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(Mathscope.org) Nhng kin thc sau y gm mt s kin thc c s khm ph hnh hc olympiad hoc l nhng kt qu p ni ting :hornytoro:.

.Bi vit ny c son ra nhm p ng nhu cu tra cu ,hc hi ca nhiu bn c.

MT S KIN THC V HNH TRONG CC CUC THI OLYMPIC TON

A/ MC LC I/ Mt s nh ngha ,nh l , im v ng c bit khng duy nht:


I.1)nh l Menelaus I.2)M rng nh l Menelaus theo din tch I.3)nh l Menelaus cho t gic I.4)nh l Ceva I.5)nh l Ceva dng sin I.6)nh l Desargues I.7)nh l Pappus I.8)Mt trng hp c bit ca nh l Pappus qua gc nhn hnh x nh. I.9)ng thc Ptolemy I.10)Bt ng thc Ptolemy I.11)nh l Pascal I.12)nh l Brianchon I.13)nh l Miquel I.14)Cng thc Carnot I.15)nh l Carnot I.16)nh l Brokard I.17)nh l Euler v khong cch gia tm 2 ng trn ni, ngoi tip ca tam gic I.18)nh l Euler v khong cch gia tm 2 ng trn ni, ngoi tip ca t gic (nh l Fuss) I.19)nh l Casey I.20)nh l Stewart I.21)nh l Lyness I.22)nh l Lyness m rng (B Sawayama) I.23)nh l Thbault I.24)Cng thc Jacobi lin quan n tm t c,nh l Lebnitz I.25)nh l Newton cho t gic ngoi tip I.26)nh l Breichneider I.27)nh l con nhm I.28)nh l Gergonne -Euler I.29)nh l Peletier I.30)nh l Miobiut I.31)nh l Viviani I.32)Cng thc Lagrange m rng I.33) ng thng Simson I.34)ng thng Steiner I.35) im Anti-Steiner (nh l Collings) I.36)nh l Napoleon I.37)nh l Morley I.38)nh l con bm vi ng trn I.39)nh l con bm vi cp ng thng I.40)im Blaikie I.41)nh l chm ng thng ng quy I.42)ng trn Apollonius I.43)nh l Blanchet I.44)nh l Blanchet m rng I.45) nh l Jacobi I.46) nh l Kiepert I.47)nh l Kariya I.48)Cc trc giao I.49)Khi nim tam gic hnh chiu ,cng thc Euler v din tch tam gic hnh chiu

I.50)Khi nim hai im ng gic I.51)Khi nim t gic ton phn. I.52)ng thng Droz-Farny I.53) ng trn Droz-Farny I.54)nh l Van Aubel v t gic v cc hnh vung dng trn cnh I.55)H thc Van Aubel I.56)nh l Pithot I.57)nh l Johnson I.58) nh l Eyeball I.59) B Haruki I.60)Bi ton Langley I.61)nh l Paul Yiu v ng trn bng tip. I.62)nh l Maxwell I.63)nh l Brahmagupta v t gic ni tip c hai ng cho vung gc. I.64)nh l Schooten I.65)nh l Bottema I.66)nh l Pompeiu I.67)nh l Zaslavsky I.68)nh l Archimedes I.69) nh l Urquhart I.70)nh l Mairon Walters I.71)nh l Poncelet v bn knh ng trn ni tip,bng tip trong tam gic vung. I.72)nh l Hansen I.73)nh l Steinbart suy rng I.74)nh l Monge & d'Alembert I I.75)nh l Monge & d'Alembert II I.76)nh l Steiner v bn knh cc ng trn. I.77)nh l Bellavitis I.78)nh l Feuer bach-Luchterhand:

II/Mt s im v ng c bit c xc nh duy nht vi tam gic v t gic,t im:


y nu khng gii thch g thm th yu t c hiu l trong tam gic. II.1) ng thng Euler ca tam gic II.2)ng trn v tm Euler II.3)ng i trung, im Lemoine II.4)im Gergone,im Nobb, ng thng Gergone II.5)im Nagel II.6)im Brocard II.7)im Schiffler II.8)im Feuerbach II.9)im Kosnita II.10)im Musselman,nh l Paul Yiu v im Musselman II.11)Khi nim vng cc ca tam gic. II.12)im Gibert II.13)Trc Lemoine II.14)Tm Morley II.15) Tm Spieker v ng thng Nagel II.16)Hai im Fermat II.17)im Parry reflection. II.18)ng trn Taylor ,tm Taylor II.19)im Bevan II.20)im Vecten II.21)im Mittenpunkt II.22)im Napoleon II.23)ng trn Adam II.24)Tam gic Fuhrmann ,ng trn Fuhrmann II.25)Hnh luc gic v ng trn Lemoine th nht II.26)Hnh lc gic v ng trn Lemoine th hai

II.27)im Euler ca T gic ni tip II.28)ng thng Steiner ca t gic ton phn II.29)ng thng Gauss ca t gic ton phn. II.30) im Miquel ca t gic ton phn II.31)ng trn Miquel ca t gic ton phn II.32)Hnh bnh hnh Varignon ca t gic . II.33)im Poncelet ca t gic.

B/MT S KHI NIM,NH L.


I.1)nh l Menelaus
nh l: Cho tam gic ABC v 3 im M,N,P ln lt thuc BC,CA,AB. Khi M,N,P thng hng khi v ch khi: (1) Chng minh: a)Khi M,N,P thng hng. Trn MN ly 1 im Q sao cho AQ//BC Theo Thales ;

T d c ng thc (1)trn. b)Ngc li ,khi c (1): Gi s PN ct BC ti M'. Theo phn trc ta c:

Kt hp vi (1) suy ra Do M trng M' tc l M,N,P thng hng. Vy ta c iu phi chng minh.

I.2)M rng nh l Menelaus theo din tch


nh l:Cho tam gic ABC v 3 im M,N,P ln lt nm trn BC,CA,AB.Khi ta c:

HDCM:s dng cng thc:

1 S ABC = ab sin C = ... 2

I.3)nh l Menelaus cho t gic:

nh l:Cho t gic ABCD v mt ng thng d ct AB,BC,CD,DA ln lt M,N,P,Q. Khi ta c:

Chng minh: Ta s lm ging cch chng minh tam gic Trn d ly hai im I,J sao cho AI//BJ//CD Theo Thales ta c:

T d c iu cn chng minh. *Ch 1)Khi p dng cho t gic ,nh l Menelaus ch pht biu dng thun bi dng o ni chung khng ng! 2) Cc bn th suy ngh xem vi dng thun nh th ny th c th m rng cho a gic c khng? -Mt vn kh th v

I.4) nh l Ceva

nh l: Cho tam gic ABC.Gi E, F, G l ba im tng ng nm trn BC, CA, AB. Ba ng thng AE, BF, CG ct nhau ti mt im O khi v ch khi:

Chng minh: Phn thun: Gi s ba ng thng AE, BF, CG ct nhau ti mt im O. T A v C, k cc ng song song vi BF, chng ln lt ct CG v AE ti K, I tng ng. Ta c: Do : Phn o: Gi s ta c: Qua giao im ca cc ng thng AE v BF, k ng thng , theo chng minh phn thun: vi nm trn cnh AB. Khi v (S dng nh l Thales) v

. Cc cp tam gic ng dng IEC v OEB, AKG v BOG :

Suy ra

, hay

, ta c iu phi chng minh

I.5) nh l Ceva sin


nh l: Gi E, F, G l ba im tng ng nm trn cc ng thng BC, CA, AB ca tam gic ABC. Ba ng thng AE, BF, CG ct nhau ti mt im O khi v ch khi: Chng minh: Phn thun: Gi s AE, BF, CG ng quy ti O. Khi hai tam gic ABE v ACE c cng chiu cao h t nh A.

Tng t V Nhn tng v ba ng thc trn c: (Theo nh l Ceva) T suy ra pcm.

Phn o: CM tng t phn o mc 4.

I.6) nh l Desargues

nh l: Cho tam gic ABC v tam gic A'B'C'. Khi AA', BB', CC' ng quy khi v ch khi cc giao im ca BC v B'C', CA v C'A', AB v A'B' thng hng.

Chng minh: Gi X, Y, Z l ln lt l cc giao im ca cc cp cnh BC v BC, CA v CA, AB v AB . Phn thun: Gi s cc ng thng AA, BB, CC ng quy ti S. Ta chng minh X, Y, Z thng hng. p dng nh l Menelaus cho tam gic SBC vi ct tuyn XB'C' ta c:

hay Tng t, ta c: v Nhn tng v cc ng thc trn li vi nhau, v theo nh l Menelaus suy ra X, Y, Z thng hng. Phn o: Gi s cc im X, Y, Z thng hng. Ta chng minh cc ng thng AA, BB, CC ng quy. Gi S l giao im ca AA v BB. SC ct ng thng AC ti C. Xt 2 tam gic ABC v ABC c cc ng ni cc nh tng ng ng quy, do theo phn thun giao im ca cc cnh tng ng cng ng quy. Ta thy AB ct AB ti Z, AC ct AC ti Y (do A, C, C thng hng), suy ra giao im X ca BC v BC phi thuc YZ. Tc l X l giao ca YZ v BC nn X trng vi X. Suy ra C trng vi C, hay AA, BB, CC ng quy.

I.7)nh l Pappus

nh l: Cho ba im A,B,C nm trn ng thng a, X,Y,Z nm trn ng thng b.Gi M,N,P ln lt l giao im ca cc cp ng thng (AY,BX) ,(AZ,CX),CY,BZ). Khi M,N,P thng hng. Chng minh:

nh l ny c mt cch chng minh dng Menelaus ,nu c iu kin mnh s post ln,cn sau y l mt cch da trn kin thc c s v t s kp v php chiu xuyn tm. Ta c b sau c chng minh d dng nh nhng hiu bit ban u v t s kp v php chiu xuyn tm: B : Cho gc xOy v cc im A,B,C thuc Ox; D,E,F thuc Oy. Khi AD,BE,CF ng quy khi v ch khi: (OABC) =(ODEF) . B trn bn c t chng minh, by gi ta s tr li bi ton. K hiu l php chiu xuyn tm E. Gi T,Q ln lt l giao im ca BX v AZ; CX v BZ. S dng b trn th ta s cn chng minh: (BTMX) =(BZPQ) +)Trng hp a//b bn c hy chng minh nh Thales

+)Khi a khng song song vi b.Gi S l giao ca a v b. Ta thy: Vi : Vi T suy ra iu cn chng minh.

I.8)Mt trng hp c bit ca nh l Pappus qua gc nhn hnh x nh.


phn ny chng ti ch dng hnh x nh dn dt n kt qu cn ni dung nh l v cch chng minh th hon ton ph hp vi kin thc hnh THCS! Ta c kt qu sau lin quan n hnh x nh: Cc ng thng song song vi nhau th gp nhau ti mt im v cc v ngc li . Vn dng vo nh l Pappus trn , cho cc im A,B,C ra v cc th theo kt qu v hnh x nh ta c YM//ZN ( V YM,ZN cng i qua mt im (A) v cc )Tng t th :XN//YP,XM//ZP. V khi y M,N,P vn thng hng. Ta pht biu li c mt nh l n gin v hu dng sau y: nh l:Trn mt phng cho ba im X,Y,Z thng hng v ba im M,N,P tha mn XN//YP,YM//ZN,XM//ZP. Khi ta cng c M,N,P thng hng. Chng minh:

Trng hp MP//XYZ th n gin,bn c t chng minh. Ta s xt khi MP khng song song vi XYZ. Gi S l giao im ca MP vi XYZ. ng thng qua X song song vi YP ct MP N'. Bi ton s c gi quyt nu ta chng minh c rng ZN' // YM (V khi y N' trng N). Tht vy,ch YP//XN', ZP//XM nn theo Thales ta c: n y theo Thales o ta suy ra ZN' //YM. Chng minh c hon tt.!

I.9)ng thc Ptolemy

nh l Vi t gic ni tip ABCD th: AB.CD+AD.BC=AC.BD Chng minh:

Ly im E thuc AC sao cho ng dng Tng t ng dng

I.10) Bt ng thc Ptolemy


nh l: Cho t gic ABCD. Khi c

Chng minh: Ly E nm trong t gic ABCD sao cho v Khi Hn na Vy ta c ~ ~ hay hay (pcm). .

I.11) nh l Pascal

nh l: Cho 6 im A,B,C,D,E,F cng thuc mt ng trn. Khi cc giao im ca cc cp cnh AB v DE, BC v EF, CD v FA thng hng.

Chng minh: Gi P,M,N ln lt l giao im ca AF v CD, AB v DE, BC v EF. Gi P', M', N' ln lt l giao im ca BC v DE, BC v AF, DE v AF. p dng nh l Menelaus cho P'M'N' vi ct tuyn PCD:

Tng t ta c: v Nhn cc biu thc trn li kt hp vi cc biu thc phng tch sau:

Ta c : . p dng nh l Menelaus o ta c pcm.

I.12) nh l Brianchon

nh l: Cho lc gic ABCDEF ngoi tip (O). Chng minh rng ba ng cho ln AD, BE, CF ng quy.

Chng minh: Ta k hiu cc tip im ca (O) trn AB,BC,CD,DE,EF,FA ln lt l M,N,P,Q,R,S. Xt cc v i cc i vi (O). Gi K,I,J ln lt l giao im ca cc cp ng thng (SM,PQ) ,(MN,QR),(NP,RS). V SM v PQ l ng i cc ca A v D nn AD l ng i cc ca K. Tng t BE v FC ln lt l ng i cc ca I v J. Dng nh l Pascal cho lc gic ni tip MNPQRS ta c I,J,K thng hng. Nn ta c cc ng i cc ca I,J,K (ln lt l BE,CF,AD) cng i qua cc ca ng thng ny (ng thng i qua I,J,K) nn AD,BE,CF ng quy (pcm). Tng t ngc li c th chng minh nh l pascal thng qua Brianchon v cc i cc

I.13)nh l Miquel
nh l: Cho tam gic ABC v ba im M,N,P ln lt nm trn BC,CA,AB. Khi cc ng trn ngoi tip cc tam gic APN,BPM v CMN ng quy. Chng minh:

Gi S l giao im ca (BPM) v (CMN).Ta s chng minh S nm trn (APN). Tht vy: Suy ra iu cn chng minh.!

I.14) Cng thc Carnot

nh l: Cho ABC ni tip (O,R). Gi x,y,z ln lt l khong cch t O n BC,AC,AB. Gi r l bn knh ng trn ni tip tam gic ABC. Ta c: a)Nu nhn th cng thc carno l . b)Nu th cng thc carno l Chng minh: a)Nu nhn

Gi F, E, D ln lt l trung im ca BC,CA,AB. Nh vy ta c . t . p ng bt ng thc Ptolemy cho t gic ni tip OFBD ta c: hay Tng t ta c v

ta li c Cng bn biu thc trn li ta c

b)Nu

chng minh tng t.

Vit di dng lng gic, cng thc Carnot chnh l h thc thc ny ng vi mi tam gic.

. Ch h

I.15) nh l Carnot
nh l: Cho . Gi cc ng thng i qua ln lt l cc im thuc cc cnh v vung gc vi . . ln lt l ng quy khi v ch khi

Chng minh: a)Phn thun: Gi ng quy ti O. PCM ng thc ny ng nn ta c iu phi chng minh. b) Phn o Gi giao im ca ti O. Qua O h ng vung gc xung AB ti P'. p dng nh l thun ta c P trng vi P' ng quy.

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