 2 alen (A v a) ; gen B c 2 alen (B v b). Gen D nm trn cp NST s 3 c 5 alen. Hy cho bit s kiu gen trong qun th ? Phng php : i vi gen D c 5 alen nm trn NST th s kiu gen l 5 x (5 + 1)/2 = 15 kiu gen. i vi 2 gen A v B, xc nh s loi kiu gen, c th tnh theo 2 cch * Cch 1 : Tnh theo tng nhm kiu gen ng hp v d hp - S kiu gen ng hp v c 2 gen A v B : C 4 kiu gen : AB//AB ; Ab//Ab ; aB//aB ; ab//ab - S kiu gen d hp t v mt cp gen : C 4 kiu gen AB//Ab ; AB//aB ; Ab//ab ; aB//ab. - Kiu gen d hp t v c 2 cp gen c 2 kiu gen : AB//ab ; Ab//aB Vy tng s kiu gen v c 2 gen A v B l 10 kiu gen. * Cch 2 : Gen A v gen B cng nm trn mt nhm gen lin kt. V hai gen ny nm trn 1 nhim sc th nn chng ta c th xem A, B l mt gen M th s alen ca M bng tch s alen ca gen A vi s alen ca gen B = 2. 2 = 4. (M1 = AB, M2 = Ab, M3 = aB, M4 = ab) Nh vy, gen M c 4 alen th s kiu gen l * Lu : Trong hai cch tnh trn, cch hai c thc hin n gin hn v ng cho c cc nhm gen lin kt c rt nhiu gen, mi gen c nhiu alen) Vy s kiu gen c trong qun th : 10 x 15 = 150 kiu gen IV. 2. Xc nh kiu gen trong qun th khi c gen nm trn NST thng v c gen nm trn NST gii tnh. IV. 2. 1. Xc nh s kiu gen khi c gen nm trn NST thng, gen nm trn NST gii tnh V d : Gen th nht c 3 alen nm trn NST thng, gen th hai c 5 alen nm trn NST gii tnh th s kiu gen trong qun th c th c ti a bao nhiu kiu gen ? Phng php : Gen th nht nm trn NSY thng c 3 alen th s kiu gen l : 3 x (3 + 1)/2 = 6 kiu gen. Gen th hai nm trn NST gii tnh c s kiu gen - i vi cp NST XX : s kiu gen 5 x (5 + 1)/2 = 10 kiu gen. - i vi cp NST XY : s kiu gen l 5 kiu gen S kiu gen to ra t gen th 2 l 10 + 5 = 15 kiu gen. Vy s kiu gen c trong qun th : 6 x 15 = 90 kiu gen. IV. 2. 2. Xc nh s kiu gen khi c gen nm trn NST thng, gen nm trn NST gii tnh X v gen nm trn NST gii tnh Y V d : Gen A nm trn NST gii tnh X c 5 alen, gen B nm trn NST c 8 alen, gen D nm trn NST gii tnh Y c 2 alen. Trong qun th c ti a bao nhiu loi kiu gen ? * Phng php : Gen A v D lin kt vi gii tnh nn s loi kiu gen phi c tnh theo tng gii tnh. s kiu gen l 15- gii XX, gen A lun tn ti thnh tng cp nn s loi kiu gen ti a l 15

kiu gen. Gen D khng nm trn NST gii tnh X nn gii XX ch c mt kiu gen v D gii XY, s kiu gen 10 c 5 kiu gen. Gen D ch c trn Y nn c 2 kiu gen - gii XY, gen A lun tn ti dng n gen (ch c trn X m khng c trn Y). Do vy, s kiu gen v gen A lun bng s loi alen ca n Tng s kiu gen hai gii v gen A v D l 15 + 10 = 25 kiu gen Gen B nm trn NST thng c 8 alen nn s kiu gen l 36 kiu gen S kiu gen c th c trong qun th 25 x 36 = 900 kiu gen.