CC DNG BI TP DI TRUYN HC QUN TH

1. Cu trc di truyn ca qun th t phi

Cng thc tng qut: Mt qun th c cu trc x%AA: y%Aa: z%aa, qua n ln th h t phi th th h Fn
T l kiu gen

T l kiu hnh
KH tri:

=y%.

KH ln:

VD: ( TSH 2010) Mt qun th thc vt c t l cc kiu gen th h xut pht (P) l 0,25AA: 0,40Aa :
0,35aa. Tnh theo l thuyt, t l cc kiu gen ca qun th ny sau ba th h t th phn bt buc (F3) l:
A.0,425AA : 0,050Aa : 0,525aa
B.0,25AA : 0,40Aa : 0,35aa.
C.0,375AA : 0,100Aa : 0,525aa
D.0,35AA : 0,20Aa : 0,45aa.
=0.4. =0.05

=0.425

=0.525

p n A
VD: ( TSH 2011) T mt qun th thc vt ban u (P), sau 3 th h t th phn th thnh phn kiu gen
ca qun th l 0.525AA: 0.050Aa: 0.425aa. Cho rng qun th khng chu tc ng ca cc nhn t tin ha
khc, tnh theo l thuyt, thnh phn kiu gen ca (P) l
A. 0.400AA: 0.400Aa: 0.200aa
B. 0.350AA: 0.400Aa: 0.250aa
C. 0.375AA: 0.400Aa: 0.225aa
D. 0.250AA: 0.400Aa: 0.350aa
Thnh phn kiu gen ca (P)
y. = 0.05

y. =0.05
=0.525

0.4
=0.525
=0.425

0.35
z=0.25

p n B
2. Cu trc di truyn ca qun th giao phi
2.1. Xc nh s t hp kiu gen trong qun th giao phi
* Gi s trong mt qun th giao phi, gen 1 c m alen; gen 2 c n alen. Cc gen di truyn phn ly c lp th
trong giao phi t do s to ra
VD: Trong mt qun th ngu phi gi s gen 1 c 3 alen, gen 2 c 2 alen, cc gen di truyn phn ly c lp
th trong giao phi t do s to ra
A. 9
B. 18
C. 20
D. 24
S t hp kiu gen:

p n B

VD: ( TSH 2010) mt qun th ngu phi, xt hai gen: gen th nht c 3 alen, nm trn on khng
tng ng ca nhim sc th gii tnh X; gen th hai c 5 alen, nm trn nhim sc th thng. Trong trng
hp khng xy ra t bin, s loi kiu gen ti a v c hai gen trn c th c to ra trong qun th ny l
A. 45.
B. 90.
C. 15.
D. 135.
A A
1 gen vi 3 alen A, B, C nm trn NST X th trong qun th c 9 kiu gen: X X , XBXB, XCXC, XAXB, XAXC,
XBXC, XAY, XBY, XCY
Gen c 3 alen nm trn on khng tng ng ca nhim sc th gii tnh X To 9 kiu gen
Gen c 5 alen nm trn nhim sc th thng to

=15 kiu gen

S loi kiu gen ti a v c hai gen trn c th c to ra trong qun th ny: 9.15=135 p n D
2.2. Xc nh trng thi cn bng ca qun th
iu kin qun th cn bng:
*TH1: Qun th c 100% kiu gen ng hp l lun t trng thi cn bng
* TH2: Qun th c 3 kiu gen AA, Aa, aa
+ Gi p l tn s ca alen A, q l tn s ca alen a
+ Qun th cn bng khi:
* Lu : Nu qun th ch c AA v Aa hoc ch c Aa v aa th cha t trng thi cn bng
VD: Trong mt qun th giao phi c 3 kiu gen th h xut pht vi t l 9/16AA:6/16Aa:1/16aa. Qun th

A. t trng thi cn bng

B. Cha t trng thi cn bng
C. t trng thi cn bng nu ngu phi vi ln na
D. Khng xc nh c
Ta c:
=9/16
=1/16

= 9/128
2pq=6/16

=9/128

qun th t trng thi cn bng

p n A
2.3 Xc nh cu trc di truyn ca qun th
* TH1: Gi s t l cc kiu gen AA, Aa, aa th h xut pht l x2AA + 2xyAa + y2aa=1
+ T l s giao t mang A l: p(A)= x2 +
+ T l s giao t mang a l: p(a)= y2 +
VD: Trong mt qun th la, lc t trng thi cn bng quan st thy c trong 10.000 cy th xut hin mt
cy b bch tng (b quy nh bnh bch tng, B l bnh thng ). Xc nh tn s ca alen B, b
A. p(B)=0.1, q(b)=0.99
B. p(B)=0.10, q(b)=0.90
C. p(B)=0.90, q(b)=0. 10
D. p(B)=0.99, q(b)=0.01
2
Ta c q (bb)=1/10.000q(b)=0.01
P(B)=1-0.01=0.99
p n D
* TH2: Gi s t l cc kiu gen AA, Aa, aa th h xut pht l x%AA + y%Aa + z%aa=1
+ T l s giao t mang A l: p(A)= x +
+ T l s giao t mang a l: p(a)= z +
+ Qua 1 hay n ln giao phi th cu trc di truyn ca qun th l:
(x + )2AA: 2.( x + )( z + )Aa: (z + )2aa=1
+ T l kiu hnh tri : (x +

)2 + 2 .( x + )( z + )

+ T l kiu hnh ln: (z + )2

VD: ( TSH 2011) Trong mt qun th thc vt giao phn, xt mt locut c 2 alen, alen A quy nh thn cao
tri hon ton so vi alen a quy nh thn thp. Qun th ban u (P) c kiu hnh thn thp chim t l 25%.
Sau mt th h ngu phi v khng chu tc ng ca cc nhn t tin ha, kiu hnh thn thp th h con
chim t l 16%. Tnh theo l thuyt, thnh phn kiu gen ca qun th (P) l

A. 0.45AA: 0.30Aa: 0.25aa

C. 0.25AA: 0.50Aa: 0.25aa

B. 0.30AA: 0.45Aa: 0.25aa

D. 0.10AA: 0.65Aa: 0.250aa

Gi t l cc kiu gen AA, Aa, aa th h xut pht ln lt l x%, y%, z%

z%=25%
+ Qua 1 ln ngu phi th cu trc di truyn ca qun th l:
(x + )2AA: 2.( x + )( z + )Aa: (z + )2aa=1
+ T l kiu hnh ln: (z +

)2=0.16

(z +

) =0.4

y=0.3

p n A

+ Ta c x%AA + y%Aa + z%aa=1 x = 1-(0.3+0.25)=0.45

* TH3: 1 gen vi 3 alen IA; IB, IO Trong qun th c 6 kiu gen vi 4 kiu hnh
Mu A: IA IA, IA IO
Mu B: IB IB, IB IO
Mu AB: IA IB
Mu O: IO IO
+ Gi p, q, r ln lt l tn s ca cc alen IA; IB, IO
Cu trc di truyn ca qun th
p2 (IA IA)+q2 (IB IB)+r2(IO IO)+2pq(IA IB)+2rp(IA IO)+2rq(IB IO)=1
+ Tnh tn s cc alen theo t l kiu hnh
- Gi
ln lt l t l kiu hnh nhm mu O, A, B, AB, ta c
r=
p+r =

p=

-r =

Tng t , ta c q=
M p+q+r=1 q=1-r-p q=

1-

)=1-

VD: Mt qun th ngi, nhm mu O chim t l 48.35%; nhm mu B chim t l 27.94%; nhm mu A
chim t l 19.46%, nhm mu AB chim t l 4.25%. Tn s ca cc alen IA, IB , IO trong qun th ny l
A. IA =0.69; IB =0.13; IO=0.18
B. IA =0.13; IB =0.18; IO=0.69
A
B
O
C. I =0.17; I =0.26; I =0.57
D. IA =0.18; IB =0.13; IO=0.69
Gi p, q, r ln lt l tn s ca cc alen IA; IB, IO
- T l kiu hnh cc nhm mu
+ Mu O: r2=0.4835r = 0.69
+ Mu A: p2+2pr=0.1946 p2+1.38p-0.1946=0
=0.13
2
2
+ Mu B: q +2qr =0.2794 q +1.38q-0.2794=0
=0.18
* TH4: 1 gen vi 2 alen A, a nm trn NST X th trong qun th c 5 kiu gen: XAXA, XAXa, XaXa, XAY, XaY
Cu trc di truyn
p2(XAXA) +q2(XaXa)+2pq(XAXa)+p(XAY)+q(XaY)=1
+ T l s giao t mang XA l: p(XA)= p2+2pq+p
+ T l s giao t mang Xa l: p(Xa)= q2+2pq+q

TNH S KIU T HP- KIU GEN- KIU HNH V CC T L PHN LI I CON

1. Kiu t hp
S kiu t hp= S giao t c x s giao t ci
. Ch : khi bit s kiu t hp bit s loi giao t c, ci bit s cp gen d hp trong kiu gen ca b
hoc m
2. S loi v t l phn li v KG, KH:
+ T l kiu gen chung ca nhiu cp gen bng cc t l KG ring r ca mi cp tnh trng vi nhau
+ S KH tnh trng chung bng s KH ring ca mi cp tnh trng nhn vi nhau
VD:
A: ht vng
a: ht xanh
B: ht trn
b: ht nhn
D: thn cao
d: thn thp
P: AabbDd x AaBbdd
Cp
KG
S lng KG
KH
S lng KH
Aa x Aa
1AA:2Aa:1aa
3
3 vng:1 xanh
2
bb x Bb
1Bb:1bb
2
1 trn: 1nhn
2
Dd x dd
1Dd:1dd
2
1 cao: 1 thp
2
S KG = (1AA:2Aa:1aa)( 1Bb:1bb)( 1Dd:1dd)=3.2.2=12
S KH= (3 vng:1 xanh)( 1 trn: 1nhn)( 1 cao: 1 thp)=2.2.2=8
VD: ( TSH 2011) Cho bit khng xy ra t bin, tnh theo l thuyt, xc sut sinh mt ngi con c 2 alen
tri ca mt cp v chng u c kiu gen AaBbDd l
A. 15/64
B. 27/64
C. 5/16
D. 3/32
Xt 3 php lai
Aa x Aa 1/4 AA + 2/4Aa + 1/4 aa
Bb x Bb 1/4 BB + 2/4Bb + 1/4 bb
Dd x Dd 1/4 DD + 2/4Dd + 1/4 dd
C th c 2 alen tri: AAbbdd, aaBBdd, aabbbDD, AaBbdd, aaBbDd, AabbDd
Xc sut ca kiu gen AAbbdd: 1/4 .1/4.1/4=1/64
Tng t, xc sut ca tng kiu gen aaBBdd, aabbbDD cng bng 1/64
Xc sut ca kiu gen AaBbdd: 2/4 .2/4.1/4 = 4/64
Tng t, xc sut ca tng kiu gen aaBbDd, AabbDd cng bng 4/64
Xc sut ca kiu gen c 2 alen tri l
p n A
VD: ( TSH 2010) Cho bit mi gen quy nh mt tnh trng, cc gen phn li c lp, gen tri l tri hon
ton v khng c t bin xy ra. Tnh theo l thuyt, php lai AaBbDdEe AaBbDdEe cho i con c kiu
hnh mang 2 tnh trng tri v 2 tnh trng ln chim t l
A.27/128
Xt 3 php lai

B.9/256

C.9/64

D. 8/128

Aa x Aa 3/4 A_ + 1/4 aa
Bb x Bb 3/4 B_ + 1/4 bb
Dd x Dd 3/4 D_ + 1/4 dd
Ee x Ee 3/4 E_ + 1/4 dd
C th con c kiu hnh mang 2 tnh trng tri v 2 tnh trng ln: A_B_ddee, A_bbD_ee, A_bbddE-,
aaB_D_ee, aaB_ddE_, aabbD_E_
Xc sut ca kiu gen A_B_ddee: 3/4 .3/4.1/4.1/4=9/256
Tng t, xc sut ca tng kiu gen A_bbD_ee, A_bbddE-, aaB_D_ee, aaB_ddE_, aabbD_E_cng bng 9/256
T l i con c kiu hnh mang 2 tnh trng tri v 2 tnh trng ln: 6.9/256=27/128 p n A