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I.50)Khi nim hai im ng gic I.51)Khi nim t gic ton phn. I.52)ng thng Droz-Farny I.53) ng trn Droz-Farny I.54)nh l Van Aubel v t gic v cc hnh vung dng trn cnh I.55)H thc Van Aubel I.56)nh l Pithot I.57)nh l Johnson I.58) nh l Eyeball I.59) B Haruki I.60)Bi ton Langley I.61)nh l Paul Yiu v ng trn bng tip. I.62)nh l Maxwell I.63)nh l Brahmagupta v t gic ni tip c hai ng cho vung gc. I.64)nh l Schooten I.65)nh l Bottema I.66)nh l Pompeiu I.67)nh l Zaslavsky I.68)nh l Archimedes I.69) nh l Urquhart I.70)nh l Mairon Walters I.71)nh l Poncelet v bn knh ng trn ni tip,bng tip trong tam gic vung. I.72)nh l Hansen I.73)nh l Steinbart suy rng I.74)nh l Monge & d'Alembert I I.75)nh l Monge & d'Alembert II I.76)nh l Steiner v bn knh cc ng trn. I.77)nh l Bellavitis I.78)nh l Feuer bach-Luchterhand:
II.27)im Euler ca T gic ni tip II.28)ng thng Steiner ca t gic ton phn II.29)ng thng Gauss ca t gic ton phn. II.30) im Miquel ca t gic ton phn II.31)ng trn Miquel ca t gic ton phn II.32)Hnh bnh hnh Varignon ca t gic . II.33)im Poncelet ca t gic.
Kt hp vi (1) suy ra Do M trng M' tc l M,N,P thng hng. Vy ta c iu phi chng minh.
Chng minh: Ta s lm ging cch chng minh tam gic Trn d ly hai im I,J sao cho AI//BJ//CD Theo Thales ta c:
T d c iu cn chng minh. *Ch 1)Khi p dng cho t gic ,nh l Menelaus ch pht biu dng thun bi dng o ni chung khng ng! 2) Cc bn th suy ngh xem vi dng thun nh th ny th c th m rng cho a gic c khng? -Mt vn kh th v
I.4) nh l Ceva
nh l: Cho tam gic ABC.Gi E, F, G l ba im tng ng nm trn BC, CA, AB. Ba ng thng AE, BF, CG ct nhau ti mt im O khi v ch khi:
Chng minh: Phn thun: Gi s ba ng thng AE, BF, CG ct nhau ti mt im O. T A v C, k cc ng song song vi BF, chng ln lt ct CG v AE ti K, I tng ng. Ta c: Do : Phn o: Gi s ta c: Qua giao im ca cc ng thng AE v BF, k ng thng , theo chng minh phn thun: vi nm trn cnh AB. Khi v (S dng nh l Thales) v
Suy ra
, hay
I.6) nh l Desargues
nh l: Cho tam gic ABC v tam gic A'B'C'. Khi AA', BB', CC' ng quy khi v ch khi cc giao im ca BC v B'C', CA v C'A', AB v A'B' thng hng.
Chng minh: Gi X, Y, Z l ln lt l cc giao im ca cc cp cnh BC v BC, CA v CA, AB v AB . Phn thun: Gi s cc ng thng AA, BB, CC ng quy ti S. Ta chng minh X, Y, Z thng hng. p dng nh l Menelaus cho tam gic SBC vi ct tuyn XB'C' ta c:
hay Tng t, ta c: v Nhn tng v cc ng thc trn li vi nhau, v theo nh l Menelaus suy ra X, Y, Z thng hng. Phn o: Gi s cc im X, Y, Z thng hng. Ta chng minh cc ng thng AA, BB, CC ng quy. Gi S l giao im ca AA v BB. SC ct ng thng AC ti C. Xt 2 tam gic ABC v ABC c cc ng ni cc nh tng ng ng quy, do theo phn thun giao im ca cc cnh tng ng cng ng quy. Ta thy AB ct AB ti Z, AC ct AC ti Y (do A, C, C thng hng), suy ra giao im X ca BC v BC phi thuc YZ. Tc l X l giao ca YZ v BC nn X trng vi X. Suy ra C trng vi C, hay AA, BB, CC ng quy.
I.7)nh l Pappus
nh l: Cho ba im A,B,C nm trn ng thng a, X,Y,Z nm trn ng thng b.Gi M,N,P ln lt l giao im ca cc cp ng thng (AY,BX) ,(AZ,CX),CY,BZ). Khi M,N,P thng hng. Chng minh:
nh l ny c mt cch chng minh dng Menelaus ,nu c iu kin mnh s post ln,cn sau y l mt cch da trn kin thc c s v t s kp v php chiu xuyn tm. Ta c b sau c chng minh d dng nh nhng hiu bit ban u v t s kp v php chiu xuyn tm: B : Cho gc xOy v cc im A,B,C thuc Ox; D,E,F thuc Oy. Khi AD,BE,CF ng quy khi v ch khi: (OABC) =(ODEF) . B trn bn c t chng minh, by gi ta s tr li bi ton. K hiu l php chiu xuyn tm E. Gi T,Q ln lt l giao im ca BX v AZ; CX v BZ. S dng b trn th ta s cn chng minh: (BTMX) =(BZPQ) +)Trng hp a//b bn c hy chng minh nh Thales
+)Khi a khng song song vi b.Gi S l giao ca a v b. Ta thy: Vi : Vi T suy ra iu cn chng minh.
Trng hp MP//XYZ th n gin,bn c t chng minh. Ta s xt khi MP khng song song vi XYZ. Gi S l giao im ca MP vi XYZ. ng thng qua X song song vi YP ct MP N'. Bi ton s c gi quyt nu ta chng minh c rng ZN' // YM (V khi y N' trng N). Tht vy,ch YP//XN', ZP//XM nn theo Thales ta c: n y theo Thales o ta suy ra ZN' //YM. Chng minh c hon tt.!
Chng minh: Ly E nm trong t gic ABCD sao cho v Khi Hn na Vy ta c ~ ~ hay hay (pcm). .
I.11) nh l Pascal
nh l: Cho 6 im A,B,C,D,E,F cng thuc mt ng trn. Khi cc giao im ca cc cp cnh AB v DE, BC v EF, CD v FA thng hng.
Chng minh: Gi P,M,N ln lt l giao im ca AF v CD, AB v DE, BC v EF. Gi P', M', N' ln lt l giao im ca BC v DE, BC v AF, DE v AF. p dng nh l Menelaus cho P'M'N' vi ct tuyn PCD:
Tng t ta c: v Nhn cc biu thc trn li kt hp vi cc biu thc phng tch sau:
I.12) nh l Brianchon
nh l: Cho lc gic ABCDEF ngoi tip (O). Chng minh rng ba ng cho ln AD, BE, CF ng quy.
Chng minh: Ta k hiu cc tip im ca (O) trn AB,BC,CD,DE,EF,FA ln lt l M,N,P,Q,R,S. Xt cc v i cc i vi (O). Gi K,I,J ln lt l giao im ca cc cp ng thng (SM,PQ) ,(MN,QR),(NP,RS). V SM v PQ l ng i cc ca A v D nn AD l ng i cc ca K. Tng t BE v FC ln lt l ng i cc ca I v J. Dng nh l Pascal cho lc gic ni tip MNPQRS ta c I,J,K thng hng. Nn ta c cc ng i cc ca I,J,K (ln lt l BE,CF,AD) cng i qua cc ca ng thng ny (ng thng i qua I,J,K) nn AD,BE,CF ng quy (pcm). Tng t ngc li c th chng minh nh l pascal thng qua Brianchon v cc i cc
I.13)nh l Miquel
nh l: Cho tam gic ABC v ba im M,N,P ln lt nm trn BC,CA,AB. Khi cc ng trn ngoi tip cc tam gic APN,BPM v CMN ng quy. Chng minh:
Gi S l giao im ca (BPM) v (CMN).Ta s chng minh S nm trn (APN). Tht vy: Suy ra iu cn chng minh.!
nh l: Cho ABC ni tip (O,R). Gi x,y,z ln lt l khong cch t O n BC,AC,AB. Gi r l bn knh ng trn ni tip tam gic ABC. Ta c: a)Nu nhn th cng thc carno l . b)Nu th cng thc carno l Chng minh: a)Nu nhn
Gi F, E, D ln lt l trung im ca BC,CA,AB. Nh vy ta c . t . p ng bt ng thc Ptolemy cho t gic ni tip OFBD ta c: hay Tng t ta c v
b)Nu
Vit di dng lng gic, cng thc Carnot chnh l h thc thc ny ng vi mi tam gic.
. Ch h
I.15) nh l Carnot
nh l: Cho . Gi cc ng thng i qua ln lt l cc im thuc cc cnh v vung gc vi . . ln lt l ng quy khi v ch khi
Chng minh: a)Phn thun: Gi ng quy ti O. PCM ng thc ny ng nn ta c iu phi chng minh. b) Phn o Gi giao im ca ti O. Qua O h ng vung gc xung AB ti P'. p dng nh l thun ta c P trng vi P' ng quy.