Cng ngh sn xut phomat hin i bao gm 2 cng on chnh.

Trong cng on th nht, sa c ln men chua nh vi khun lactic nhm lm gim pH ti im ng in ca casein v khin chng ng t. Cng on tip theo l loi b dch trong v lm c phn sa ng t. Mt bc ngoc ln trong cng ngh sn xut phomat c thc hin khi ngi ta bt u s dng enzyme (rennet) kt ta protein. Rennet l mt enzyme thy phn protein c trong d dy ng vt. Kt ta sa bng rennet rt khc so vi kt ta bng axit. Qu trnh kt ta bng rennet din ra rt hiu qu, v ngy nay phn ln phomat c sn xut theo cng ngh ny. Sa b v hu ht cc loi sa khc u c cha 2 nhm protein, l casein (phosphoprotein khng tan pH 4,6) v cc protein cn li. Nhm ny bao gm cc protein nh -lactoglobulin, -lactalbumin, mt lng nh albumin, immunoglobulin, vi lng lactotransferrin v khong 40 loi enzyme khc nhau. Trong sa b, casein chim khong 80% nit tng s v bao gm 4 loi protein l s1, s2, v -casein vi t l tng ng l 40:10:35:12. Cc protein s1, s2, cha 8-9, 10-13, 4-5 gc phosphate trong phn t. Nhng gc phosphate ny c kh nng lin kt vi Ca2+ v kt ta mnh khi nng Ca2+> 6mM. Ring phn t -casein ch cha 1 nhm phosphate v tn ti dng ho tan k c khi c mt mt lng tng i ln Ca2+. -casein tng tc k nc vi s1, s2, -casein v lm cho cc protein ny tan trong nc. C mi phn -casein c th to dng ht keo vi 10 phn s1, s2 v -casein. V mt cu trc, cc casein nhy cm vi Ca2+ (s1, s2 v -casein) lin kt k nc vi nhau v to thnh phn nhn ca ht keo. Phn t -casein c 2/3 k nc v phn ny s lin kt vi nhn ht keo, phn hiu nc hng ra ngoi to nn 1 cu trc dng lng nhm khin cc ht keo khng th tip xc vi nhau, do vy m bo tan ca protein. Trong sn xut phomat, mc ch ca vic s dng rennet l loi hoc hn ch tc dng ca -casein. Rennet vi thnh phn ch cht l chymosin, l cc protease c kh nng phn hy hn ch -casein trong sa. Khi mt thnh phn hiu nc, cc ht keo casein c th lin kt vi nhau v kt ta. Song song vi vic s dng rennet, cc tc nhn khc nh Ca2+ hoc ln men lactic c th c s dng. Nhng ion ho tr 2 nh Ca2+ nh hng tch cc ti qu trnh ng t sa thng qua vic to cc cu ni lin kt gia cc phn t protein. Ln men lactic nhm a pH mi trng v gi tr ng in ca casein (pH4,6). Khi cc ht protein trung ha in tch s khng y nhau v do vy d dng b kt ta bi tc ng ca lin kt k nc.

Trong cng ngh truyn thng, rennet c tch chit t m rut ca ng vt bng dung dch mui NaCl 10%. Sau enzyme c bo qun trong dung dch mui NaCl 20% c b sung natri benzoate hoc natri propionate. Rennet b thuc loi phm cht tt thng c cha 90% chymosin v phn cn li l pepsin (tnh theo protein). Chymosin trong t nhin phc v qu trnh ng t sa d dy b non. Do vy cc c tnh ca chymosin khng th l ti u cho sn sut phomat. iu ny cng c ngha l chymosin cn c th c ci bin thch ng tt hn na cho cng ngh sn xut phomat. Hung pht trin hin nay trong nghin cu chymosin l thay i cu trc enzyme nhm gia tng hiu sut thu phn mt s lin kt nht nh trong casein v hn ch i vi nhng lin kt khc. Trong qu trnh lm chn phomat, phn ng thu phn pretein khng kim sot c th dn ti nhng tc ng bt li, v d lm ng phomat. Protein trong sa c th c kt ta bng axit lactic sinh ra bi vi sinh vt, hoc bng enzyme rennet. Hu ht cc loi phomat hin nay c sn xut da trn ng thi c 2 c ch ny. Giai on u ca qu trnh ng t c thc hin bi rennet, axit lactic ng vai tr h tr trong giai on sau. Qu trnh ch bin phomat bao gm cc giai on chnh nh sau: 1-Ln men sa, to ng t casein sa. 2-Nn p tch huyt thanh, kh nc. 3-Mui phomat. 4- chn phomat.

Xin cho bit cng ngh sn xut ph mai c hm lng m cao t u nnh? (Nguyn Th Thu Hin Tp. H Ch Minh) p: ti Vit Nam, c nhiu nghin cu sn xut ph mai t u nnh. Trong , nhm nghin cu ca TS. L Chin Phng - Vin Sinh hc nhit i TP. HCM, dng nhng chng vi khun khc nhau cho vo chao (sn phm t u nnh) cho ln men t nhin, kn v bo qun, to c 3 loi ph mai khc nhau. Cc sn phm ny c sn xut th quy m pilot t thng 8/2006 - 8/2007. Trn th gii, c khong 30 sng ch v cng ngh sn xut ph mai t u nnh. Sng ch c ng k mi y nht l Phng php sn xut ph mai u nnh dng si t b u nnh ca tc gi Wang Quanlin Ye - ngi Trung Quc - ng k ti Trung Quc v c cng b ngy 25/4/2007. Ti M, tc gi Ted Riley Lindstrom - ngi M - cng c mt sng ch v cng ngh sn xut ph mai t u nnh v c cng b ngy 29/01/2004 vi s sng ch US2004018292.

y l cng ngh sn xut ph mai cha lng m ca u nnh cao nht, c m t nh sau: 1. Thnh phn nguyn liu: u nnh: c cha khong 84-90% protein, 1-3% cht bo, 0,1-4% cacbohydrate, 0,1- 0,3% b. Ph mai: thch hp nht l ph mai lm t sa ng. Nc t: l mt loi nc cn li sau khi sa chua ng li, c th dng nc t ca loi sa bt khng bo hoc sa c c lm ng, bt nc t. Lng protein ca nc t chim khong 9-12% tng khi lng sn phm. Sa nguyn kem: c th l cc loi: kem, kem ngt loi kh, sa nguyn kem khan, sa nguyn kem c c, v cng c th dng hn hp cc loi trn. Sa nguyn kem chim khong 7-12% tng khi lng sn phm. Cc loi acid thc phm c th dng l: acid lactic, acid citric, acid acetic. Theo sng ch ny dng acid lactic. Mui bo ha: c th dng 1 hoc hn hp ca 2 hoc nhiu cc mui sau: monosodium phosphate, disodium phosphate, dipotassium phosphate, trisodium phosphate, sodium metaphosphate, sodium hexametaphosphate, sodium acid pyrophosphate, tetrasodium pyrophosphate, sodium aluminum phosphate, sodium citrate, potassium citrate, calcium citrate, sodium tartrate, v sodium potassium tartrate. Theo sng ch ny, ph mai u nnh cha t khong 10-36% ph mai t nhin, 10-15% u nnh, 16-34% nc t, 2-3% mui bo ha, 0,8 -2% mui v khong 40-50% nc. 2. Cng ngh sn xut theo 2 cch n gin sau: Cch 1: Protein ca u nnh, nc t, nc, trn u hn hp p sut t 1.500-5.000 psi to thnh th nh (1). Trn hn hp (1) vi ph mai t nhin c hn hp (2). un nng hn hp (2) trong khong nhit t 1650F-1800F, cho thm mui bo ha vo hn hp ri un sn phm ph mai vn gi c lng protein trong u nnh. ng gi sn phm. Cch 2: Trn u hn hp: protein u nnh, nc t, nc v sa nguyn kem p sut khong 1.500-5.000psi hnh thnh th nh u tin (1). Trn mt loi protein sa, sa nguyn kem, acid lactic v nc hnh thnh th nh th 2 (2). Trn hn hp (1) v (2) vi ph mai t nhin c hn hp (3). un nng hn hp (3) vi mui bo ha khong 1650F-1800F to thnh sn

phm ph mai vi hm lng protein u nnh cao nht. ng gi sn phm. Quy trnh c th theo cch 2 nh sau: 1. Hn hp nh (1) gm: 7,6 pounds (1 pound = 0,454kg) protein u nnh, 5,3 pounds nc t kh, 17,2 pounds nc, 6,5 pounds sa nguyn kem, tt c c trn u trong mt my trn ng nht c 2 ngn, ngn th nht trn p sut 2.500psi, sau chuyn sang ngn th 2 vi p sut 500psi. 2. Hn hp nh (2) gm: 5,5 pounds protein sa, 5,9 pounds nc, 6,2 pounds sa nguyn kem v 0,2 pounds acid lactic gi pH, tt c c trn u to thnh th nh. 3. Trn u hn hp (1) v (2) vi nhau v trn thm vo 10,2 pounds ph mai. 4. Sau khi trn u tt c to thnh 1 hn hp ng nht, a hn hp vo ni nu, cho thm 1,9 pounds mui bo ha (l hn hp cc mui disodium phosphate, monosodium phosphate, sodium chloride) v un 1750F trong vng 1 pht. 5. Khi sn phm cn nng, ng gi thnh dng vung, mng khong 1mm. C th dng ph mai vi bnh m sandwich, bnh m di hoc ch bin vi cc mn n khc.