BI 1: ST I V TR V CU TO - V tr : St l nguyn t kim loi chuyn tip, thuc nhm VIIIB, chu k 4, s hiu nguyn t l 26.

. - Cu hnh electron nguyn t : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d6 4s2 ; hoc vit gn l [Ar] 3d6 4s2. - Cu hnh electron ca ion Fe2+ : [Ar] 3d6 - Cu hnh electron ca ion Fe3+ : [Ar] 3d5 - S oxi ha : Trong cc hp cht, st c cc s oxi ha l +2, +3. Cu to n cht : Ty thuc vo nhit, kim loi Fe c th tn ti mng tinh th lp phng tm khi ( ) hoc lp phng tm din ( ) Nng lng ion ha : I1 = 760 (KJ/mol) ; I2 = 1560 (KJ/mol) ; I3 = 2960 (KJ/mol). Bn knh nguyn t v ion : R(Fe) = 0,162 (nm) ; = 0,076 (nm) ; = 0,064 (nm). Th in cc chun : = 0,44V ; = 0,036V ; = +0,77V. II TRNG THI T NHIN St chim khong 5% khi lng v Tri t, ng hng th hai trong cc kim loi (sau nhm). Trong t nhin, st tn ti ch yu dng hp cht trong cc loi qung, st t do ch tm thy trong cc mnh thin thch. Qung st quan trng l : qung hematit (Fe2O3 khan), qung hematit nu (Fe2O3.nH2O), qung manhetit (Fe3O4), qung xierit (FeCO3), qung pirit st (FeS2). III TNH CHT VT L St l kim loi mu trng hi xm, do, d rn, nng chy nhit 1540oC, c khi lng ring 7,9 g/cm3. St c tnh dn in, dn nhit tt, c bit c tnh nhim t. IV TNH CHT HA HC St l kim loi c tnh kh trung bnh. Khi tc dng vi cht oxi ha yu Fe b oxi ha thnh 2+ Fe , vi cht oxi ha mnh Fe b oxi ha thnh Fe3+. Fe Fe2+ + 2e Fe Fe3+ + 3e 1. Tc dng vi phi kim - St kh nhiu phi kim thnh ion m, trong khi Fe b oxi ha thnh Fe2+ hoc Fe3+. Th d : Fe + S t FeS 3Fe + 2O2 t Fe3O4 2Fe + 3Cl2 t 2FeCl3 2. Tc dng vi axit a) Vi axit HCl, H2SO4 long Fe kh d dng ion H+ trong axit HCl, H2SO4 long thnh kh H2, ng thi Fe b oxi ha thnh Fe2+. Fe + 2H+ Fe2+ + H2 Fe + H2SO4 FeSO4 + H2 b) Vi axit HNO3, H2SO4 c St b th ng ha trong axit HNO3 c, ngui v H2SO4 c, ngui. Vi axit HNO3 long, HNO3 c nng v H2SO4 c nng, Fe b oxi ha mnh thnh Fe3+. 2Fe + 6H2SO4 (c) t Fe2(SO4)3 + 3SO2 + 6H2O Fe + 6HNO3 (c) t Fe(NO3)3 + 3NO2 + 3H2O Fe + 4HNO3 (long) t Fe(NO3)3 + NO + 2H2O 3. Tc dng vi nc - nhit cao, st kh c hi nc :
3Fe + 4H2O t570 Fe3O4 + 4H2 C Fe + H2O t570 FeO C 4. Tc dng vi dung dch mui - St kh c nhng ion ca kim loi yu hn trong dung dch mui thnh kim loi t do.
o o o o o o o o o o

+ H2

Fe + CuSO4

FeSO4 + Cu

Fe + 3AgNO3 (d)

Fe(NO3)3 + 3Ag

BI 2: HP CHT CA ST I HP CHT ST (II) - Trong cc phn ng ha hc, ion Fe2+ d nhng 1 electron tr thnh ion Fe3+ : Fe2+ Fe3+ + e Nh vy, tnh cht ha hc c trng ca hp cht st (II) l tnh kh. 1. St (II) oxit, FeO - FeO l cht rn, mu en, khng tan trong nc v khng c trong t nhin. - FeO l oxit baz, tc dng vi axit HCl, H2SO4,... to ra mui Fe2+. Th d : FeO + 2HCl FeCl2 + H2O - FeO c tnh kh, tc dng vi cht oxi ha nh axit HNO3, H2SO4 c,... to thnh mui Fe3+. Th d : 2FeO + 4H2SO4 (c) t Fe2(SO4)3 + SO2 + 4H2O
o o

3FeO + 10HNO3 (long) t 3Fe(NO3)3 + NO + 5H2O - FeO c tnh oxi ha, tc dng vi cht kh mnh nh Al, CO, H2,... to thnh Fe. Th d : FeO + H2 t Fe + H2O - iu ch : Nhit phn Fe(OH)2, kh Fe2O3, dng Fe kh H2O to > 570oC,... Th d : Fe(OH)2 t FeO + H2O Fe2O3 + CO 500 2FeO + CO2 600 C 2. St (II) hiroxit, Fe(OH)2 - Fe(OH)2 l cht rn, mu trng xanh, khng tan trong nc. - Trong khng kh m, Fe(OH)2 d b oxi ha trong thnh Fe(OH)3 mu nu . 4Fe(OH)2 + O2 + 2H2O 4Fe(OH)3 - Fe(OH)2 l hiroxit km bn, d b phn hy bi nhit. - Nhit phn Fe(OH)2 khng c khng kh (khng c O2) : Fe(OH)2 t FeO + H2O - Nhit phn Fe(OH)2 trong khng kh (c O2) : 4Fe(OH)2 + O2 t 2Fe2O3 + 4H2O - Fe(OH)2 l mt baz, tc dng vi axit HCl, H2 SO4 long,... to ra mui Fe2+. Th d : Fe(OH)2 + H2SO4 (long) FeSO4 + 2H2O - Fe(OH)2 c tnh kh, tc dng vi cht oxi ha nh axit HNO3, H2SO4 c,... to thnh mui Fe3+. Th d : 2Fe(OH)2 + 4H2SO4 (c) t Fe2(SO4)3 + SO2 + 6H2O
o o o o o o o

3Fe(OH)2 + 10HNO3 (long) t 3Fe(NO3)3 + NO + 8H2O - iu ch Fe(OH)2 bng cch cho mui st (II) t/d vi dd baz trong iu kin khng c khng kh. Th d : FeCl2 + 2NaOH Fe(OH)2 + 2NaCl 3. Mui st (II) - a s tan trong nc, khi kt tinh thng dng ngm nc nh FeSO4.7H2O, FeCl2.4H2O,... - Mui st (II) c tnh kh, b cc cht oxi ha mnh oxi ha thnh mui st (III). Th d : 2FeCl2 + Cl2 2FeCl3 (dd mu lc nht) (dd mu vng nu) 10FeSO4 + 2KMnO4 + 8H2SO4 5Fe2(SO4)3 + K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 8H2O (dd mu tm hng) (dd mu vng) - iu ch mui st (II) bng cch cho Fe hoc cc hp cht st (II) nh FeO Fe(OH)2,... tc dng vi axit HCl, H2SO4 long (khng c khng kh). Dung dch mui st (II) thu c c mu lc nht. 4. ng dng ca hp cht st (II) Dng lm cht dit su b c hi cho thc vt, pha ch sn, mc v dng trong k ngh nhum vi.

II HP CHT ST (III) - Ty thuc vo cht kh mnh hay yu, ion Fe3+ c kh nng nhn 1 hoc 3 electron : Fe3+ + 1e Fe2+ Fe3+ + 3e Fe - Nh vy, tnh cht ha hc c trng ca hp cht st (III) l tnh oxi ha. 1. St (III) oxit, Fe2O3 - Fe2O3 l cht rn, mu nu, khng tan trong nc. - Fe2O3 l oxit baz, tan trong cc dung dch axit mnh nh HCl, H2SO4, HNO3,... to ra mui Fe3+. Th d : Fe2O3 + 6HNO3 2Fe(NO3)3 + 3H2O - Fe2O3 c tnh oxi ha, tc dng vi cht kh nh Al, C, CO, H2,... nhit cao. Th d : Fe2O3 + 2Al t Al2O3 + Fe Fe2O3 + 3CO t 2Fe + 3CO2 - iu ch Fe2O3 bng cch nhit phn Fe(OH)3 nhit cao. 2Fe(OH)3 t Fe2O3 + 3H2O 2. St (III) hiroxit, Fe(OH)3 - Fe(OH)3 l cht rn, mu nu , khng tan trong nc. - Fe(OH)3 l mt baz, d tan trong cc dung dch axit nh HCl, H2SO4, HNO3,... to ra mui Fe3+. Th d : 2Fe(OH)3 + 3H2SO4 Fe2(SO4)3 + 3H2O - iu ch Fe(OH)3 bng cch cho mui st (III) tc dng vi dung dch baz. Th d : FeCl3 + 3NaOH Fe(OH)3 + 3NaCl 3. Mui st (III) - a s mui st (III) tan trong nc, khi kt tinh thng dng ngm nc nh Fe2(SO4)3.9H2O, FeCl3.6H2O,... - Mui st (III) c oxi ha, d b kh thnh mui st (II). Th d : Fe + 2FeCl3 (dd mu vng) Cu + 2FeCl3 (dd mu vng)
o o o

3FeCl2
(dd mu xanh nht)

CuCl2 + 2FeCl2
(dd mu xanh)

2FeCl3 + 2KI 2FeCl2 + 2KCl + I2 - iu ch : Cho Fe tc dng vi cc cht oxi ha mnh nh Cl2, HNO3, H2SO4 c,... hoc cc hp cht st (III) tc dng vi axit HCl, H2SO4 long,... Dung dch mui st (III) thu c c mu vng nu. - Nhn bit mui st (III) nh tc dng vi dung dch mui kali hoc mui amoni sunfoxianua (KSCN, NH4SCN) to mui st (III) sunfoxianua mu mu: FeCl3 + 3KSCN Fe(SCN)3 + 3KCl i vi Fe2+ v Fe3+ th c th nhn bit qua phc xyanua: Fe2+ + 6CN-

[Fe(CN)6]4 Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3 Feroxianua xanh Prusse

[Fe(CN)6]3Feroxianua

Fe3+ + 6CN-

Fe3[Fe(CN)6]2 xanh Turn bull

4. ng dng ca hp cht st (III) Mui FeCl3 c dng lm cht xc tc trong mt s phn ng hu c. Fe2(SO4)3 c trong phn st amoni (NH4)2SO4.Fe2(SO4)3.24H2O. Fe2O3 c dng pha ch sn chng g

BI 3: SN XUT GANG - THP I. SN XUT GANG 1. Nguyn liu: Qung st (khng cha hoc cha rt t S, P), cht chy 2. Nguyn tc: Dng CO kh dn dn Fe2O3 thnh Fe
+CO +CO +CO Fe2 O3 Fe3 O 4 Fe O Fe t0 t0 t0 +3 +2 +3 +2

3. Cc phn ng xy ra trong qu trnh sn xut gang

t0 t0

- Phn ng to cht kh CO: C + O2 CO2 CO2 + C 2CO - Phn trn thn l 4000C n 12000C: 3Fe3O3 + CO 2Fe3O4 + CO2 - Phn gia ca thn l nhit (5000C - 6000C): Fe3O4 + CO 3FeO + CO2 - Phn di thn l nhit (700 - 8000C): FeO + CO Fe + CO2 - St chy qua C xung di thu c sn phm gang lng 1200oC v xy ra cc phn ng ph: to to 3Fe + C Fe3C 3Fe + 2CO Fe3C + CO2 (xementit) - Ngoi ra cn thu c x t cc phn ng ph sau: to to CaCO3 CaO + CO2 CaO + SiO2(ct) CaSiO3 (x) V kh l cao gm CO, H2, CH4, .... dng lm nhin liu. II. SN XUT THP 1. Nguyn liu Gang trng, gang xm, st ph liu Khng kh hoc oxi Nhin liu: du madt hoc kh t Cht chy: canxi oxit 2. Nguyn tc: Oxi ha cc tp cht trong gang (Si, Mn, S, P, C) => oxit nhm lm gim hm lng 3. Nhng phn ng ha hc xy ra a. Phn ng to thp - Oxi khng kh s oxi ha cc tp cht trong gang: Trc ht Si + O2 = SiO2 2Mn + O2 = 2MnO - Tip n C b oxi ha thnh CO (1.2000C): 2C + O2 = 2CO - Sau S + O2 = SO2 4P + 5O2 = 2P2O5 - Mt phn Fe b oxi ha: 2Fe + O2 = 2FeO - Sau khi cho thm lng gang giu Mn l cht kh mnh hn Fe s kh ion st trong FeO thnh st. FeO + Mn = Fe + MnO b. Phn ng to x - nhit cao SiO2, P2O5 tc dng vi CaO to x d nng chy, c t khi nh ni trn thp. 3CaO + P2O5 = Ca3(PO4)2 CaO + SiO2 = CaSiO3 Ngy nay c mt s phng php luyn thp ch yu sau y: 1.Phng php Bessemer: Thi khng kh vo trong gang lng t chy cc tp cht trong gang: to to 2Mn + O2 2MnO Si + O2 SiO2 to to C + O2 CO2 2Fe + O2 2FeO to to FeO + SiO2 FeSiO3 MnO + SiO2 MnSiO3 * c im: - Xy ra nhanh (15 20 pht), khng cho php iu chnh c thnh phn ca thp. - Khng loi b c P, S do khng luyn c thp nu gang c cha nhng tp cht . 2. Phng php Bessemer ci tin: a) Phng php Thomas: Lt bng gch cha MgO v CaO loi b P: to to 4P + 5O2 2P2O5 P2O5 + 3CaO Ca3(PO4)2 * c im: Cho php loi c P nhng khng loi c lu hunh. b) Phng php thi Oxi: thay khng kh bng O2 tinh khit c p sut cao (khong 10atm) oxi ha hon ton cc tp cht. y l phng php hin i nht hin nay. * c im: - Nng cao cht lng v chng loi thp - Dng c qung st v st thp g lm phi liu - Kh O2 c tc ln xuyn qua ph liu nng chy v oxi ha cc tp cht mt cch nhanh chng. Nhit lng ta ra trong phn ng oxi ha gi cho phi liu trong l lun th lng. - Cng sut ti u. 3. Phng php Martin: cht oxi ha l oxi khng kh v c st oxit ca qung st. * c im: - tn nhin liu t l - Xy ra chm (6 8h) nn kim sot c cht lng thp theo mun. 4. Phng php h quang in: nh nhit trong l in cao (> 3000oC) nn c th luyn c cc loi thp c bit cha nhng kim loi kh nng chy nh Mo, W, ...