Attempting to synthesise lab and field dynamic measurements

Richard Jardine
Dynamic soil properties seminar Imperial College 17th March 2010
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Scope for comparisons

Full range non-linear dynamic lab versus field: range, non linear, Needs big shaking tests or seismic arrays, plus powerful lab!

Lab versus field at smaller strains: body wave velocities, and static stiffness trends

Mixed measurements: static lab versus dynamic field; static versus dynamic lab

Key points: Strain level & strain rate effects Sampling disturbance and in-situ macro-structure Testing equipment & interpretation Imposed stress & strain paths

Full non-linear response from analysis of seismic array records

Example: Lotung Taiwan - operating since 1985 Figures from Elgamel et al (1995)

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Seismic array analysis

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Interpretion: Vs velocities, G values & damping curves

Experience: Lab Vs and G values typically well below field values, although decay curves may match better RC Lab trends

RC Lab trends
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Perceived problem: sampling disturbance

Require freezing or block sampling techniques to retain sand structure? Usual to rely on in-situ testing.. Clays and mudrocks also give problems, how should they be sampled? Consider historical progression of Imperial College work p g p g See that improvements in sampling and testing allow us p p g g to be happier about comparisons between lab and field

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Correlating lab and (mostly BRE) field measurements

At ICP pile research sites: C Canons P k L d clay Park, London l Pentre, deep, low OCR, glacio-lacustrine clay-silt, Shropshire Dunkerque, medium dense marine sand, Northern France
Also Bothkennar soft clay - Hight et al (2003), Jardine et al (2004) clay, (2003)

At important Industrial sites: London clay: Terminal 5 Heathrow

Also Crag and London Tertiaries at Sizewell Hight et al (1997)

Trying to link lab and field London clay behaviour

Conventional tests cant match geophysics (expressed as Eu equivalent to 3G)

Jardine et al (1985) ( ) BRE reflective field geophysics (Abbiss 1981) 3Ghh versus

Plate, SB Pressuremeter & Back Analysis profiles

And conventional laboratory triaxial tests

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Recognising the importance of non-linearity over engineering strain range engineering range
New insights offered by locally instrumented triaxial tests
Canons Park & Bell Common Thin walled samples, UU tests Electrolevel axial strain sensors Stiffer response when: Ko reconsolidated High quality rotary core samples Rate dependent, plastic, Behaviour over non-linear range
0.001 0.01 0.1
Axial strain, % strain

Reference small strain Stiffnesses @ 0.01% strain

Conventional testing

10

But, B t no clear li l linear elastic region.. l ti i

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Trying to link lab and field London clay behaviour

Locally instrumented static lab & field tests and BRE geophysics

Jardine et al (1985)

Static back-analysis < Eu(0.01) < Dynamic 3Ghh

UU Eu(0.01) profile From Canons Park

CUKo triaxial tests on rotary samples Give higher stiffness at smaller strains

Any elastic range?

What about anisotropy?

Geophysics Insitu Ghh Abbiss (1981)

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Similar non-linear trends from field tests

Instrumented pads and 865mm plate t t on L d clay I t t d d d 865 l t tests London l Plate tests by Marsland and Eason (1973) Stresses from theory, strains from field; Jardine et al (1985)

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Similar non-linear trends from London clay field tests t t Jardine et al (1985)
Re-interpretation of Cooke Price and Tarr (1979) Stresses adjacent to p from theory, strains from in-place inclinometers; j pile y, p ;

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Similar trends from non-linear Self Boring Pressuremeter interpretation of London clay tests
Pressuremeter & UU and CUKo triaxial tests; Jardine (1992) Importance of strain level is clear Broad agreement over non linear non-linear range from various experiments No reliable Gmax comparisons N analysis of anisotropy No l i f i t

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Subsequent lab developments and new tools q p

Better local strain sensors IIS Tokyo LDTs (Goto et al 1991), better electrolevel gauges; Hall effect devices & LVDT systems y Hollow Cylinder (HCA) Resonant Column Apparatus: more uniform strain fields static testing to fail re K consolidated samples fields, failure, K-consolidated Body waves: multi directional S-wave bender element and P-wave multi-directional S wave P wave measurements Locally instrumented static Hollow Cylinder Apparatus (HCA) Rotary coring and sharp edged piston samples for clays

IC Resonant Column HCA

Porovic (1995) Nishimura (2006) (1995),

Sample size:

h =170 mm 170 di = 38 mm do= 70 mm

Can take rotary cores Dynamic Gvh External and semi-local instrumentation (corrected for apparatus compliance)
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100 mm

Some checks made with local gauges

Pentre: deep low OCR deep, OCR, glacial lacustrine clay-silt

BRE Seismic CPT tests Gvh compared b Ch d by Chow (1997) with: ith

RC HCA tests by Porovic (1995) on piston samples: Gvh mode

Triaxial tests Connolly (1997)

Fair match, closer if thinner wall, sharp edged, stainless steel sampling tubes used? As in Bothkennar study.

Pentre: deep, low OCR clay-silt

HCA RC and T i d Torsional Sh l Shear (TS) t t show fair agreement at tests h f i t t small strains for silt (& sands) Porovic (1995)

Greatly different strain rates: RC > 104 faster

Resonant Column

TS Scatter Torsional shear

Measuring anisotropic elastic stiffness in triaxial tests For cross-anisotropic material

Gvh = Gar = Ga hh = rr = r = r

Ev = Ea Procedure assumes rate ar = a vh = independent linear range after Tatsuoka Eh = Er (1992). See Kuwanoa & Jardine (1998) or Lings et al (2000) hv = ra = & Shibuya = E
Resonant column

High resolution g stress-strain probing tests: changing v and r individually

a

Gvh

a a

Vertically & horizontally polarised BE tests: giving Ghh and Ghv

Bender l B d elements Ghh,Ghv G

r
a(v)

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r
Imperial College London

r(h)

Dunkerque: anisotropic lab stiffness sets and BRE seismic CPT profiles:
Chow (1997), Kuwano (1999), Jardine et al (2003)
Dunkerque laboratory profiles for dense sand and field sesimic profile
Elastic stiffness, MPa 0 0 100 200 300 400 500

Also, good agreement for 600 reconstituted sa ds Gvh eco s700u ed sands between: R Resonant column t l Bender element Eu from tests Ev E'v from TXC tests Torsional shearTXCtests E'h from TX

10 Depth, m

15

Porovic (1995), Connolly & Kuwano (1999)

Gvh from TX BE tests Ghh from TX BE tests Gvh from field seismic CPT tests Eu from TXC tests E'v from TXC tests E'h f from TX tests t t

20

Gvh Gvh Ghh Eh Ev Eu Seismic CPT --------------------College London Page 19 Imperial All laboratory------------------------

Dunkerque trends over non-linear range; limited li it d scope of t i i l t t f triaxial tests

Dunkerque dense sand secant shear stiffness data OCR = 2
1600

Tests from K0 at OCR = 2

1400

1200

Undrained triaxial extension

Stiffness characteristics and anisotropy change with stress state; Kuwano and Jardine (2002

1000

Undrained triaxial compression

G/p'

800

600

Torsional shear

400

200

0 0.001 Page 20 0.01 Imperial College London 0.1 1

Es, %

For cross-anisotropic material Measuring anisotropic stiffness in HCA tests

Ev = Ea vh = ar = a Eh = Er = columntests = a hv = ra ResonantE
vh ar a Non-destructive hh Non destructive Gvh

G =G =G

= rr = r = r

Can also apply Static uniaxial probes for all stiffness & Poisson ratio components
Bender elements

Resonant column

Gvh

a a

a
a

r Uniaxial tests to failure

Ghh,Ghv

are possible

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r
Imperial College London

Zdravkovic & Jardine (1997)

r(h)

a(v)

Application for London clay in Heathrow T5 project

Locations for Imperial College & BAA/GCG studies
PhDs: Gasparre, Nishimura, Minh see Imperial College website Papers: - Geotechnique February/March 2007; IS-Atlanta 2008

Block sampling

T5
Two deep rotary-cored boreholes
Imperial College London

Cross-hole &down hole Page 22 geophysics

London clay T5 lab testing in Gvh mode

HCA Resonant Column (RC) and Torsional Shear (TS) Nishimura (2006), R tC l dT i l Sh Ni hi (2006) BE tests and static probing tests by Gasparre (2005) and Nishimura (2006) Multiple tests on rotary cores and block samples Resonant column

Resonant Column Gmax typically 20% higher than Torsional Shear Gvh at = 3x10-5

Torsional shear

T5 Field & laboratory Gvh profiles h

After Nishimura (2006)

Good agreement down to 20m

Lab Bender Element < RC Gvh nterpretation dependent?

Lab RC < seismic Gvh in deeper layers

Laboratory BE Gvh Laboratory HCA RC Gvh Seismic Gvh: BRE down hole tests

Result of macro-fabric? Claystone bands? Or imperfect sampling & testing? Page 24

Triaxial stress path testing

100mm diameter samples fully instrumented automated cells samples,

load cell CRSP

PC air-oil interface volume gauge air-water interface

external LVDT

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cell pressure transducer College London Imperial

pore pressure transducer d

Triaxial tests by Gasparre (2006)

437

Search for kinematic yield surfaces

[ 'a [kPa] 436

Study of possible stress history effects

Y1
q [kPa a]
0.0005 0.0010 0.0015 a [%] 0.0020 0.0025 0.0030

435

p' [kPa] 0 300 400 500 600

434 0.0000

-100

C& B2(c) B2(a)

A3

0.16

0.12

[%]

-200 200
0.08

0.04

Y1 i end of elastic range is d f l ti

Y2
0 0.1 01

0.00

0.2 02

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v [%]

Y2 marks changes in dilatancy characteristics & other features

More HCA tests

Uniaxial probing tests in Mark M k II HCA b A h Mi h by Anh-Minh

Mix of LVDT Enhanced LVDT, Electro-level & Proximity local strain measurements for four strain components

Samples - h = 200 mm - di = 60 mm - do= 100 mm

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Stiffness anisotropy from HCA tests

Uniaxial U i i l probing t t t f il bi tests to failure: th three id ti l samples identical l

Stiffness [MPa] 300 E'h

S Secant E, Ez and G z [MPa] 200 Uniaxial tests

'r = constant t t p' = 280kPa K = 1.7 17

z z

E'v

Gvh

100

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0 -3 -2 -1 10 Imperial College London 10 10 Absolutte strains , z and z [%]

10

Anisotoropy from static and dynamic lab tests

Strongly anisotropic in both static and dynamic tests Lab data match general trends from in-situ geophysics More divergence at depth: macro-fabric or sampling?
Young's Moduli [MPa] 0 0 Shear moduli [MPa] 400 0 Bulk modulus, K [MPa] 0 100 200 C B 2( c) 10 B2(b ) Depth [m] 200 100 200

xx

x x

x
20

x x
Ev' (TX) Ev' (HCA) Eh' (TX)
Imperial College London

x
B2(a )

x
30

x
Gvh (BE) Gh h (BE) Gvh (RC) Gvh (Static)

B1 A3 ( 2)

40
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Eh' (HCA)

Continuing work:
Lab & geophysical testing of Cretaceous and Jurassic Mudrocks

Oxford l O f d clay - complete l t Gault Clay underway Kimmeridge - underway

HCA & advanced triaxial testing by g y Amandine Brosse, Ramtin Kamal Hossieni, micro-fabric & geology by Stephen Wilkinson
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CONCLUSIONS:
Aim: synthesize lab & field dynamic properties over the full range Needs N d powerful l b t t plus seismic array d t or other i f l lab tests l i i data, th inverse fi ld field analysis. Can expect strong rate effects in non-linear range. Reasonable matches possible between field and (possibly slightly softer) lab stiffness, if advantage is taken of improvements in: Sampling quality Lab testing equipment and procedures Understanding anisotropy & strain level effects Test interpretation Note the great value of appropriate field geophysical testing
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Acknowledgements
Research sponsors and partners: BRE EPSRC and others R h d t BRE, d th Current and former colleagues at Imperial College whose work has been referred to including: John Burland Fiona Chow Matthew Coop Apollonia Gasparre g David Hight Nguyen Anh-Minh Satoshi Nishimura Esad Porovic Tim Connolly Lidija Zdravkovic
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Selected references

Jardine, R.J. Fourie, A.B. Maswoswe, J. and Burland, J.B. (1985) Field and laboratory measurements of soil stiffness. Proc. 11th Int. Conf. SMFE, San Francisco, Vol. 2, p 511-514, Balkema, Rotterdam. Jardine, R.J. Potts, D.M. Fourie A.B. and Burland, J.B. (1986) Studies of the influence of non-linear stress-strain characteristics in soil-structure interaction. Geotechnique, 36, No. 3, p 377-396. Jardine, R. J., St. John H. D., Hight, D. W. and Potts, D. M. (1991) Some applications of a non-linear ground model. Proc. 10th ECSMFE, Florence, Vol.1, Florence Vol 1 pp 23 228 23-228. Jardine, R. J. (1992) Non-linear stiffness parameters from undrained pressuremeter tests. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, June 1992, Vol 29, No 3, pp 436-447. Hight, D W and Jardine, R J (1993) Small strain stiffness and strength characteristics of hard London Tertiary clays. Proc. Int. Symp. on Hard Soils - Soft Rocks, Athens, Greece. Vol 1, 533-552, Balkema, Rotterdam Zdravkovic L. and Jardine R J (1997) Some anisotropic stiffness characteristics of a silt under general stress conditions Geotechnique 47 No 3 L Jardine, R.J. conditions. Geotechnique, 47, 3, 407-438. Hight, D.W., Bennell, J.D., Chana, B., Davis, P.D., Jardine, R.J. and Porovic, E. (1997) Wave velocity and stiffness measurements of the Crag and Lower London tertiaries at Sizewell. Geotechnique, 47, No 3, 451-474. Tatsuoka, F., Jardine, R. J., Lo Presti, D., Di Benedetto, H. and Kodaka, T. (1999) Characterising the pre-failure deformation properties of geomaterials. geomaterials Theme Lecture, Proc XIVth ICSMFE Hamburg, Volume 4 Balkema Rotterdam 1997, Vol 4 pp 2129-2164 Lecture ICSMFE, Hamburg 4, Balkema, Rotterdam, 1997 2129 2164. Kuwano, R. and Jardine, R. J. (1998) Stiffness measurements in a stress path cell. Prefailure behaviour of geomaterials. Thomas Telford, London, pp 391-395. Kuwano, R., Connolly, T. M. and Jardine, R. J. (2000) Anisotropic stiffness measurements in a stress path triaxial cell. ASTM Journal of Geotechnical Testing, Vol 23, No 2, pp141-157. Jardine, R.J, Kuwano, R., Zdravkovic, L. Jardine R J Kuwano R Zdravkovic L and Thornton C (2001) Some fundamental aspects of the pre-failure behaviour of granular soils 2nd Int Thornton, C. pre failure soils. Symp. On Pre-failure Behaviour of Geomaterials, IS- Torino, Volume 2. Swets & Zeitlinger, Lisse, pp1077-113. Kuwano, R. and Jardine R.J. (2002) On the applicability of cross anisotropic elasticity to granular materials at very small strains. Geotechnique, Vol 52, No 10, pp 727-750. Jardine, R.J., Standing, J.R and Kovacevic, N. (2005) Lessons learned from Full scale observations and the practical application of advanced testing and modeling. Keynote p p , Proc 2003 International Symposium on Deformation Characteristics of Geomaterials, Lyon, Vol 2, pub g g y paper, y p , y , ,p Balkema, Lisse, p. 201-245. Hight, D.W., Gasparre, A., Nishimura, S., Anh-Minh, N., Jardine, R.J. & Coop, M.R. (2007) Characteristics of the London clay from the Terminal 5 site at Heathrow Airport. Symposium in Print on Stiff Sedimentary Clays Gotechnique, 57(2), pp 3-18. Gasparre A., Nishimura, S., Coop, M.R., and Jardine, R.J. (2007) The Influence of Structure on the Behaviour of London Clay, Symposium in Print on Stiff Sedimentary Clays. Gotechnique, 57(1), pp 19-32. Gasparre, A., Nishimura, S., Anh-Minh, N., Coop, M.R. & Jardine, R.J. (2007) The stiffness of natural London clay. Symposium in Print on Stiff Clays. Gotechnique, 57(1), pp 33-48. Nishimura, S., Minh, N.A. and Jardine, R.J. (2007) Shear strength anisotropy of natural London clay. Symposium in Print on Stiff Clays. Gotechnique, 57(1), pp 49-62.

TC-29 Advanced geotechnical lab testing ISSMGE IS Seoul IS-Seoul 2011

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Over 300 abstracts in on track to be excellent in, successor to:

IS-Hokkaido (1994) SIP-London (1997) IS-Torino (1999) ( ) IS-Lyon (2003) IS-Atlanta (2008)

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Professor Alan Bishop 1920 - 1988

Bishop Lecture for future TC-29 main events, events first at IS Seoul (2011) IS-Seoul Recognising exceptional laboratory research and practical geotechnical engineering contributions, continuing spirit of Professor g p Alan Bishop.
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