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SLAB DESIGNER An Example(For educational purpose only) The given value that we have are: Grade of concrete used

is Fck=25N/mm2 ( for M25 grade of concrete) Grade of steel used is Fy=415N/mm2 Shorter length of slab i.e slab in X direction lx=3000mm Longer length of slab i.e slab in Y direction ly=4000mm Given Live load is LL=4KN/m2 Given Dead load (beside the selfweight) is DL=0KN/m2 Given Floor finishing Load FL=0.65KN/m2 Now finding the ratio of ly and lx, ly/lx=1.33 Since the ratio (ly/lx)=1.33 is less than 2 so it is a Two way type of slab Selected type of slab i.e whether continuous or discontinuous= D kind of slab Effective depth of slab d=lx/30=100 Taking the value to nearest multiple of 5 or 10 then d=100 mm

Providing a nominal cover of 30 mm,therefor overall depth D=130 mm

/////////////// LOAD CALCULATION ///////////////

Self weight per square unit=Volume*Unit weight of concrete=1*1*D*U where U is the unit weight of concrete and is assumed as U=25 KN/m2 Self weight SL=3.25 KN/m2 Total load acting on the slab is W= DL+FL+LL+SL Total load acting on the slab W=7.90 KN/m2 Total factored load acting on the slab Wu=Factor of safety * W=1.50*7.90=11.85 KN/m2 Since d is less than support width so the effective spans are............................................... Lefx=lx+d=3100 mm Lefy=ly+d=4100 mm Ratio of effective spans in X and Y direction i.e Lefx/Lefy=1.32 For ratio of Lefy/Lefx=1.32,from Table 26 of IS-456,we get -ve alpha x i.e -ve ax=0.07

For ratio of Lefy/Lefx=1.32,from Table 26 of IS-456,we get -ve alpha y i.e -ve ay=0.05 For ratio of Lefy/Lefx=1.32,from Table 26 of IS-456,we get +ve alpha x i.e +ve ax=0.05 For ratio of Lefy/Lefx=1.32,from Table 26 of IS-456,we get +ve alpha y i.e +ve ay=0.03 As per ANNEX D of IS-456 Moment is calculated as : alpha value * load * square of effective length Positive moment in X direction(shorter span) for alpha positive i.e +ve ax M1=5.68 KN-m Negitive moment for alpha x negitive in X direction i.e -ve ax M2=7.56 KN-m Positive moment in Y direction (longer span) for alpha positive i.e +ve ay M3=3.99 KN-m Negitive moment in Y direction (longer span) for alpha negitive i.e -ve ay M4=5.35 KN-m Shear force as per IS-456 Vu=((Wu*Lefx*r)/2)(1+r)=13.84 KN, where r=(Lefx/Lefy)^4=3.06 Design Moment is the maximum of all the above moment caculated..'. Design moment=M=7.56 KN-m As per IS-456 for Fy=415 N/mm2 we have Xu=0.48*d=48.00

//////////// AREA OF STEEL REINFORCEMENT /////////////

From IS-456 we have ultimate moment as Mu=0.36*fck*1000*Xu*(d-(0.42*Xu)) Putting all the respective values in the above equation we get Mu=34.49 KN-m Since Mu is less than M therfor we can design the slab as singly reinforced From IS-456 we have M=0.87*Fy*Ast*d(1-((Fy*Ast)/(b*d*Fck))) where b=1000 mm, Ast=area of reinforcement steel required In this equation,we have all the values except Ast.'. Putting all the values we get Ast value Area of steel required for Moment=5.68 KN-m is calculated as = 161.74 mm2 Spacing required for this area of steel is given as.....(area of each bar*b)/total area of steelSpacing calculated or required spacing=485.59 mm Spacing provided=300 mm since it is less than 3d but more than 300 mm Converting it into lower multiple of 5 or 10 Spacing provided=300 mm Area of steel required for Moment=3.99 KN-m is calculated as = 112.49 mm2 Spacing required for this area of steel is given as..... (area of each bar*b)/total area of steel Spacing calculated or required spacing=698.17 mm

Spacing provided=300 mm since it is less than 3d but more than 300 mm Converting it into lower multiple of 5 or 10 Spacing provided=300 mm Area of steel required for Moment=7.56 KN-m is calculated as = 217.11 mm2 Spacing required for this area of steel is given as..... (area of each bar*b)/total area of steel

Spacing calculated or required spacing=361.74 mm Spacing provided=300 mm since it is less than 3d but more than 300 mm Converting it into lower multiple of 5 or 10 Spacing provided=300 mm Area of steel required for Moment=5.35 KN-m is calculated as = 152.08 mm2 Spacing required for this area of steel is given as.... (area of each bar*b)/total area of steel Spacing calculated or required spacing=516.43 mm Spacing provided=300 mm since it is less than 3d but more than 300 mm Converting it into lower multiple of 5 or 10Spacing provided=300 mm Minimum area of steel reinforcement required=0.12 % of b*d=120 mm2 Spacing required for minimum steel reinforcement =418.88 mm Spacing provided for minimum steel reinforcemen =300 mm since it was greater than 300mm and 5d is also more than 300 mm Finally spacing provided for minimum steel reinforcement after converting it into nearest multiple of 5 or 10 =300 mm For moment M2=7.56 KN-m we have reinforcement steel 112.49<120 Calculated steel area is less than minimum steel required so providing minimum steel value and its spacing Area of torsional reinforcement if provided at discontinuous corners, then it will be 3/4 of the maximum area of steel reinforcement. Area of torsional reinforcement=162.84 mm2 Dimension of torsional area are................................ In X direction =Lefx/5=620 mm In Y direction =Lefy/5=820 mm Spacing provided between torsional bars =300 mm

//////////CHECK FOR SHEAR/////////////

Tv=Vu/(b*d)=0.14N/mm2

where b=1000 mm

Percentage of steel=(Pi*diameter of main steel bar*100)/(spacing between main bars*effective depth) =(3.141592654*dia*dia*100)/(spacing*d*4) =0.26 From Table 19 of IS-456 for Pt=0.26 and Fck = 25 N/mm2 we get Tc=0.37 N/mm2 From clause 40.2.1.1 we get k =1.30 approximately..'. Now multiplying Tc with k we get Tc=0.48 From Table 20 of IS-456 for Fck-25 we get Tcmax=3.10 N/mm2 Since Tv is less than Tc and Tcmax,therefor the slab is safe against shear/

////////////Check for Deflection/////////////

From IS 456-2000,clause 23.2.1 we have fs=0.58*fy*(Area of steel required/area of steel provided) In case of this slab we have........ Area of main mid steel required/Area of main mid steel provided=0.62 So we get fs=0.58*fy*(Ast1/Astp) = 0.58*415*0.62= 148.71 We have percentage of steel as Pt=0.26 Now for the above value of Pt and fs we get modification factor F1 from Fig 4 of IS 4562000 as F1=1.99 Now Maximum L/d ratio allowed = F1*basic L/d ratio as given in clause 23.2.1 of IS 4562000 Max L/d = F1*26=51.69 Provided L/d = effective length in shorter direction*effective depth=Lefx/d=31 Since Max L/d ratio is greater than provided L/d ratio so Deflection criteria for this Slab is satisfied

//////////////RESULT///////////////// Slab is designed as : D type of Slab (see the fig. on the left) Load=11.85 KN Moment=7.56 KN.m Ultimate moment=34.49 KN.m shear force=13.84 KN10 mm Main short mid bar=161.74 mm2, Spacing=300 mm 10 mm Main long mid bar=120 mm2, Spacing=300 mm 10 mm Support short near suppor bar=217.11 mm2, Spacing=300 mm 10 mm Support long near support bar=152.08 mm2, Spacing=300 mm 8 mm Edge strip bar=120 mm2 ,spacing=300 mm 8 mm bar for Torsional Reinforcement mesh at discontinuous corner having area=162.84 mm2 spacing=300mm with side cover of 30 mm and dimension as : 620x820mm Pt=0.26 % Tv=0.14 N/mm2 Tc=0.48 N/mm2 Tcmax=4.03 N/mm2 k=1.30 d=100 mm D=130 mm Check shear (1 = OK,0 = Redesign) = 1 Check for Deflection=Satisfied

RCC Beams RCC beams are cast in cement concrete reinforced with steel bars. Beams take up compressive and add rigidity to the structure. Beams generally carry vertical gravitational forces but can also be used to carry horizontal loads (i.e., loads due to an earthquake or wind). The loads carried by a beam are transferred to columns, walls, or girders, which then transfer the force to adjacent structural compression members. In Light frame construction the joists rest on the beam.

Doubly Reinforced Beam In this article, we are going to discuss types of beam construction and RCC design of Doubly reinforced beam RCC beam construction is of two types:

Singly reinforced beam Doubly reinforced beam

Singly reinforced beam A singly reinforced beam is a beam provided with longitudinal reinforcement in the tension zone only.

Doubly reinforced beam

Beams reinforced with steel in compression and tension zones are called doubly reinforced beams. This type of beam will be found necessary when due to head room consideration or architectural consideration the depth of the beam is restricted. The beam with its limited depth, if reinforced on the tension side only, may not have enough moment of resistance, to resist the bending moment. By increasing the quantity of steel in the tension zone, the moment of resistance cannot be increased indefinitely. Usually, the moment of resistance can be increased by not more than 25% over the balanced moment of resistance, by making the beam over-reinforced on the tension side. Hence, inorder to further increase the moment of resistance of a beam section of unlimited dimensions, a doubly reinforced beam is provided.

Besides, this doubly reinforced beam is also used in the following circumstances:

The external live loads may alternate i.e. may occur on either face of the member.

For example:

A pile may be lifted in such a manner that the tension and compression zones may alternate. The loading may be eccentric and the eccentricity of the load may change from one side of the axis to another side. The member may be subjected to a shock or impact or accidental lateral thrust.

Design procedure for doubly reinforced beam Step 1 Determine the limiting moment of resistance for the given c/s(Mulim) using the equation for singly reinforced beam Mulim = 0.87.fy.Ast1.d [1 0.42Xumax] Or Balanced section Ast1 = (0.36.fck.b.Xumax)/(0.87fy) Step 2 If factored moment Mu > Mulim, then doubly reinforced beam is required to be designed for additional moment.

Mu Mulim = fsc.Asc (d d) Step 3 Additional area of tension steel Ast2 Ast2 =Asc.fsc/0.87fy Step 4

[fsc value from page no. 70]

Total tension steel Ast, Ast = Ast1 + Ast2

What are Simply Supported Slabs? Before we discuss the technical design rules of Simply Supported slabs, lets just go through its definition and learn why they are named so As the name suggests, simply supported slabs are supported on columns or stanchions

Simply Supported Slab Simply supported slabs dont give adequate provision to resist torsion at corner to prevent corner from lifting. The maximum bending moment will be given if the slabs are restrained. But atleast 50% of the tension reinforcement provided at the mid span should extend to the support. The remaining 50% should extend to within 0.1Lx or Ly at the support as appropriate. RCC Slab Design depends on the on the dimensions of the slab after which the slab is termed as a one-way slab or a two-way slab In the design of RCC structures, Column Design and Beam Design are to be done before we start with RCC Slab Design Basic Rules followed in the design of simply supported Slab

Thickness of slab l/d ratio should be less than the following:


Simply supported slab Continuous slab, l/d = 26 Cantilever slab, l/d = 7

In any case of the above, the thickness should not be less than 100mm Effective span

Distance between centre to centre of support Clear span plus effective depth

Minimum main reinforcement


0.15% gross c/s of slab for MS bars 0.12% gross c/s of slab for HYSD bars

Spacing of main bars The spacing or c/c distance of main bars shall not exceed following:

Calculated value 3d 300mm

Distribution or Temperature reinforcement This reinforcement runs perpendicular to the main reinforcement in order to distribute the load and to resist the temperature and shrinkage stresses. It should be atleast equal to;

0.15% gross c/s of slab for MS bars 0.12% gross c/s of slab for HYSD bars

Spacing of distribution bars The spacing or c/c distance of distribution bars shall not exceed the following

Calculated area

5d 450mm

Diameter of bars The diameter of the bars varies from 8mm to 14mm and should not exceed 1/8th of the overall depth of the slab. For distribution steel, the diameter varies from 6mm to 8mm. Cover The bottom cover for reinforcement shall not be less than 15mm or less than the diameter of such bar

Foundation Design Foundation is the base of any structure. Without a firm foundation, the structure cannot stand. That is the reason why we have to be very cautious with the design of foundations because our entire structure rests on the foundation.

Laying of Column Footing Reinforcement The strength of the foundation determines the life of the structure. As we discussed in the earlier article, design of foundation depends on the type of soil, type of structure and its load. On that basis, the foundations are basically divided into Shallow Foundations and Deep Foundations. In this article, we are going discuss the step by step guide to Column Footing Design.

Reinforced Concrete Footings Footing comprises of the lower end of a column, pillar or wall which i enlarged with projecting courses so as to distribute load. Footings shall be designed to sustain the applied loads, moments and forces and the induced reactions and to ensure that any settlement which may occur shall be as uniform as possible and the safe bearing capacity of soil is not exceeded. In sloped or stepped footings, the effective cross-section in compression shall be limited by the area above the neutral plane, and the angle of slope or depth and location of steps should be such that the design requirements are satisfied at every section. Design Procedure of Column Footings Here is a step-by-step guide to Column Footing Design:

Column Footing Plan and Section Step 1 Area required for footing

Square = B = (w+w1)/P0 Where, Po = safe bearing capacity of soil w1 = self weight of footing w = self weight of footing For Rectangle = b/d = B/D A=bxd Net upward pressure on the footing q/p = W/A Step 2 Bending Moment Critical section for maximum bending moment is taken at the face of the column For a square footing, Mxx = q x B/8 (L a)2 Mxx = q x L/8 (B b)2 Myy = q x B/8 (L a)2 Step 3 To fix the depth of the footing shall be greater of the following: Depth from bending moment consideration d =square root(M/Qb) where, Q = moment of required factor Depth from shear consideration Check for one way shear Check for two way shear or punching shear Critical shear for one way shear is considered at a distance d from face of the column. Shear force, V = qB [ (B b) d]

Nominal shear stress, Tv = k . Tc


Tc =

0.16square rootfck

Step 4 Check for two way shear Critical section for two way shear is considered at a distance at a distance d/2 from all the faces of the column. SF, V = q [ B2 (b + d)2] SF, V = q [L x B (a + d)(b + d)] Nominal shear stress, Tv = V/2((a+d)(b+d)d) - {for a rectangle
Tv = Tv =

V/4((b+d)d) k . Tc

- {for a square

k = 0.5 + Beta > 1


Tc =

; [Beta = ratio of sides of the column

0.16square rootfck

Area of steel, Ast = M/((sigma)stjd)

RCC Column A column forms a very important component of a structure. Columns support beams which in turn support walls and slabs. It should be realized that the failure of a column results in the collapse of the structure. The design of a column should therefore receive importance. Supporting the slabs is the main function of the columns Such slabs are called Simply Supported Slabs. Simply supported slabs could be either one way slab or a two-way slab. It depends on the dimensions of the slab.

Reinforced Cement Concrete Column Plan and Section A column is defined as a compression member, the effective length of which exceeds three times the least lateral dimension. Compression members whose lengths do not exceed three times the least lateral dimension, may be made of plain concrete. In this article, we are going to discuss in detail the basis of classification of columns and different types of reinforcement required for a certain type of column. A column may be classified based on different criteria such as: 1. Based on shape

Rectangle Square Circular Polygon

2. Based on slenderness ratio


Short column, ? ? 12 Long column, ? > 12

3. Based on type of loading

Axially loaded column

A column subjected to axial load and unaxial bending A column subjected to axial load and biaxial bending

4. Based on pattern of lateral reinforcement


Tied columns Spiral columns

Minimum eccentricity Emin > l/500 + D/30 >20 Where, l = unsupported length of column in mm D = lateral dimensions of column Types of Reinforcements for columns and their requirements Longitudinal Reinforcement

Minimum area of cross-section of longitudinal bars must be atleast 0.8% of gross section area of the column. Maximum area of cross-section of longitudinal bars must not exceed 6% of the gross crosssection area of the column. The bars should not be less than 12mm in diameter. Minimum number of longitudinal bars must be four in rectangular column and 6 in circular column. Spacing of longitudinal bars measures along the periphery of a column should not exceed 300mm.

Transverse reinforcement

It maybe in the form of lateral ties or spirals. The diameter of the lateral ties should not be less than 1/4th of the diameter of the largest longitudinal bar and in no case less than 6mm.

The pitch of lateral ties should not exceed


Least lateral dimension 16 x diameter of longitudinal bars (small) 300mm

Helical Reinforcement

The diameter of helical bars should not be less than 1/4th the diameter of largest longitudinal and not less than 6mm. The pitch should not exceed (if helical reinforcement is allowed);

75mm 1/6th of the core diameter of the column

Pitch should not be less than,


25mm 3 x diameter of helical bar

Pitch should not exceed (if helical reinforcement is not allowed) Least lateral dimension

16 x diameter of longitudinal bar (smaller) 300mm

How to calculate the total load on the footing? | Building Construction This article has been written on the request from my readers. Engineering students generally get confused when it comes to calculating loads for footings. They ask weird and inappropriate questions regarding the load calculations. This is because they havent understood what loads are to be calculated when footing/foundation for a building is designed. Calculation of loads is extremely simple. I hope after reading this article, the queries of many of my readers would get a satisfactory answer. Four loads are to be considered in order to measure total load on the footing: 1. 2. 3. 4. Self load of the column x Number of floors Self load of beams x Number of floors Load of walls coming onto the column Total Load on slab (Dead load + Live load)

If you get well versed with load calculations, then calculating the size of the footing and following the procedure for foundation design wouldnt be a problem

2) Design of Overhead Water Tank | Design of RCC Structures As per NBC (National Building Code, 2005) standards, Water required per person per day = 150 litres Drinking water = 4litres per person per day Calculation for an overhead water tank for a 3 BHK Villa: Let us assume the average family size = 5 persons in the house Water required for daily chores per person per day as per NBC norms; 150 x 5 = 750 litres Drinking water required: 4 x 5 = 20 litres Total quantity of water required = 750+20 = 770 litres Volume of water = 770/1000 = 0.77 cubic metres Dimensions for the overhead water tank: Length = 1.2m Breadth = 0.6m Depth = 1.1m Total Volume = 1.20.61.1 = 0.792 cubic metres

3) RCC Structures RCC Structures are nothing but reinforced concrete structures. RCC structure is composed of building components such as Footings, Columns, Beams, Slabs, Staircase etc. These components are reinforced with steel that give stability to the structure. Staircase is one such important component in a RCC structure.

Dog Legged Stair In this article, we will discuss different types of staircases and study the RCC design of a dog-legged staircase Stairs Stairs consist of steps arranged in a series for purpose of giving access to different floors of a building. Since a stair is often the only means of communication between the various floors of a building, the location of the stair requires good and careful consideration. In a residential house, the staircase may be provided near the main entrance. In a public building, the stairs must be from the main entrance itself and located centrally, to provide quick accessibility to the principal apartments. All staircases should be adequately lighted and properly ventilated. Various types of Staircases

Straight stairs Dog-legged stairs Open newel stair

Geometrical stair

RCC design of a Dog-legged staircase In this type of staircase, the succeeding flights rise in opposite directions. The two flights in plan are not separated by a well. A landing is provided corresponding to the level at which the direction of the flight changes. Design of Dog-legged Stairs Based on the direction along which a stair slab span, the stairs maybe classified into the following two types. 1. Stairs spanning horizontally 2. Stairs spanning vertically Stairs spanning horizontally These stairs are supported at each side by walls. Stringer beams or at one side by wall or at the other side by a beam. Loads

Dead load of a step = x T x R x 25 Dead load of waist slab = b x t x 25 Live load = LL (KN/m2) Floor finish = assume 0.5 KN/m

Stairs spanning Longitudinally In this, stairs spanning longitudinally, the beam is supported ay top and at the bottom of flights. Loads

Self weight of a step = 1 x R/2 x 25 Self weight of waist slab = 1 x t x 25 Self weight of plan = 1 x t x 25[(R2 + T2)/T] Live load = LL (KN/m2) Floor finish = assume 0.5 KN/m

For the efficient design of an RCC stair, we have to first analyse the various loads that are going to be imposed on the stair. The load calculations will help us determine, how much strength is required to carry the load. The strength bearing capacity of a staircase is determined on the amount of steel and concrete used. The ratio of steel to concrete has to be as per standards. Steel in the staircase will take the tension imposed on it and the concrete takes up the compression.

These are the essential steps that are to be followed for the RCC Stair Design.

Detailing of Beams

Beam carries transverse external loads that cause bending moment, shear forces and in some cases torsion Concrete is strong in compression and very weak in tension. Steel reinforcement is used to take up tensile stresses in reinforced concrete beams. Mild steel bars or Deformed or High yield strength deformed bars (HYSD) are used. HYSD bars have ribs on the surface and this increases the bond strength at least by 40%

Bar Bending Schedule


Drawings generally include a bar bending schedule The bar bending schedule describes the length and number, position and the shape of the bar

Anchorage in steel bars is normally provided in the form of bends and hooks The anchorage value of bend of bar is taken as 4 times the diameter of bar for every 450 bend subjected to maximum of 16 times the diameter of bar.

Standard hooks

The beams are classified as:


According to shape: Rectangular, T, L, Circular etc According to supporting conditions: Simply supported, fixed, continuous and cantilever beams According to reinforcement: Singly reinforced and doubly reinforced

Cover in Beam

Minimum cover in beams must be 25 mm or shall not be less than the larger diameter of bar for all steel reinforcement including links. Nominal cover specified in Table 16 and 16A of IS456-2000 should be used to satisfy the durability criteria.

Types of Reinforcement in Beams Generally a beam consists of following steel reinforcements:


Longitudinal reinforcement at tension and compression face. Shear reinforcements in the form of vertical stirrups and or bent up longitudinal bars are provided.

Side face reinforcement in the web of the beam is provided when the depth of the web in a beam exceeds 750 mm. (0.1% of the web area and shall be distributed equally on two faces at a spacing not exceeding 300 mm or web thickness whichever is less) Specification for the reinforcement in beams is given in clause 8.1 to 8.6 of SP34

While drawing the details of a beam following convention representation of bars are used Mild steel bars : f; HYSD bars: # or Main bars are shown by thick single line. Hanger bars are shown by medium thick lines.

Different forms of stirrups used in beams

Typical drawing of a simply supported beam

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