NGN HNG CU HI K THUT THI CNG I Cu 1: Cng tc t trong xy dng V tr: L cng tc thng gp khi thi cng cc cng

trnh, nhiu khi chim t trng ln. Quyt nh cht lng v tin thi cng cng trnh. Phn loi: Theo mc ch: Cng trnh bng t: , p, mng, nn ng Cng tc t phc v cc cng tc khc: h mng, rnh t ng ng, Theo thi gian: lu di (, ng) ngn hn (h mng, rnh that nc) Theo khi lng: tp trung (san lp, h mng) chy di (, ng) Cc dng: o: h cao mt t t nhin xung cao thit k (V+) p: nng cao mt t t nhin ln cao thit k (V-) San: lm phng mt din tch t, bao gm c o v p Bc: bc b mt lp t c dy c thit k Lp: lm y mt h su n cao bng cao mt t xung quanh m: l truyn xung t nhng ti trng c chu k nhm p y khng kh, nc trong t ra ngoi, lm tng cht, tng mt ht trong 1 n v th tch, to ra mt kt cu mi cho t. Cu 2: m ca t L t l tnh theo % ca nc cha trong t W=(G-G0)/G0 G: khi lng t nhin G0: khi lng t kh nh hng ln n cng lm t. t t qu hay kh qu u kh thi cng. W>30%: t W<5%: kh 5<30: do="" <~="" d="" lm="" nhtDung trng ca t: L trng lng ca mt n v th tch t Gamma=G/V G: trng lung t nhin V: th tch Dung trng th hin chc ca t, dung trng cng ln t cng chc, cng lm t cng ln Cu 3: ti ca t L tnh cht thay i th tch ca t trc v sau khi o R=(V-V0)/V0 V0: th tch t ban y

V: th tch t sau khi o ln R c th m, t cng rn ti xp cng ln, cng tn nhiu cng vn chuyn t sau khi o ln hay cng cn nhiu t thc hin cng tc lp. Cu 4: n nh mi dc: dc t nhin ca t l gc ln nht ca mi dc khi ta o hay khi ng m khng gy st l cho t. I=tg(anpha)=H/B I ph thuc vo gc ma st trong ca t , dnh ca ht t v ti trng tc dng ln mt t. dc t nhin ca t nh hng rt ln n bin php thi cng o, p t. Bit c dc t nhin ca t ta mi ra bin php thi cng ph hp v c hiu qu v an ton Ph tr:Lu tc cho php * nh ngha: Lu tc cho php l tc ti a ca dng chy m khng gy xi l t. * Tnh cht + t c lu tc cho php cng ln th kh nng chng xi mn cng cao. + i vi cc cng trnh bng t tip xc trc tip vi dng chy nh p, knh, mng... ta cn phi quan tm n tnh cht ny khi chn t thi cng. i vi nn cng trnh cn quan tm n tnh cht ny c cc bin php phng chng s cun tri ca t khi c dng chy chy qua. + Mun chng xi l th lu tc dng chy khng c ln hn mt gi tr m ti cc ht t bt u b cun theo dng chy. Phn loi t:Cp t + Cp t l mc phn loi da trn mc kh hay d khi thi cng hay l mc hao ph cng lao ng (th cng hay c gii) nhiu hay t. Cp t cng cao cng kh thi cng hay hao ph cng lao ng cng nhiu. + Trong thi cng vic xc nh cp t l rt quan trng. Mi mt loi cp t ng vi mt loi dng c hay my thi cng, do vic xc nh cp nh hng trc tip n nng sut thi cng v hiu qu kinh t ca cng Chng II : Tnh ton khi lng Cu 5. Nguyn tc tnh khi lng cc cng trnh t: Vi cng trnh nh ng, mng, nn th ly kch thc bng ng kch thc thc t Vi cng trnh phc v cng trnh khc nh h mng, hm th kch thc ly theodng c thi cng. Thi cng th cng th ly rng ra 20-30cm, thi cng c gii th ly rng ra 2-5m ty vo loi my thi cng Tnh ton khi lng da trn cc cng thc hnh hc c sn. Nu cng trnh c dng phc tp th chia ra lm nhiu ming nh tnh. Cu 6 Nguyn tc tnh khi lng t tp trung Chia thnh cc khi ch nht, nn. Khi ch nht: V=a*b*h Khi cn li: V2= V3=

Tng th tch: V=H/6*(a*b+(c+a)*(d+b)+d*c) Cu 7 Nguyn tc tnh khi lng t chy di: Cng trnh chy di c kch thc theo phng di ln hn hn kch thc ca 2 phng cn li. V vy, khi tnh tan c th chia nhthnh nhiu on tnh s n gin ha m vn m bo chnh xc Vi l<50m -> V=Ftb*l (Ftb: din tch mt ct ngang trung bnh) Vi l>50m -> V=(Ftb+m*(h-h)/12)*l (h: chiu cao y ln, h: chiu cao y b, m: thoi mi dc Chng III Cng tc chun b v phc v thi cng. Cu 8 Gii phng mt bng: Bao gm: di di m m, ph d cng trnh c, h cy ci, o b r, x l thc vt, dn chng ngi vt. Cng tc gii phng mt bng phi c thc hin theo quy trnh Thng bo trn truyn thng Di di m m Lm vic vi cc bn lin quan di di ng in, nc, thng tin Ph d nh ca theo thit k ph d H cy phi o b ht r Lp t mu m cn tn dng s dng trng cy v sau Vt sch bn m bo n nh nn Tiu nc b mt Mc ch: ngn khng cho nc ngm chy vo h mng cng trnh, m bo tiu thot nc sau ma. Thc hin: o rnh cho nc t that S dng bm tho nc nu cn Cu 9,10,11,12 H mc nc ngm Mc ch: H thm mc nc ngm cc b mt khu vc no bng cch ht nc ging o su di t Thit b: ng ging lc vi bm ht su; kim lc h mc nc nng; kim lc h mc nc su Kim lc h mc nc nng ng dng: Dng khi chiu sau h nc ngm khng ln. u: thi cng gn nh, hiu qu cao. Cu to: Thit b l mt h thng ging lc ng knh nh b tr st nhau theo ng thng quanh h mng hoc theo khu vc cn tiu nc. Nhng ging ny c ni lin vi my bm chung bng ng tp trung nc

My bm s dng l my bm ly tm, chiu su ht nc 8-9m Kim lc l nhiu ng thp c ng knh nh ni li di ~ 10m gm ba phn: ng trn, ng lock, ng cui. on trn c chiu di ty chiu su lc, on lc gm 2 ng lng vo nhau c khong h, c bc 1 cun dy thp kiu l xo. on ng cui c van cu, van vnh khuyn v b phn xi t. Nguyn tc: H kim: ng nh kim vo t theo phng thng ng, bm nc vo kim, nc s phun ra u lm xi v do t, trng lng ko kim i vo lng t Ht nc: Khi ht nc, van cu ngn khng cho t i vo trong kim, ng lc lc gip lc bt bn t. Cu 13,14 Chng vch t: Khi o t vi chiu su nh, t c kt dnh tt, ta c th o thng ng H=1/gamma(2*c/(K*tg(45-fi/2))-q) H: chiu su cho php Gamma: trng lng ring C: lc dnh n v Fi: gc ma st trong K: h s an ton 1.5-2.5 Q: ti trng trn mt t t ct ln sn, h~1m; t pha ct, h~1,25m; t tht,st h~1,5m; t st chc, h~ 2m Khi chiu su o t ln hn. Cn o theo dc t nhin hoc c bin php chng trnh st l Chng vch h bng vn ngang: p dng: H c chiu rng nh, thnh ng. Cu to: Khi o sau n 1m bt u lt vn chng, sau c o c 1 thn vn li t tip vn chng. Vi t dnh, vn ngang khng i hi phi xt nhau Tnh tan: Tnh ton xc nh kch thc v khong cch ct chng da trn chiu su h, trng lng t, ti trng cng trnh v chiu dy vn Vn thng dng l vn cp pha, thanh chng thng l g 60x80. Lc tc dng ln vn l p lc ch ng ca t su ln nht. Vn tnh nh dm n gin, khong cch 2 gi l khong cch gia 2 thnh chng ng Chng vch t bng thanh chng xin p dng: H o rng, c chiu su >2m Cu to Khi o sau n 1m bt u lt vn chng, sau c o c 1 thn vn li t tip vn chng. Vi t dnh, vn ngang khng i hi phi xt nhau Tnh tan:

Tnh ton xc nh kch thc v khong cch ct chng da trn chiu su h, trng lng t, ti trng cng trnh v chiu dy vn Vn thng dng l vn cp pha, thanh chng thng l g 60x80. Lc tc dng ln vn l p lc ch ng ca t su ln nht. Vn tnh nh dm n gin, khong cch 2 gi l khong cch gia 2 thnh chng ng Chng IV: K thut thi cng t. Cu 15. Nguyn tc t chc thi cng t th cng c im: thi cng bng phng php truyn thng. Dng c lm t l xng, cuc, mai, ko ct t, Dng c vn chuyn t l quang gnh, xe ct kt, xe ci tin, Nguyn tc: Chn dng c thch hp: xc dng xng vung, o dng xng trn, t cng dng cuc chim, t mm dng cuc, Tm cch gim cng lao ng trc khi cho thi cng (tng gim m ca t, m ca mt bng) T chc thc hin hp l: phn cng tuyn lm vic hp l, khng tp trung, trng cho. Hng o t thng gc vi hng vn chuyn, An ton: Thc hin o t m bo mi dc h o nh hn dc t nhin, khng ph v cu trc t o t khu vc c nc cn c rnh that nc, thu nc, rnh phi c hon thnh trc khi bt u mi t o Khi o t su phi c bin php chng, chn hay o kiu bc thang H phi c mi dc chng st l, vi t yu c th phi dng cc gia c thnh h o. Cu 17,18,19 My o gu thun c im: Tay gu kho, ngn, o c t t cp 1 n co 4 Kh nng t hnh cao Khi lm vic va o, quay, t ln xe vn chuyn Dung tch gu t 0.35-6m3 Ch lm vic c ni kh ro Khi o ng bn di, v vy phi m ng cho my ln xung ng dng: o h mng c nn t ti v tr cao trnh my ng n nh, khng b ngp Dng vi cng vic c khi lng o ln, chiu su ~ 5m S : Bn knh h <1,5 bn knh o max: o dc, mt bn Bn knh h <1,9 bn knh o max: o dc, 2 bn Bn knh h <2,5 bn knh o max: o dc, chy ch chi Chu k lm vic:

T=thi gian o+thi gian lm y gu+2xthi gian quay+thi gian ln xe vn chuyn (thi gian quay l quan trng nht) Cu 20,21 My o gu nghch c im: Tay cn di Kh nng t hnh cao Dung tch gu 0,15-0,5m3 Nng sut thp hn my o gu thun cng dng tch gu Khi o c th ng trn cao o di thp ng dng: o h nng o cc v tr b ngp nc (ng trn cao o) S : Tng t my o gu thun, nhng c th o tin hoc o li o ngang Cu 22, 23 My o gu dy c im: Tay cn di, gu c th vng nn phm vi o ln Nng sut thp hn my o gu thun v nghch cng dung tch gu t khng linh hot do dng cp mm C kh nng ng cao, o su, o h c nc ng dng: Dng khi h o ngp su trong nc Dng khi t o ln ch cn thnh ng Thng s k thut R1: bn knh qung gu ln nht H1: chiu su o ln nht mt v tr ng R2: bn knh t H2: chiu cao t ln nht Nng sut my o mt gu Pkt=3600/Tck*q*Ks/r Pkt: nng sut k thut (m3/h) Tck: chu k hot ng (s) Q: dung tch gu (m3) Ks: h s xc t r: ti ban u Ptd=Pkt*Z*Kt Ptd: nng sut thc t Z: s gi lm vic mt ca Kt: h s s dng thi gian Bin php nng cao nng sut: V mt k thut: gim Tck, tng Ks V mt t chc: tng Kt Cu 24 25 My i

c im: C nhiu loi cng sut v kch thc C c loi bnh lp v bnh xch C th thay i gc y 60-90 theo phng vung gc trc my v 5-6 theo phng ngang ng dng: p nn 1-1,5m o h rnh su 1-1,5m Thch hp co lp cy c trn mt t mm, bc lp t mt, lp ch trng, S hot ng Tin li: dng khi cn chuyn t phm vi 10-50m lp h, rnh Tin quay: Nng sut: Ptd=3600*Z*q*Ks*Ki*Kt/Tck Ptd: nng sut thc t Z: s gi lm vic mt ca Q: dung tch t trc bn gt Ks: H s ri vi (cng chy xa cng ri nhiu) Kt: h s thi gian Ki: h s ph thuc dc mt t Tck=ld/vd+lvc/vvc+(ld+lvc)/v0+t Ld,vd: qung ng, vn tc o t Lvc,vvc: qung ng, vn tc vn chuyn t V0: vn tc my chy v T0: thi gian my quay, nng h bn gt Nng cao nng sut: Khong cch vn chuyn hp l 30-40m Khi i khong cch ln, cho i theo rnh, i i hay i thnh tng t Cu 26, 27 My cp c im: L my o chuyn t c nng sut cao. Thng dng phi hp vi my i nng cao nng sut Dung tch thng cng tc thng t 2,25-10m3 ng dng: Thng dng cc cng trnh thy li ln v cng trnh giao thng theo tuyn S ct t: Tun t: mt na s nht ct nng, mt na s nht ct nh c: nht ct na u nng na sau nh Hnh dng nht ct (tam gic, rng ca, thang) nh hng ln n nng sut, ph thuc loi t (ri, m, kh) v cht ca t S hot ng:

Hnh elip Hnh s 8 -> gim gc quay xe mi chu k Hnh con thoi -> gim s ln quay my Nng sut: Ptd=(3600*Z*q*Ks*Kt)/(Tck*r) Ptd:nng sut thc t Z: s gi lm vic 1 ca Q: dung tch thng Ks: h s xc y thng Kt: h s thi gian Tck: chu k R: cht ban u ca t Tck=l1/v1+l2/v2+l3/v3+l4/v4 L1,v1: qung ng v vn tc cp L2,v2: qung ng v vn tc chuyn L3,v3: qung ng v vn tc ri L4,v4: qung ng v vn tc tr v Cu 28a . t p t p thnh tng lp, c chiu dy c tnh tan trc. t c bm nh d ln cht. m t sau khi ri tng lp n cht yu cu. Mt t phi c dn c, r cy, thot kit nc v vt ht bn trc khi p t. Khi p t khng ng nht th p t kh thot nc bn di, t d thot nc trn. Nu p lp t that nc nm di th dy phi ln ngn khng cho mao dn. Trnh t ri v dm t l t bin tin vo gia. Nu nn yu th ri t t gia ra. n cao 3m li i trnh t Cu 28. nh hng m n vic m t: t ti xp dng p gm 3 thnh phn: ht t rn, nc, khng kh. Phn khng kh d dng b y ra khi t khi m. Phn nc kh b y ra khi ht t hn. Vi t dnh, hu nh khng th y c Vi t kh, nc trong t c dng mng m, cc ht t c lc ma st vi nhau rt ln, kh m. Khi m trong t tng ln thch hp, s gip gim lc ma st gia cc ht t, gip m d hn. Vi t qu m, trong t khng cn lc ma st, cc ht t khng cn kh nng dnh kt li vi nhau lm cho t c trng thi chy, v vy cng khng th m cCu 29 My m t: m ln: Lc m tc dng t t qua sc nn ca cc bnh ln c dng mt nhn, chn cu hay bnh hi. S trn, tin li, ko theo nhiu qu lu. Khi m cho my chy dn t ngoi vo trong, bng lu ln nhau 20cm, my chy chm Mt nhn: t 6-20t, din tip xc b nn p lc gim nhanh theo chiu su, chiu dy mi lp m khong 15-20cm, thch hp m t dnh Chn cu: chiu dy lp m 30-50cm, thch hp m t dnh

Bnh lp: din tch tip xc ln nht, chiu dy lp m 25-50cm, thch hp vi t ri v dnh m nn: s dng ng nng ca vt ri tc dng ln mt t. Chiu dy lp m 1m vi ct, 80cm vi t dnh. m t 2 mp dn vo gia. m rung: s dng vi t ri hay t c m cao Lu : trnh lc m qu ln lm hng cu trc t. sigma~0,9R l hp l Ph thm An ton khi thi cng t o t su phi c ro chn quanh h o, c n bo hiu ban m Quan st cc vt nt quanh h o v vch h o trc khi vo thi cng Khng o khot kiu hm ch Khng cht nng b h, cch mp t nht 2m mi c xp t nhng khng c xp nng Li ln xung phi c bc Trnh va chm vi h thng cp ngm Cu 35: cc loi cc v vn c, c im v yu cu k thut: +) Cc loi cc: Cc tre gi l cc tre nhng trong php tnh ton khng coi cc tre l cc m ch l gii php gia c nn. Cc tre c s dng vng t lun lun m t. tre lm cc phi l tre gi (trn nm nm tui) thng v ti. Chiu dy ca tht tre phi t t 10-15 mm. ng knh cc tre trn 60mm, ph bin t 80-100mm.Chiu di cc tre 2-3m. u cc trn ca phng cch mu khong 50mm. u di cch mu 200mm vt nhn. Khi ng cn gi cho u cc khng b dp v. Mun vy ngi ta dng ci bt u cc bng st c hnh cc vi. Cc ng xong phi dng ca ct b phn tre b dp, ko c dng dao cht. Nu u cc dp v phi nh ln thay cc khc khi cha xung su. Cc g: G lm cc thng l g d, thng, mung Cc g dng ni t thng xuyn c nc trnh b mc do t lc t lc kh. G lm cc cn ti c m trn 23%. Cy g phi thng khng cong. cong cho php l 1% theo chiu di. Trn 1 m di, chnh ng knh thn cy khng qu 10mm. Chiu di thng t 8-12 m. ng knh cy g l 200-300mm. G phi b ht v, vt nhn mi cc. c khi bc mi cc bng thp. Cc di trn 10m nn nh ai cho u cc. Cc btng ct thp: cc btng ct thp thng c ch to ti xng hay ti hin trng. Cc ph bin c tit din vung t 200 x 200 n 400 x 400. Loi cc mini tit din 150 x 150. Chiu di cc btng ct thp t 3 16 m. Cc mini thng ch to nhiu on ni trong qu trnh p. Mi on di t 1,2 2 m.Mc b tng cc l 200- 300. u cc thng t nm lui ct thp, mi li cch nhau 50mm chng gn sut cc b. Nu sn xut cc to hin trung phi m bo cc yu cu sau: Mt bng sn xut cc phi bng phng, khun phi thng v phng, cn bi cht chng dnh d d vn khun. Chiu dy lp bo v ct thp thng ly l 30mm. b tng cc phi lin tc, khng gin on cho mi cc, st thng l 60mm, bt u t mi cc ln n nh cc, tt nht l m bng my, khng uc rung ct thp.

 Ch d khun khi t 25% cung cc. Mt cc phi nhn , nhgn ch k u n khng qu 5mm, ch li b mt khng qu 8mm. cc c vt nt khng oc s dng Khi xp cc loi cc di trn 5m cn k m g v tr t mc cu. nu cc k c mc cu th v tr buc hay k m g ly bng 0,21 k chiu di cc. Khi xp chgn c c kho bi chiu cao chng cc khng qu 2/3chiu rng ca chng cc y v k qu 2m. +) Vn c Vn c g : vn c g dng lm hng ro, vng vy chng thm, chgn st l cho mng. Vn c g fi l g tui. Nu khng c g toi th fi ngm nuc 24gi tr ln mi nn dng. chiu di ca thanh ti thiu l 70mm , c khi chn chiu dy n 100 hoc trn 100. chiu rng bn c t 100 -150. Trong thi cng thng ly chiu di thanh c di hn thit k quy nh khong 300 500, u di ca thanh c lm vt cho nu chiu di thanh c trn 100 mm lm mng vung ghp c, nu chiu di nh hn 100mm lm mng n. Vn c thp: vn c thp dng lm tng ngn nuc bn chc khi thi cng di nc chu p lc nuc, p lc t ln. C 3 loi hnh dng tit dit vn c thp ph thng c nhp vo nc ta l : vn c phng, vn c khum v vn c lacsen. chiu di vn c thp t 8-15 mm. chiu dy ca thp vn t 12-16mm. Khong cch gia 2 mp ca thanh vn c t 320-450mm. Vn khum v vn c lacsen thung ghp gi 2 thanh lin nhau mt p mt nga. Cu 37: Cc loi ba ng cc - Ba treo: + Cu to: qu nng kim loi 500-2000kg dc buc bng dy cp v treo ln gi cao. + Nguyn l: ti in nng ba ln cao, th hm cho qu nng ri t do xung u cc. + Thng s: chiu cao nng 2.5-4m, nng sut 4-10 nht/pht (thp) + p dng: khi s lg cc t. - Ba hi n ng: + Dng hi nc hay kh p nng chy ln cao, ri chy ri t do xung u cc nh trng lg bn thn chy. + trng lg ba 1.5-8T, nng sut 25-30 nht/pht. + Cu to n gin, bn. Nhc: iu khin =tay, tn hi nc-> t ph bin. - Ba hi song ng: + Dng kh nn hay hi nc nng chy ln v y thm khi h chy dng cc, tng hiu sut. + Nng sut 200-300 nht/pht. + t ng, ko cn gi ba, t ph hoi u cc v chy ko nn trc tip cc, kch thc nh> ph bin hn. Nhc: trng lg hu ch nh so vi ton th ba, phi dng ngun ng lc ngoi (ni hi, kh nn). - Ba diezen: + ng c n 2 k, nng ba ln ri ri t do, va chm ba p vo u cc lm chy nhin liu to p luc nng ba ln li.

+ Chy 600-1200kg, nng sut 50-60. + Trng lg nh, ko cn ngun ng lc ngoi-> tt khi ng cc g, thp, btct nh. Cu 38: Chn ba ng cc -Chn s b: E>=25P, kGm. + E=Q.v.v/2/g= nng lg xung kch ca ba, cho tnh nng k thut ba. v-tc ri, g- gia tc, Q-trng lg phn chy ca ba. + P=kh nng chu ti bn trn ca cc,T, (tnh theo t nn?) -Kim tra s ph hp ca ba: + H s thch dng: K=(M+q+q1)/E phi (Kmax>=K>=Kmin) q-trng lg ton cc, q1-trng lg m cc, M-trng lg ton ba, kG. ba song ng, diezen ng: cc g 3.5-5,thp 3.5-5.5, btct 4-6 ba n ng, diezen ct: g 3-3.5, thp 2.5-4, btct 3-5 ba treo: g 1.7-2, thp 2-2.5, btct 2-3 + chi: e= Vi e=nFgh/Pgh/(Pgh+nF)*(Q+0.2(q+q1))/(Q+q+q1)= chi 1 xung kch,cm. n-h s=150T/m2 vi cc btct c m m,=100T/m2 vi cc g ko m,=80 vi cc g c m,=500 vi cc thp ko m. F- tit din ngang cc,m2. Q- trng lg phn xung kch ca ba,T. H- cao ri ba,cm Pgh- ti gii hn ca cc,T. Cu 39: K thut ng cc b tng ct thp + vn chuyn: - Xp cc ngoi khu vc dng cc, g t bi xp n ch ng thun li. - a cc ln xe vn chuyn cn lm 2 thanh cch u v mi cc 0.2l, hoc dng mi cc xung th im buc 0.3l. + Lp cc vo gi: - Buc cc vo gi ba th dng 2 mc cu c sn cc, la qua puli gi ba. Nng 2 mc ln ng thi, khi ko cc ln ngang tm 1m, rt u cc ln cao trnh mi cc r di mt t. - Chnh v tr ca cc bng my kinh v cho ng v tr v thng ng. + ng cc: - ch tnh hnh xung ca cc ko qu nhanh cng ko vng mc. Nhng nht u ng nh, khi ng gn dc phi o ln tng t xc nh chi. - Yu cu : cc chng phi n lp t chng, cc ma st phi t chi thit k. + S ng cc: Khi s cc nhiu to thnh rung cc th phi nghin cu trnh t ng cc. Phi m bo c t nht 2 pha bin dng t do C 2 s ng cc chnh l: ng khm cc v ng rung cc (hve t nh) Cu 40: K thut ng vn c g v thp Tng t ng cc nhng c cc yu cu: - ng v tr - m bo ln - ko b bin dng - m bo kn kht vi nhau v thng, trnh chn vn b tch xe ra do lc t. - dm bo n nh

-> cch ng: + S ng 1 t + S ng 2 t: ng ton b vn n 1/2 chiu su. Vng 2 ng tip 1/2 cn li ->kht thng nhng ba phi di chuyn nhiu ln. Cu 41: X l cc s c khi ng cc - Cc cha t su m ng ko xung, l gp vt cn mi cc: nh cc ln, ng cc thp xung ph vt cn, nu ko dc th dng mn xung ph. - Cc cha xung ti su thit k m t chi thit k, l do chi gi to v ng tc qu nhanh->t b dn p nht thi: ngh t ngy ch c cu t tr li bnh thng ri li ng tip. - ang ng cc b lch: ko su lm dng ti chnh dc th tt, ko th nh ln ng li. - u cc b tot: lp m cc. - Cc ko xung m b v, do ba qu nh so vi sc ti ca cc: ly ba khc c chy nng hn ng. - Cc b ni, khi ng qua tng bn hoc nc ngm: thay ba c tn s ng ln hn. - Khi cn nh cc: nng th dung ti, cn trc, ko th lm ai v kch ln. - Khi cn ct cc: c b phn BT, dng hn ct ct thp. Chng VII. Cng ngh thi cng b tng ct thp. Cu 42:Bn cht ca cng ngh b tong ct thp ti ch.u nhc im v phm vi p dng Bn cht ca cng ngh b tng ct thp ti ch hay cn gi l BT ton khi:ngi ta ghp vn khun,t ct thp v BT ngay ti v tr thit k ca kt cu do cc cu kin dnh vi nhau,to s ng nht trong BT. -u im: +Thi cng c cc loi kt cu c cu to phc tp v hnh dng + cng cng trnh ln +Chu lc ng tt -Nhc im: +Tn vt liu lm vn khun v ct chng +Thi gian ch i tho vn khun ct chng l kh lu lm cng trnh b ko di nh hng ti tin thi cng +Qu trnh thi cng b nh hng bi thi tit lm gim nng sut cng nh cht lng -Mt s bin php khc phc thi gian thi cng +Dng ph gia ng cng nhanh +Bin php ht nc trong BT sau khi m +Dng phng php hp hi +Dng phng php in cc sy nng VL trc khi trn BT -Phm vi p dng BT ton khi:BT ct thp ti ch dc s dng rng ri trong cc cng trnh xy dng hin nay t cc cng trnh cao tng ti cc cng trnh dn dng bnh thng cng nh cc cng trnh thy li ,thy in, Chng cu to nn kt cu chu lc chnh cho cc cng trnh Cu 43:Dy chuyn cng ngh thi cng BTCT ti ch,c im ca dy chuyn b phn v nhng gin on k thut

Thi cng BT ti ch chng ta nn t chc thi cng theo phng php dy chuyn.Bi v cc qu trnh cng tc lp i lp li nhiu ln trn cc phn on, trn cc tng nh,s tn dng c ti a hiu qu ca cc t chuyn mn ha thi cng BT ti ch.Cc dy chuyn b phn l -Dy chuyn ghp vn khun, ct chng, sn thao tc.gi tt l dy chuyn vn khun:thc hin ghp vn khun ct,dm,sn theo ng thit k,k hoch BT ca tng KC -Dy chuyn ct thp:bao gm 4 qu trnh +Gia cng ct thp:ko ngui,dp ngui,chut ngui +Gia cng ct thp:lm thng,co g,ct,un thp +Hn ni ct thp:ni buc,ni hn(hn tip im,hn oois u,hn h quang,ni dng ng ni),ni bng ren +Bo qun ct thp trc khi dung +lp t ct thp ti v tr kt cu -Dy chuyn m, BT: +Trn BT:trn th cng hoc trn bng myti hin trng hoc BT thng phm ti nh my +Vn chuyn BT:Vn chuyn t im trn ti cng trng(bng t hoc cc loi phng tin chuyn dng). Vn chuyn n ni cn (dung cu thp,Bm,vn thng) + BT: BT trc tip t thng BT c cu ln hoc vi ca my bm BT,hay t cc xe ct ct.. +m BT:s dng cc loi m nh m bn,m di m ti ni va BT -Dy chuyn dng hBT, tho d vn khun,ct chng +Dng cc thit b k thut dng h BT nh hp hi, phun nc,ngm nc +Tho d VK khi kt cu cng .c quy nh bi thit k -Gin on k thut;l nhng gin on trong cng tc BT ton khi:Khi thi cng BTTK th cn phn ra cc phn on thi cng m bo v mt k thut (nu thi cng qu nhiu d gy co ngt rn nt v nhit),ph hp vi iu kin nhn lc,thit b,thi gian 1 ca lm vicV vy cn tnh ton cho hp l cc gin on Chng VIII: Cng tc vn khun. Mc ch ca vn khun, ct chng v sn thao tc + Vn khun lm khun mu tm thi nhm to ra nhng hnh dng kt cu cng trnh theo yu cu thit k, kin trc. + Chu cc ti trng (thng ng, nm ngang) do trng lng va b tng t, cc hot ti sinh ra trong qu trnh thi cng. + Quyt nh tnh cht b mt ca kt cu. + Ct chng m bo cho vn khun cao nht nh theo yu cu + H ct chng nhn tt c cc ti trng t trn vn khun truyn xung v truyn xung nn. + Chng li cc lc x ngang, ti trng gi v sn thao tc. Cu 44: nhng yu cu k thut i vi vn khun Tr li:p ng cc yu cu k thut sau: +) thit k ng kch thc ca cc b phn kt cu cng trnh +) Phi bn, cng, n nh, k cong vnh +) Phi gn nh, tin dng, d tho lp + Khng gy kh khn trong vic lp t ct thp, , m b tng

+ An ton trong s dng. +) Phi dng dc nhiu ln. i vi vn khun g phi c dng t 3-7 ln, vn khun kim loi dng t 50-200 ln. dng dc nhiu ln, vn khun sau khi dng cn dc co, ty sch s ; bi du m, ct t vo nhng ni kh ro, g dng lm vn khun phi m bo cht lng thng l g nhm V-VII Cu 45: Phn loi vn khun Tr li: *) Theo vt liu - vn khun g - vn khun kim loi - Vn khun bng tm b tng ct thp - Vn khun bng cao su, cht do *) Theo cu kin - Vn khun mng - Vn khun ct - Vn khun dm, sn - Vn khun tng *) Theo k thut tho lp thi cng - Vn khun c nh - Vn khun di ng (di ng ng, di ng ngang) - Vn khun lun chuyn - Vn khun p mt Cu 46: Chc nng cc b phn ca vn khun Tr li: +) Vn khun: c chc nng lm khun c nh hnh cho b tng khi b tng cn cha ng kt, m bo cc kch thc thit k ca cc cu kin, +) Np : i vi cc cu kin ln th vn khun dc ghp t nhiu cc vn nh m bo kch thc cu kin, khi np c tc dng lin kt cc tm vi nhau, ng thi chu ti trng cng vn khun +) X g: nh mt dm n gin chu ti trng trc tip t vn khun sn, gip vn khun sn khng b mt n nh khi thi cng +) Ct chng: gip truyn ti trng t vn khun, x g xung t, cng m bo cho x g, vn y dm khng b vng +) Ging: c tc dng lm cho ct chng k b mt n nh ngang, gip to thnh h ct chng vi kh nng chu ti trng tt hn +) Nm: gip chng ta c th linh hot thay i chiu cao ct chng trong thi cng, ng thi cho php tho lp vn khun d dng v nhanh chng Cu 47: Cu to vn khun mng n, mng bng

+ Vn thnh mng c cu to t 1 hay nhiu tm khun c lin kt li vi nhau nh np vn thnh, s lng ph thuc vo chiu cao ca thnh mng. ( chiu cao ln hn chiu cao ca mng 5-10cm ) Dc theo chiu di vn thnh ngi ta b tr cc khung ( thanh chng xin v g nh v ) vi khong cch c tnh ton hp l nhm chu cc p lc ngang do va b tng cn t gy ra v nhng hot ti pht sinh trong qu trnh b tng nh: p lc m, p lc do b tng. + Nu mng gm nhiu bc th bc trn li da vo bc di v cng c lin kt vi cc im c nh xung quanh. + Vn khun c mng: c cu to ging vn khun ct gm 4 tm khun c lin kt li vi nhau nh inh v gng c mng. Gng c mng va lm nhim v lin kt cc vn khun li vi nhau, va l gi ta cho vn khun chu cc lc ngang do va b tng ti v cc hot ti sinh ra trong qu trnh thi cng b tng. Cu 48: Cu to vn khun ct Cu to vn khun ct bao gm: 4 hoc nhiu mng ghp li vi nhau bng np g. Gia cc mnh vn khun lin kt vi nhau thnh hnh dng kt cu nh h gng ct. Khong cch gia cc gng v chiu dy vn thit k chng lc x ngang. Pha chn ct cha ca nh v sinh, u ct c cha ghp vn dm. Khi ct cao hn 2.5m phi cha ca b tng khong gia. Cu 49: Cu to vn khun dm, sn Cu 51: Cu to vn khun sn. Cu 50: Cu to vn khun tng. Cu 54: Nghim thu vn khun: Trc khi lp t ct thp cn phi nghim thu vn khun. Mc ch: - Trnh nhng sai st ng tic xy ra sau ny. - Xem xt nh gi li nhng yu cu nu ra c p ng hay khng. Ni dung nghim thu: - Kim tra li tim, ct, cao v v tr ca vn khun c b sai lch vi thit k hay khng. - Kim tra li hnh dng, kch thc va vn khun. - Kim tra li bng phng, cc khe ni, khe h gia cc tm vn. - Kim tra n nh ca vn khun, gio v sn cng tc. - Kim tra nghim thu cc gii php an ton lao ng, phng chy cha chy. - Chng dnh cho vn khun: Lp chng dnh phi ph kn cc mt vn khun tip xc vi b tng. - V sinh bn trong vn khun: khng cn rc, bn t v cc cht bn khc bn trong vn khun. - m ca vn khun g: Vn khun g phi c ti nc trc khi b tng. Phn ph: Nghim thu gio. gio + Kt cu gio: gio phi c lp t m bo kch thc, s lng theo thit k. + Chng ct: Phi c k, m, t ln trn nn cng, m bo n nh. Hn ch ni ct chng, cc mi ni khng c b tr trn cng mt mt ct ngang v v tr chu lc ln.

+ cng v n nh: ct chng c ging cho v ging ngang s lng, kch thc v v tr theo thit k. Cu 55: K thut tho d vn khun: + Phi tho d theo ng trnh t c qui nh sao cho trong qu trnh tho d, kt cu lm vic theo ng s kt cu c tnh ton. Khi tho d vn khun, gio trnh khng gy ra ng sut t ngt hay va chm mnh lm h hi n kt cu. + Vn khun v gio ch c tho d khi b tng t c cng cn thit. + i vi cc vn khun khng chu lc (vn khun thnh, ct, tng...) c tho d khi b tng t c cng ti thiu l 25kg/cm2. +i vi vn khun, gio chu lc ca kt cu (vn khun y dm, sn...) nu khng c ch dn ca thit k th c tho d theo qui nh sau: Loi kt cu Cng b tng phi t (%R28) Thi gian ti thiu tho vn khun (ngy) + Bn, dm, vm c nhp nh hn 2m 50 7 + Bn, dm, vm c nhp t 2m 70 10 8m + Bn, dm, vm c nhp ln hn 8m 100 28 + Cc kt cu vng, console, s n ch c tho d ct chng v vn khun y khi cng b tng t mc thit k v c i trng chng lt. + Tho d vn khun gio cc tm sn cc nh nhiu tng c thc hin nh sau: - Gi li ton b gio v ct chng tm sn nm k di tm sn sp b tng. - Tho d tng b phn ct chng vn khun ca tm sn k di na theo nguyn tc 2 tng ri. Gi li cc ct chng gia sn, dm ph thuc chiu di kt cu. Cu 56: phn loi ct thp +) theo hnh thc ng kin vn chuyn - dng cun (thng c < 10mm) - thp thanh c chiu di t 6-12m(thng c > 10mm) +) theo hnh th - thp trn . thp nh <14mm . thp nng 14mm<<40mm . loi cc nng >40mm - thp hnh (ch L, C, U ..) +) theo hnh dng trong xy dng - thp trn - thp gai +) theo bn - nhm AI : Ra=2100Kg/cm2 - nhm AII : Ra=2700Kg/cm2 - nhm AIII2 : Ra=3600Kg/cm2 - nhm cng cao +) theo chc nng v trng thi lm vic - thp chu lc

- thp cu to - thp phn b - thp s ng lc Cu 57: Gia cng ct thp Gia cng l lm cho ct thp tng cng chu lc bng cch lm cho thanh thp chu ti vt qu gii hn chy ta thu dc thanh thp c cng ln hn trc Ch p dng cho thp AI, AII v mt phn vi thp AIII 1. Gia cng ct thp bng ko ngui Gy bin dng cho thanh thp do ko, lm cho thanh thp dn ra khong 3-8%, cng chu lc tng 20-30%. p dng cho ct thp <22mm 2. gia cng ct thp bng dp ngui Gy bin dng do dp ngui, thanh thp b dp cch qung t hai hay 4 mt. c tc dng lm cho thanh thp tng cng cng nh tng bm dnh vi b tng Khi dp cho bin dng t 10-14% th lm cho thanh thp dn ra 4-7%, lm cho cng tng ln 25% v bm dnh vi b tng tng 1,7-2,4 ln Do dp ngui d lm gy thanh thp nn ch p dng cho thanh thp nhm AI 3. Gia cng thp bng cht ngui Thp dc gia cng do bin dng do c ko ngui qua mt l nh hn ng knh thanh thp Khi din tch thanh thp bin i t 10-20% th thp gin di ra khong 20% Ch p dng cho thp AI, AII vi <10mm Cu 58: Nn thng nh g, o v ct ct thp 1. Nn thng C vai tr quan trng bi thanh thp thng c kh nng chu lc tt nht, gip cho vic o, ct, un mi chnh xc. Nn thng c th thc hin th cng bng vam, ba, nhng thanh thp ch tng i thng. i vi thp cun (<10mm) th dng ti l tin nht, cn nu trong nh my th ng ta thng dng my un 2. nh g nh g bng chi st, hoc my phun ct ( tut thp trong ct lm sch r ) 3. o , ct Cn o chiu di thanh ct thp theo ng thit k, nh du v tr cn ct. khi o cn ch tr i gin di ca thanh thp nu n c gia cng un. khi ct hng lot th chiu di c th ly c trn bn ct, hoc dng mt thanh lm chun, tranh sai s cng dn ch dng 1thanh lm chun ct. Khi <8mm ct bng ko, khi 8mm<<18mm ct bng sn hoc chm. khi ng knh thanh thp ln hn v nht l thp thuc nhm C2,C3,C4 th phi dng que hn ct. Trong nh my c th ct bng my Cu 59: Un ct thp To ct thp c hnh dng ng nh trong thit k Trong xy dng thng gp cc dng sau : - un moc 180 (ch dnh ring cho thp trn) - un gc 90 - un vai b 45

Un thp c th lm th cng hoc my. Khi un phi c cht gi thanh thp ng yn, cht c nh lm im t un v cht di ng quay thanh thp quanh cht c nh, khi lm th cng c thay cht di ng bng vam, ng thp, thpcng cng th cnh tay n (vam, ng thp) phi cng di Khi un li thp phi c b gi v bn un Cu 60: Hn i u Ni hai thanh thp i u vi nhau K thut: dng dong in h th 1,2 9V chy qua hai thanh thp nh hn, ti u tip xc gia hai thanh thp c in tr ln nn lm sinh nhit t u hai thanh thp, khi dng p lc khong 200 600 KG/cm2 p li hai u thanh thp li vi nhau. iu kin p dng : ch p dng cho thanh thp >12mm - hn lin tc vi thp nhm C1 - hn k lin tc vi thp nhm C2, C3 (s hn t v^^) Cu 61 : Hn tip im in dc h p t 380V xung cn 3 9V, hai thanh thp dc dt tip xc vi nhau ti im nh hn v kp gia hai cc ca my hn, dng in th cp dc phng qua hai cc ca my hn v gia hai thanh thp, lm thp nung ln, dng lc p hai thanh thp vo vi nhau gip chng dc hn ti im tip xc C hai ch hn - hn cng : dng cho thp mm, s/d dng in mnh I=300.10^6 A/m2. thi gian hn ngn t= 0.01-0.5s - Hn mm: dng cho thp cng, s/d dng in yu hn I<160.10^6 A/m2, thi gian hn lu hn t=0.5 4s p dng: cho hn lid hn khung vi <10mm Cu 62: hn h quang Dng dng in c in p 40- 60V to ra tia h quang, t chy que hn lp trng ch hn, l phng php dc p dng ph bin nht hin nay. Khi hn m bo mi hn nhn, k chy, k t qung v thu hp cc b, m bo chiu cao v chiu di ng hn. Ch p dng cho thanh thp chu nn c >8mm, tt nht l nn ln hn 12mm Cu ph thm 1: K thut ni buc ct thp? Hai thanh thp c t chp ln nhau, dng thp mm 1mm buc 3 im , sau b tng chm kn thanh thp. Mi ni fI c bo dng v khng b rung ng, n ch chu c lc khi b tng t c cng . k thut nh sau: - chiu di on chp ca ct thp chu lc trong cc khung v li ct thp khng nh hn 250mm i vi thp chu ko v khng nh hn 200mm vi thp chu nn. - Khi ni buc ct thp vng chu ko fI un mc i vi thp trn. ct thp c gai khng cn un mc. - Phng fp ni buc ch ap dng vi thp c ng kinh nh hn 16mm - Trn mi tit din ct ngang, s mi ni khng qu 25% vi thp trn v 50% so vi thp gai t s dng vi kt cu ng, s dng ph bin vi dm,sn,mng. Cu ph thm 2: K thut hn ct thp Cau 45: k thut hn ni ct thp:

a).Hn tip im s k thut hn iu kin p dng? - Nguyn l :in p c h p qua bin th t 380V xung 3-9V .Hai thanh thp C1;C2 c t tip xc nhau ti im nh hn kp gia hai cc ca my hn .Dng th cp ca my hn c t gia hai cc ca my.Khi mch in ng dng in phng qua 2 cc v hai thanh thp hn lam no nung ln ,dng mt lc mnh p hai cc hn li lm cho 2 thanh thp lin li vi nhau im tip xc in tr ca h thng hn : R=R1+R2+R3+R4+R5 R1,2:in tr ti tip im gia cc va thanh thp R3,4:in tr ca hai thanh thp hn R5:in tr ti tip im gia hai thanh thp - iu kin s dng:C hai ch hn : hn cng: dng cho thp mm s dng dng in mnh I<300*10^6A/m2, thi gian ngn t=0.01-0.5 s hn mm: dng cho thp cng dng in yu hn (I<160*10^6 A/m2) thi gian hn lu hn (t=0.5-4s) Hn tip im thng dng hn li, hn khung vi ct thp c ng knh d<10mm. My hn im c nhiu loi, loi mt cc di ng dung f hn khung khng gian, loi nhiu im c nh dng hn li. Ngi ta ch to my hn t ng v bn t ng. b).Hn i u s k thut hn iu kin p dng? l phng php hn p ni hai thanh thp i u li vi nhau. - Nguyn l :Dng dng in h th c in p 1.2-9V chy qua hai thanh thp nh hn. Ti im tip xc ca hai u thanh thp in tr ln,nn lm sinh nhit t u thanh thp khi ding lc p chng li vi p lc =200 -600kG/cm2 chng s c ni lin. - iu kin p dng: ch p dng vi thp chu nn c ng knh ln hn 12mm .Tai im ni thanh thp b phnh to ra v cng ln , nn dn.C hai ch hn i u: Hn lin tc:l hn p mt ln p dng vi thp nhm C1 vi dng in 800A/cm2 Hn ko lin tc la hn p vo nh ra mt vi ln n khi lin ,dng in hn ko lin tc nh hn khong 250 -700A/cm2 p dng cho thp nhm C2,3 c). Hn h quang, s v k thut hn, iu kin p dng v cc kiu mi hn ? - Nguyn l: Dng dng in c in p 40-60V to ra tia h quang t chy que hn. hn h quang l phng php hn ph bin nht trong xy dng - iu kin s dng: ch dng hn ct thp c ng knh ln hn 8mm, tt nht l ln hn 12mm. khi hn pha m bo b mt mi hn nhn, khng chy khng t qung v thu hp cc b, phI m bo chiu cao v chiu di ng hn. hn h quang c th thc hin cc loi mi ni khc nhau. Hn i u dng cho ct thp chu nn. Khi hn phI ch trc ca 2 thanh thp phI trng nhau. Hn p thp gc, p thp trn s dgn khi khng un oc thp ng trc v khng thc hin hn hai pha. Cc kiu mi hn : Hn chp cho, Hn p st trn, Hn p st gc, Hn p thp gc Cu 63: Cc phng php t ct C 3 phng php : - t tng thanh : tng thanh ct thp dc a vo khun sau mi thc hin hn, buc to thnh khung ct ca kt cu. pp ny k cn dng phng tin vn chuyn nhng tn nhiu nhn cng, v nguy him khi lm vic trn cao

- t tng phn: Ct thp dc buc thnh tng phn sau a vo khun ng ta mi thc hin lin kt cc ohn vi nhau. PP ny gim dc mt phn nhn cng nhng vn phi chuyn ct thp vo khun bng tay nn vn nguy him nht l khi khi lng ct thp ln - t ton b : Ct thp dc hn, buc hon ton to thnh khung, li ngay ti xng ct thp, sau c a ln t vp khun, ng ta ch b sung mt vi chi tit lin kt chng vi nhau. Pp ny gim lao ng ti cng trng xung mc ti thiu, nhng i hi c phng tin vn chuyn, nng, lp tng ng - Cu 64: Nghim thu ct thp Trc khi btng phi tin hnh nghim thu ct thp vi cc ni dung sau: + Chng loi thp v s ph hp v vic thay i ct thp so vi thit k. + Cng tc gia cng ct thp: ct, un, lm sch ct thp. + Hnh dng, kch thc ca ct thp, s thanh, khong cch gia cc thanh so vi thit k. + S thch hp ca cc con k to lp bo v ct thp: Kch thc vt liu ch to, mt (khng c ln hn 1m mt con k ). + n nh ca ct thp trong khun: n nh ca cc thanh thp, gia cc lp thp, v ton b ct thp trong khun. + Cc h s cn c khi nghim thu ct thp: - Cc bn v thit k c ghi y s thay i v ct thp trong qu trnh thi cng v km theo bin bn v quyt inh thay i. - Cc kt qu kim tra mu th v cht lng thp, mi hn v cht lng gia cng ct thp. - Cc bin bn thay i ct thp trn cng trng so vi thit k. - Cc bin bn nghim thu k thut trong qu trnh gia cng v lp dng ct thp. - Nht k cng trnh. Chng X. Cng tc b tng. 66. Yu cu cht lng i vi va b tng: - Va b tng phi c trn u, m bo thnh phn ng cp phi. Va b tng sau khi trn phi m bo c cc yu caauf ca thi cng. Phi m bo st hnh chp ( linh ng ) d , m. chy lp kn cc ch ct thp ken dy hoc cc gc cnh ca vn khun. - Vt liu trong cp phi phi ng quy cch v m bo sch. - B tng m bo do cn thit. - Va b tng phi c thi gian ch trn vn chuyn, m b tng ngn nht. Thi gian hon thnh tt c cc qu trnh ny phi nh hn thi gian ninh kt ca xi mng. ( khong 2 h). 67. Cch xc nh cp phi mt m trn: T mc ca cc cu kin ngi thi cng c th xc nh c cp phi cho cc loi mc b tng. Cp phi l thnh phn vt liu theo t l trong mt n v sn phm b tng no . T l ny ph thuc vo cng b tng, vo tnh cht ca va b tng nh st hnh chp ca va b tng. Vic xc nh chnh xc cp phi c mc b tng hin trng l rt kh. V vy trong phm vi thi cng cng trng ta quan tm n cp phi b tng theo nh mc nh nc ban hnh. Hoc theo cng thc kinh nghim theo thc t thi cng. ( Dng th tch xc nh gn ng thnh phn cp phi m trn b tng l 1:2:3 ra c mc b tng khong 200kg/cm2 )

^^ cu hi ph : So snh gia va kh v va t. u im va kh: + Lng xi mng tiu th c th t hn. + Thi gian ninh kt nhanh v lng nc dng t hn. + Lc dnh gia b tng v ct thp tng ln. + Mau chng d c vn khun, ct chng sn thao tc, rt ngn thi gian thi cng . + Cng b tng tng hn so vi dng va b tng nho, nhng vi va kh phi dng m my mi m bo cht lng. 68. Dy chuyn cng ngh ca cng tc b tng. 69. K thut trn b tng bng th cng: Yu cu k thut: - Phi m bo trn u v thnh phn. - Phi t yu cu vi va b tng ( thnh phn , t l cp phi, thi gian trn nh hn thi gian cho php ) Phng php: a. Chun b: Sn trn b tng c knh thc ti thiu 3*3m2 Sn phi c dn dp bng phng, khng ngm nc. Sn c th lt bng gch hoc lt tn. Sn trn phi c mi che ma nng. Tt c cc vt liu ct, , xi mng chun b quanh sn. b. Trnh t trn: ct vo sn , trn ct v xi mng trc sau khi ct xi mng u mu th tip tc cho vo. Khi cho vo xi mng ct, va cho va o n khi ng u dng xng cuc o th cho 1 phn nc vo. Cho t t lng nc cn li vo hn hp v trn u. 70. K thut trn b tng bng my: C th chia ra lm 3 loi chnh: - My trn nghing thng lt c - My trn ng - My trn nm ngang theo kiu hnh tr My trn lm vic theo nguyn tc ri t do hay cng bc. Trnh t trn b tng bng my: - Cho my chy khng ti vi vng. - Nu trn m u tin nn mt t nc vo cho t ci trn v bn gt; ct liu v nc vo trn u sau cho xi mng vo trn cho n khi c. Nng sut ca my trn c tnh theo cng thc: P=Vnk1k2/1000. (m3/h ) V: dung tch my trn ( lt ) n: S m trn trong 1 gi. k1: H s thnh phm ca b tng ( 0.67-0.72 ) k2: H s s dng my trn theo thi gian ( 0.9 0.95 ) Ch ph: Cc yu cu khi vn chuyn b tng: - Khi vn chuyn b tng khng c lm vng vi dc ng. - Phng tin vn chuyn phi kn kht, khng lm d r dc ng. - Tuyt i trnh s phn tng ca b tng trong qu trnh vn chuyn. - Thi gian vn chuyn phi cng t cng tt v thi gian vn chuyn s gim cht lng ca b tng. Tt nht thi gian vn chuyn khng c qu 2 h ng h.

71. Vn chuyn b tng theo phng ngang: ( vn chuyn ni b cng trng ) C th s dng nhiu loi phng tin khc nhau, vic la chn mt trong cc loi phng tin phi cn c vo khi lng b tng. a. Vn chuyn bng xe ct kt, c ly nh hn hoc bng 70m, ng bng phng, khng gh gh, dc ti a 12%. b. Vn chuyn bng xe ba gc: Vn chuyn b tng cng trng nh, Dung tch thng 120-200l, khong cch vn chuyn 70-150m. Cc loi xe ny c th kt hp vi cc phng tin vn chuyn ln cao nh cn trc, thng ti v.v.v c. Vn chuyn bng ng goong. Khi khi lng b tng ln, thi cng trong thi gian di c th lm cc ng ray vn chuyn b tng. Nhng thng xe c dung tch 0.5 0.75 m3 b tng, c th di chuyn trn qung ng 50-200m, y bng tay hoc dng ti tay, ti in. 72. Vn chuyn va b tng theo phng ng. C th s dng cc phng tin sau: - My thng ti: Ngoi nng cc xe ct kt, ci tin ch va ln cao, cn c th dng vn chuyn b tng ln cc tng nh cao trc tip vo phng tin vn chuyn hoc thnh ng trn sn nh. - Vn chuyn ln cao nh cn cu thiu nhi hay cc loi cu khc, va b tng c t trong thng cha, hoc trong xe ct kt, ci tin nh cc cn cu ny nng ln v tr . C th vn chuyn b tng ln cao 15-20m - Vn chuyn bng cn cu thp: Dng cc thng cha va chuyn dng trc tip vo kt cu. y l phng tin vn chuyn b tng ln cao v ngay rt thun li, gim c cng vn chuyn trung gian, rt ngn thi gian thi cng, nhn lc, hiu qu thi cng cao. - Vn chuyn va b tng ln cao bng bng chuyn: Khi lng yu cu ln, vn chuyn v ngay. Hn ch khi s dng bng chuyn vn chuyn b tng l qung ng khng c xa, yu cu va phi do ko nho. - Vn chuyn va b tng bng my bm b tng: Dng my bm b tng vn chuyn b tng ti trc tip vo cc phng tin vn chuyn nh xe ci tin. Nu trong c ly gn th vn chuyn b tng bng my bm trc tip vo cc kt cu cn . - 73. b tng. Nhng yu cu cn ch khi b tng. - Trc khi b tng cn phi kim tra, nghim thu vn khun, ct thp, h thng sn thao tc . - Phi lm sch vn khun, ct thp. Sa cha cc khuyt tt nu c. - Ti nc vn khun vn khun khng ht nc xi mng ( nu dng vn khun g ). - Khi va b tng ln lp va kh trc th phi lm sch mt b tng. ti vo nc h xi mng ri mi b tng mi vo. - Phi c k hoch cung ng va b tng b tng lin tc trong 1 ca, mt kp. Nhng nguyn tc v bin php b tng:

Nguyn tc 1: Khi b tng cc kt cu xy dng, ngi ta khng ch chiu cao b tng khng c vt qu 2.5 m. b tng khng b phn tng. m bo nguyn tc ny khi b tng c chiu cao > 2.5 m ngi ta s dng cc bp sau: - Dng ng vi voi. - Dng mng nghing. ( mng ) - Dng l ch sn. ( ct ) Nguyn tc 2: b tng t trn xung nng cao nng sut lao ng. Khi b tng dm, va b tng c trt t v tr cao hn ming dm, khi b tng ct va b tng phi cao hn ca v <30:>