CNG NGH SN XUT C CHUA C C Posted on 26.06.2010 Nhm sinh vin thc hin: 1. Trn Th Uyn Chi 2.

Nguyn Ngc Phng Dim 3. Trn Th Xun Hng 4. Trn Th M L 5. L Th nh Nguyt 6. Nguyn Th Xun 7. Nguyn Quang MC LC 1. Tng quan v sn phm hp c chua c c. 2 1.1 Gii thiu chung v sn phm hp c chua c c. 2 1.2 Sn phm th trng. 2 1.3 Gi tr dinh dng ca sn phm.. 3 2. Tng quan v nguyn vt liu sn xut hp c chua c c. 4 2.1 Nguyn liu c chua. 4 2.1.1 Gii thiu chung v cy c chua. 4 2.1.2 Thnh phn ha hc. 6 2.1.3 Yu cu nguyn liu v c im cn ch . 8 2.2 Nguyn liu ph. 9 2.3 Bao b hp c chua c c. 10 2.3.1 Vai tr ca bao b 10 2.3.2 Bao b st ty. 11 3. Vn chuyn, tip nhn v bo qun nguyn liu c chua. 12 3.1 Vn chuyn v tip nhn nguyn liu c chua. 12 3.2 Bo qun nguyn liu c chua. 14 3.2.1 Phn loi v tuyn chn trc khi a vo bo qun. 14 3.2.2 Quy cch sp xp. 15 3.2.3 Thi gian bo qun. 17 3.2.4 Kho bo qun. 17 4. Quy trnh sn xut. 18 4.1 S khi 18 4.2 Thuyt minh quy trnh. 19 4.2.1 La chn. 19 4.2.2 Ra. 19 4.2.3 X ti 20 4.2.4 un nng. 20 4.2.5 Ch. 21

4.2.6 C c. 21 4.2.7 X l bao b 23 4.2.8 Rt hp. 23 4.2.9 Ghp np. 24 4.2.10 Thanh trng. 24 4.2.11 Bo n. 26 4.3 Thit b chnh c s dng trong quy trnh. 26 4.3.1 Bng chuyn bng ng. 26 4.3.2 My ra thi kh 27 4.3.3 My ch cnh p. 28 4.3.4 Thit b c c chn khng ba ni 29 4.3.4 Thit b rt sn phm.. 31 4.3.6 Thit b thanh trng. 32 5. Cc nguyn nhn gy h hng hp 5.1 Do vi sinh vt 5.2 Do cc hin tng ho hc 5.3 Do cc nh hng c l 5.4 Cc cch x l hp h hng 6. PR sn phm c chua c c NI DUNG 1. Tng quan v sn phm hp c chua c c 1.1 Gii thiu chung v sn phm hp c chua c c [1. P324-325] C chua c c l mt trong nhng sn phm chnh ca cng nghip hp rau qu, c coi l bn ch phm v n c dng ch bin cc loi hp khc nh hp xt cc loi, nc xt ca hp tht, c, rau, lm nguyn liu nu nng. C chua c c c ch bin bng cch c c tht c chua (theo mc khc nhau) sau khi nghin nh v loi b ht, v. Lin X ngi ta phn loi c chua c c nh sau: Pure c chua: c kh 12, 15 v 20% C chua c c loi kh 30, 35 v 40% C chua c c loi kh 50 70% Bt c chua: kh 88 95% Dng c chua c c c kh 30% c ch bin nhiu hn c M, c chua c c c phn loi nh sau: Pure c chua: c chua ch mn qua ry loi b v, ht Pure c chua ming: c chua x ti, qua sng loi b v, ht.

C chua c c loi c kh 25 29% C chua c c c kh 29 33% C chua c c c kh trn 33% C chua ming c c: c chua x ti, loi b v v ht, ri c c. 1.2 Sn phm th trng

1.3 Gi tr dinh dng ca sn phm [7] Qu c chua c ch bin thnh nhiu dng khc nhau v c dng trong cc ba n hng ngy ca ngi Vit Nam nhm mc ch lm tng thm gi tr dinh dng v to nn v p bt mt trong vic trnh by cc mn n. Hm lng sinh t: khi c chua chn mu ti ca c chua to nn v p rt bt mt trong vic trnh by cc mn n. Mu ca c chua cng cho thy hm lng

Vitamin A thin nhin trong c chua cao, trung bnh 100g c chua chn ti s p ng c 13% nhu cu hng ngy v Vitamin A, Vitamin C, ngoi ra cn c Vitamin B1, B2.. Sc t hng c trong qu c chua c th lm gim ch s thng tn da xung 40% c bit l nhng qu c chua chn C chua cung cp t nng lng do vy thch hp vi ngi s mp. Khong vi lng: Canxi, st, kali, phospho, lu hunh, niken, iot, cc axit hu c di dng mui citrat, malat v tu mi trng trng m c chua cn c ng, molibden. Hp cht caroten trong qu c chua l cht c kh nng chng oxi ho ph bin. Ngoi tc dng lm tin cht to ra vitamin A gip cho s i mi t bo, hp cht caroten cn c tc dng bo v mnh m t bo, bo v nim mc, ming, mi, ng h hp Hm lng Vitamin C c tc dng ngn nga nhim trng, gim nh d ng do cc nguyn nhn nh khi bi. Ngoi ra Vitamin C cn c tc dng chng oxi ho, cn gip cho c th hp th tt cc cht vi lng cn thit cho c th nh: Cu, Zn Ngoi ra, c chua cn cha nhiu hp cht ha thc vt khc v cht x gip cho c th bi xut cholesterol, gim cc mu ng, phng cc tai bin ca bnh tim mch, bnh bo ph C chua rt giu lycopen c kh nng Lycopene l cht chng oxy ho rt tch cc, n c kh nng ngn nga s hnh thnh oxy ho LDL, cholesterol c hi trong mu, t s ngn chn c chng x va ng mch v cc nguy c dn ti t qu. Lycopene c coi l c kh nng ngn nga s hnh thnh cc gc t do gy ung th nh ung th v, tuyn tin lit, tuyn ty v i trng. C th chng ta khng c kh nng t tng hp cht lycopene, chnh bi th bn phi thu nhn n t bn ngoi qua ch n ung hng ngy. V trong cc loi thc phm c chua gi ngi v qun qunc cha rt nhiu lycopene. Theo y hc c truyn, c chua v ngt chua, tnh mt, c cng dng thanh nhit, ch kht, dng m v lng huyt, thng c dng cha cc chng bnh nh nhit bnh phin kht, mi kh hang kht do v nhit, can m bt tc, hay hoa mt chng mt, m h huyt nhit, chy mu cam, chy mu chn rng, tiu ho km, lot d dy, huyt p cao 2. Tng quan v nguyn vt liu sn xut hp c chua c c 2.1 Nguyn liu c chua 2.1.1 Gii thiu chung v cy c chua [8] Cy c chua c tn khoa hc l Lycopesium esculentum, c ngun gc t Nam M, l loi rau n qu, h C (Solanaceae). Cy c chua c 2 loi hnh sinh trng: c hn v v hn. C chua l cy di ngy, t th phn.

Cy c chua c th sinh trng trn nhiu loi t khc nhau nh t st, t ct, t pha ct,c pH= 6 6,5. t c m cao v ngp nc ko di s lm gim kh nng sinh trng ca cy c chua. Nhit thch hp cho c chua t nng sut cao, cht lng tt l khong 21 24 C v thi tit kh. Vit Nam, cy c chua c xp vo cc loi rau c gi tr kinh t cao, din tch trng c chua ln n chc ngn ha, tp trung ch yu ng bng v trung du pha Bc. Hin nay c mt s ging chu nhit mi lai to chn lc c th trng ti min Trung, Ty Nguyn v Nam B nn din tch ngy cng c m rng. Nhiu ging c chua lai ghp cht lng tt c pht trin mnh Lt, Lm ng. Mt s ging c chua cht lng c xut khu ra th trng th gii. Thi v :mt nm c th trng 4 v c chua: V sm, gieo ht vo cui thng 7 u thng 8; V chnh gieo cui thng 9 n u thng 10 V mun gieo t thng 11 n gia thng 12 V xun gieo t thng 1 2 nm sau. C nhiu ging c chua ang c trng Vit Nam. C th chia c chua thnh 3 loi da vo hnh dng: C chua hng: qu c hnh dng qu hng, khng chia mi. Tht qu c, nhiu bt, lng ng trong qu cao. Nng sut thng t 25 30 tn/ha. Cc ging thng gp: Ba Lan, hng lan ca Vin cy lng thc; ging 214; HP5; HP1 ca Hi Phng C chua mi: qu to, nhiu ngn to thnh mi, l ging cy sinh trng v hn, thi gian sinh trng di, nng sut v kh nng chng chu kh nhng cht lng khng bng c chua hng. C chua bi: qu nh, chua, gi tr thp, thng dng lm nguyn liu to ging. Qu c chua c nhiu kch c v mu sc khi chn khc nhau (vng, da cam, hng, ) nhng c chua mu giu cht dinh dng v cc hp cht c hot tnh sinh hc nht. Trong s cc loi rau, c, qu dng lm rau th c chua l thc phm cha vitamin, cht khong v nhiu cht c hot tnh sinh hc nht, l thc phm c li cho sc khe c dng ph bin nhiu nc trn th gii.. 2.1.2 Thnh phn ha hc [3][4] Glucid: Hm lng glucid trong c chua ph thuc vo loi nguyn liu v iu kin trng trt, chim khong 4 8%. Trong thnh phn glucid bao gm cc cht: ng: 2 5%, phn ln l fructose, glucose cn sacharose chim rt t (<0.5%) (cn ch khi tin hnh c c th phi tin hnh c c nhit thp gim bt mc

 xy ra phn ng melanoidin hay caramen ha s lm thnh phm c mu ti km hp dn). Tinh bt: ch c dng vt khong 0.07% 0.26%. Trong qu trnh chn, tinh bt s chuyn thnh ng. Cellulose: c nhiu trong qu xanh, cng chn th hm lng cng gim dn.. Pecin: c nhiu khi qu chn (pectin c kh nng to nht cao, gp phn to paste cho sn phm v vy cn ch nhit khi ch bin trnh ph hy cu trc pectin). Acid hu c: Hm lng acid chung ca c chua chn trung bnh khong 0.4% (theo acid malic), pH = 3.1 4.1, ngoi ra cn c acid citric v lng nh acid tatric. Khi cn xanh, acid dng t do. Khi chn n c dng mui acid. Mi trng chua lm mi trng tt cho s pht trin ca cc loi nm men, nm mc nhng cc vi khun a nhit li rt k mi trng ny. Bi v cc nm men, nm mc d dng b tiu dit khi gia nhit nn hp sn xut t c chua thng ch cn thanh trng nhit 80 100oC. Nit: Nit trong c chua khong 1%, lc cn xanh, nit dng t do, khi chn n b phn hy thnh acid amin. Hm lng trung bnh ca bn acid amin quan trng (mg/gN) [2, p15] Lysine: 180 Methionine: 40 Cystine: 40 Trytophan: 50 Khong: [2,p17] Gm c: Bng 2.1: Hm lng cht khong trong 100g c chua Na Hm lng(g/100g) 3 Ca 13 Mg 11 Fe 0.4 Zn 0.2

Cht cht: c chua thng c v ng, hng l do c cha glucosid solanin. Bng 2.2: S lng solanin theo chn ca c chua C chua Solanin Sc t: Xanh 4 mg% ng 5 mg% Chn 8 mg%

Trong c chua thng c sc t thuc nhm carotenoid nh carotene, lycopen, xantophyl. qu xanh cn c chlorophyll. Ty theo mc chn m cc sc t kia tng dn nn mu ca qu tr nn m hn. Bng 2.3: Cc sc t trong c chua theo chn Sc t c chua Lycopen Carotene Xantophyl Cn xanh 0.11 0.16 0.02 Na chn 0.84 0.43 0.05 Chn 7.85 0.73 0.06

Trong qu trnh un nng v x nh th hm lng caroten b tn tht khong 16 20%. Mt khc do caroten l tin cht to ra vitamin A, do vy trong qu trnh un nng di tc dng ca nhit c bit nu nh un nng lu v nhit cao th cc vitamin A b ph hy, t cc caroten cng b ph hy. Do vy hm lng caroten b tn tht trong qu trnh un nng lm gim mu sc ca c chua trong qu trnh ch bin. Mt khc cng on x ti phc v cho cng on un nng cng lm cho hm lng caroten b tn tht. Mu sc ca c chua b bin i chnh l do cc phn ng ha hc gia cc sc t c trong c chua v ion kim loi nh cc li dao dng x nh hay cc dng c cha ng lm bng ng, st. Vitamin: Vitamin K (7,9 g/100g) Vitamin C (40mg/100g) Beta-caroten (393 g/100g) Cc thnh phn khc: C chua cha pectinase, khi cng chn enzyme ny cng nhiu. 2.1.3 Yu cu nguyn liu v c im cn ch Qu c chua gm c v, tht qu, dch qu v ht. St v qu l thnh ngoi, bn trong qu chia thnh nhiu bung ht (2 20 bung ht) c ngn cch bi nhng thnh trong. Gia bung ht l khong trng cha y dch qu v ht. Lng ht trong qu t bung ht nhiu hn qu c nhiu bung ht. Thnh qu nht l thnh trong c hm lng cht kh cao. Khi ch bin c chua c c, v v ht tr thnh ph liu, do cn chn ging c t v v ht (chim 2 3% khi lng qu). C chua thu hi khi va chn ti, v u, khng quan trng kch thc. Thi gian ch i ch bin khng qu 48 gi.

2.2 Nguyn liu ph Nc l nguyn ph rt quan trng trong qu trnh sn xut hp c chua c c ni ring cng nh hp thc phm ni chung. y, phn ln nc c dng ra nguyn liu, lm v sinh dng c my mc, thit b, dng thanh trng v lm ngui hp Yu cu nc c dng trong sn xut hp thc phm rt cao, t nht phi t c cc yu cu ca nc dng n ung. Nc phi trong sch, khng c mu sc v mi v khc thng, khng c cn bn v cc kim loi nng Bng 2.4: Tiu chun nc dng trong cng nghip thc phm [6, p7] Ch tiu Tiu chun Khng 100 ml 5o 6,0 7,8 50 100 mg/l 50 mg/l 0,3 mg/l 0.2 mg/l 1,2 2,5 mg/l 0.5 mg/l 0,1- 0,3 mg/l khng khng 0,1 mg/l 0,05 mg/l 2,0 mg/l 5,0 mg/l 0,3 0,5 mg/l

Ch tiu l v ha hc Mi v trong (ng Dienert) Mu sc (thang mu coban) Ch tiu ha hc pH CaO MgO Fe2O3 MnO BO43SO42NH4+ NO2NO3Pb As Cu Zn F Ch tiu vi sinh Tng s vi sinh vt hiu kh Ch s Coli (S Coli/1lt nc) Chun s Coli (S ml nc c 1 Coli) Vi sinh vt gy bnh

< 100 cfu/ ml < 20 > 50 khng c

2.3 Bao b hp c chua c c 2.3.1 Vai tr ca bao b [2, p39] Bo v tt sn phm. Ko di thi gian bo qun sn phm. Nng cao gi tr ca nguyn liu hoc thnh phm. Lm cho sn phm hp dn hn. C nhiu mu m khch hng la chn theo th hiu. D phn phi v trng by. Ph hp vi loi sn phm n lin hay lm sn ch bin tip. Cung cp nhng thng tin cn thit v sn phm. hp thc phm bo qun c lu l do n ng dng tt nguyn l bt kn. Thc phm sau khi cho vo hp em ghp kn ri thanh trng xong n khng cn tip xc vi mi trng bn ngoi do t chu s nh hng ca cc iu kin xung quanh. Vi sinh vt v khng kh bn ngoi khng xm nhp vo trong hp c na v vy thc phm khng b h hng. 2.3.2 Bao b st ty i vi dng sn phm hp c chua c c, ta la chn bao b st ty v nhng u im sau: Lp trng thic ca st ty c th trnh c s n mn ca thc phm v vo qun thc phm c lu ngy. Trong thi gian thc phm ng trong hp lu, c th lp thic b thc phm n mn ha tan trong hp nhng khng gy hi ti sc khe ngi. Tnh ng kn v cch ly tt hn so vi cc loi bao b khc nh tnh cht chng thm kh v hi m rt tt, ngn cch c nh sng, c kh nng chu c s thay i ln ca nhit v p sut Chu c qu trnh thanh trng m khng bin dng, tin li cho vic vn chuyn v bo qun thc phm c lu hn. C mu sng bng, c th in v trc vc ni hoc in cc mu sc hp dn nng cao gi tr hng ha ca sn phm. D dng c gii ha t ng ha trong qu trnh sn xut. La chn kch thc bao b st ty cho sn phm, chn 3 loi kch thc tng ng vi cc th tch sau: 1 lt (th tch ny ph hp vi nhu cu ca ngi tiu dng trong nc), 5 lt v 10 lt (i vi th tch ln ny chng ta c th xut khu sang nc ngoi, hoc dng cho mt s nh hng ln ti Vit Nam). 3. Vn chuyn, tip nhn v bo qun nguyn liu c chua [9] 3.1 Vn chuyn v tip nhn nguyn liu c chua

Nguyn liu c chua c tip nhn t Lt v Lm ng (cht lng ging y rt tt). Qu c mu hng hoc chn thng c thu hoach do nhu cu ca nh ch bin sn phm c chua c c. Nhng trong sut qu trnh vn chuyn, c chua chn xanh c th chu c iu kin b mt lu tr rp, x x tt hn, v th m vic tn tht cht lng v s lng l ti thiu. y, chng ta s tip nhn nguyn liu c chua va chn ti, v chn u (dng sn xut lin). ng thi chng ta cng s tip nhn nguyn liu c chua chn xanh (ngun nguyn liu d tr, trnh ngng tr trong sn xut). Nguyn liu c chua c vn chuyn v nh bng phng tin chnh l t. Do t c th vn chuyn nguyn liu t ni thu hi rau qu n nh my mt cch d dng, thi gian vn chuyn nhanh, vic bc d n gin (gi thuyt l nh my t ti thnh ph Lt hay tnh Lm ng). Do vn chuyn l mt trong nhng cng on quan trng trong x l c chua bi v bt c mt thiu st no trong h thng ny (nh iu kin vn chuyn ngho nn, thao tc cu th, nhng s chm tr) u c th dn n nhng hao ht nghim trng.

H nh 3.1: i u kin v n chu n ngh o nn d n n nh ng hao h t c chua nghim trng. Nhng phng tin vn chuyn ch yu thng khng c lm lnh. hn ch thp nht nhng hao tn, cn lu mt s im sau: Cch thc xp hng ph hp i vi cc st tre, t cc tm g ngn nm ngang gia cc lp trong khi hng trnh lm hng qu cc lp pha di. Vi cc loi bao b nh thng g hoc st nha th khng cn thit.

H nh 3.2: Cch th c p hng i vi st tre (A) v st g hoc st nha (B) trn phng tin v n chu n. Gi cht cc thng hng trong mt khi, m bo cho cc thng hng trong cng mt khi gi chng khng b trt ra khi khi trong sut qu trnh vn chuyn, iu c th dn ti s h hng ln. Cn che ph trnh ma, nng v gi to. S dng vi bt che ph trnh ma t, phi sn phm di tri nng v di tri gi mnh trong qu trnh vn chuyn. Qu b m t s to iu kin thun li cho s pht trin ca vi khun v thi hng, cn vic phi nng s lm qu b nng ln. Phi by qu di tc gi cao dn n s mt hi nc v lm ho qu. Cn m bo s thng kh thch hp trnh hin tng nng cc b hoc s ym kh lm tng nhit v hm lng ethylen. Khi vn chuyn cn che ph cn thn bng vi bt v tm ngn gi c lm bng tm Gl phng t cao hn cabin. 3.2 Bo qun nguyn liu c chua Qu trnh bo qun nguyn liu cng ngn, nguyn liu cng t bin i v thnh phn dinh dng, ng thi cc vi sinh vt cng t c iu kin ph hoi. Trong qu trnh bo qun nguyn liu th cc qu trnh sinh ha trong rau qu sau khi thu hi vn tip tc xy ra. 3.2.1 Phn loi v tu n chn trc khi a vo bo qun Sau khi vn chuyn nguyn liu c chua v th chng ta phi tin hnh phn loi v tuyn chn trc khi a vo bo qun.

Bt u bng vic phn bit nhng qu c cht lng tt vi nhng qu km cht lng, hoc b khuyt tt (nhng qu b rn nt, bin dng, thi hng, b cn trng hi, hoc b cc vt thng vt l). Nhng qu tt sau s tip tc c phn loi theo mc cht lng, da vo kch thc v chn. Phn loi v tuyn chn s trnh c s h hng sm ca qu. Nu ln cc loi qu khc nhau v cht lng, qu b bnh hoc b tn thng vi cc qu lnh ln s lm tng t l thi hng, v qu cht lng km hoc qu b tn thng rt nhy cm vi s pht sinh bnh, d dng b nhim bnh t qu b bnh, v c th dn n h hng c nhng qu lnh ln khc. Qu b bnh hoc b tn thng c gii thng sn sinh ra nhiu ethylene, mt hoocmon thc y qu trnh chn v gi ho. Vn ny s tr nn nguy him nu qu c tiu th th trng xa, nhng ni m thi gian vn chuyn c th phi ko di 3 5 ngy, nhit s tng, to iu kin thun li cho bnh pht trin. Cng khng nn ln qu cha chn vi qu chn, c bit l trong sut thi gian di vn chuyn v lu tr, v qu chn s sinh ra lng ethylene cao, gy ra s chn sm ca nhng qu cha chn. 3.2.2 Qu cch sp p Quy cch sp xp nguyn liu phi hp l ng thi bao b s dng phi ph hp. C chua c xp thnh chng, cao khong 1.5 m. Cc chng nguyn liu c xp theo hnh dch dc trnh vic thng gi qu mnh lm nguyn liu d mt nc. C nhiu loi bao b khc nhau c s dng bo qun c chua nhng ph bin nht st nha mc d chng kh t, nhng vn c gii thiu bi chng rn chc v c th ti s dng, hoc tr li, chng c b mt mm v d v sinh v c th xp thnh chng cao.

H nh 3.3:

t ng c chua: A st tre, B st g, C st nha

 trnh hoc hn ch thp nht cc thng tn vt l v nhng hao tn khc qu, khi bao gi cn ch thc hin nhng im sau: S dng bao b sch. Nhng bao gi cha t 40-50 kg l qu nng. Ngi ng gi thng lm ri hoc nm chng hn l nhc chng ln mt cch nh nhng trong sut qu trnh ng gi v vn chuyn. i vi nguyn liu c chua chng ta nn ng trong bao b khong 6 7kg. S dng nhng vt lt v vt m hoc nhng vt liu dng lt nh giy bo, l. Vi thng g, c th dn sn nhng tm ba cc tng mng pha bn trong.

H nh 3.4: S d ng v t l t trong st tre v st g H nh 3.5: Thng ch a g-gi Khng s dng nhng vt cha qu su v s d lm tn thng qu phn y.

H nh 3.6: Nh ng thng ch a qu su (A) s lm t n thng nh ng qu n m ph n , nn s d ng nh ng thng ch a cn (B). Ch ng va dung tch cha ca bao b. Khng c n qu cht hoc ng qu y dn n nhng tn thng do bm dp.

H nh 3.7: Nh ng thng ch a qu cht lm qu b h hng. ng gi nhng qu c cng chn trong cng mt bao b. Nu xp ln nhng qu chn vi nhng qu cha chn c th dn n s chn p ca nhng qu cha chn v lm tng h hng nhng qu chn t trc. Gi c nh qu trong bao b lm cho qu khng x dch trong sut qu trnh ng gi v vn chuyn v hn ch thp nht h hng do va p. C th c nh qu bng cch lc nh bao b trong qu trnh ng gi lp y cc khong trng. Bao b c lm y ti 1/3 dung tch cha v lc nh; sau tip tc lm y n 2/3 dung tch cha v lc li bao b ln na. Tip tc qu trnh ny cho n khi bao b c lm y kht. Cn thao tc cn thn trong sut qu trnh ng gi (nh khng ri qu) Buc cht bao b bng dng c chuyn dng hoc dy buc. Xp vo ni mt. 3.2.3 Thi gian bo qun Bo qun c chua xanh, lm chm chn th cn gi nhit 10oC, RH khong 80 90%, bo qun c 4 6 thng. Nu 4 5oC th qu trnh sinh l ca c chua b ph hy v c mt kh nng chn. Bo qun c chua xanh nhng mun chng nhanh chnh th cn gi nhit 20 25oC trong 1 tun. Bo qun c va chn ti th bo qun nhit thng khng qu 2 ngy. Bo qun c chn , mm th bo qun 2 3oC trong 1 ngy. 3.2.4 Kho bo qun Khi bo qun nguyn liu c chua trong thi gian ngn, chng ta dng cc kho nguyn liu t gn xng ch bin. Kho cn thong, sch s, cao ro v khng cn phi thng gi nhn to, v s lm hi nc nguyn liu bc i nhiu. Khi bo qun nguyn liu c chua trong thi gian di, chng ta s dng kho lnh hoc mi trng kh ci tin. 4. Quy trnh sn xut 4.1 S khi

4.2 Thu t minh qu tr nh 4.2.1 La chn [1, p89 -90] Mc ch: Loi b cc thnh phn nguyn liu khng quy cch ch bin nh b su, bnh thi hng, Lai b nhng qu c chn (mu sc) khng thch hp. Ct b ch bm dp, vt rm, nm qu. Cch tin hnh: Nguyn liu c la chn bng tay ngay trn bng ti. Cng nhn ng hai bn bng ti loi ra nhng qu c chua khng hp quy cch. Nguyn liu phi dn mng hai bn bng ti vic la chn khng b b st. 4.2.2 Ra [2, p71] Nguyn l ca qu trnh ra: Qu trnh ra nhm m bo 2 giai on:

Ngm cho b cc cu bn: ngm l qu trnh lm cho nc thm t c chua, cc cht bn ht nc trng ln, lm gim lc bm ca chng ln qu c chua Xi nc cho sch h t bn: dng tc dng ca dng chy ko cc cht bn cn li trn mt c chua sau khi ngm. Thi gian ra ph thuc vo giai on u tc l ph thuc vo tnh cht ha l ca cht bn, sc bm cht ca n vo c chua ra v kh nng tc dng ca dung dch ra. Mc ch: Loi tr cc tp cht, bi, t ct bm xung quanh c chua. Lm gim mt lng ln vi sinh vt c chua. Ty sch mt s cht ha hc gy c hi c dng trong k thut nng nghip nh thuc tr su, thuc bo v thc vt cn lu li. Cch tin hnh: C chua l nguyn liu rau qu c cu to mm, d b gip nt . Do , ta s dng my ra thi kh (ngoi ra c th s dng my ra bng chuyn). Yu cu: C chua sau khi ra: C chua ra xong phi sch, khng b dp nt nh vy s to iu kin cho cc vi sinh vt xm nhp v pht trin sau ny. C chua t b tn tht cht dinh dng, hn ch mt mt vitamin C do chng l thnh phn d ha tan trong nc s khuch tn vo trong nc ra. Ngoi ra mun t cht lng ca cng on ra cao th nc ra phi c phm cht tt, t tiu chun nc ung. 4.2.3 X ti [1, p 327] v Mc ch: X ti phn tht qu, h tr cho cng on un nng lc sau. v Cch tin hnh: c chua c x ti trn my x ti kiu li dao cong, kiu trc inh hoc kiu a quay. 4.2.4 un n ng [1, p 327] Mc ch: Gim ph liu t 12% xung 3.5 4%, v khi un nng protopectin chuyn thnh pectin ha tan nn v qu khi ch khng dnh tht qu. Hn ch hin tng phn lp sn phm, nht l vi c chua c c c kh thp, v lng pectin ha tan tng. Lm cho c chua chng si v ngn nga hin tng kh chy trong khi c c. Bi kh trong tht qu c chua vitamin b tn tht v hn ch hin tng to bt khi c c. Nu c chua nng nhit ln 80 100oC th lng caroten b tn tht gim i nhiu so vi c chua ch un nng 60oC v cha bi ht khng kh.

V hot enzyme pectinase gi cho sn phm khng b tch nc, bn cnh enzyme oxy ha cng b v hot. Tiu dit vi sinh vt. Nu c chua x ti v khng un nng trong 10 pht, c cht men phn hy ti 70% pectin trong nguyn liu. Cch tin hnh: C chua sau khi x ti c un nng 85oC trong thi gian 10 pht trn thit b truyn nhit kiu ng chm hoc ng bc ng. 4.2.5 Ch [5, p13] Mc ch: Loi b phn nguyn liu c gi tr dinh dng thp hoc khng n c: v, ht. Lm cho nguyn liu c chua ng nht v trng thi v thnh phn ch bin c thun li v nng cao cht lng thnh phm. Mc mn ca c chua khi ch nh hng nhiu n qa trnh c c: c chua cng mn, nht cng thp thi gian c cng ngn. Cch tin hnh: C chua sau khi c un nng s c chuyn vo my ch cnh p c ch nh. 4.2.6 C c [2, p 111-113] Mc ch: Tng nng cht kh trong sn phm ti nng yu cu (lm tng st c trng cho sn phm), lm tng sinh nng lng ca thc phm. Ko di thi gian bo qun (v hn ch vi sinh vt pht trin do t nc, p sut thm thu cao). Gim c khi lng vn chuyn. Cch tin hnh: Ta la thit b c c chn khng nhiu ni v: tit kim hi v dng c hi th v tn tht t hi, cht lng sn phm tt v c c lin tc, nhit si thp, thi gian c nhanh, nng sut cao. C chua sau khi c ch s chuyn qua thit b c c chn khng hai hoc ba ni. Qu trnh c c c thc hin trong iu kin chn khng khong 600 650 mmHg. Trong iu kin chn khng ny nhit si ca dung dch rt thp khong 55 60oC. C c n nng khong 30%. Thi gian c c ph thuc vo phng php lm vic ca thit b, v cng bc hi ca sn phm. H s truyn nhit ca c chua c nng cht kh t 15 30% l 1395 1745 W/m..

Cng bay hi ca c chua c nng cht kh c nng cht kh t 16 35%: 118kg/m2.h Ch cc bin i trong qu trnh c c: Dung dch c chua l mt h ca nhiu cht ha tan nh ng, acid, cn cha c cc cht khng tan nh tinh bt, cellulose trng thi huyn ph. Khi c c, dung mi bay hi, nng cht ha tan tng dn, nhit si, nht, khi lng ring tng, v h s truyn nhit gim, hm lng khng kh cn li trong gian bo v ha tan trong sn phm cng gim. Phn ng caramel xy ra t do qu trnh c c c thc hin trong ni chn khng vi nhit thp (50 60oC). ng thi vi nhit thp ny th cu trc pectin khng b ph v nn gi c st ca tng c chua. Ngoi ra cc thnh phn khc cng t b bin i nht l vitamin C. Sc t ca c chua ch yu thuc h carotenoid (licopen) nn t b bin i (bn nhit). Sn phm c th xm en do phn ng gia tannin vi kim loi l do phn ng oxy ha tannin di tc dng ca men peroxydase v polifenolxydase, iu kin ca phn ng ny l nhit tng t t v tip xc nhiu vi khng kh. Nhng do sn phm c un nng v hot enzyme. V do c c c trong mi trng chn khng. (p134). 4.2.7 X l bao b Kim tra cht lng bao b: Loi tr cc hp b li nh xc trn mt thic, xc lp vecni, vecni b n Chn hp theo xc xut kim tra kn. Phng php n gin nht l cho vo hp mt lng nh cht lng (khong 0.5 1.5 ml) c nhit si thp nh ete chng hn, ri ghp m kn. Khi cho hp vo nc nng c nhit khong 85 90oC, ete s si v chuyn sang trng thi hi, trong hp s xut hin p sut ln. Nu hp khng kn th cc m ghp s c cc bng kh nh si ra trong nc. X l: Cc hp tiu chun c vn chuyn t ni gia cng hay bo qun trong kho bao b. Chng s c ngm trong nc, ri xi li li bng tia nc nng hay phun hi nng, cng c th ra li hai ln bng nc nng. Vic dng nc nng hay hi nng v sinh hp va d dng, va c tc dng lm lng nc cn ng li bao b bay hi nhanh chng. 4.2.8 R t hp Mc ch, yu cu: [1, p145]

m bo khi lng tnh v cc thnh phn ca hp ng theo t l quy nh. C hnh thc trnh by p. m bo h s truyn nhit v c iu kin thun li thanh trng v bo qun. Khng ln cc tp cht khc. Do thc hin chit nng nn cng on ny cng l cng on bi kh (v do cng on c c trn phn no loi b c lng khng kh). Cch tin hnh: Sn phm c rt vo hp bng my dng cho sn phm c. Tin hnh chit rt trong iu kin dng phng php chit nng (85 90oC cho sn phm c ng trong hp c 1 lt, 90oC cho sn phm c ng trong hp c 5 hoc 10 lt). 4.2.9 Ghp np Mc ch: Cch ly thc phm vi mi trng khng kh v vi sinh vt bn ngoi. Yu cu: np hp cn phi ghp tht kn v chc chn khi thanh trng p sut chnh lch gia bn trong v bn ngoi hp khng lm bung m ghp hay bt np ra khi thn hp. Cch tin hnh: sn phm sau khi c rt vo hp th c ghp kn m ngay. Thc hin bng my ghp m t ng. 4.2.10 Thanh trng Mc ch: Tiu dit vi sinh vt gy bnh, mc tiu chnh l tiu dit bo t ym kh Clostridium botulinum v: C th sn sinh ra c t lm cht ngi d liu lng rt thp. C kh nng thnh lp bo t, rt bn nhit Clostridium botulinum c th tm thy bt c ni u, v vy hu ht nguyn liu u nhim vi sinh vt ny, nn chng quan h mt thit ti lnh vc an ton thc phm. V hot ha enzyme m bo an ton thc phm. Cch tin hnh: Sn phm hp c chua c c tuy c pH > 4.2 nhng c thc hin thanh trng nhit 100oC v c chua c c khng phi l mi trng thun li cho cc botulinum v cc loi ym kh pht trin. C chua c tomatin trong c chua c tc dng st trng nn ta c th rt ngn thi gian thanh trng (20 50 pht). i vi hp c ln, sau khi ghp kn m th ta khng cn thanh trng lm lm ngui nhanh v:

Thc phm ng trong hp bao gm cc thnh phn: cht rn, cht lng, cht kh. Di tc dng ca nhit cao, cc p sut ring phn v s dn n ca cc cu t tng ln, lm cho p sut chung trong bao b ng sn phm tng ln. p sut ny (c th ti 2 atm) c th lm cho bao b st ty b bin dng, bao b thy tinh b nt, v. V vy ta cn to ra p sut trong thit b thanh trng (cn c vo tnh cht ca bao b, thnh phn ca sn phm ng trong hp v nht l nhit thanh trng) bng hay gn bng p sut d tng ln trong hp, p sut ny gi l p sut i khng, thng vo khong 0.4 1.4 atm. Nhng do i vi hp c ln khng tin hnh thanh trng nn ta cho lm ngui sn phm ngay trong nc lnh cn bng p sut trong v ngoi bao b. V thi gian sn phm ngui hon ton lu xem l thi gian thanh trng. i vi hp c nh, sau khi ghp kn m th ta tin hnh thanh trng trong thit b kiu ngang lm vic gin on, sn phm c lm ngui ngay trong thit b sau khi thi gian thanh trng t yu cu. 4.2.11 Bo n Mc ch: Sn phm sau khi c thanh trng v lm ngui, c gi nhit phng thc hin qu trnh bo n. Trong thi gian bo n, cc thnh phn trong hp c tip tc n nh v mt phm cht v c th pht hin c cc hp hng. Thi gian n nh hp ti thiu 15 ngy. hp khng c xut xng trc thi gian ny. 4.3 Thi t b chnh c s d ng trong qu tr nh 4.3.1 Bng chu n b ng ng [1, p90] Cu to: Gm rt nhiu ng trn ghp song song vi nhau. Bng chuyn c tc dng tro tr nguyn liu cng nhn quan st c k cng khi phn loi, la chn. Chiu rng bng ti khng ln qu, nu b tr lm vic hai bn th rng 60 80cm l va, cng nhn c th nht cc nguyn liu gia bng ti.

H nh 4.1: H nh bng chu n b ng ng Hot ng: Bng ti c vn tc 0.12 0.15m/s, nu vn tc ln hn nht s st. Cc ng trn quay quanh trc ca mnh khi chuyn ng to lc y qun tnh cho c chua trn vn chuyn theo. 4.3.2 M r a th i kh Cu to my ra thi kh: Gm c bn b phn chnh: thng ngm, bng ti, qut gi, ng thi kh.

Nguyn tc hot ng: Nguyn liu vo my c ko i trn bng ti qua thng ngm ngm cho b. Sau c xi li nh h thng vi phun gn ngay pha trn bng ti, trc khi ra khi my. Khng kh c qut gi thi vo thng ngm lm o trn nguyn liu trong nc, nh nguyn liu va chm vi nhau v vi nc, gip cht bn ha tan nc ra d dng. ng thi cc vt nh nh l, rc s ni ln trn mt nc. My ra thi kh c th ra 500 700kg/gi. 4.3.3 M ch cnh p [5, p13] Cu to: Gm 7 b phn chnh: 1. Mng xon ti nguyn liu 2. Phiu np liu 3. Bi cho chuyn nguyn liu 4. Cnh p 5. Trc quay 6. Mt ry 7. Ca thi b. Ry c lm bng thp khng r c c l nh, vi kch thc: 0,5; 0,75; 1; 1,5 mm. sn xut c chua c c, l ry c : 1,0-1,5mm.

H nh 4.3: M ch cnh p Nguyn l hot ng: Cp cho nguyn liu mt lc c hc lm cho n vng v p mnh vo thnh ry c l nh theo mun. Phn nh mm chui qua l ra ngoi, cn phn cng nm li bn trong v sau ra ngoi theo mt ng khc ri i ra khi my. Kch thc l ry c th thay i theo yu cu ch bin. Khi ch cnh p quay nhanh (700 vng/pht) cun nhiu khng kh vo my, tc hi n sn phm, nn ngi ta phun hi nc vo my. Lu : trong khi ch, cng nhn vn hnh phi thng xuyn kim tra b ch (khng qu t hay qu kh) iu chnh thng s lm vic ca my cho thch hp. 4.3.4 Thi t b c c chn khng ba ni Cu to: S dng hi ca tuabin, hi c p sut 7.8 12.7. 10^4N/m2 (0.8 -1.3 atm), c hai ni u c bung t ng chm. C h thng bm vn chuyn nguyn liu, thit b ngng t. Vt liu c s dng l thp khng r, thp trng men, trnh hin tng nhim kim loi nng vo sn phm. [1 - p135]

H nh 4.4: Thi t b c c chn khng 3 ni Nguyn l hot ng: [6, p322] Hi t i vo phng t ca ni 1 t nng dung dch ni 1, hi th ca ni 1 i vo phng t ca ni 2, hi t ca ni 2 i vo phng t ca ni 3, hi th ni 3 i vo thit b ngng t 4. Dung dch i vo ni 3 v sn phm i ra khi ni 1. V p sut ni trc ln hn ni sau, do dung dch khng t chy t ni n sang ni kia m phi dng bm vn chuyn. Dung dch c nng cao nht s i vo ni u, ti y nhit ln hn do nht ko tng my, kt qu l h s truyn nhit hu nh trong cc ni khng gim. Ch : B mt truyn nhit cng sch, khng c nguyn liu chy bm vo cn tr s truyn nhit th h s truyn nhit cng cao. V vy trong qu trnh c c c chua ny chng ta phi thng xuyn c ra cc cn chy bm b mt truyn nhit. Trong qu trnh c c chn khng, do c chua c hm lng pectin nhiu nn s to ra sc cng b mt ln to lp bt trn b mt sn phm. Hin tng to bt ny lm cn tr qu trnh bc hi v c th lm tn tht sn phm i theo ng thot hi ( khc phc hin tng ny ngi ta dng b phn kh bt t gn ng thot hi). 4.3.4 Thi t b r t sn phm [1, p 148]

Do sn phm c chua c c l dng paste, nn my rt sn phm thc hin theo nguyn tc th tch. y s dng my rt sn phm c nh hnh sau: Cu to: 1. thng nc 2. Trc quay 3. y thng cha 4. Xy lanh 5. Pittong y sn phm 6. L hng y thng 7. Bn 8. ng rt 9. Pittong nng 10. Bnh xe 11. ng ray trn 12. ng ray di

H nh 4.5: Thi t b r t sn phm Nguyn l hot ng: Khi hp vo bn (7) chm vo tay gt, qua h thng l xo n by, lm cho bnh xe (10) di chuyn theo ng ray (11). Khi y xylanh (4) s thng vi ng rt (8) v sn phm c pittong (5) y vo hp. Nu khng c hp, bnh xe ln theo ng ray (12), pittong (9) khng nng ln, v sn phm b pittong (5) p s theo l (6) m tr li thng cha. 4.3.6 Thi t b thanh trng [5, p63 64] Thit b thanh trng c p sut cao lm vic gin on Dng thanh trng cc loi hp c nhit thanh trng t 100oC tr ln, c np y kn, cn gi l ni hp thanh trng. C 2 loi ni hp: loi t thng ng v loi t nm ngang. Chn thit b thanh trng nm ngang v thao tc ly sn phm ra d dng.

Thit b hp thanh trng loi t nm ngang Thn thit b t nm ngang, bn trong khng c gi gi m c ng ry cho xe ng cc gi hp y vo. Loi ny c kh nng lm vic cao, nhng thao tc phc tp, chu k lm vic ko di, tn hi v nc nhiu.

H nh 4.6: Thi t b tit trng hi dng n m ngang 5. Cc nguyn nhn gy h hng hp [5, p65 68] 5.1 Do vi sinh v t v Hin tng hp h hng do vi sinh vt l ph bin nht trong s cc loi hp h hng. Cc vi sinh vt pht trin, phn hy cc cht hu c ca thc phm, to ra kh CO2, H2S, NH3hay tit ra cc c t. C loi vi sinh vt pht trin sinh ra cht kh. V vy hp h hng do vi sinh vt c th gy phng hp hay khng gy phng hp nn kh pht hin. Cc ngu n nhn g h hng hp do vi sinh v t: Do tit trng khng ch : Cc hp tit trng khng ch tc l cha nhit v thi gian tit trng cn thit. Cc vi sinh vt trong hp cn sng, pht trin lm sn phm b chua, hp b mt phm cht c th to thnh cc cht kh lm phng hp. Vn hnh khng ng quy tc lng khng kh cn li nhiu trong thit b nhit k v p k ch khng cn tng ng vi nhau.

Xp hp khng ng quy cch cn tr qu trnh truyn nhit v i lu. C mt s hp do b nhim trng qu nhiu do thit b v do cc qu trnh ch bin trc khi tit trng gy ra, ta khng pht hin c m vn tin hnh tit trng theo cng thc qui nh, cng coi nh thanh trng khng ch . Do lm ngui khng thch hp: Cc vi sinh vt a nhit lm hng hp, pht trin nhanh chng nhit khong 49 71oC. V vy nu khng lm ngui nhanh hp n nhit thp di khong nhit , th cc vi sinh vt c th pht trin lm h hng hp. Do mi ghp b h: hin tng ny xy ra khi thc hin khng ng qui trnh k thut v ch v sinh thc phm, lm cho vi sinh vt xm nhp v pht trin thc phm trong thi gian ch bin. Thi gian t lc vo hp n lc ghp kn v mang i tit trng qu lu. nhit khng cao lm , l iu kin thch hp cho cc vi sinh vt pht trin lm hng hp trc khi tit trng. 5.2 Do cc hin tng h a hc v hp b hng do cc hin tng ha hc xy ra c th do cc phn ng gia cc thnh phn ca thc phm vi nhau hay gia cc thnh phn thc phm vi bao b. Cc phn ng ha hc ny, phn ln lm cho thc phm c mu sc, hng v gim i nhiu. v Trong thi gian bo qun hp thnh phm, ta thng thy cc hp ng trong bao b st ty, b n mn kim loi mt bn trong ca bao b, lp trng thic b n mn. Kim loi nhim vo sn phm. Hin tng ny thng thy nhiu cc hp c acid cao. Lng kim loi nng nhim vo sn phm, c th gy bin i mu sc, mi v ca sn phm, v gy c i vi c th. Qu trnh n mn, kh hydro thot ra lm cho hp b phng. 5.3 Do cc nh h ng c l Xy ra trong qu trnh thanh trng, bo qun v vn chuyn. v hp h hng do sai thao tc thit b thanh trng Trong giai on cui ca qu trnh thanh trng, nu gim p sut hi qu nhanh, th to thnh hin tng cng phng hp, c th b bin dng, h mi ghp. Do p sut trong hp c to ra chnh lch vi p sut bn ngoi qu nhiu. v hp h hng do bi kh khng Trong qu trnh thanh trng bng nhit, cc hp bi kh cn li s dn n gy cng phng hp. V hnh dng bn ngoi cc hp ny sau khi bo qun, thng thy b phng nh, np hp c th n ln xung c. v hp h hng do xp hp qu y

Khi sn phm xp trong hp qu y, sn phm s dn n th tch khi thanh trng bng nhit, lm cho hp b phng, hin tng ny d xy ra hn khi cho sn phm vo hp lc ngui, thanh trng sn phm cng b dn n nhiu. v hp h hng v b mp, mo, r Mt s sn phm hp ng trong bao b st ty kch thc ln, khi ghp kn vi chn khng qu cao, chnh lch p sut ln, bao b st ty mng th d b mo. Hoc khi xp hp vo gi thanh trng v vn chuyn trc khi thanh trng, lm hp b mp, mo, lc p sut trong hp ln, khi thanh trng sn phm dn n s lm cng phng hp, c th lm h mi ghp kn ca hp. hp vi bao b st ty d c cc vt r: khi bo qun ni m. Khi trn b mt st c cc vt bn ca cht bo, trong qu trnh bo qun, cc cht bo b oxy ha li cc vt r. Hoc hp b thng do cc vt nhn gy ra khi vn chuyn, lc bo qun nc trong hp chy ra v c th gy r cho cc hp chung quanh n. 5.4 Cch l hp h hng v Tt c cc hp c du hiu hng do vi sinh vt gy ra, d hp b phng hay khng b phng, cng u khng th s dng lm thc n phi hy b. v Cc hp h hng do hin tng ha hc, nu mc nh th c th ch bin thnh cc sn phm khc c gi tr thp hn (nh lm mt, nu ru, tht xay). Nhng khi c mi ca kim loi nhiu, mc nhim kim loi nng cao, th khng th s dng lm thc n. v Cc hp h hng do cc nh hng c l, th v cht lng sn phm c th khng gim. Nhng khng c gi tr hay km gi tr thng phm. C th thay bao b khc, tin hnh nu li, c th x l ch bin thnh cc sn phm ph. 6.PR Sn phm c chua c c Sn phm c chua c c c s dng km vi cc sn phm nh: M si en st c chua, Nui xo b, Cnh g nng st c chua, C chin st c chua Vi mc ch lm tng hng v cho cc mn n ny v tng thm mu sc cm quan cho sn phm.

Hnh 6.1: M si en st c chua chua

H nh 6.2: C chin st c

H nh 6.3: Cnh g nng st c chua TI LIU THAM KHO [1] Nguyn Vn Tip Quch nh Ng M Vn, K thut sn xut hp rau qu, NXB Thanh Nin.

[2] Nguyn Trng Cn Nguyn L H, Nguyn l sn xut hp thc phm, NXB Khoa Hc v K Thut. [3] Nguyn Vn Tc, Rau qu v sn phm ch bin. [4] Trnh Quang Tip, K thut hp rau qu. [5] L M hng, Cng ngh ch bin thc phm ng hp, Trng H Cn Th, 2005 [6] Vn i Nguyn Trng Khng Trn quang Tho V Th Ngc Ti, Cc qa trnh v thit b cng ngh ha hc, NXB i hc v trung hc chuyn nghip [7] http://www.ykhoanet.com/duoc/dinhduong/05_0148.htm [8]http://www.rauhoaquavietnam.vn/default.aspx?ID=45&LangID=1&tabID=5&NewsID =861 [9]http://tailieu.vn/xem-tai-lieu/cong-nghe-sau-thu-hoach-va-ke-hoach-tap-huan-du-anreta-6208.23442.html