Bo co thc tp tt nghip

LI CM N
-----L mt sinh vin ngnh k thut chun b ra trng, qu trnh thc tp l mt c
hi tip xc vi cng vic sp ti v nh hng cho mnh nhng bc i sau khi
ra trng. Qu trnh thc tp cng l mt th nghim trong qu trnh tm vic sau
ny. Chc rng mi ngi u nh hng cho mnh con ng i sp ti sau khi ra
trng, ai cng n lc tm ra cho mnh mt c hi tt. Nhng kin thc hc
trng l cha bc vo nhng th thch trong cng vic cng nh trong cuc
sng.
Qua thi gian thc tp 5 tun ti Trung tm truyn hnh cp Qung Nam, do
lm trong mi trng lm vic tt, em hc hi c nhiu kinh nghim t thc t
cng nh cc thut ng chuyn ngnh. ng thi hc i i vi hnh gip em
khng ngng nng cao hn na kin thc, k nng to nn tng vng chc p
dng vo cng vic thc t sau ny.
c kin thc v kt qu thc t ngy hm nay, trc ht chng em xin chn
thnh cm n cc thy c gio trong khoa khao hc v cng ngh b mn in t
vin thng ging dy v trang b cho chng em nhng kin thc c bn, ng thi
tn tnh hng dn em trong qu trnh thc tp. Bn cnh , chng em xin gi li
cm n chn thnh n tt c cc anh em trong trung tm truyn hnh cp Qung
Nam gip v to mi iu kin thun li gip chng em hon thnh tt qu
trnh thc tp.
Trong qu trnh thc tp v lm bo co, do cn thiu nhiu kinh nghim
thc t nn khng trnh khi nhng sai st. Em mong cc thy c ch bo thm gip
em hon thnh v t kt qu tt hn. Em xin chn thnh cm n!

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Bo co thc tp tt nghip

TRNG I HC PHAN CHU TRINH

KHOA KHOA HC CNG NGH

CNG HA X HI CH NGHA VIT N

c lp T do Hnh phc

T B MN IN T VIN THNG
NHIM V THC TP TT NGHIP
H v tn : Nguyn Vn Ngha
Lp : 07DT
Chuyn ngnh : in t - Vin thng
Ging vin hng dn : Th.s V Minh Thng
1.Ni dung thc tp:
+ Tm hiu cch lp t cp thu bao, lp t my thu quang (node quang), lp
t khuch i cao tn RF.
+ Tm hiu cch khc phc s c thng gp.
+ Nghin cu ti liu.
+ Tm hiu suy hao ca thit b mng cp quang, thit b mng cp ng trc.

2.Nhn xt ca ging vin hng dn:

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Hi An, ngy ...thng .... nm 2012
Ging vin hng dn
(k, ghi r h v tn)

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PHIU NHN XT KT QU THC TP

H v tn CBHD thc tp:......................................................................................................
C quan thc tp:....................................................................................................................
a ch:....................................................................................................................................
in thoi:.................................................................Fax........................................................
Email:........................................................................Website:...............................................
H v tn sinh vin thc tp....................................................................................................
Thi gian thc tp:t ngy .......................................n ngy.......................................

1. Tinh thn lm k lut, thi lm vic: (Thc hin ni qui c quan, chp
hnh gi gic lm vic, thi giao tip, thc bo v ca cng, thi lm
vic)
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2. Kh nng chuyn mn, nghip v: (Kh nng p ng nhu cu cng vic, tin
thn cu tin, kh nng xut sng kin trong cng vic)
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3. Kt qu cng tc: (Mc hon thnh thnh cng vic)
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4. Cc kin khc: (nu c)
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5. im ngh: (Thang im 10)
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Xc nhn ca c quan
Cn b hng dn
(K tn v ng du)
(K tn v ghi h tn)

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Bo co thc tp tt nghip

MC LC
-----Li cm n

Nhim v thc tp tt nghip

Bng nhn xt ca cn b hng dn thc tp
Mc Lc
Li ni u1
Phn I: Gii thiu chung v TTTH Qung Nam QRT
Phn II: Quy trnh k thut cng ngh ca TTTH cp Qung Nam QRT .
Phn III: Ni dung phn cng cng vic thc tp tm hiu .12
Phn IV: Phng thc tm hiu . 12
Theo t k thut . 12
Theo t lp t node quang 14
Theo t lp t khuch tn hiu cao tng RF 17
Theo t khc phc s c ...18
Tm hiu suy hao trong cp quang18
Tm hiu suy hao trong cp ng trc.. 19
Phn V: Kt qu t c .. 21
Phn VI : Rt ra kinh nghim bn thn 22

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LI NI U
-----Nhng nm gn y, do tng nhu cu thng thc cc chng trnh truyn hnh
cht lng cao, ni dung phong ph cng nh s tin b trong cng ngh, nn cc
nh cung cp dch v truyn hnh lun tm phng thc i mi nng cao cht
lng video v tng thm s lng knh pht sng trong chng trnh.
p ng nhu cu ca ngi xem truyn hnh th nh cung cp dch v truyn
hnh chn mng HFC s dng cp quang mng truyn dn v phn phi tn hiu.V
u im ca cp quang so vi cc phng tin truyn dn khc nh: Bng thng ca
cp quang rt ln (1014 ~ 1015 Hz), suy hao ng truyn rt nh, khng chu nh
hng bi nhiu ca mi trng ngoi v nhiu in t, c th tch hp c nhiu
dch v trn cng mt ng truyn Vi nhu cu pht trin mng truyn hnh cp
hu tuyn qui m, hin i cung cp nhiu chng trnh cho ngi dn c lp
k hoch pht trin v ang c trin khai trn din rng.
Cng vi s pht trin ny , cng l l do chng em tm hiu ti
H thng truyn hnh cp HFC

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PHN I: GII THIU CHUNG V TRUNG TM TRUYN HNH CP

QUNG NAM
c thnh lp ngythngnm.
Giy php hot ng truyn hnh cp ca B Vn ho Thng tin.
Quyt nh ca UBND tnh Qung Nam.
V vic thnh lp Trung tm Truyn hnh cp Qung Nam.
Quyt inh ca UBND tnh Qung Nam.
V vic cho php m rng a bn hot ng truyn hnh cp Qung Nam.
1. Tn n v thc tp: TRUNG TM TRUYN HNH CP QUNG NAM.

2. Tn giao dch quc t: Quang Nam Cable Television.

3. a ch tr s chnh : 58 Hng Vng, TP Tam K, tnh Qung Nam

S in thoi : 0510.845038 0510.845039

S Fax : 0510.845038

M s thu : 4000101679-001

Email : kinhdoanhthc@qrt.com.vn

Website : www.qrt.com.vn
Vn phng ti Chu Lai : Khi 3, thi trn Ni Thnh, huyn Ni Thnh
in thoi : 0510.216575 0510.234775
Vn phng ti H Lam : T 5, th trn H Lam, huyn Thng Bnh
in thoai : 0510.476144 0510.202024
Vn phng ti Vnh in : Khi 3, th trn Vnh in, huyn in Bn
in thoi : 0510.472444 0510.202023
Vn phng ti i Ngha : Khu 7, th trn i Ngha, huyn i Lc

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Bo co thc tp tt nghip

in thoi : 0510.463467 0510.202026

4. Cc ngnh kinh doanh chnh :

Chuyn : KHO ST - THIT K - CUNG CP - LP T
Cng ngh ngnh pht thanh, truyn hnh
Thit lp trin khai h thng mng cp truyn hnh
Thc hin cc dch v v pht thanh, truyn hnh theo yu cu
H thng Camera quan st (CCTV System)

5. Mt s cng trnh tiu biu ca Trung Tm Truyn Hnh Cp

Mng cp ti thnh ph Tam K

Mng cp ti khu kinh t m Chu Lai, huyn Ni Thnh

Mng cp ti th trn H Lam, huyn Thng Bnh

Mng cp ti th trn Vnh in, huyn in Bn

Mng cp ti th trn i Nghi, huyn i Lc

Mng cp ti th trn Khm c, huyn Phc Sn

Mng cp ti trung tm hnh chnh Nam Tr My

The Nam Hai, x in Dng, huyn in Bn

Khu bit th cao cp Bng Lai - in Dng - in Bn

Boutique HoiAn Resort Cm An Hi An

Sunrise Beach HoiAn Resort Cm An Hi An

Cng ty TNHH CCI Vit Nam - KCN Bc Chu Lai

Cng ty CP Gch men Anh Em (NM-Keda) KCN Chu Lai

Cc khch sn, nh ngh trn a bn tnh Qung Nam

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6. B tr nhn s trung tm truyn hnh cp.

PHN II : QUY TRNH K THUT, CNG NGH CA TRUNG TM

TRUYN HNH CP QUNG NAM QRT.
Phng my ca trung tm truyn hnh cp lm nhim v thu chng trnh
truyn hnh t hai ngun sau:
Cc chng trnh qung b mt t (VTV1, VTV2, VTV3, ) c thu qua
cc anten VHF (very hight friquency), mi mt knh truyn hnh c thu qua mt
anten ring, cc knh truyn hnh thu c sau a vo khi chuyn i t tn
hiu cao tn RF thnh tn hiu trung tn IF (upconverter). Lc ny tn hiu thu c

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Bo co thc tp tt nghip

t mi anten l mt di tn bao gm knh tn hiu cn thu v cc knh tn hiu khc

lt vo (v d: anten VHF cn thu knh VTV3 nhng trong tn hiu thu c c c
cc knh khc nh HTV, VTV2). Tn hiu trung tn chung ny c a qua b lc
trung tn lc ly knh tn hiu cn thu (VTV3). Mi b lc trung tn c iu
chnh ch thu mt knh tn hiu. Tn hiu trung tn ra khi b lc ch c mt knh
duy nht. Cc knh tn hiu ny s c i ln tn s RF qua b chuyn i IF/RF
c tn hiu RF nm trong di tn ng xung ca mng CATV. Sau tn
hiu RF ny c a vo b kt hp (combiner 16:1) ghp knh vi cc knh tn
hiu khc theo phng thc ghp knh theo tn s (FDM: Friquency Division
Multiplexing).
Cc tn hiu v tinh c thu qua anten parabol l cc tn hiu truyn hnh bao
gm nhiu knh ghp li vi nhau, tch cc knh ny ra thnh cc knh c lp th
chng c chia thnh nhiu ng bng cc b chia v tinh. Sau mi ng s
c a vo b thu v tinh (downconverter) chuyn t tn s cao thnh tn s
thp, tn hiu ra khi b thu l tn hiu A/V. y cha phi l tn hiu m CATV cn
nn sau chng c a vo b chuyn i A/V thnh IF. Tn hiu ra l tn hiu
IF trn c Audeo v Video. Tn hiu trung tn ny vn l s kt hp ca nhiu knh
tn hiu , ly ra mt knh theo yu cu th chng c a qua b lc trung tn
ging nh khi thu cc chng trnh truyn hnh qung b v tn hiu ra l knh tn
hiu cn thu. Cc knh ny tip tc c a vo b chuyn i IF/RF c tn
hiu RF nm trong di tn CATV. Sau c a vo combiner 16:1 ghp knh
vi cc knh truyn hnh khc thu t v tinh v cc knh truyn hnh qung b trong
di tn ng xung (70MHz ~ 862MHz). Tn hiu ra l tn hiu RF ghp knh
bao gm nhiu knh c ghp li vi nhau.

Tn hiu ny c th a vo my

thu hnh ca thu bao gii m v xem c, nhng truyn i xa v theo nhiu
hng khc nhau th n c a vo b khuch i khuch i ln sau chia ra
bng b chia tn hiu cao tn (b chia k hiu ISV hoc IS). Tn hiu sau b chia mi
ng c a vo mt my pht quang, ti y tn hiu RF c chuyn thnh tn

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Bo co thc tp tt nghip

hiu quang v ghp vo si quang truyn n thu bao qua mng HFC ( HFC:
Hybrid Fiber Coaxial Cable - cng ngh lai ghp gia cp quang v cp ng trc.)

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Bo co thc tp tt nghip

Hnh1: Trung tm headen

Hnh 2. Cu trc truyn dn mng cp quang lai cp ng trc (HFC).

Tn hiu t trung tm qua b chuyn i in quang thnh tn hiu quang sau
c truyn dn qua cp si quang ti cc HUB. Ti cc im HUB c th l mt
trm thu pht li nu nh cung cp tn hiu cho mt phm vi ln (gia hai khu vc
rng ln), c th ch l b chia quang thng thng chia tn hiu quang ti cc
Node quang. Tu thuc vo yu cu an ton ca h thng m tn hiu t trung tm

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Bo co thc tp tt nghip

truyn ti ti cc HUB c thit k theo cu trc mng vng (Ring) hoc hnh sao
(Star).
Tn hiu sau Node quang c chuyn i t quang sang in sau c
truyn dn trn mng cp ng trc n tng h thu bao. Tn hiu truyn qua
mng cp ng trc n cc h thu bao c nh vo nhng b khuch i cao
Tn (RF), khuch i tn hiu b li suy hao trong ng truyn. Tn hiu c
chia ra truyn n tng h thu bao .
PHN III: NI DUNG PHN CNG VIC THC TP TM HIU.
+ Tm hiu cch lp t cp thu bao, lp t my thu quang (node quang),
cch lp t khuch i cao tn RF.
+ Tm hiu cch khc phc s c thng gp.
+ Nghin cu ti liu.
+ Tm hiu suy hao ca thit b mng cp quang, thit b mng cp ng trc.
PHN IV: PHNG THC THC HIN.
i theo t k thut lp cp thu bao.
Cc anh em trong t ch cch ly tn hiu t ng cp 7 a qua b chia
ly tn hiu truyn i qua cp 5 a vo tivi ca h thu bao.

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Bo co thc tp tt nghip

Hnh 3. B chia tn hiu a vo tivi.

Cch ni cp 5 vo b chia tn hiu ta cn phi lm conector ri ven vo cc
nhnh Tap ca b chia ,nh hnh 4.

Hnh 4.Connector ni y cp vo b chia.

T dy cp 5 ko t ngoi tr vo n tivi ca h thu bao ta cn lm
connector cm vo tivi.

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Bo co thc tp tt nghip

Hnh 5. Cc connector ni dy cp vo u anten tivi.

Khi cm xong connector vo u anten tivi, ta bt u m tivi ln vo menu
d knh. D knh xong ta bm exit thot ra, bm tng knh kim tra s lng
knh v cht lng video ca tng knh.
Nu cht lng video khng tt th ta cn chuyn i li b chia tn hiu v
dng my o kim tra tn hiu ca u ra ca b chia c t tiu chun hay khng.
C hai trng hp xy ra vi hnh nh video sau:
o Hnh nh video b x l do tn hiu vo qu ln.
o Hnh nh b ht ma l do tn hiu vo yu.
i theo t k thut lp t cc node quang.
Cc anh em trong t ch cch o tn hiu quang v chn v tr lp t node
quang mt cch hp l nht, thng l t nhng ni ng t .
Tn hiu vo mt my thu quang nm trong khong -7 +2 dB l hot ng
tt.Nu tn hiu n my thu quang ln hn +2dB th ta nn dng b chia tn hiu
quang cng tn hiu li sao cho thuc trong khong -7 +2 dB l c.

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Hnh 6. Thit b thu quang.

Cch ni cp 5 vo b chia tn hiu ta cn phi lm conector ri ven vo cc
nhnh Tap ca b chia ,nh hnh 4.

Hnh 7.B chia tn hiu quang.

Cc thit b thu quang nay thng t trong t bo v khi nng ma v nh
v mt cch chc chn.

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Hnh 8: T ni quang

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Bo co thc tp tt nghip

Hnh 9.Thit b my thu quang c t trong t bo v

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Bo co thc tp tt nghip

i theo t k thut lp t khuch i tn hiu cao tn RF.

Cc anh em trong t ch cho cch o tn hiu v la cho v tr lp t b
khuch i hp l nht.
Ta ly tn hiu cao tn ra t cng node quang 110dB, truyn tn hiu i qua cp
ng trc 12 , trn ng truyn ta thng t ci b khuch i cao tn RF nhm
b li tn hiu suy hao trn ng truyn.
Dy cp tn hiu c chy dc theo tr in lc v v tr lp t cc b khuch
i ph thuc vo khong cch tr in. Khong cch gia hai cy tr in l
45m,nn thng thng l cch 4 cy tr in l ta t b khuch i l hp l nht.
Ta o tn hiu vo b khuch i khong 80 -85dB l tt nht, tn hiu ra 110dB
l m b tn hiu truyn n b khuch i k tip.

Hnh 9.b khuch i cao tn RF

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i theo t k thut khc phc s c.

Cc s c thng xy ra l mt tn hiu v tn hiu hnh nh video b ht ma.
vi cc nguyn nhn sau:
t dy cp.
Do b xe mang hay b cy ci ng chn lm t dy. Khc phc bng cch
thay ni li hay thay dy mi ph thuc tn hiu vo tivi .

Lng connector mt trong hai u dy.

Do s tc ng trn dy cp nh nu ko lm lng connector. Khc phc bng
cch lm li connector mi v inh v k gia connector vi si dy cp.

Khuch i tn hiu b hng khng lm vic c.

Do mt in lm khuch i khng hot ng c hay do b hng mch in
t. Khc phc bng cch kim tra ngun in nu b mt in, cn mch b hng th
thay mi khng b gin on lu ngi xem truyn hnh.

Tm hiu suy hao ca thit b mng cp quang.

-

Gi A l cng sut sau chia cn thit cp cho mt node quang, A c

tnh nh sau:

- Pp [dB] = Loss[dB] + Pvo node [dBm]

- Vi:

Loss[dB] = hnN

(1)
+ connector

M + si

L+ D tr

gi ha +
-

Suy hao b chia

Trong :

(2)

- Loss[dB]: Suy hao trn tuyn.

- Pvo node[dBm]: Cng sut quang u vo node quang (chun l 0dBm)
- hn[dB]: Suy hao mi hn
- connector[dB]: Suy hao mt connector
- si [dB] : Suy hao si quang .
-

N: S mi hn trn mt tuyn

M: Tng s connector trn mt tuyn

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L[km] : Tng chiu di si quang

D tr gi ha : -1dB

My pht quang:

- Tn hiu quang ra: 12dBm

- Bc sng hot ng: 1550nm
Node quang

- Bng thng: 112.25 624.25MHz

- Bc sng hot ng: 1310 1550nm
-

Chiu di ti a ca si quang l 2km

- u vo quang:( -7 +2) dBm (chun l 0dBm)

- u ra cao tn (RF): 85dBmV (110dBV)
-

Connector RF: 5/8

- Connector quang: SC/APC suy hao 1dB

- Dy nhy (dy quang 3m + 1 connector): suy hao 8dB
- Mi hn quang: suy hao 0.05dB
- Si quang n mode: suy hao 0.25dB/km
Tm hiu suy hao thit b mng cp ng trc.

- S dng cp QR540 (suy hao 7dB/100m) cho ng trc.

- S dng cp RG11 (suy hao 12dB/100m) cho ng nhnh.
-

S dng cp RG6 (suy hao 18dB/100m) cho ng thu bao (ko

t thit b chia trong nh IS n thit b thu bao TV).

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Bng tnh suy hao cp ng trc (dBm)

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PHN V: KT QU T C.
+ Kin thc thc t nhm cng c l thuyt: c tip xc vi cc thit
b ca cp quang v cp ng trc, cc s liu o c trong thc t
+ Cc k nng thc hnh c hon thin: u conector, ni cp b t,
thao tc ko tuyn cp (trn tr in, di t), o c cc mc tn hiu, d
knh trn tivi
+ Kinh nghim thc t trong cng vic:
Rt ra c cc s c thng xy ra vi hnh nh video sau:
o Hnh nh video b x l do tn hiu vo qu ln.
o Hnh nh b ht ma l do tn hiu vo yu.
T khong cch gia hai cy tr in (45m) ta rt ra c v tr t b
khuch i hp l nht (4 tr).
Rt ra c cc nguyn nhn thng gp khi xy ra s c:
o

c dy cp

Lng conector

Khuch i tn hiu b hng

+ Cc kt qu c th thc hin ti ni thc tp: Ly tn hiu t ng

cp 7 a qua b chia ly tn hiu truyn i qua cp 5 a vo tivi ca
h thu bao. Cch o tn hiu quang v chn v tr lp t node quang, ko
ng dy cp (theo tr in, di lng t.)

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PHN VI: RT RA KINH NGHIM BN THN.

Qua qu trnh thc tp ti trung tm truyn hnh cp Qung Nam gip
em c ci nhn thc t hn v cng vic ca mnh sau khi ra trng v tch
ly c mt s thao tc c bn trong cng vic cng nh c tip xc vi
mi trng lm vic chuyn nghip v mu mc, t c nhng kinh nghim
cho bn thn.
Tm li. khong thi gian thc tp l c hi em lm quen vi mi
trng lm vic, hc hi kinh nghin v tch ly kin thc cho mnh.

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