2.

A summary of conducted emissions

The term conducted emissions refers to the mechanism that enables electromagnetic energy to be created in an electronic device and coupled to its AC power cord. Similarly to radiated emissions , the allowable conducted emissions from electronic devices are controlled by regulatory agencies. If a product passes all radiated emissions regulations but fails a conducted emissions test, the product cannot be legally sold.

The primary reason that conducted emissions are regulated is that electromagnetic energy that is coupled to a products power cord can find its way to the entire power distribution network that the product is connected to and use the larger network to radiate more efficiently than the product could by itself. Other electronic devices can then receive the electromagnetic interference through a radiated path (or, much less frequently, a direct electrical connection). The frequency range where conducted emissions are regulated is typically lower than the frequency range where radiated emissions are regulated. The longer wavelengths where conducted emissions are a problem needs a much larger antenna to radiate and receive electromagnetic interference than the shorter wavelengths studied for radiated emissions.

Conducted Emissions is a term for radio frequency current that flows on one or more conductors connected to an electric circuit, or alternatively, radio frequency voltage between conductors connected to an electric circuit. Generally, conducted emissions voltage is specified as the voltage that develops when conducted emissions current encounters a 50 ohm impedance. Conducted emissions are a natural byproduct of active circuit operation. Simply put, conducted emissions are created whenever the current drawn by a circuit from the power leads changes over time. The current waveform produces a corresponding voltage on the power leads equal to the product of current amplitude and source impedance. Conducted emissions may be differential mode, common mode, or both.

3. Source of ce in spms The various sources of conducted emissions in switched-mode power supplies have been thoroughly documented.24 They chiefly involve parasitic coupling, snubber networks, and trace and component placement. While parasitics do play an important role in conducted emissions, the flyback topology contains an often overlooked source of common-mode

emissions that is a by-product of the design and that can have a dramatic effect on the common-mode conducted emissions profile, even at low frequencies. It is generally accepted that differential-mode emissions are predominant below 1 MHz and that common-mode emissions come to the fore above 1 MHz. However, the flyback noise source generates common-mode emissions from the supply at frequencies of less than 1 MHz. These consist primarily of harmonics of the fundamental switching frequency. How this additional source of common-mode noise contributes to the conducted emissions profile of an SMPS can be seen in the diagram in Figure 2. In the flyback design, the primary switching ground is not connected directly to secondary ground or earth ground because the line side of the ac input would be connected to ground and thus would create a short circuit. Therefore, the primary ground has a radio-frequency (RF) potential above earth ground (identified in Figure 2) as common-mode voltage (Vcm) developed across the common-mode impedance Zt. This Vcm results in a common-mode current (Icm(t)) with two components. Part of the common-mode current flows through the capacitance of the transformer and into the dc secondary (Icm(int)). The remainder (Icm(ext)) flows out of the power supply and into the line impedance stabilization network (LISN), where the interference is measured and compared against commercial emissions standards.