Figure 3 shows the return loss of the designed antenna, both with and without the CSRR.

In both cases, measured results show the broadband characteristic of which it operates from 2.67 to 12 GHz except for a wanted notched band (4.785.8 GHz). Thus, both of the results have shown similar patterns and satised with the UWB frequency band. A band rejection function when compared with simulated results shown in Figure 2 was conrmed a similar return loss patterns. Figures 4(a)4(d) shows the current distribution of the antenna structure with the CSRR. Particularly, the current distribution of Figure 4(b) mainly ows around the CSRR structure, and it shows a stop effect. Therefore, this result conrmed that the designed antenna can work in a broadband antenna with having a notch band. The measured radiation patterns in the E-plane (yz-plane) and H-plane (xz-plane) at 4.14, 7.67, and 9.85 GHz are plotted in Figure 5. It is observed that the radiation patterns are almost omnidirectional characteristic and similar to those of the conventional monopole antenna.
3. CONCLUSIONS

COMPACT BANDPASS FILTER USING NOVEL TRANSFORMER-BASED COUPLED RESONATORS ON INTEGRATED PASSIVE DEVICE GLASS SUBSTRATE
Chien-Hsiang Huang, Chien-Hsun Chen, and Tzyy-Sheng Horng Department of Electrical Engineering, National Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 70, Lien-Hai Road, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan; Corresponding author: d9131820@student.nsysu.edu.tw Received 17 March 2011 ABSTRACT: This article presents a transformer-based coupledresonator structure to design a bandpass lter (BPF) using integrated passive device technology on glass substrate. The use of the transformer not only greatly reduces the size of the bandpass lter but also easily uses the coupling to control the bandwidth of the lter. Using such a transformer-based coupled BPF structure not only provides the advantage of compact size but also creates extra transmission zeros to enhance roll-off rate or desired stopband rejection. Measured results verify the validity of this design methodology and show good agreement with simulated ones. For demonstration purpose, two example lters are implemented with different bandwidths. Both good performance and miniaturization are achieved for the proposed lters, and the expected transmission zeros are also observed. The lter can be embedded to wafer-level 3D packaging and integration for wireless system-inC package applications. V 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 54:37, 2012; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.26511 Key words: bandpass filter; transformer-based resonator; transmission zeros; integrated passive device

We investigated a new type antenna having the CSRR and matching slot on the ground plane. One of these structure of which the CSRR structure has been designed for rejection of the unwanted frequency band such as IEEE 802.11a WLAN. It was conrmed through the experiment. By varying the CSRRs length, the notched frequency can be adjusted easily. Measured results show that this antenna has both a band notched function over the UWB operation band and omnidirectional radiation patterns. In addition, another structure has been proposed for impedance matching which it makes the enhanced bandwidth easy for UWB application.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

1. INTRODUCTION

This work was supported by the Grant of the Korean Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (The Regional Core Research Program/Chungbuk BIT Research-Oriented University Consortium).
REFERENCES 1. D.O. Kim, N.I. Jo, H.A. Jang, and C.Y. Kim, Design of the ultrawideband antenna with a quadruple-band rejection characteristics using a combination of the complementary split ring resonators, PIER 112 (2011), 9397. ` 2. R. Marquea, F. Mesa, J. Martel, and F. Medina, Comparative analysis of edge- and broadside-coupled spilt ring resonators for metameterial designTheory and experiment, IEEE Antenna Propag 51 (2003), 25722581 3. J.D. Baena, J. Bonache, F. Martin, R.M. Sillero, F. Falcone, T. Lopetegi, M.A.G. Laso, J. Garcia-Garcia, I. Gil, I. Gil, M.F. Portillo, and M. Sorolla, Equivalent-circuit models for split-ring resonators and complementary split-ring resonators coupled to planar transmission lines, IEEE Trans Microwave Theory Technol 53 (2005), 14511461. 4. S.W. Park, N. Kim, S.Y. Rhee, and S.W. Lee, Spiral slot antenna fed by coplanar waveguide using magnetic phase difference, Microwave Opt Technol Lett 52 (2010), 2830. 5. M.J. Ammann and Z.N. Chen, Wideband monopole antenna for multi-band wireless system, Microwave Opt Technol Lett 45 (2003), 146150. 6. C.-Y. Huang and W.-C. Hsia, Planar elliptical antenna for ultrawideband communications, Electron Lett 41 (2005), 296297.
C V 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

The progress in wireless and mobile communication technology has expanded rapidly in recent years, as evidenced by the increasing demand for high performance, low cost, and compact size. Bandpass lters are commonly used in a wireless front-end to prevent the interference of RF signals. In the past, much research work was conducted, and various design approaches were proposed. Among them, two kinds of methods are popular. One of the methods to achieve bandpass operation is to use transmission-line structure, and another method is to use the lumped LC-type structures adopting to lter design. Most miniaturized bandpass lters extensively reported in the literature to date are based primarily on the transmission-line structure [13]. Filters based on the transmission line element have encountered the difculty on size-reduction due to the fact that their sizes are in multiples of quarter-wavelength. Some other studies propose novel structures to reduce lter size, including stepped impedance resonator [4], defected ground structure resonator [5], dual-mode ring resonator [6], and spiral-like resonator [7]. However, the resulting designs are complex and not exible to design. On the other hand, the experimental responses of lumped LC-type bandpass lters cannot match the desired prototype responses due to distributed parasitic and coupling effects, deviating from their ideal behavior [8]. Furthermore, parasitic effects that are negligible at lower frequencies may signicantly alter the characteristics of lumped components at GHz frequencies. In addition, the kind of LC-type bandpass lter has difculty in further reducing its size because of too many element requirements [9].

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Figure 1 (a) Conventional coupled resonator circuit with magnetic coupling. (b) Modied coupled resonator circuit with magnetic coupling

Figure 3 (a) Equivalent circuits of the transformer-based coupled bandpass lter: (a) Type-A and (b) Type-B 2. FILTER DESIGN APPROACH AND TRANSMISSION ZERO ANALYSIS

In this article, a novel compact bandpass lter design using the transformer-based coupled-resonator technique, which is compatible with direct feeding structures in I/O ports, is proposed and investigated. The bandpass lter features coupled resonators with a magnetic-dominant coupling coefcients. The proposed design technique can realize a compact size bandpass lter by precisely calculating the required mutual inductance to couple the primary and secondary coils where each coil resonates with a small capacitor. By properly controlling the coupling strength at the transformer, the desirable coupling coefcients at the passband can be obtained, and thus the lter bandwidth can be easily controlled. In addition, the design skillfully applies parasitic mutual capacitances and modied parallel resonator to create transmission zeros for enhancing the stopband rejection ratio. On the basis of the concept, two bandpass lters (BPFs) operating at 2.1 GHz for 3G mobile wireless communication applications are designed and fabricated using the glass-based substrate integrated passive device (IPD) technology with three-layer metal and polyimide dielectric layer. Three layers of plated Cu with thicknesses of 1, 10, and 6 lm were used as Metal 1, Metal 2, and Metal 3, respectively, for the fabrication of capacitors and transformer used in the lter circuits. Due to the fact that IPDs are generally fabricated using standard wafer technologies such as thin-lm and photolithography processing, and they can be manufactured with low cost, small size, and excellent RF properties [10]. The design methodology and experimental results are presented, and the proposed lter can easily achieve high performance, with a simple structure and very compact size.

2.1. Design of Transformer-Based Coupled-Resonator Bandpass Filter Figure 1 shows the equivalent circuit of the synchronously tuned coupled resonators with magnetic coupling. Coupled resonator is a basic component and especially used to control center frequency in the lter design; in addition, a simple resonator often consists of an inductor and capacitor in parallel, as shown in Figure 1(a). A realization of the resonator, which gives the desired bandpass response, is essential in developing a compact bandpass lter. In addition to the lter size reduction, transmission zeros are widely used to improve the lter selectivity and the stopband rejection [11]. In particular, modied parallel LC resonator in Figure 1(b) is particularly proposed and utilized to generate transmission zeros in the bandpass lter design. With the assistance of the proposed resonators, compact bandpass lters with extra transmission zeros can be achieved easily. According to Figure 1, two types of the proposed transformer-based coupled bandpass lter, denoted as Type-A and Type-B BPF, are designed using conventional and modied parallel LC resonators, respectively. Figure 2 shows the conguration of the proposed second-order bandpass lters utilizing the transformer-based coupled resonators. Figure 2(a) illustrates the conguration of the proposed Type-A lter, composed of one transformer and two capacitors. Figure 2(b) shows the schematic of the proposed Type-B lter. The Type-B lter contains one transformer and four grounded capacitors. The transformer structure is of rectangular shape with the two parallel coils that are

Figure 2 Conguration of proposed transformer-coupled bandpass lters: (a) Type-A and (b) Type-B. [Color gure can be viewed in the online issue, which is available at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

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Figure 4

Magnitude of S21 response of the equivalent circuits for the transformer-based coupled bandpass lters: (a) Type-A and (b) Type-B

symmetrically interwound side-by-side on Metal 2, and integrated capacitors consist of two parallel conductor plates separated by a dielectric material of polyimide. The lters were mainly designed using novel passive components such as symmetric transformers which provided benets such as mutual parasitics and area reduction. For the synthesis of the transformer-based coupled bandpass lter, the two most important parameters for designing a coupled-resonator bandpass lter are the coupling coefcient k between two resonators and the external quality factor Qe [12]. The coupling coefcient mainly depends on the spacing of the interwound turns of the coils in the transformer, and the parameters of the transformer, such as the primary inductance L and mutual inductance M as shown in Figure 1, can be extracted using the equivalent circuit in Ref. 13. The external quality factor of a single coil-type resonator can be evaluated as a function of the tapped feed position. It is often derived in terms of the normalized input admittance (yin) and the group delay (sC) with respect to the reection coefcient at the resonant angular frequency x0 [12]. To determine the coil turn spacing and tapped feed position, one can use the relations of the k and Qe to the second-order lter prototype elements. These relations are given as D M k p g1 g2 L g0 g1 g2 g3 x0 sC Qe 1 yin 2 x0 D D 4 (1) (2)

band insertion loss can be further predicted by the formula given in Ref. 14 and shown as ILx0 dB % 4:343 g1 g2 DQu (3)

where Qu denotes the unloaded quality factor of a coil-type resonator at the resonant frequency. 2.2. Transmission Zeros Analysis of BPF Figure 3 demonstrates the lumped-element equivalent-circuit model for the proposed second-order lter using the transformer-based coupled resonators exhibited in Figure 2. The resonant circuit of the Type-A and Type-B lter includes a primary coil inductance (L1a L1b) resonated with the capacitance C1 and the primary inductance (L2a L2b) resonated with the pair of capacitors of the capacitance C2a and C2b, respectively. The magnetic couplings between the two interwound coils of the coupled-resonator pair of the Type-A and Type-B lter are denoted by the mutual inductance M1 and M2, respectively. The model uses Cc1 and Cc2 between two resonant circuits of the Type-A and Type-B lter to represent for the parasitic capacitive coupling of the two interwound coils. It is noted in Figure 3 that the extension lines labeled with Port 1 and Port 2 intercepted with the interconnect of the coil inductor of L1a and L1b, and L2a and L2b, indicate the input and output tapped feed positions for the Type-A and Type-B lter, respectively. Figure 4 depicts the magnitude S21 response of the equivalent circuit for the Type-A and Type-B BPF. It can be found that the transmission zero fz1 of Type-A lter located at upper stopband, as shown in Figure 4(a), was created near the passband, and the

where D is the fractional bandwidth, and gi is the ith prototype element value. For a Chebyshev bandpass lter design, the pass-

Figure 5 Comparison of the measurements and the full-wave EM simulation of the proposed transformer-based coupled BPFs: (a) Type-A and (b) Type-B. [Color gure can be viewed in the online issue, which is available at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

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Figure 6 Comparison of the measured and simulated group delay for the transformer-based coupled bandpass lters: (a) Type-A and (b) Type-B. [Color gure can be viewed in the online issue, which is available at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

upper stopband rejection is signicantly increased. However, two transmission zeros (fz2,a and fz2,b) of Type-B lter, as indicated in Figure 4(b), can be obtained at the lower and upper stopband, respectively, using of the modied LC resonator in Figure 1(b). The equivalent circuit was required to reveal the proposed lter response and can also be used to determine the locations of extra transmission zeros of the designed lter. As is well known, transmission zeros occur at frequencies where the admittance parameter Y21 of the two-port bandpass lters equals zero. For the Type-A lter, the transmission zero frequency can be determined by 1 fz1 2p s 2Cc1 M1 C1 C1 2Cc1

(4)

where L1a, M1, C1, and Cc1 are shown in Figure 3(a). Consequently, the frequencies of the transmission zeros for the Type-B lter can be found 1 2p s Cc2 M2 C2 C2 2Cc2

fz2;a and

(5)

fz2;b

1 2p

s Cc2 L2a 2 M2 2 C2 C2 2Cc2 L2b 2 M2

(6)

where L2a, L2b, M2, C2, and Cc2 are shown in Figure 3(b). To investigate and demonstrate the validity of the proposed structure, two BPFs, denoted as Type-A lter and Type-B lter, are implemented on a glass substrate with a relative dielectric constant of 4.6 and thickness of 700 lm. Type-A bandpass lter with a fractional bandwidth of 12% and the unload quality factor of 26 and Type-B bandpass lter with a fractional bandwidth of 26% and the unload quality factor of 20 are designed at the center frequency of 2.1 GHz for 3G mobile communication system applications. The prototype element values of a secondorder 0.1 dB equal-ripple lter taken from Ref. 15 are g0 1, g1 0.843, g2 0.622, and g3 1.3554. The insertion losses of Type-A and Type-B BPFs at the center frequency that can be evaluated by Eq. (3) are 2 and 1.2 dB, respectively. To obtain the physical dimensions of the lter, the coupling coefcient and the quality factor can be estimated as k 0.17 and Qe 7.03 for the Type-A lter design and k 0.36 and Qe 3.24 for the Type-B lter design. Thus, the overall design procedure of the lter can be summarized as follows. First, determine the dimension of the transformer-based coupled resonator to meet the center frequency and the bandwidth of the lter and then select the feeding position of the resonator from Figures 2(a) and 2(b) to meet the specic Qe. Realizable design geometric parameters have been obtained from the layout, as in Figures 2(a) and 2(b), that a coil turn spacing of SA 20 lm and a tapped feed position of PA 240 lm for Type-A BPF and SB 35 lm and PB 320 lm for Type-B BPF, respectively. On the basis of the design guide described above, the more

Figure 7 Photograph of the designed bandpass lters implemented on integrated passive device glass substrate: (a) Type-A and (b) Type-B. [Color gure can be viewed in the online issue, which is available at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

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dimensional parameters (units: lm) of the fabricated lters are chosen as follows: WA 30, DA 300, LA 450, WB 35, DB 200, LB1 LB2 450. Therefore, for the dimensions of the Type-A lter given in Figure 3(a), the corresponding element values of the equivalent-circuit model are L1a 1 nH, L1b 2 nH, C1 1.1 pF, M1 1.2 nH, and Cc1 0.6 pF, respectively. For the dimensions of the Type-B lter given in Figure 3(b), the corresponding element values of the equivalent-circuit model are L2a 1 nH, L2b 2 nH, C2a 1.1 pF, C2b 1.1 pF, M2 1.2 nH, and Cc2 0.6 pF, respectively.
3. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

width, compact size, and multiple transmission zeros can be easily achieved. In addition, the proposed lter exhibits a sharp rejection slope and a very wide stopband at the desired frequencies. The measured results are in conformity with simulated ones. On the basis of the principle, the proposed bandpass lter is compact, simple, and attractive for 3G mobile communication applications.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

To verify the above-mentioned designs, two lters were designed and simulated by an EM simulator, Ansoft HFSS. Measurements were carried out on an Agilent vector network analyzer E8364B. Figure 5 illustrates and compares the measured results and EM simulation of the proposed transformerbased coupled bandpass lters in the frequency range of 0.18 GHz. There are some slight discrepancies between simulated and measured results, which are primarily due to the fabrication tolerance. Nevertheless, the measured results of the fabricated bandpass lters agree well with the responses of the simulated design. From Figure 5(a), the measured insertion loss of the Type-A BPF in the passband from 1.9 to 2.2 GHz is $2.2 dB, which has a deviation of 0.2 dB from the predicted value, and the return loss in the passband is larger than 18 dB. As depicted in Figure 5(a), it can be obviously observed as expected that there is one extra transmission zero located at 2.9 GHz in the upper stopband. It provides a more than 25 dB stopband rejection level in the frequency range 2.88 GHz. In the case of Type-B BPF operation, the measured insertion loss and return loss within the passband shown in Figure 5(b) are less than 1.5 dB and more than 15 dB, respectively. Although the measured insertion loss is greater than the predicted value, the measurement still shows quite good correspondence with the simulation. As results, two transmission zeros of the Type-B BPF are generated near the passband edges, which provide a satisfactory rejection level in the stopband and much improved passband selectivity. One of the extra transmission zero was observed at $0.85 GHz, and the other is at 4.2 GHz. As can be seen, the lower and upper stopband rejection of Type-B lter are better than 28 dB from 0.1 to 1 GHz and 35 dB from 3.7 to 8 GHz, respectively. This implies that the proposed lter not only possesses high selectivity but also has a wide upper stopband. Figure 6 shows the measured and simulated group delays of TypeA and Type-B BPFs, and the variation are less than 2 ns in the passband. Figures 7(a) and 7(b) depict photographs of the fabricated Type-A and Type-B BPFs, respectively. The occupied area of the designed Type-A and Type-B lters excluding the outer common ground ring and test pads are 1.7 0.8 mm2 and 1.6 0.8 mm2, respectively. From experimental results, the presented bandpass lter with the proposed transformer-based coupled resonators has an overall smaller area and lower insertion loss, showing a great potential to be embedded in a glass carrier for wireless 3D packaging and integration.
4. CONCLUSIONS

This work was supported in part by the National Science Council, Taiwan, under Grant NSC 97-2221-E-110-035-MY3 and 97-2622E-110-007-CC1 and by the Department of Industrial Technology, Taiwan, under grant 97-EC-17-A-01-S1-104. The authors thank the National Chip Implementation Center, Taiwan, for providing the integrated passive device foundry service for this study.
REFERENCES 1. J.R. Lee, J.H. Cho, and S.W. Yun, New compact bandpass lter using microstrip kg/4 resonators with open stub inverter, IEEE Microwave Guided Wave Lett 10 (2000), 526527. 2. P. Cheong, S.-W. Fok, and K.-W. Tam, Miniaturized parallel coupled-line bandpass lter with spurious-response suppression, IEEE Trans Microwave Theory Technol 53 (2005), 18101816. 3. S.-C. Lin, Y.-S. Lin, and C.-H. Chen, Extended-stopband bandpass lter using both half- and quarter-wavelength resonators, IEEE Microwave Wireless Compon Lett 16 (2006), 4345. 4. T.-N. Kuo, W.-C. Li, C.-H. Wang, and C.-H. Chen, Wide-stopband microstrip bandpass lters using quarter-wavelength stepped impedance resonators and bandstop embedded resonators, IEEE Microwave Wireless Compon Lett 18 (2008), 389391. 5. A. Boutejdar and A. Omar, Design of microstrip bandpass and lowpass lters using coupling matrix method and a new hairpin defected ground structure, Microwave Opt Technol Lett 50 (2008), 28982901. 6. L.-H. Hsieh and K. Chang, Dual-mode quasi-elliptic-function bandpass lters using ring resonators with enhanced-coupling tuning stubs, IEEE Trans Microwave Theory Technol 50 (2002), 13401345. 7. F. Huang, L. Yue, and D. Gulati, Compact copper microstrip lters with spiral resonators, Microwave Opt Technol Lett 42 (2004), 460463. 8. Y.-C. Chiang, C.-C. Lin, and Y.-J. Chan, The design of a narrowband MIC lumped-element coupled-resonator bandpass lter, Microwave Opt Technol Lett 18 (1998), 414417. 9. S. Dalmia, V. Sundaram, G. White, and M. Swaminathan, Liquid crystalline polymer (LCP) based lumped-element bandpass lters for multiple wireless applications, In: IEEE MTT-S int. microwave symp. dig., Fort Worth, TX, 2004, 19911994. 10. G.J. Carchon, W. De Raedt, and E. Beyne, Wafer-level packaging technology for high-Q on-chip inductors and transmission lines, IEEE Trans Microwave Theory Technol 52 (2004), 12441251. 11. J.-S. Lim and D. C. Park, A modied Chebyshev bandpass lter with attenuation poles in the stopband, IEEE Trans Microwave Theory Technol 45 (1997), 898904. 12. J.S. Hong and M.J. Lancaster, Microwave lters for RF/microwave applications, Wiley, New York, NY, 2001. 13. I. Cendoya, J. de No, B. Sedano, A. Garca-Alonso, D. Valderas, and I. Gutierrez, A new methodology for the on-wafer characterization of RF integrated transformers, IEEE Trans Microwave Theory Technol 55 (2007), 10461053. 14. R.W. Rhea, HF lter design and computer simulation, Noble Publishing, Tucker, Georgia, 1994. 15. G. Matthaei, L. Young, and E.M.T. Jones, Microwave lters, impedance-matching networks, and coupling structures, Artech House, Norwood, MA, 1980.
C V 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

In this article, proposed compact bandpass lters using novel transformer-based coupled resonators have been presented. On the basis of two different types of transformer-based coupled resonator, the bandpass lter has been designed and fabricated using glass-based substrate IPD technology. With the assistance of transformer-based resonators, lters with controllable band-

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