Polime phn hy sinh hc CH :

VT LIU BAO B BIOPLASTIC

Nhm sinh vin: Nguyn Vn i 20080586 Trn Vn Quang 20082085

Vt liu bao b sinh hc M u

Theo thng k ca b ti nguyn mi trng, trung bnh 1 ngy, 1 ngi phi s dng t nht 1 chic ti nilong. Thi gian phn hy nhng chic ti nilong ny l khong 50 nm s nh hng khng nh n mi trng. Chnh v l do trn nhiu nc trn th gii nghin cu v sn xut nhng loi polyme t phn hy.

Gii thiu chung Polyme c xem l xanh th phi tha mn 2 yu cu: - c to t nhng ngun nguyn liu c th ti to. - Phi tr thnh phn bn khi b phn hy.

 Bao b sinh hc l sn phm t nguyn liu t nhin, phi p ng c cc tiu chun nh: Tnh chng thm, co gin. C th ng du v in n d dng. Khng nhit v ha cht. n nh, thn thin vi mi trng v c gi c cnh tranh. Hn na bao b phi ph hp vi quy nh v bao b thc phm, tng tc vi thc phm v m bo v sinh an ton thc phm.

I. Vt liu TPS v PHA

1. TPS:
Polyme TPS l polyme 100% tinh bt c ch ng trn th trng. N c u im l: chi ph nng lng thp, gi c thp hn vi plastic truyn thng. c nhng thuc tnh nh plastic, TPS c trn vi cc vt liu khc. Tinh bt lin kt vi cc polyme khc, vi hm lng tinh bt ln hn 50% s to nn cc loi plastic khc.

a. Starch/ Vinyl alcohol copolymers

C nhiu loi plastic vi hnh dng, hot tnh khc nhau. Plastic cha tinh bt c t l AM/AP cao hn 20/80 s ko ha tan ngay c trong nc si, ngc li th s b ha tan tng phn. Hn ch ca vt liu ny l gin v nhy cm vi m. C ch ca s phn hy: Thnh phn t nhin: c che chn bi cu trc mng nhng vn b phn hy bi enzyme ngoi bo ca vsv. Thnh phn tng hp c phn hy do s hp ph b mt ca vsv.

b. Aliphatic polyesters:
Khi trn tinh bt vi polyester bo s to thnh vt liu nhit do v d thi, to hnh.

 Mt s polyester bo thch hp: Poly -3 -capro -lactone, cc polymer to thnh t phn ng ca cc glycol. S kt hp ny s tng thuc tnh c, gim s nhy cm vi nc, tng kh nng phn hy. c nhiu nghin cu thay th bao b plastic t cc ch phm du m bng bao b plastic t bp. Vt liu ny hn ch vic gy nhim mi trng do khi phn hy khng to ra cc cht gy c.

2. PLA
c SX t s ln men tinh bt. Loi polyme ny tiu tn t nng lng hn plastic. Thn thin vi mi trng, nhng ko c s dng rng ri do chi ph SX cao.

Ngi ta SX PLA da vo ngun nguyn liu t tinh bt bp. Bp c xay v cn. Sau ng ha thnh cc dextrin. Cc dextrin ny s chuyn thnh acid lactic trong qu trnh ln men.

 Qu trnh c c s lm cho 2 phn t plastic kt hp li thnh cu trc vng goi l lactid. Hp cht ny s c lm sch qua qu trnh chng ct. Sau chng trng hp to chui polyme mch di Sau , vt liu ny c bn cho cc cty v c gia cng thm cho ra sp cui cng. Sau 1 thi gian s dng th PLA s b hy i hoc ti ch li.

 Sn xut bao b PLA (polylactic acid) t v qu da hu: - Hin nay ngun nguyn liu t v qu da hu rt di do, gi tr khng cao nn tn dng sn xut bao b s ph hp. - V da hu sau khi c nghin (nu v kh b thm nc) tin hnh ln men acid lactic thu c dung dch acid lactic. Sau tin hnh kt tinh tinh sch lactic ri tin hnh polyme ha ta thu c polylactic acid. Sau nh hnh theo hnh dng theo yu cu.

V da hu

Nghin nh

Cy ging vi khun lactic

Dung dch acid lactic

Kt tinh tinh sch lactic

Polymer ha

Polylactic acid

nh hnh

Sn phm

2. PHA
Poly hydroxylalkanoates hay PHA l mt loi polyme c nhiu ha hn ang c nghin cu thay th cho bao b plastic. PHA c bit n t nhng nm 1925. Hin nay chng c tng hp t nhiu ngun: cacbon, vi sinh vt hu c khc nhau c qua qa trnh gia cng.

Phng php chnh tng hp PHA:

Phng php ln men: t ngun nguyn liu

nh bp, khoai, sn ...ta tch chit ly glucose, ln men ng trong nhng t bo cha PHA, ra khuy o gii phng PHA sau cng c c phi kh trong khun. Qu trnh tng hp: da trn qu trnh pht trin PHA trong t bo thc vt. y l k thut ang c theo ui. Qu trnh ny ging vi qu trnh trn nhng b qua giai on ln men. Ta s dng dung mi trch ly nha t cy trng, sau tch loi dung mi. Phng php ny rt tn km.

II. Vt liu t cellulose:

Cellulose l ngun nguyn liu phong ph. Ko ha tan trong nc v hu ht dung mi hu c. Cellophane (giy bng knh) l 1 trong nhng dng ph bin ca bao b xenllulose, c sd cho nhiu loi thc phm bi tnh chng thm du, ngn cn s tn cng ca vi khun v tnh trong sut ca n. Vd: chng ta c th gi bnh m bng cellulophan-1, vt liu phn hy sinh hc

 Ngoi ra cellulose acetate c kt hp vi tinh bt to nn plastic d phn hy bi vsv. Cellulose cng kt hp vi chitozan to mng c kh nng thm kh v thm nc cao.

III. Vt liu t chitin v chitosan

Chitin c tng hp ch yu bi cn trng, tm cua v nm si, l 1 loi composit bn vng to b khung ngoi bo v cho chng. Chitin khi kh nhm acetyl s to thnh chitosan.

1. Chitin
Tn ha hc: poly N Acetyl D Glucosamine. Cng thc phn t:

2. Chitosan
Tn ha hc: Poly - (1,4) 2 Amino 2 deoxy D glucan Cng thc phn t:

IV. Bao b thng minh v nng ng

1. Nhng ng dng ca OLED v RFID
Hin nay, cc loi mn hnh diode pht sng hu c (OLED organic Light emitting diode) v cc chp nhn dng tn s sng v tuyn (RFID Radio Frequency Identifacation) ang c ng dng rng ri sn xut ra cc loi bao b hin th thng tin nh: ti ht hn s dng, hy un cch thy ti... Cc thng tin ny gip khch hng trnh c nhiu ri ro v v sinh v nguy c ng c.

2. Bao b ng thc phm bng xp PS phn hy sinh hc

Cc nh khoa hc Trung Quc pht trin 1 phng php mi to ra xp PS phn hy sinh hc. Cc nh khoa hc thuc H khoa hc cng ngh Trung Quc pht trin 1 phng php mi gn cc ht nha hp th nc ng knh khong 5 micromet v styren trc khi c polyme ha to PS. Khi loi PS ny tip xc vi nc, cc ht polyme n ra, ph hy cu trc polyme thnh bt sau s b phn hy sinh hc. Xp PS r hn so vi cc vt liu thng, phn hy nhanh hn v khng b mt tnh nng trong khi dng.

Kt lun
Do tnh thn thin vi mi trng bao b Bioplastic ni ring v vt liu polyme t phn hy ni chung c tim nng ng dng rt ln trong nhiu ngnh cng nghip cng nh i sng. Vi cng ngh sn xut hin nay, vic sn xut polyme t phn hy cn c gi thnh kh cao, vn cha th thay th hon ton nha truyn thng. Nhng c mt iu chc chn rng y s l vt liu ca tng lai.

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