I HC HU

TRUNG TM O TO T XA
TS. NGUYN HONG

GIO TRNH

KHNG GIAN
MTRIC
(C S GII TCH)

Hu - 2007

MC LC
LI NI U ........................................................................................................... 3
A. KIN THC B SUNG....................................................................................... 5
1 TP HP S THC ....................................................................................... 5
2. LC LNG CA CC TP HP ............................................................10
B. KHNG GIAN MTRIC....................................................................................16
1. KHI NIM MTRIC. .................................................................................16
BI TP...............................................................................................................21
2.TP M V TP NG..............................................................................23
BI TP...............................................................................................................30
3. NH X LIN TC .....................................................................................32
BI TP...............................................................................................................37
$4 KHNG GIAN MTRIC Y ...............................................................38
BI TP...............................................................................................................50
5 KHNG GIAN COMPACT ...........................................................................52
BI TP...............................................................................................................67
6. KHNG GIAN LIN THNG .....................................................................69
BI TP...............................................................................................................71
C. LI GII V HNG DN.............................................................................72
PHN A ...............................................................................................................72
PHN B ...............................................................................................................73
TI LIU THAM KHO........................................................................................ 87

LI NI U
Gio trnh ny c vit da trn bi ging cho sinh vin khoa Ton trng
HSP Hu trong nhng nm va qua. Hc phn ny c mc ch trang b nhng
kin thc cn bn v gii tch hin i m bt c sinh vin Ton no cng phi
nm c. Khc vi gii tch c in, trong ngi ta lm vic ch yu trn
tp IRk cc b k s thc, y cc khi nim c bn ca gii thch nh ln cn,
gii hn lin tc c xt trong khng gian tng qut hn m phn t ca n
c th l cc i tng tu min sao c th xc nh c khong cch gia
hai phn t . Ngoi mt cch bn cht v su sc nhng kin thc v gii thch
c in hc trong nhng nm trc, cng nh chun b hc tt cc hc
phn tip theo nh l thuyt o, tch phn, gii tch hm
Cc kh nhiu sch vit v khng gian mtric, tuy nhin ngi ta thng
ch trnh by nhng kin thc dng cho mc ch ca cun sch nn cha
c mt gio trnh tng i hon chnh ring cho phn l thuyt ny. y, bn
c s thy nhiu bi tp c a vo vi t cch rn luyn t duy v ng thi
cng c th xem nh bi b sung l thuyt. Phn ln cc bi tp u c li gin
tm tt hoc chi tit. iu ny c l s mang li li ch thit thc rt hn ch v
cng c t sch gii bi tp gip cho sinh vin trong lc hc tp.
hc tt hc phn ny, v nguyn tc sinh vin ch cn nm c nhng
kin thc s cp v l thuyt tp hp v nh x, php qui np v cc suy lun
logic ton hc. Cn phi bit din t mt mnh bng nhiu mnh tng
ng vi n cng nh hiu v vn dng cch chng minh hay xy dng cc i
tng bng qui np hu hn. Tuy nhin c th hiu su sc v nht l lm
c cc bi tp. y, ngn ng hnh hc c dng din t cc khi nim
khng gian mtric, nhng i lc c nhng vn vt ra khi trc gic v suy
lun ch quan thng thng. Do vi tng khi nim, ngi hc nht thit
phi hiu thu c nh ngha, t mnh tm c nhng v d minh ha cho cc
nh ngha . Nh Dieudonne ni:... trc quan hnh hc, cng vi s
phng thch ng l mt ngi hng dn rt ng tin tng trong hon cnh
tng qut
Cun sch c chia lm hai phn. Phn kin thc b sung nu li mt cch
c h thng cc tnh cht ca tp s thc IR. Sinh vin tng cng ch n khi
nim infimum v suptemum ca mt tp s thc v cn s dng mt cch thnh

tho, bin son. V khi nim lc lng tp hp, cn nm c trong trng hp no

th mt tp l m c,
Phn th hai l phn chnh ca chng trnh. C nhiu con ng trnh
by cc khi nim. y chng ti chn cch tip cn vi ngn ng thng
dng, mt mt ngi hc d nh, mt khc phn no gii thch l do a ra
tn gi nh vy. Tuy nhin, nht thit phi c hiu theo ng nh ngha. Cc
khi nim quan trng phi k n l hi t, m, ng, lin tc, y ,
compact c trng phn ny l nng v suy lun hn tnh ton, hn na nhiu
thut ng chng cht ln nhau lm ngi mi hc thy lng tng. V th sinh
vin nn tm thm v d v hnh nh trc quan d nh. Sau khi nm c l
thuyt, cc bn t mnh gii cc bi tp cn thn trc khi xem li gii. Cc bi
tp kh hn c nh du * dnh cho sinh vin kh, v phi c thi gian nghin
ngm nhiu hn.
Tc gi xin cm n cc bn trong t Gii tch khoa Ton trng HSP Hu
ng vin gp khi vit cun sch ny. Mong c nhn c nhng ph
bnh ca cc ng nghip gn xa.
Tc gi

A. KIN THC B SUNG

1 TP HP S THC
Chng ta tip xc nhiu vi tp hp s thc t chng trnh ton bc
ph thng. C nhiu cch xy dng tp hp s thc, chng hn dng nht ct
Dedekind, cc dy c bn. ca tp hp s hu t Q. y vi mc ch l h
thng li nhng kin thc cn thit cho gii tch, chng ti s chn mt s mnh
c bn lm tin nh ngha tp hp s thc. Cc tnh cht cn li c
suy t cc tin ny.
1.1. nh ngha:
Tp hp s thc, k hiu IR l mt tp cng vi cc php ton cng + v
nhn . xc nh trn , tho mn cc tin sau:
I. (IR, +) l mt nhm cng Abel, tc l vi mi x, y, z thuc IR ta c:
x+y=y+x
x + (y + z) = (x + y) + z
( 0 IR) ( x IR): x + 0 = 0 + x= x
( x IR)( (-x) IR): x + (-x) = 0
II. (IR*,.) l mt nhm phn Abel, trong IR* = IR \{0}, ngha l vi mi x,
y, z thuc IR*, ta c:
xy = yx
x( yz) = (xy) z
(( 1 IR*) : x1= 1x = x
(x IR*)( x-1 IR*): xx -1 = x-1x = 1
( y cho gn, ta vit xy thay cho x.y)
III. Php nhn c tnh cht phn phi i vi php cng:
Vi mi x,y thuc IR ta c:
x(y + z) = xy+ xz
Nh th IR cng vi cc php ton cng v nhn lp thnh mt trng
IV. IR l mt trng c sp th t, ngha l trong IR c xc nh mt quan
h th t tho:

1. x y v y z ko theo x z
2. x y v y z tng ng x = y
3.Vi hai phn t tu x,y IR th hoc x y hoc y x
4. x y ko theo x + z y + z vi mi z IR
5. 0 x v 0 y ko theo 0 xy
Nu x y v x y th ta vit x < y hay y > x .
V. Ta gi mt nht ct trong IR l mt cp (A,B) cc tp con ca IR sao cho A,
B khc trng, A B = , IR= A B v vi mi a A, b B th a < b .
Tin Dedekink. IR l mt trng c sp lin tc, ngha l: Vi mi
nht ct (A,B) ca tp IR u xy ra: hoc c mt phn t ln nht trong A hoc
c mt phn t nh nht trong B v khng th va c phn t ln nht trong A,
va c phn t nh nht trong B.
Phn t ln nht trong A (hoc phn t nh nht trong B) gi l bin ca
nht ct (A,B). Tp hp s thc cng gi l ng thng thc.
1.2. Cc tnh cht c bn:
1.2.1 Supremum v infimum :
Cho M l mt tp con khc trng ca IR. S x IR c gi l mt cn trn
ca M nu vi mi y M th y x, s x IR gi l cn di ca M nu x y vi
mi y M. Tt nhin nu x l cn trn (tng ng, cn di) th vi mi x1 > x (
t. x1 < x) cng l cn trn (t. cn di) ca tp M.
Cn trn b nht (nu c) ca tp M c gi l supremum ca tp M, k
hiu sup M. Nh vy, = sup M khi v ch khi
i)x M: x
ii) ( < ) ( x M) : < x
(iu kin ii) ni rng v l cn trn b nht nn nu <n th khng
cn l cn trn ca M, do khng th ln hn tt c cc x thuc M).
Tng t, cn di ln nht (nu c) ca tp M gi l infimum ca tp M
k hiu l inf M. Do nh ngha, = inf M khi v ch khi
i)x M: x
ii) ( > ) ( x M) : x <
Nguyn l supremum: Mi tp con khc trng ca IR c cn trn th phi
c supremum. Cng vy, mi tp con khc trng ca IR c cn di th phi c
infimum.
Chng minh: Gi s M v c l mt cn trn ca M. Ta hy xt cc tp
hp sau:
6

A ={x IR : ( a M) x a};
B ={y IR: (a M) a < y}.
Khi A v M A; B v vi c > c th c B. Vi mi z IR th
hoc z A hoc z B nn IR = A B. Nu z AB th c a M sao cho z a
< z hay z < z, v l nn AB = . Hn na, nu x A , y B ta c x a < y vi
a no thuc M nn x < y. Theo nh ngha, (A,B) l mt nht ct ca IR. Gi
m l bin ca (A,B). Khi ta s c m = sup A. Thc vy, chng hn m A th
theo nh ngha s c a M m a v M A nn m = a. Cn nu m B th
a M : a < m. Nu m < m th m B tc l m A, hn na m khng phi
l phn t ln nht trong A nn c m A, a M m< m a < m. Phn cn
li ca nh l chng minh tng t.
Ch : Gi s M l mt tp con khc rng ca IR nhng khng c cn trn
no c. Khi ta quy c sup M = + . Tng t, nu M khng c cn di, ta
quy c inf M = - .
1.2.2 Ta gi cc s a IR , a > 0 l s dng, a < 0 l s m v t x nu
x 0; x= - x nu x < 0 v gi xl gi tr tuyt i ca s thc x. S a IR
gi l gii hn ca dy s (xn)n IR v k hiu lim xn = a nu:
n

( > 0)(n0)(n n0): x a <

Dy (xn)n gi l n iu tng (t. gim) nu xn xn+1 (t. xn xn+1) vi mi
n N b chn trn (t. di) nu tp {xn} c cn trn (t.., di) hi t nu (xn)
c gii hn.
Nguyn l Weierstrass: Mi dy n iu tng (t..,gim) v b chn trn
(t.., di) u hi t.
Chng minh: Gi s (xn)n l mt dy n iu tng v b chn trn. Theo
nguyn l supremum, tp {xn} c mt supremum . Vi > 0 cho trc, theo iu
kin ii) c s nguyn n0 sao cho < xn0. Mt khc, theo tnh n iu tng
ca dy (xn), ta c < xn0 xn < + vi mi n n0. Khi : xn <
vi mi n n0. Nh vy dy (xn) hi t v . Trng hp (xn) l dy n iu
gim, b chn di cng c chng minh tng t.
1.2.3. Cc phn t ca tp IR: 0, 1, 2 = 1 + 1, 3 = 2 + 1 ... v -1, -2, -3 gi
l cc s nguyn, k hiu tp cc s nguyn l Z. Tp Z khng c cn trn v
cn di. Tht vy, nu Z c cn trn th dy n iu tng 1, 2, 3 phi c gii
hn ; lc 1 < p vi mt p no ca Z v thnh ra < p + 1 tri vi l
a
cn trn. K hiu Q = { ab-1 = b , a, b Z, b 0} v gi n l tp hp cc s
hu t, cn N l tp s nguyn dng (s t nhin) ta c bao hm thc sau:

N Z Q IR
Nguyn l Archimde: Cho hai s thc a, b bt k vi a > 0. Khi tn ti n
N sao cho b < na.
Thc vy, do N khng b chn trn (tc l khng c cn trn) nn vi s
b
b
thc s c n N a < n hay b < na
a
1.2.4. Cc tp
(a, b) = {x IR: a < x < b } v
[a,b] = {x IR: a x b}
ln lt gi l khong (hay khong m) v on (hay khong ng). Mt dy
on {[an, bn]} gi l tht li nu [an+1,bn+1] [an,bn] v lim (b n a n ) = 0
n

Nguyn l Cantor: Mi dy on tht li c mt phn t duy nht chung

cho tt c cc on y.

Chng minh: Gi s ([an, bn])n l dy on tht li. Ta c:

a1 a2 an+1 bn+1 bn b1
vi mi n N. Theo nguyn l Weierstrass, dy (an)n tng, b chn trn (bi b1
chng hn) nn hi t v s = sup {an}. Nh th an vi mi n. Nu
[ano, bno] vi mt n0 no th t hn bno < . t = - bno. Khi vi n ln th
- a n < - bno tc l bno < an! v l. Vy [an,bn] vi mi n. Mt khc, nu c
[an,bn] vi mi n th - bn an. Do
0 - lim (bn an ) = 0
n

hay - = 0 ngha l =
1.2.5. Dy (xn) c gi l b chn nu n va b chn trn va b chn
di. iu ny tng ng vi:
(a IR)( n N): xn a
Nguyn l Bolzano Weierstrass: Mi dy s thc b chn (xn)n u c
mt dy con hi t.
Chng minh: Theo gi thit, tn ti s a sao cho vi mi n N ta c a
xn a. Trong hai giai on [-a,0] v [0,a] phi c mt on cha v s cc phn
t xn (nu khng, ho ra (xn)n ch c hu hn cc s hng). Ta gi on ny l
a1+ b1
[a1,b1].Chia hai on ny bng im gia c1= 2 . Trong hai on [a1,c1] v
[c1,b1] cng c mt on cha v s cc xn, k hiu on ny l [a2,b2] v li
a + b2
v.v... Tip tc qu trnh ta thu
chia i on ny bi im gia c2 = 2
2

c mt dy on tht li [ak, bk] (v hin nhin [ak+1, bk+1] [ak, bk] v bk ak

a
= k 0 khi k ). Theo nguyn l Cantor, dy on ny c duy nht phn t
2
chung

I [a k , bk ] . V mi on [ak, bk] cha v s cc phn t xn nn ta

k =1

hy ly phn t xn1 [a1, b1] ri xn2 [a2, b2] vi n2 > n1, xn3 [a3, b3], n3 >
n2 khi (xnk)k l dy con ca dy (xn)n vxnk bk - ak 0 (k ), ngha
l dy (xnk) hi t v .
1.2.6 Dy s thc (xn)n c gi l dy c bn (hay dy Cauchy) nu:
( > 0)( n0)( n n0)( m n0) : xn xm <
Nguyn l Cauchy: Mi dy s thc c bn th phi hi t:

Chng minh: Trc ht ta chng minh rng nu (xn)n c bn th n phi b

chn. Vi = 1, tn ti n0 vi mi n n0 ta c xn xno < 1 hay xno - 1 xn
xno + 1. t a = max { x1,,xno, xno+1}, khi y vi mi n th -a xn a. Do
theo nguyn l Bolzano- Weierstrass, dy (xn)n c mt dy con xnk hi t v
. By gi vi > 0 cho trc s c n0 sao cho vi m, n n0 thxn xm< /2 do
(xn)n c bn. Mt khc xnk nn cng tn ti s m0 nu n m0 th | xnk | <
/2.
t n0 = max(n0, m0) khi nu n > n0 th
xn xn xnk + xnk < /2 + /2 = .
Vy dy (xn)n cng hi t v v iu ny kt thc vic chng minh.
1.2.7. Tnh tr mt ca tp Q trong IR:
nh l: Vi mi cp s thc (a;b), a < b bao gi cng tn ti mt s hu t
r sao cho a < r < b.
Chng minh: Do tp IR c tnh cht Archimde nn c s nguyn n n >
1
b-a hay b - a > 1/n. Tng t, c s nguyn p p nb. Gi q l s nguyn b
q-1
q-1
nht tho mn q n, do q-1 < nb hay n < b. Lc ny a < n v nu a
q-1 q q-1
q-1
s
dn
n
b-a

b
n < n - n = 1/n tri vi b-a > 1/n tr ln. Vy ta
n
q-1
tm c s hu t r = n (a,b)
S kin pht biu bi nh l trn c gi l tp s hu t Q tr mt trong
tp s thc IR. Cng t nh l ny, ta suy ra trong khong (a,b) c cha v s s
hu t.
9

2. LC LNG CA CC TP HP
Cho mt tp hp A, c cc phn t l nhng i tng no . Ta cha
quan tm n bn cht cc i tng ny. Trc ht hy th n s lng
cc phn t ca tp hp A. C th xy ra mt trong hai kh nng:
- Nu m ht c cc phn t ca tp hp A th A c gi l tp hu
hn v s nguyn cui cng m ti chnh l s lng cc phn t ca tp hp
A.
- Nu vic m cc phn t ca tp hp A khng th no kt thc c th
tp hp A c gi l tp hp v hn.
- By gi chng ta mun so snh s lng cc phn t ca hai tp A, B.
Nu trong hai tp ny c t nht mt tp hu hn th vic so snh tr nn d dng
nh vic m cc phn t. Trng hp c A ln B v hn th cch m khng
th thc hin nn cha so snh c. Ta xt v d sau. K hiu B l tp hp cc
s t nhin chn:
B = {2,4,6,, 2n,}
Hin nhin B l tp con thc s ca tp s t nhin N = {1, 2,3,}. Tuy
nhin chng ta khng th qu quyt rng s lng cc phn t ca N nhiu
gp i s lng cc phn t ca B.
Mt khc, thc cht ca vic m l thc hin mt n nh t tp ta m
vo tp s t nhin N v mun bit hai tp hp c cng s lng hay khng, ta
ch cn xem c th thit lp mt song nh gia hai tp ny ( tc l c th cho
tng ng mi phn t ca tp ny vi mt v ch mt phn t ca tp kia) hay
khng. Bng phng php ny, vic so snh s lng phn t ca tp hu hn
hay v hn vn cn hiu lc.
2.1. Tp hp tng ng:
2.1.1. nh ngha: Ta ni hai tp hp A, B l tng ng vi nhau nu
tn ti mt song nh t A ln B.
2.1.2. V d:
1. Hai tp hp hu hn c cng mt s lng cc phn t th tng ng
vi nhau.
2. v d trong phn m u, hai tp B = {2,4,...,2n,} v N tng ng
vi nhau v ta c mt song nh t N ln B xc nh bi n 2n, n N.
Nhn xt: Tp B c c t N sau khi b i tt c cc s nguyn l nhng
B vn tng ng vi N. iu ny khng th xy ra i vi cc tp hu hn.

10

Do vy, ta c nh ngha khc (tng ng vi nh ngha trc) v tp hu

hn v v hn nh sau:
Tp A c gi l v hn nu A tng ng vi mt tp con thc s ca
n.
Tp A c gi l hu hn nu A khng phi l tp v hn.
3. Tp (0,1) tng ng vi tp (a,b) vi a, b bt k thuc IR , a < b, nh
song nh (0,1) x y= (b-a)x + a

4.Tp hp , tng ng vi tp IR bi song nh
2 2

f : , IR: x y = f(x) = tg x
2 2
Khi hai tp hp tng ng vi nhau ta bo chng c cng lc lng hay
cng bn s. i vi cc tp hu hn, r rng hai tp c cng lc lng khi v
ch khi chng c cng s lng cc phn t. Do ta ng nht lc lng ca
tp c n phn t l n. Lc lng ca tp A (hu hn hay v hn) c k hiu l

A hay card A. Nh vy v d card{1,2,3,4,5} = 5, card {a,b,c} = 3

Nu tp hp B tng ng vi mt con thc s ca A nhng khng tng
ng vi A th ta ni lc lng ca B nh hn lc lng ca A k hiu B < A
hoc cng gi lc lng ca A ln hn lc lng ca B, k hiu A > B .
Ngi ta chng minh c rng, cho hai tp A, B bt k bao gi cng xy
ra mt v ch mt trong ba trng hp.
1. Xy A = B (tc l A, B tng ng vi nhau)
2 Xy A < B
3. Xy A > B
2.2. Tp hp m c:
2.2.1. nh ngha: Tp hp A c gi l tp hp m c nu A tng
ng vi tp s t nhin N. Ni cch khc, A m c nu v ch nu tn ti
mt song nh t N ln A. Khi ta cng ni A c lc lng m c.
Gi a: N A l song nh ni trn, ta c:
N n a (n) = an A
Nh vy c th ni tp hp m c l mt tp m cc phn t ca n c
th nh s thnh mt dy v hn.
a1, a2, a3,,an,

11

2.2.2. V d:
1. Tp hp cc s t nhin chn, cc s t nhin l u l cc tp m c.
Tht vy, theo mc trc, card {2,4,6} = cardN, cn E = { 1,3,5,...,2n +1,}
tng ng vi N nh song nh.
N n 2n + 1 E
2. Tp Z c s nguyn l m c. chng t iu , ta xt nh x f :
NZ cho bi :

n
2 nu n chn
n f(n) =

1- n
2 nu n l

D dng kim tra f l song nh ta c c kt lun

3. Tp cc s hu t Q l m c. Tht vy, mt s hu t c th vit
p
c duy nht thnh mt phn s ti gin , q > 0. Ta hy tm gi tng |p| + q
q
p
l hng ca s hu t . R rng tp hp tp hp cc phn s c hng cho
q
0
1
1
trc l hu hn, v d: phn s c hng 1 l = 0, hng 2 l v
, hng 3
1
1
1
2 1 2 1
l , ,
,
,... Hn na mi s hu t u c hng xc nh nn ta c th
1 2 1
2
nh s hu t thnh dy theo th t tng dn ca hng, tc l bt u nh s
cc s hng 1 ri tip theo cc s hng 2, hng 3,Vy cc phn t ca Q c th
sp xp thnh dy Q m c.
Tip theo, chng ta thit lp cc nh l c bn ca tp m c.
2.2.3. nh l: Mi tp v hn lun lun c cha mt tp con m c.
Chng minh: Gi s M l tp v hn. Ly ra mt phn t bt k a1 M. Khi
M \ {a1} v hn nn ly tip phn t a2 M\ {a1} ri a3 M {a1,a2} v.v
Qu trnh ny c tip tc mi v ta thu c tp m c A = {a1, a2,}
M
2.2.4 nh l: Mi tp con ca mt tp m c th phi l tp hu hn
hoc m c.

Chng minh: Gi s A = {a1, a2,} l tp m c v B l mt tp con

ca A. Gi an1, an2,... L cc phn t ca A thuc tp hp B theo th t tng dn
trong A. Nu trong cc s n1, n2,... c s ln nht th B l hu hn. Trng hp
12

tri li, cc phn t ca B c sp thnh dy v hn an1, an2,... nn B m

c.
2.2.5. nh l: Hp mt h hu hn hay m c cc tp m c l mt
tp m c.

Chng minh: Cho A1, A2, l dy cc tp m c. Ta c th gi thit cc

tp ny khng giao nhau v nu khc i, ta t B1 = A1, B2 = A2\ A1, B3 = A3\ (A1
U A2),... Cc tp Bi ny hu hn hoc m c, khng giao nhau v

i =1

i =1

U Ai = U Bi . By gi ta sp xp cc phn t ca A1,A2,... thnh mt bng v hn

nh sau:
A1 : a11 a12 a13

....

A2 : a21 a22 a23

....

A3 : a31 a32 a33

....

...

Ta hy nh s tt c cc phn t ny theo ng cho t tri ln pha

trn. Do mi ng cho c hu hn phn t nn c th nh s th t trn
ng cho th nht ri ng cho th hai, th ba,... nh sau:
a11, a21, a12, a31, a22, a13,

Vy tt c cc phn t ca tp A = U Ai c nh s thnh mt dy nn
i =1

tp A m c.
Nhn xt: Trong cch chng minh ta thy nu mt s hu hn hay m
c cc tp Ai (khng phi tt c) c thay bng cc tp hu hn th kt lun
ca nh l khng thay i.
2.2.6. nh l: Khi thm mt tp hp hu hn hay m c vo mt tp
v hn M th lc lng ca n khng thay i.

Chng minh: Gi s A l tp hu hn hay m c. K hiu N = M A.

Theo nh l 2.2.3, tn ti mt tp m c B M. t M= M\B, ta c M =
M B nn N = M B A. Theo nh l 2.2.5, B A l tp m c nn
tn ti song nh f gia B v B A. Ta t:
g : M = M B N = M (B A)
x
nu x M
g (x) =
f(x) nu x B
Nh th g l song nh t M ln N nn card M = Card N.
13

Theo nh l ny ta thy khong (a,b) tng ng vi on [a,b]. Hn na

(a,b) tng ng vi IR nn [a,b] cng tng ng vi IR.
Nhn xt: T cc nh l 2.2.3 v 2.2.6 ta thy lc lng m c l lc
lng b nht trong cc lc lng ca tp v hn.
2.2.7. nh l: Tp hp tt c cc dy hu hn c th thnh lp c vi
tt c cc phn t ca mt tp hp m c l tp m c.

Chng minh: Gi s A = {a1,a2,...} l mt tp m c. K hiu Sm l tp

cc dy c ng m phn t ca A dng (ai1, ai2,...aim). t S = U S m . Ta chng minh

m =1

S m c. Trc ht S1 = A m c. Bng qui np, gi s Sm m c,

hy ly ak A v k hiu Skm+1 l tp hp tt c cc dy c dng (ai1, ai2,,aim,
ak). Gia Skm+1 v Sm c mt song nh cho bi (ai1, ai2,,aim,ak)

(ai1,ai2,,aim). nn Skm+1 m c. Mt khc v Sm+1 = U S mk +1 nn Sm+1 m

k =1

c theo nh l 2.2.5. Cng t nh l ny, S l mt tp m c.

2.2.8. H qu: Tp hp tt c cc a thc P(x) = a0 +a1x +...anxn (n bt k)
ly gi tr trong IR vi cc h s hu t a0,a1,, an l m c.
Chng minh: Mi a thc tng ng vi mt v ch mt dy hu hn cc h
s hu t ca n. V tp Q m c nn theo nh l 2.2.7, tp tt c cc dy
hu hn cc s hu t l m c nn tp cc a thc ny m c.
2.3. Lc lng continum:

Ta xt cc v d v thit lp cc nh l v cc tp hp m c. Vy c
tp hp v hn no khng phi l tp m c hay khng? nh l sau y cho
ta cu tr li khng nh.
2.3.1. nh l. Tp hp cc s thc IR l tp v hn khng m c.
Chng minh: Trong v d nh l 2.2.6 ta thy IR tng ng vi on
[0,1]. Do ch cn chng minh [0,1] khng m c. Gi s tri li [0,1] l
m c. Khi cc phn t ca n c nh s thnh dy x1,x2,..xn, Chia
cho [0,1] thnh 3 on bng nhau v gi on khng cha x1 l 1. Li chia tip
1 thnh 3 on bng nhau na v gi 2 l on khng cha x2, Tip tc qu
1
trnh ny ta thu c dy on 1 2 ... vi n c di l |n| = 3n sao cho
xn n. y l dy on tht li nn theo nguyn l Cantor, tn ti

I n [0,1]. Do phi trng vi mt xno no . V n vi mi n nn

n =1

xno no. iu ny mu thun vi cch xy dng cc on n. Vy on [0,1]

khng phi l tp m c.
14

Nhn xt:
1
1. t a = {n : n N). R rng A l tp m c v cha trong on [0,1].
Do lc lng on [0,1] (hay IR) ln hn lc lng m c. Ngi ta gi
lc lng ny l lc lng continum hay lc lng c.
2. Tp hp s thc bng hp ca s hu t v s v t. Do tp s hu t m
c nn tp s v t khng m c v cng c lc lng l c.
BI TP

1.Hy thit lp mt song nh gia hai tp (0,1) v [0,1]

2.Chng minh tp cc im gin on ca mt hm s n iu xc nh
trn [a,b] l hu hn hoc m c.
3. Gi s E l mt tp con ca tp s thc IR c tnh cht |x-y| > 1 vi mi x, y
E. Chng minh E l mt tp hu hn hoc m c.
4. Gi s E l mt tp v hn. D l mt tp con hu hn hay m c ca
E sao cho E\D v hn. Chng minh E\D c cng lc lng vi E.
5. Cho A v B l cc tp m c. Chng minh A B l tp m c.
6*. K hiu E l tp hp tt c cc dy s (xn) trong xn = 0 hoc xn = 1.
Chng minh E l tp hp khng m c. (Thc ra E c lc lng c)

15

B. KHNG GIAN MTRIC

1. KHI NIM MTRIC.

Php ton c trng ca mn gii tch l php ton ly gii hn. din t
khi nim ny ta phi tm cch xc nh mc xa, gn gia cc i
tng. Cc mcs xa, gn c th a vo mt cch kh t nhin thng
qua khis nim khong cch hay mtric c chnh xc ho bi cc nh ngha
sau y.
1.1. nh ngha:

Gi s X l mt tp tu khc trng cho trc, mt mtric ( hay khong

cch) trn X l mt hm s d: X X IR tho mn 3 tin sau y:
1) d(x, y) 0, vi mi x, y X: d (x, y) = 0 khi v ch khi x = y.
2) d(x, y) = d(y, x) vi mi x, y X, (tnh i xng).
3) d(x, z) d(x, y) + d(y, z),vi mi x, y, z X (bt ng thc tam gic).
Khi tp X vi mtric d cho gi l mt khng gian mtric v k hiu l
(X,d). i khi n gin v nu mtric d c xc nh r rng, ta ch k hiu
X.
Bng ngn ng hnh hc, phn t x X gi l im ca khng gian X, s
thc dng (hay bng 0) d(x,y) gi l khong cch gia 2 im x v y.
1.2. Cc v d:
1.2.1. Gi s M l tp hp con khc trng ca tp s thc IR. Ta hy t
d(x,y) = | x-y | vi x,y M. Khi nh cc tnh cht quen thuc ca gi tr tuyt
i, ta kim tra d dng (M, d) l mt khng gian mtric.
1.2.2. K hiu IRk = {(x1,...xk) : xi IR, i = 1, k } l tp hp cc b k s thc.
Vi x = (x1,,xk), y = (y1,...,yk) thuc IRk, ta t:
k
d(x,y) =
(xi - yi)2
i =1
Khi cc tin 1)-2) r rng, ta ch cn kim tra tin 3) tc l chng
minh:
k

( x

i 2

z )

i =1
i

( x

( y i z i )2

i 2

y ) +

i =1
i

i =1
i

t ai = x y , bi = y z khi ai+ bi = x - z
Ta li c :

16

d (x,z) = (ai+bi) = ai = bi + 2 ai bi
i =1
i =1
i =1
i =1
p dng bt ng thc Cauchy Schawrz cho s hng sau cng ta c:
k
k
k
k
2
2
2
2
d (x,z) ai + bi + 2
a i
b2i
i =1
i =1
i =1
i =1
k
k
2

a i +
b2i 2
i =1
i =1
T ly cn hai v v tr li vi k hiu c, ta c:
d(x, z) d(x, y) + d(y, z).
k
Vy (IR ,d) l mt khng gian mtric v gi mtric ny l mtric thng
thng trn IRk.
Ch :
1. Khi k = 1 ta tr v v d 1.2.1 vi M = IR
2. Khi xt IRk m khng ni r mtric no th ta qui c l xt IRk vi mtric
thng thng.
1.2.3. Gi s X l mt tp tu khc trng. Ta t
0,
nu x = y
d(x,y) =
1,
nu x y
2

vi mi x, y X. Ta hy kim tra d l mt mtric trn X.

Tin 1) v 2) c nghim ng. Tin 3 c dng:
d(x, z) d(x, y) + d(y, z)
i. Nu x z th d(x,z) = 1 cn v sau 1
ii) x = z th d(x,z) = 0 cn v sau 0
Vy tin 3) cng tho mn nn (X,d) tr thnh mt khng gian mtric.
Mtric d ny gi l mtric tm thng trn X.
1.2.4. K hiu tp hp cc hm lin tc
f : [a,b] IR
l C[a ,b ] vi hm f,g thuc C[a ,b ] ta hy t
d(f,g) = max f ( x ) g( x )
[a ,b ]
V f,g l cc hm lin tc trn [a,b] nn hmf - gcng vy. Do gi tr
ln nht ca hm f - g t c trn khong ng [a,b] nn d(f,g) xc nh.
Cc tin 1)-2) hin nhin. Tin 3) suy ra t
x [a,b] : f(x)-h(x) f(x)-g(x)+g(x)+h(x)

17

 max f ( x ) g( x ) + max g( x ) h( x )
[a ,b ]
[a ,b ]
nn

max f ( x ) h( x ) max f ( x ) g( x ) + max g( x ) h( x )

[a ,b ]
[a ,b ]
[a ,b ]
hay d(f,h) d(f,g) + d(g,h) vi mi f,g,h C[a ,b ] . Khng gian mtric ny thng
c k hiu gn l C[a ,b ] .
1.2.5 Cng trn tp hp C[a ,b ] ta t
b

d(f,g) = f ( x ) g ( x ) dx
a

Cc tin 2)-3) d dng kim tra. Ta c d(f,g) 0. Nu d(f,g) = 0 tc l

b

f ( x ) g ( x ) dx = 0. Gi s f g khi y c x0 [a,b] f(x)-g(x) > 0 vi

mi x [,] no cha trong [a,b]. Nh vy

b

f ( x) g ( x) dx f ( x) g ( x) dx dx = ( ) > 0.

iu ny mu thun. Vy f = g
Khng gian metric ny c k hiu l C[La ,b ].
Nhn xt: Qua cc v d trn, ta thy c th cho nhiu mtric khc nhau trn
cng mt tp X (tt nhin s nhn c cc khng gian mtric khc nhau). Ty
mc ch nghin cu, ngi ta s chn mtric no ph hp vi yu cu.
1.3. Mt s tnh cht n gin

Gi s (X,d) l mt khng gian metric, ta c:

1.3.1 Cho x1,...,xn l cc im ca X. Khi ta c bt ng thc tam gic
m rng:
d(x1,xn) d(x1,x2) +...+d(xn-1,xn)
Tnh cht ny c suy t tin 3 v lp lun qui np.
1.3.2. Vi mi x,y,u,v thuc X ta c bt ng thc t gic:
d(x,y) d(u,v) d(x,u) + d(y,v)
Thc vy ta p dung 1.3.1 ta c
d(x,y) d(x,u) + d(u,v) + d(v,y)
hay
d(x,y) - d(u,v) d(x,u) + d(y,v)
Thay i vai tr ca x,y cho u,v ta li c
d(u,v) - d(x,y) d(x,u) + d(y,v)
18

Nh vy c c iu phi chng minh

1.3.3. Cho A,B l hai tp con khc trng trong khng gian mtric X. t
d ( A, B) = inf d ( x, y )
xA, yB

v gi s thc d(A,B) ny l khong cch gia hai tp A v B. Nu A = {a} ta

vit d(A,B) = d(a,B) v gi l khong cch t im a n tp B. rng nu A
B th d(A,B) = 0 nhng iu ngc li ni chung khng ng.
Cho x,y X, vi mi z A ta c
d(x,A)-d(y,B) d(x,y)
Thc vy vi x,y X ta c d(x,A) d(x,z) d(x,y) + d(y,z), z A. Do
d(x,A) d(x,y) + inf d ( y, z )
zA

hay
d(x,A) - d(y,A) d(x,y)
Tng t d(y,A) - d(x,A) d(x,y). T kt qu c chng minh.
1.4. Khng gian metric con v khng gian metric tch.
1.4.1. nh ngha. Gi s (X,d) l mt khng gian metric v Y l mt tp con
khc trng ca X. Nu xt hm thu hp d ca hm d ln tp Y x Y : d\Y x Y th hin
nhin d l mt metric trn Y. Ta gi d l mtric cm sinh bi d ln Y. Vi mtric
cm sinh ny, (Y,d) c gi l khng gian mtric con ca khng mtric (X, d).
1.4.2 nh ngha: Gi s (X,dx) v (Y,dy) l hai khng gian mtric tu .
Trn tch Descartes X Y = {(x,y) : x X, y Y} ta t d((x1, y1),(x2, y2)) = dX(x1,
x2) + dY(y1, y2)

D dng kim tra thy rng d l mt mtric trn tp X Y. Khi khng

gian ( X Y,d) c gi l tch ca cc khng gian mtric X v Y.
1.5. S hi t trong khng gian mtric:

Cc khi nim hi v gii hn trong khng gian mtric X bt k c nh

ngha mt cch tng t trong tp IR vi vic thay |x-y| bng khong cch gia
hai phn t d(x,y). Mt dy trong khng gian mtric (X, d) l mt nh x.
Ta cng dng k hiu quen thuc l dy (xn)n N. Gi s nk l mt dy tng
thc s cc s nguyn dng. Khi dy (xnk)k c gi l mt dy con ca
dy (xn).
1.5.1. nh ngha: Gi s X l mt khng gian mtric v (xn)n l mt dy
trong X. Ta ni dy (xn)n hi t n xX nu khong cch gia xn v x dn n 0
khi n . Lc x c gi l gii hn ca dy xn v ta s k hiu

lim
x =x
n n
hay xn x, n . Din t li, ta c
19

x = x ) (lim
d ( xn , x) = 0)
( lim
n n
n
( > 0 n0 n n0 : d(xn, x) < )
1.5.2. Cc tnh cht.

Cho (xn)n, (yn)n l cc dy trong khng gian mtric X. Ta c

a. Nu dy (xn)n hi t n x X th mi d con (xnk)k ca dy (xn)n cng
hi t n x.
b. Gii hn ca mt dy hi t l duy nht
c. Nu xn x, yn y th d(xn, yn) d(x,y) khi n
Chng minh:
a. Gi s (nk)k l dy tng thc s cc s nguyn. Cho > 0 tn ti s
nguyn n0 sao cho d(xn, x) < khi n n0. T vi mi nk nk0 n0 nn d(xnk,
x) < ngha l dy con xnk x, k
b. Gi s xn x v xn x. Khi t bt ng thc tam gic ta c:
d(x, x) d(xn, x) + d(xn, x)
Cho n th
0 d(x, x) lim d ( xn , x) + lim d ( xn , x' ) = 0

Vy d(x, x ) = 0 hay x = x .
c. Theo bt ng thc t gic (1.3.2.) ta c:
|d(xn,yn) d(x, y)| d(xn,x) + d(yn,y).
Qua gii khi n ta nhn c kt qu.
1.5.3. Cc v d:

a. Hi t trong IRk. Trong IRk vi mtric thng thng, ta xt dy sau:

(xn)n : xn = ( x1n ,..., xnk ) .
Theo nh ngha dy (xn)n hi t v im x0 = ( x1n ,..., xnk ) khi v ch khi d(xn, x0)
0 (n ) hay

k i
i 2
(
x

x
)

0
n

1=1

1/ 2

0 ( xni x0i ) 2 0 vi mi i = 1,...,k

|xni xoi| 0, vi mi i = 1,...,k

xni xoi vi mi i = 1,...,k
Vy s hi t ca mt dy trong IRk chnh l s hi t theo to (thnh
phn) ca dy. c bit, vi k = 1 th y chnh l s hi t cu mt dy s thc
thng thng.
b. Hi t trong C[a,b]. Gi s (xn)n l mt dy (dy hm) trong C[a,b] hi t v
x C[a,b]. Theo nh ngha, ta c:

20

d(xn, x) = max xn (t ) x(t ) 0(n )

t[a ,b ]

Din t li, ta c :
( > 0)( n0)( n n0)(t [a,b]) : |(xn(t) x(t)| <
Vy s hi t trong C[a,b] chnh l s hi t u ca mt dy hm trn tp
[a,b] trong gii tch c in.
c. Trong CL[a,b] s hi t ca dy (xn)n n x c ngha l:
b

d(xn,x) =

(t ) x(t ) dt 0 (n )

S hi t ny gi l s hi t trung bnh ca dy hm (xn)

Nhn xt: Theo nh l qua gii hn di du tch phn ca mt dy hm
lin tc, ta thy rng nu xn(t) hi t u n x(t) th xn(t) hi t trung bnh n
x(t) nhng iu ngc li ni chung khng ng. C th coi s gn nhau gia
b

cc im trong tp C[a,b] theo mtric max cht ch hn mtric

BI TP

1.1. Kim tra cc tp v cc hm sau y lp thnh khng gian mtric.

a. X = IRk, d(x,y) = max x i y i
i =1,...,k

b. X = IRk, d(x,y) =
1

xi y i
i =1
k

trong x = (x ,...,x ), y = (y1,...,yk) IRk

c. X = M[a,b] ={ f : [a,b] IR, f l hm b chn trong [a,b]},
d(f,g) = sup f ( x) g ( x)
x[a ,b ]

d. X = C[a,b]: tp cc hm lin tc trn [a,b] vi mi f,g X, d(f,g) =

b

( f ( x) g ( x) dx )1 / 2
a

e. X= C[a,b] = tp cc hm s kh vi lin tc trn [a,b]

d(f,g) = max f ' ( x) g ' ( x) + f (a ) g (a )
x[a ,b ]

1.2. K hiu c l tp hp tt c cc dy s thc hi t.Vi

(yn)n thuc c, ta t:
sup xn y n

x = (xn)n, y =

x[a ,b ]

Chng minh d l mt mtric trn c.

1.3. Gi s d(x,y) l mt mtric trn tp X. Chng minh cc hm sau y
cng l nhng mtric trn X.
21

d ( x, y )
1 + d ( x, y )
b. d2(x,y) = min(1, d(x,y))
1.4. Cho X l mt khng gian mtric v (xn)n l mt dy trong X. Chng
minh xn x0 khi v ch khi mi ln cn x0 u cha tt c cc xn ngoi tr mt s
hu hn xn. (Khi nim ln cn xem 2.1.1)
1.5. Gi s (un)n l mt dy s thc, un 0 v un 0. Chng minh rng tn
ti v s n sao cho vi mi m n th un um
1.6* Cho (xn) l mt dy trong khng gian mtric X. Chng minh rng nu
ba dy con (x2n), (x2n+1) v (x3n) u hi t dy th (xn) cng hi t.
1.7. Trong khng gian C[0,1] kho st s hi t ca cc dy sau:
a. xn(t) = tn
sin nt
b. xn(t) = n
1.8. Cho X Y l tch ca hai khng gian mtric (x, dX), (Y, dY). Chng
minh dy (xn,yn)n trong X Y hi t n (x,y) X Y khi v ch khi xn x
trong X v yn y trong Y.
a. d1(x,y) =

22

2.TP M V TP NG
2.1. Cc nh ngha. Gi s X l mt khng gian mtric
2.1.1. Ln cn. Cho a l mt im ca X.

a. Ta gi hnh cu m tm a bn knh r > 0 trong X v k hiu B(a,r) l tp

{x X : d (x,a) < r} cng cn gi l r- ln cn ca im a.
b. Tp U X c gi l mt ln cn ca im a nu U c cha mt r- ln
cn no ca a. Tp tt c cc ln cn ca a k hiu l N (a). Ni cch khc.
(U N (a)) (r > 0 : B(a,r) U)
Theo nh ngha, cc r-ln cn ca a cng l ln cn ca a.
2.2.1. V tr tng i ca mt im i vi mt tp:

Cho A l mt con ca X v x l mt im ca X. C ba v tr tng i ca

im x i vi A nh sau:
a. C mt ln cn ca x cha trong A. Khi x c gi l im trong ca
A (hnh 1).
b. C mt ln cn ca x nm hon ton ngoi A tc l tn ti U U (x) sao
cho U A = . Lc ny x c gi l im ngoi ca A.
(R rng U Ac = X \ A nn x li tr thnh im trong ca phn b Ac ca A).
(hnh 2)

Hnh v trang 24
c. Bt c ln cn no ca x cng c cha nhng im ca A v nhng im
ca Ac, tc l vi mi U N (x): U A = v U Ac = . Khi x gi l
im bin ca A. Theo nh ngha, lc x cng l im bin ca tp Ac. (hnh
3)
2.1.3. Tp m v tp ng:
a. Tp m: Tp A X c gi l tp m nu A khng cha im bin no
c.
Cc mnh sau y tng ng vi nh ngha:
i. (A m) (x A: X l im trong ca A)
ii.(A m) (x A r >0 : B (x,r) A)
iii.(A m) (x A, U N(x) : U A)

23

Nhn xt:
1. Theo mnh i) ta c tp X v l cc tp m
2. Ta thng dng mnh ii) kim tra mt tp l m.
b. Tp ng: Tp A X c gi l tp ng nu A cha tt c cc im
bin ca n.
T cc nh ngha trn ta suy ra c:
a. (A ng) (Ac = X\ A l m)
Tht vy, v tp cc im ca A v Ac trng nhau nn nu A cha tt c cc
im bin c n th Ac khng cha im bin no v ngc li.
b. Cc tp v X cng l cc tp ng. Tht vy, v theo a) cc tp Xc =
v c = X l cc tp m.
2.1.4. V d.
1. Trong khng gian mtric tu mi hnh cu m u l tp m.
Chng minh. Gi s B (a,r) l hnh cu m tm a bn knh r trong X. Khi
vi mi x B(a,r) ta c d(x,a) < r. t = r - d(x,y) > 0. Xt nhnh cu m
B(x,). Ta chng minh B(x,) B(a,r). Nu y B(x,) th d(x,y) < . Khi
d( y,a) d(x,y) = d(x,a) < + d(x,a) = r
Nn y B (a,r). Vy B(a,r) l tp m.
2. K hiu B(a,r) l tp hp { x X: d(x,a) r} vi r l s dng kv gi
n l hnhcu ng. Ta c B(a,r) l tp ng v bng l lun tng t v d 1 ta
thy X\ B(a,r) l tp m.
3. Tp gm mt im trong bt k khng gian mtric no cng l tp ng
v lun lun cha cc im bin ca n.
4. Gi s a, b l hai s thc. Cc tp (a,b), (a,+ ) l m: cc tp [a,b], [a,+
] l ng trong IR.
Lu : Trong mt khng gian mtric tu X ta c:
1. (A m) (Ac ng)
2. C th c nhng tp khng m m cng khng ng.
3. C nhng tp va m, va ng (chng hn, cc tp , X)
2.2. Cc tnh cht ca tp m v tp ng.
2.2.1. nh l. Trong mt khng gian mtric bt k X ta c:

a. Hp mt h tu cc tp m l tp m.
b. Giao mt h hu hn cc tp m l tp m
Chng minh:

24

a. Gi s ( Ai )i I l mt h cc tp m. t A =

U Ai . Nu x A th tn ti

i I

i0 I io Aio. V Aio m nn c s dng r sao cho B(x,r) Aio. Khi

B(x,r) U Ai .Vy A l tp m.
i I

b. Nu Ai,,An l cc tp m ta t A =

I Ai . Vi x A ta c x Ai vi

i =1

mi i = 1,...,n. Mi Ai l tp m nn tn ti cc s dng ri sao cho B(x,ri) Ai.

t r = min {r1,,rn} > 0, khi B(x,r) B(x,ri) Ai vi mi i = 1,...,n. Do
B(x,r)

I Ai hay A l tp m.

i =1

2.2.2. nh l: Trong mt khng gian mtric bt k ta c:

a) Hp mt h hu hn cc tp ng l tp ng
b) Giao mt h tu cc tp ng l tp ng
Chng minh
a. Gi s F1, F2,,Fn l cc tp ng.Khi cc tp F1c ,, Fnc l m. Theo
n

cng thc De Morgan, ( U Fi )c =

I Fi c . p dng nh l 2.2.1 ta suy c

i=1

i =1

( U Fi )c l tp m nn
i =1

U F = (( U F )
i

c c

i =1

) l tp ng.

i =1

b. Chng minh tng t a).

Ch : Giao mt h v hn cc tp m ni chung cha chc l mt tp m.
1
n

Chng hn, ta xt h Gn= (- ,

1
) cc khong m trong tp m trong IR. Khi y
n

I Gn ={0} li l tp khng m. Tng t, hp mt h bt k cc tp ng cha

i =1

chc l tp ng. (Ly v d, chng hn xt h Fn= Gnc = (- , -1/n] [1/n; + ))

2.3 imt, im dnh.
2.3.1. nh ngha. Cho A l tp con ca X. Ta gi im x X l im t
ca tp A nu bt k ln cn no ca x u c cha v s im ca tp A.
2.3.2. V d.
1 1
2 3

1
n

1. Trong IR cho tp A = { 1, , , ,}. Khi y A c im t duy nht l

im 0. Mi im thuc A u l im dnh ca n nhng khng phi l im t
ca A.
2. Mi im ca tp B = (0,1] u l im t ca B.

25

2.3.3.nh l. im x X l im t ca tp hp A khi v ch khi bt k

ln cn no ca x u c cha mt im ca A khc vi x.
Chng minh. iu kin cn l hin nhin. Ta chng minh u kin . Gi
s bt k ln cn ca x u c cha mt im khc vi x. Cho U l mt ln cn
ca x, ta chng minh trong U c cha v s cc phn t ca A. Theo nh ngha
ca ln cn, tn ti s dng r1 sao cho B(x,r1) U. Gi x1 A B(x,r1),
x1
x. Ly s dng r2 < d(x,r1). Xt hnh cu m B(x,r2). Chn x2 A B(x,r2),
x2 x. Hin hin x2 x1. Bng qui np, ly s dng rn < d(x, xn1) v chn c
xn A B(x, xn), xn x vi mi n N. Ta thy rng l vi n n th xn xn.
Nh th trong U c cha v s phn t xn ca A. Vy theo nh ngha, x l im
t ca tp A.
2.3.4. nh ngha. im x X c gi l im dnh ca tp A X nu
bt k ln cn no ca x u c cha mt im ca A.
2.3.5. Nhn xt.
1. im t hoc im dnh ca tp hp A th khng nht thit phi thuc

A.
2. Nu x l im t ca tp A th x l im dnh ca A. Ngc li ni
chung khng ng.
3. x l im t ca A khi v ch khi tn ti mt dy (xn) ca A vi xn xn
khi n n, hi t v x.
Chng minh.
iu kin : Gi s U l mt ln cn ca x. Khi tn ti r > 0 : B(x,r)
U. Do xn x nn vi r > 0 trn tn ti n0
xn B(x,r) vi mi n n0 . V

n n th xn xn nn trong U cha v s cc im ca A.
iu kin cn: Lp lun nh trong chng minh iu kin ca nh l
1
1
2.3.2 bng cch chn rn < n . Khi dy xn A hi t v x v d(xn, x) n .
4. x l im dnh ca A khi v ch khi tn ti mt dy (xn) A (cc phn
t ca dy khng cn phn bit ) hi t v x.
5. x l im t hay im dnh ca A th x khng th l im ngoi ca A.
V nu th th s c mt ln cn ca x khng cha im no ca A.
2.3.6. nh l. Tp A l ng khi v ch khi A cha mi im t (hoc
im dnh) ca n
Chng minh. Gi s A ng v x l im t (hay im dnh) ca A. Lc
x ch c th l im trong hay im bin ca A nn phi thuc A. Ngc li
nu x A th x khng phi l im t (hay im dnh) ca A nn x phi l im
ngoi ca A. V th tn ti r > 0 B(x,r) A = . Do Ac m tc l A ng.
H qu sau y c dng thng xuyn kim tra mt tp hp l ng.

26

2.3.7. H qu. Tp A ng khi v ch khi vi mi dy (xn) A m xn x

th x phi thuc A.
Chng minh. Suy trc tip t nh l 2.3.6 v nhn xt 3,4 mc 2.3.5.
2.4. Phn trong v bao ng ca mt tp.
2.4.1. Phn trong. Cho A l mt tp con ca X. Lun lun c mt tp m
cha trong A, chng hn tp .
a) nh ngha. Hp tt c cc tp m cha trong A c gi l phn trong
0

ca A; k hiu l A hay int A.

0

Hin nhin A A
0

Nh th A l tp m ln nht cha trong A theo nh ngha nu G l tp

0

m v G A th G A
T nh ngha ta c ngay:
0

(A m) (A = A )
0

b. nh l: Phn trong A ca tp A l tp hp ca tt c cc im trong

ca A.
0

Chng minh. Gi s x A . V A m nn A l mt ln cn ca x do x
l im trong ca A. Ngc li nu x l im trong ca A th c r < 0 hnh
0

cu m B(x,r) A. Theo nhn xt sau nh ngha th B(x,r) A . Vy x A .

2.4.2. Bao ng. Nu A X th c t nht mt tp ng cha A (V d X
A)
a) nh ngha. Giao tt c cc tp ng cha A c gi l bao ng ca
tp A. K hiu l A .
Hin nhin A l tp ng b nht cha A.
b) nh l. Bao ng ca tp A bng hp ca A v tp tt c cc im
bin ca A.
Chng minh: K hiu A l tp tt c cc im bin ca A A . Ta chng
minh A = A A. Nhn xt rng vi mi tp ng F A th tng ng vi
mi tp m G = Fc Ac v ngc li. Do :
A = I F = I G c = ( U G)c
F dong A

G mo A c

G mo A c

Vy

27

x A x

U G , Gm Ac

x khng l im trong ca Ac
x A hay x A.
T : A = A A
H qu.
1. ( A ng) (A = A )
2. A l tp hp tt c cc im dnh ca A.
3. (x A )((xn) A : xn x)
2.4.3. Cc v d.
1. Gi s a, b l hai s thc. t A = (a,b] khi
0

A = (a,b), A = [a,b], A =(a,b).

2. Bao ng tp cc s hu t trong IR chnh l tp IR.
3. Trong khng gian mtric bt k ta u c B (a, r) B(a,r).

2.5. Tp hp tr mt khng gian kh ly.

2.5.1. nh ngha. Gi s A,B l hai tp con trong khng gian mtric X.
Nu B A th ta ni tp A tr mt trong tp B.
2.5.2. Nht xt.
1. T nh ngha, ta thy (A tr mt trong B) (Vi mi x B, x l
im dnh ca A). iu ny tng ng vi tn ti dy (xn) A, xn x.
2. Nu A B th A B . Do , nu A tr mt trong B; B tr mt trong
C th A tr mt trong C.

Tht vy, ta c C B v B A nn C B A = A 3. Nu A X v
A = X th tp A c gi l tp tr mt khp ni (trong X)
V d: Trong IR, tp s hu t Q tr mt khp ni.
2.5.3. nh ngha. Mt khng gian mtric X c gi l kh ly nu tn ti
mt tp hp hu hn hoc m c tr mt khp ni.
C th chng tp Q k = Q ... Q (Q l tp s hu t) l m c v tr
1442443
k lan

mt trong IR . Do IR nh l mt v d v khng gian mtric kh ly.

2.6. Tp m v ng trn ng thng thc.
2.6.1. nh l. Mi tp m trong IR bng hp mt s hu hn hay m
c cc khong m khng giao nhau.

28

Chng minh. Gi s G l mt tp m trong IR . Vi x G tn ti r > 0:

B(x,r) = (x- r, x+ r) G. K hiu x l hp tt c cc khong m cha trong G
v c cha x. Ta chng minh x l mt khong m.
Tht vy, t p = inf x, q = sup x (p,q c th bng (- , + ). Vi mi y
x th p < y < q v trc ht r rng ta c p y q.
Nu y = p th c mt khong m cha x v cha c p nn mu thun vi p
= inf x. Tng t y khng th bng q. Vy x ( p,q). Ngc li nu y ( p,q),
gi s p < y < x. Theo nh ngha ca infimum .
t

tn ti t x : p < t y < x. Do c mt khong m cha x v cha lun c t. V

th y thuc khong m ny tc l y x. Vy x = (p,q).
By gi ta xt tt c cc khong x ng vi cc im x G. Hin nhin G
= U x . Nhn xt rng nu z x th x x (V z l khong m ln nht
xG

cha x). Cho nn vi 2 khong m x v y th hoc x y = hoc x = y

(v nu c z x y th x = y = z ).
Vy G bng hp ca nhng khong m ri nhau. Trong mi khong m
ta chn 1 s hu t. V tp cc s hu t m c nn s cc khong m lp
thnh G l hu hn hay m c. nh l c chng minh xong.
Do mi tp ng l phn b ca tp m nn ta c:
2.6.2. H qu. Mi tp ng trn IR l phn cn li sau khi rt khi IR mt
s hu hn hay m c cc khong m ri nhau.
Cc khong m ny c gi l cc khong k ca tp ng .
2.7. Tp m v tp ng trong khng gian:

Gi s X l mt khng gian mtric, Y l khng gian con ca X v A l mt

tp con ca Y. rng, nu A l mt tp m
(hay ng) trong Y l cha
chc A l m (hay ng) trong X. Tuy nhin ta c:
2.7.1. nh l. iu kin cn v l tp A m trong khng gian mtric
con Y l tn ti tp m G v X sao cho A = G Y.
Chng minh. K hiu BX(a,r), BY(a,r) ln lt l cc hnh cu m trong X
v Y tng ng. Nu a Y th BY(a,r) = {y Y : d(a,y) < r} = Y B(a,r). Gi
s A l tp m trong Y, khi vi mi x A tn ti rx > 0 sao cho BY(x,rx) Y.
t G = U Bx (x,rx), tc l G bng hp ca mt h cc tp m (trong X) nn n
i A

l tp m trong X. Hn na,

29

A=

U BY ( x ,rx ) = U B X ( x ,rx ) Y = Y U B X ( x ,rx ) = Y G Ngc

li,

x A
cho A = G Y vi G l tp m trong X. Nu xG A th do G m nn tn ti r
> 0 sao cho BX(x,r) G. Thnh ra BY(x,r) = BX(x,r) Y G Y = A hay A m
trong Y.
x A

x A

2.7.2. nh l. iu kin cn v tp A ng trong Y l tn ti mt

tp ng F trong X sao cho A = Y F.
Chng minh. Tp A ng trong Y khi v ch khi Y \ A l m trong Y. Theo
nh l 2.7.1, tn ti tp m G trong X sao cho Y \ A= G A. Khi
A= Y (X\G) = Y F
vi F = X\G l tp ng
T cc nh l trn ta d dng suy ra h qu sau.
2.7.3. H qu. mi tp con A Y m (t. ., ng) trong Y cng l m
(t. ., ng) X, iu kin cn v l Y l tp m (t. ., ng) trong X.
BI TP

2.1. Gi s X l khng gian mtric, A X v x X.

a) Chng minh rng x l m dnh ca A khi v ch khi d(x,A) = 0
Suy ra:
(A ng) (d(x,A) = 0 x A)
b) Cho > 0 chng minh
{x X : d (x,a) < } l tp m
{x X : d (x,a) } l tp ng
2.2. Cho F1, F2 l hai tp ng trong khng gian mtric X sao cho F1 F2

a. Chng minh tp G = {x X : d (x,F1) < d (x,F2)} l tp m, ng thi

F1 G, G F2 =
b. T a suy ra c cc tp m G1, G2 sao cho F1 G1, F2 G2 v G1 G2 =

2.3* Mt tp A trong khng gian mtric X c gi l mt tp kiu G v

tp m kiu F
2.4. Gi s A, B l cc tp con ca khng gian mtric. Chng minh:
a. int(int A) = intA, A = A .
0

b. Nu a B th A B

30

c. int (a B) = A B . Int (AB ) A B

d. A B = A B , A B A B
2.5. Chng minh rng mi khng gian con ca khng gian mtric kh ly l
kh ly.
2.6. K hiu c0 l tp hp tt c cc dy s thc hi t v 0. Ta xem c0 nh
l khng gian con ca khng gian c (bi tp 1.2). Chng minh c0 l khng gian
kh ly.
2.7. Gi s X l khng gian mtric v Y l khng gian con ca X sao cho
Y = U V vi U, V l cc tp m, khc trng trong Y v U V = . Chng
minh tn ti cc tp m A, B trong X, A B = v U = A Y, V = B Y.

31

3. NH X LIN TC
3.1. nh ngha v cc tnh cht chung.

Cho hai khng gian mtric (X,d1) v (Y,d2). Nu khng s nhm ln, ta
dng k hiu d ch c d1 ln d2. Gi s f l mt nh x t X vo Y v x0 l mt
im ca X.
3.1.1. nh ngha.

1. nh x f c gi l lin tc ti x0 nu mi > 0 cho trc, tn ti > 0

sao cho d(f(x), f(x0)) < vi mi x X m d(x, x0) < .
nh ngha ny thng gi l nh ngha v tnh lin tc bng ngn ng ,
.
2. nh x f c gi l lin tc A X nu f lin tc ti mi im x A.
Mt tiu chun tng ng vi nh ngha trn thng dng kho st
tnh lin tc mt cch c hiu qu nh sau:
3.1.2. nh l. (Tiu chun qua dy). nh x f lin tc ti x0 X khi v
ch khi mi dy (xn)n X, nu xn x0 th dy f(xn) f(x0).
Chng minh:
iu kin cn: Gi s f lin tc ti x0 v (xn) l dy trong X sao cho xn x0.
Ta hy chng minh f(xn) f(x0) trong Y. Cho > 0, v f lin tc ti x0 nn c > 0
.
d(f(x),f(x0)) <
khi d(x,x0) <. V xn x0 nn vi > 0 trn, c n0 d(xn, x0) < khi n n0.
Nhng lc th
d(f(x),f(x0)) <
Vy f(x) f(x0).
iu kin : Gi s f khng lin tc ti x0. Khi tn ti > 0 sao cho
vi mi > 0 tn ti x X : d(x,x0) < m d((f(x),f(xo)) . Ly ln lt bng 1,
1
1
1
,, , s c x1, x2,,xnthuc X tho mn d(xn,x0) <
nhng
2
n
n
d((f(x),f(xo)) . Nh th c dy (xn) X, xn x0 nhng f(xn) f(x0), mu thun

vi gi thit. Vy nh l c chng minh

Mt khi nim lin quan cht ch vi khi nim lin tc l gii hn ca
hm s c nh ngha nh sau:
3.1.3. nh ngha. Cho A l mt tp con ca khng gian mtric X v f l
mt nh x t A vo khng gian mtric Y, xo l mt im dnh ca A. Ta ni f l

32

c gii hn l Y khi x dn n x0, k hiu lim f ( x ) = l nu nh x F xc nh

x x0
xA

bi:
F: A {xo} Y
f(x), x A \ {x0 }
x a F( x ) =
x = x0
l,
lin tc ti im x0
Din t li, ta c:
( lim f ( x ) = l ) ( > 0, > 0 : x A
x x0
xA

0 < d (x,x0) < d(f(x), l) < )

3.1.4. nhl. Cho X, Y l hai khng gian mtric v f : X Y l mt nh
x. Cc mnh sau y l tng ng.
a) f lin tc trn X.
b) vi mi tp ng F Y th f -1(F) l tp ng trong X.
c) vi mi tp m G Y th f -1(G) m trong X.
d) f ( A ) f ( A ) vi mi tp A X
Chng minh.
a) d). Gi s y f( A ). Khi tn ti x A y = f(x). Theo tnh cht
ca bao ng, tn ti dy (xn) A: xn x v v f lin tc nn f(A) f(xn) f(x)
= y. Vy y f ( A) .
d) b). Gi s F ng trong Y. t A = f -1(F). Khi y ta c f(A) F v
th f ( A) F. Mt khc, rng nu E l tp con ca X ta lun lun c E f 1
(f(E)). Do ly E = A , ta c.
-1
-1
A f (f( A )) f ( f ( A) ) =A
Vy A = A = f -1(F) l tp ng
b) c). Nu G m trong Y th Y/G = Gc. T f -1(Y/G) = X\f -1(G) ng
trong X nn f -1(G) l m (trong X).
c) a). Gi s x X v > 0 bt k. Do B(f(x0),) m trong Y nn f 1
(B(f(x0),) l tp m trong X cha x0. V th c s > 0 B(x0,) f 1
(B(f(x0),)). iu ny c ngha l nu x X sao cho d(x,x0) < hay x B(x0,)
nn f(x) B(f(x0,) hay d(f(x), f(x0)) < tc l f lin tc ti x0 theo nh ngha.
Vy nh l c chng minh y .
3.1.5. nh l. Gi s X, Y, Z l ba khng gian mtric,
f : X Y lin
tc ti x0, g : Y Z lin tc ti y0 = f(x0). Khi nh x hp h = g o f : X Z
lin tc ti x0.
33

Chng minh: Gi s (xn) X v xn x0. Do f lin tc ti x0 nn f(xn) f(x0)

= y0 v lc y g lin tc ti y0 = f(x0) suy ra g(f(xn) g(y0) = g(f(x0). Ni cch khc
(g o f)(xn) (g o f)(x0).Vy h = g o f lin tc ti x0.
3.2. nh x ng phi.
3.2.1. Php ng phi. Cho X, Y l hai khng gian mtric. Gi s f :
X Y l mt song nh sao cho f v f -1 u l cc nh x lin tc th f c coi
l mt php ng phi t X ln Y. Hai khng gian mtric c gi l ng phi
vi nhau nu c php ng phi t khng gian ny ln khng gian kia.
V d.
1. Ly X = (a,b), Y = (0,1) l hai tp con ca tp s thc IR, khi X, Y
ng phi vi nhau nh php ng phi.
x
a
f(x) =

ba ba
2. Cho X = IR, Y = (0,1) cng vi mtric thng thng th chng ng phi
vi nhau nh php ng phi.

F(x) =

actg x

1
.
2

Nhn xt.
1.Theo nh l 3.1.4, mt php ng phi bin mt tp m (t.., ng) trong
khng gian ny thnh tp m (t.., ng) trong khng gian kia.
2. C th chng minh d dng rng cc nh ngha v ln cn, im t, im
chnh, bao ng, phn trong, tp tr mt, bt bin qua php ng phi, ngha
l cc tp A X cc im x X c tnh cht k trn th qua nh x ng phi f,
cc tp f(A), cc im f(x) cng c tnh cht . Cn nhng khi nim v hnh
cu, khong cch, bn knh, khng phi bt bin qua php ng phi.
3.2.2. Php ng c.

Cho X, Y l hai khng gian mtric. Mt song nh f t X ln Y gi l mt

php ng c nu vi mi x, x X ta c d(f(x), f(x)) = d(x,x). Hin nhin lc
f -1 : Y X cng l php ng c v ta gi X, Y l hai khng gian ng c vi
nhau.
Nhn xt.
1) Nu f l php ng c t X ln Y th r rng f l php ng phi gia X
v Y.
2) Cho X l mt khng gian mtric, Y l mt tp bt k. Gi s c mt song
nh f : Y X . Khi nu t d*(y, y) = d(f(x), f(y) th d* l mt mtric trn Y
v hn na X, Y l hai khng gian mtric ng c.

34

3) Theo quan nim ca khng gian mtric, nu X v Y ng c th chng

c ng nht vi nhau.
3.2.3. Mtric tng ng.

Cho d1,d2 l hai mtric trn cng mt tp X. Khi ta c hai khng gian
mtric khc nhau (X,d1) v X,d2) c chung tp nn X.
Hai mtric d1,d2 c gi l tng ng tp nu nh x ng nht
id: X X
x ax
l mt php ng phi t khng gian (X,d1) ln (X,d2)
Nu tn ti cc s dng m, M sao cho
md(x,y) d2(x,y) Md1(x,y)
vi mi x, y Y th d1,d2 c gi l hai mtric tng ng u.
Nhn xt.
1. T nh ngha ta suy ra nu d1, d2 tng ng th chng s tng ng
tp nhng iu c ngc li ni chung khng ng.
2. Hai mtric tng ng tp th cc tp m (t..,ng) trong hai khng
gian ny trng nhau. Tt nhin cc khi nim khc dn xut t tp m cng
trng nhau.
Hai mtric tng ng u th thm na l cc tnh cht nh tnh lin
quan n khong cch cng s bt bin.
3.3. Suy rng cc nh x lin tc.

Gi s X, Y l cc khng gian mtric v f l nh x t X vo Y. Nu f lin

tc vi mi A X, thu hp ca f ln A, k hiu fA : A Y fA(x) = f(x) cng l
nh x lin tc trn A. Ngc li cho h : A Y lin tc th vi iu kin no tn
ti nh x. F : X Y lin tc, duy nht v fA = h?
Trc ht ta thit lp cc nh l suy ra tnh duy nht ca suy rng.
nh l 3.3.1. Gi s f, g l hai nh x lin tc t X vo Y. Khi tp hp
A = {x X : f(x) = g(x)}
l tp ng trong A
Chng minh: Gi s x0 A . Khi tn ti ti dy (xn) A sao cho xn x0.
Theo tiu chun qua dy ta c f(xn) f(x0) v g(xn) g(x0). V xnA nn f(xn)
= g(xn) vi mi n N nn f(x0) = g(x0) do gii hn ca mi dy hi t l duy
nht. Vy xn A hay A = A , c ngha l A ng
3.3.2.H qu. Gi s f, g l hai nh x lin tc t X vo Y. Nu f(x) = g(x)
vi mi xX
Ta c
X= A D =DA

35

Vy D = X hay f(x) = g(x) vi mi xX

3.3.3. nh l. cho X, Y l hai khng gian mtric, A l tp con tr mt
trong X v f l nh x lin tc t A vo Y
iu kin cn v tn ti nh x f : X Y lin tc, tho mn f A = f
l lim f ( z ) tn ti vi mi x X . Khi nh x f duy nht
z A

Chng minh. Trc ht ta din t li khi nim gii hn nh nh ngha

3.1.3, nh dy, sau y.
( lim f ( z ) = l) ((zn) A : (zn a) (f(zn) l).
z A

iu kin cn. Gi s tn ti f lin tc v f A = f. Khi x X v (zn)

A sao cho zn x th f (zn) f (x). Nhng v f(zn) = f (zn) nn f(zn) l =
f (x) tc l gii hn lim f ( z ) tn ti vi mi xX.
z A

iu kin . Vi mi x X t f (x) = lim f ( z ) . Nu x A hin nhin

z A

f (x) = f(x) tc l f

= f. Ta chng minh f lin tc.

Gi s x X v (xn)n l mt dy trong X hi t n x. Theo cch t, ta c
f (xn) = lim f ( z ) . Do , theo iu din t li ni trn, vi mi n N tn ti zn
A

z A

1
1
v d ( f ( xn ), f ( z n )) < .
n
n
1
V d(zn,x) d(zn,xn) + d(xn,x) < + d(xn,x) 0 )( n )
n
tc l zn x, zn A nn f (x)= lim f(zn)

A sao cho d(zn, xn) <

Suy ra:
d( f (xn), f (x)) d( f (x), f (zn)) + d( f (zn), f (xn))
1
d( f (zn), f (x)) 0 ( n )
n
iu ny c ngha l f lin tc ti xX v x bt k nn f lin tc trn X.

<

Tnh duy nht ca f c suy t h qu 3.3.2.

Nhn xt. Mt s cc hm s lin tc trn IR c th xem l cc suy rng ca
hm slin tc xc nh trn tp s hu t Q tr mt trong IR, chng hn nh l
hm s m l m rng ca ly tha.

36

BI TP

3.1. Gi s f l nh x khng gian mtric X vo Y. Chng minh cc mnh

sau y l tng ng.
a. f lin tc ti x0 X
b. Nu V N(f(x0) th f-1 (V) N(x0)
c.Vi mi V N(f(x0) tn ti U N(x0) : f(U V)
3.2 Chng minh cc nh x t C[a ,b ] vo IR cho bi cc cng thc sau y l
lin tc
b

a. x(t) f(x) = x (t )dt

a

b. x f(x) = x(a)
3. 3. Cho F1 v F2 l hai tp ng trong khng gian mtric X. t A = F1
F2 v f : A Y l mt nh x xc nh trn A. Chng minh rng nu fF1, fF2 l
cc nh x lin tc th f lin tc trn A.
3.4* Cho X, Y, Z l khng gian mtric, f : X Y, g : Y X l cc nh x
lin tc. Chng minh rng nu f l mt ton nh cn gof l php ng phi ca
X ln Z th cc nh x f, g ln lt l cc php ton ng phi.
3.5. Trong tp IRk ta xt mtric nh sau:
k

(x

d1(x,y) =

y i )2

i =1

d2(x,y) = max x i y i
i= 1....k

d3(x,y) =

yi

i =1

Vi x = (x ,,x ), y = (y ,,y ) IR
Chng minh ba mtric ny tng ng u vi nhau

37

$4 KHNG GIAN MTRIC Y

4.1.1 Dy (xn)n trong khng gian mtric X c gi l dy c bn hay dy

Cauchy nu lim d(xn, xm) = 0. Ni cch khc
m, n

((xn) l dy c bn) ( > 0n0m, n n0 : d ( xn , xm ) p )

Ta c cc tnh cht n gin sau:
a) Nu (xn) l dy hi t th (xn) l dy c bn trong X.
b) Nu dy c bn (xn) c mt dy con ( xn k ) (xn) sao cho ( xn k ) hi t
n x0 th xn x0
4.1.2. nh ngha. Khng gian mtric X c gi l khng gian mtric y
nu mi dy c bn ca n u hi t trong X.

Nh th nu bit X l khng gian y , chng minh mt dy hi t

(m khng quan tm n gii hn), ta ch cn kim tra dy ny l dy c bn.
4.1.3. V d

1. Khng gian IRk vi mtric thng thng l khng gian y .

Tht vy, cho (xn)n IRk c bn, vi xn = ( x1n ,, xnk ). Khi ta c
k

xni xmi ( xmi xni

2 1/ 2

j =1

= d(xn,xm) 0 (m, n 0 (m,n +) nn ( xmi )m l

dy c bn trong IR, do xmi x0i vi mi i = 1,2,,k. Nhng t v d a); 1.5.3.

ta c dy (xn) hi t n x0 = ( x10 ,, x0k ) IRk tc l IRk y .
2. Ly X = (0,1] l tp con ca IR vi mtric d(x,y) = x y
y l khng gian mtric khng y .
1
trong X .Ta c
n
1 1
+ 0, (m,n )
n m

Tht vy, ly dy xn =
xn xm

1 1

n m

nn n l dy c bn nhng khng hi t v im no trong X, ( nu xt trong

1
IR th xn = 0 )
n
3. Khng gian C[a ,b ] l khng gian y
Chng minh. Cho (xn) l dy c bn trong C[a ,b ] . iu ny c ngha l:

d ( xn , xm ) = max xn ( t ) xm ( t ) 0( m , n )
t[a ,b ]

38

Vi mi t [a,b], hin nhin ta c xn (t ) xm (t ) d ( xn , xm ) , suy ra (xn(t))n

l dy s thc c bn trong IR nn hi t. t x(t) = lim xn (t ) vi mi t[a,b]. Ta
n

cn phi chng minh x(t) thuc C[a ,b ] v xn x trong C[a ,b ] . Ly > 0 s tn ti

n0 sao cho vi mi m, n n0 v vi mi t [a,b] ta c
| xn(t) xm(t)| <
(1)
Cho m (1), ta c | xn(t) xn(t)| < khi n n0 v vi mi t [a,b].
Vy xn(t) hi t u n x(t) trn [a,b], lin tc trn [a,b], tc l x(t) C[a ,b ] ,
ng thi xn x. Do C[a ,b ] l khng gian y .
4. Khng gian C[La ,b ] khng y
Chng minh. Ta xt trng hp [a,b] = [0,1] v xt dy xn(t) nh sau: (hnh
5)

1
1
0
,
khi
t

1 1

xn (t ) = 0 khi +
t 1

2 2n

1
1 1

n + 1 2nt khi 2 t 2 + 2n

Vi m, n N, (m > n), ta c
1

d(xn,xm) =

(t ) xm (t ) dt =

1 1
+
2 2n

(t ) xm (t ) dt

1/ 2

V | xn(t) xn(t)| 2 nn d(xn,xm)

1
0 khi m, n
n

Vy xn(t) l mt dy c bn

Tuy nhin ta chng minh rng dy xn(t) khng hi t trong C[La ,b ] . Tht vy
x(t) l mt hm bt k trong C[L0.1] . Xt hm s gin on trn [0,1] nh sau

39


1
t
1
,

0, 2

y (t ) =

0, t ,1
2

1
Nh th x(t) y(t) nn phi c t0 0, chng hn y(t0) x(t0). Hn
2
1
na, trn 0, c hai hm x(t) v y(t) cng lin tc nn l lun nh v d 1.2.5,
2
ta c:
0<

1/ 2

x(t ) y (t ) dt
0

T :
0<

1/ 2

x(t ) y (t ) dt x(t ) y (t ) dt
0

x(t ) xn (t ) dt + xn (t ) y (t ) dt

Mt khc ta c:
1

(t ) y (t ) dt =

1 1
+
2 2n

(t ) y (t ) dt =

1/ 2

1
0 (n )
4n

V vy vi n ln
1 1/ 2
0 x(t ) xn (t ) dt 2 0 x(t ) y (t ) dt > 0
tc l xn(t) khng th hi t v x(t) trong C[L0.1] . Ni cch khc, khng c im
1

no trong C[L0.1] l gii hn ca dy c bn xn(t) c. Nh th khng gian C[L0.1]

khng y .
4.2 Cc tnh cht c bn.
4.2.1 nh l. Gi s X l khng gian mtric y v Y l tp con ng
ca X. Khi khng gian con mtric con Y cng y .
Chng minh. Gi s ( xn ) n l mt dy c bn trong Y. D nhin ( xn ) n cng l
dy c bn trong X. V X y nn xn hi t n x0 X. Mt khc v Y ng
v (xn) Y nn xn x0 th x0 phi thuc Y. Vy Y y .
Cho B1,B2,...,Bn, l mt dy hnh cu c bn knh r1, r2,.... Dy hnh cu
ny gi l tht li nu Bn Bn+1, n = 1,2,... v lim rn = 0 .
n

40

4.2.2 nh l. (Cantor) Trong khng gian mtric y , mi dy hnh cu

ng, tht li u c mt im chung duy nht. o li, nu mi dy hnh cu
ng, tht li trong khng gian mtric X c mt im chung duy nht th X y
.
Chng minh.
iu kin cn: Gi B(x1,r1) = B1,...,B(xn,rn) = Bn,... l dy hnh cu ng,
tht dn trong khng gian y X.Vi m n th Bm Bn nn d(xn,xm) rn. V
rn 0 khi n nn (xn) l dy c bn trong X, thnh th tn ti x0 X xn
x0.
Mt khc vi mi nN, dy (xnk)k vi nk= n + k l con ca dy (xn) nn xnk
x0. Hn na xnk Bn vi mi k = 1, 2,. v Bn ng nn x0 Bn Vy x0

I Bn. Nu c y0
n =1

Bn th do x0, y0 cng thuc Bn nn.

I
n =1

d(x0,y0) d(x0,xn) + d(y0,xn) 2rn 0 (n )

Vy d(x0,y0) = 0 hay x0 = y0
iu kin : Cho (xn)n l dy c bn trong X. Theo nh ngha vi 1 =
tn ti s nguyn n1 > 0 sao cho d(xn,xm) <

1
vi mi m, n n1.
2

1
2

1
2

c bit d(xn,xn1) < . t B1 = B= (xn1,1). Ta chn n2 > n1 sao cho d(xn,xn2)

<

1
1
khi n n2. D thy B2 = B(xn2, ) B1. Bng quy np, gi s chn
2
2
2

c xn1,xn2,..., xnk (n1 < n2 <...< nk) v xy dng dy hnh cu ng B1 B2

... Bk ta ly xnk+1 sao cho nk+1 > nk v d(xn,xnk+1) <
t Bk+1 = B(xnk+1,
thit

1
vi n nk+1 ng thi
2 k +1

1
). Nh vy (Bk) l dy hnh cu ng tht li nn theo gi
2k

I Bk = {x0 }. Ta c d(xnk,x0)

k =1

1
, k = 1,2,nn xnk x0.
2 k 1

Do b) 4.1.1, dy c bn (xn) cng hi t v x0 v (xnk) l mt dy con ca

(xn).Vy X y .
4.3. Cc tp thuc phm vi tr I, II:
4.3.1. nh ngha. Cho M l mt tp con ca khng gian mtric X. Ta gi
M l tp hp khng u tr mt (hay cn gi l tp hp tha) nu n khng tr
mt trong bt k hnh cu no. Ni mt cch tng ng:
0

(M X l tp tha ( M = ).
41

4.3.2. nh l. M X l tp hp tha nu v ch nu mi hnh cu m

trong B trong X, tn ti mt hnh cu (ng hoc m) B1 B sao cho B1 M =
.
0

Chng minh. iu kin cn: Gi s M = v B l hnh cu m trong X.

Hin nhin B M nn c x B v x M . Theo tnh cht ca bao ng, tn ti
r > 0 B(x,r) M = . Do B m nn c th chn r nh B(x,r) B ng
thi B(x,r) M = .
iu kin : Gi s M khng phi l tp hp tha, tc l M 0. Ly x
M s c r > 0 B(x,r) M . Vy bt k hnh cu no cha trong B(x,r) u
cha trong M nn phi c giao vi M khc trng.
4.3.3. nh ngha. Cho A l tp con ca khng gian mtric X. Tp A c
gi l tp thuc phm tr I trong X nu tn ti dy cc tp tha M1,M2, sao

cho A =

UM

i =1

Nu A khng phi l tp thuc phm tr I th A gi l tp thuc phm tr II.

4.3.4. nh l. (Baire) Gi s X l mt khng gian mtric y . Khi X
tp thuc phm tr II.
Chng minh. Dng phn chng. Gi s X thuc phm I, khi tn ti dy

tp tha An X sao cho X =

UA

. Do A1 tha nn c hnh cu ng B1 bn

n =1

knh r1 < 1 sao cho B1 A1 = . Cng vy, v A2 tha, tn ti hnh cu ng B2

1
B2 A2 = . Bng quy np ta xy dng c dy hnh
2
1
cu ng tht li Bn c bn knh rn< sao cho Bn An= vi n N. Theo nh
n

I Bn

B1 bn knh r2 <

l 4.2.2, tn ti duy nht x0

IA

n =1

.V

x0 Bn nn x0 An vi n N. T x0

= X . iu ny v l.Vy X phi thuc phm tr II.

n =1

Mt h qu rt hay dng c pht biu di dng sau.

4.3.5. H qu. Gi s X l mt khng gian mtric y v X =

UA

. Khi

n =1

ti n0 N sao cho A n .

42

4.4. nh x lin tc u:

Gi s X, Y l hai khng gian mtric, f l nh x t X vo Y. Bng ngn

ng , theo nh ngha, hm f lin tc ti im x0 N nu vi mi > 0 tn ti
> 0 ( ni chung ph thuc vo x0 v ) sao cho d(f(x),f(xo)) < mi khi
d(x,x0) < . Nu s dng khng ph thuc vo mi im x0 ta c khi nim
lin tc u.
4.4.1 nh ngha. nh x f : X Y c gi l lin tc u trn X nu vi
mi > 0 tn ti > 0 sao cho vi mi x, x X m d(x,x) < th (d(f(x),f(x))
<.
4.4.2. Nhn xt.

1. Mi nh x lin tc u t X vo Y l lin tc. iu ngc li ni chung

khng ng. Chng hn, hm x a x2 l lin tc nhng khng lin tc u trn IR
v hiu (x + h)2 x2 = h(2x + h) c nhng gi tr ln tu d h ly b.
2. Nu f : X Y v g : Y Z l nh x lin tc u th nh x hp h = g o f
: Y Z cng lin tc u.
4.4.3 nh l. Cho X l khng gian mtric, A l tp con tr mt trong X v
f l nh x t A vo khng gian mtric y Y. Gi s f lin tc u trn A.
Khi y tn ti duy nht m rng f ca f ln X v f lin tc u trn X.
Chng minh. Ta s s dng nh l 3.3.3 chng minh tn ti m rng
f . Mun th dy kim tra rng vimi x X th lim f ( z ) tn ti.
z A
z x

Ly mt dy bt k (zn) trong A m zn x. Vi > 0 cho trc tu , do f

lin tc u trn A nn tn ti s dng sao cho (d(f(z),f(z) < khi d(z,z) <
vi mi z, z A.
V zn x nn dy (zn)n l dy c bn : vi > 0 trn tn ti s nguyn n0
(zn,zm) < vi mi m, n n0. Nhng khi d(f(zn),f(zm)) < . Nh th (f(zn))n
l mt dy c bn trong Y. Hn na, Y y nn tn ti lim (f(zn)) = l. Vy ta
x

c c nh x f : X Y m rng lin tc duy nht ca nh x f.

Cn li ta chng minh f lin tc u trn X. Li ng dng tnh lin tc u
ca f trn A nh trc, gi s x0 v x0 l hai im trong X vi d(x0,x0) < . Xt
hai dy (zn) v (zn) trong A ln lt hi t n x0 v x0. Chn n0 ln ta thy
rng nu n n0 th
d(zn,zn) d(zn,x0) + d(zn,x0)
Do vy:

= .

43

d( f (zn), f (zn)) = d(f(zn),f(zn)) <

Cho n ta c d( f (x0), f (x0)) .Vy f lin tc u trn X.
4.5.Nguyn l nh x co.
4.5.1. nh ngha. Cho nh x f t tp X bt k vo chnh n. Phn t x
X sao cho f(x) = x c gi l im bt ng ca nh x f.

Vic tm im bt ng ca mt nh x l vn c nhiu ng dng trong

gii tch, c bit trong l thuyt phng trnh (vi phn, tch phn) v mt
im bt ng ca nh x f l mt nghim ca phng trnh f(x) = x.
By gi cho X l mt khng gian mtric v f l mt nh x t X vo X, f
c gi l nh x co nu tn ti mt s [0,1] sao cho vi mi x, y X ta c:
d(f(x),f(y)) d(x,y).
T nh ngha ta thy ngay mi nh x co l lin tc u.
4.5.2. nh l (nguyn l nh x co Banach). Gi s X l mt khng gian
mtric y f : X X l mt nh x co. Khi f c mt im bt ng duy
nht.
Chng minh. Ly mt im tu x0 X. t
x1= f(x0), x2 = f(x1)= f(f(x0)),...,xn = f(xn-1) = f(f...f)(x0),...
N ln

Ta chng t (xn) l mt dy c bn trong X.

V f l nh x co ln nu n 1 th
d(xn,xn+1) = d(f(xn-1),f(xn) d(xn-1,xn)
= d(xn-2,f(xn-1))
2
n
d(xn-2,xn-1)) d(x0,x1)
Vi [0,1]
Lc vi mi s nguyn n v p,t (*) ta c
d(xn,xn+p) d(xn,xn+1) +... + d(xn+p,xn+p)

n
d(x0,x1)
d(x0,x1)
1
Khi n ln v p ty ta c d(xn,xn+p) 0 (n ) suy ra (xn)n l dy c
2
n+1
n+p-1
( + ++
)

bn trong khng gian y X nn tn ti gii hn x*= lim xn .

n

Cng t (*), ta c

d(xn,x+1) d(xn, xn+1) nd(x0,x1).

Cho n v nh rng cc hm d v f lin tc,ta c
0 lim d(xn,f(xn)) = d(x*,d(x*) 0
*

hay d(x ,f(x )) = 0

Vy f(x*) = x* tc l x* l im bt ng ca f.

44

Nu c y X m f(y) = y th
d(x*,y) = d(f(x*), f(x) d(x*,y*)
hay (1-)d(x*,y*) 0
Suy ra d(x*,y) = 0 tc l x*= y. Do im bt ng x* l duy nht
4.5.3.V d.

a.Chng minh phng trnh

1
arctgx x + 3 = 0
2

c mt nghim thc duy nht

1
2

t f(x) = arctgx + 3 l hm t IR vo IR, f l nh x co v f(x) f(y) = (xy)

1
,
2(1 + 2 )

vi

nm gia x v y theo nh l lagrange, nn

1
*
x y . Do f c mt im bt ng vi duy nht x . Ni cch
2
1
khc, phng trnh arctgx + 3 = x c nghim duy nht l x*.
2
f ( x) f ( y )

b) Xt phng trnh vi phn

(1)

dx
= f(t,x) vi iu kin ban u
dy

(2) x(t0) = x0
trong f(t,x) l hm lin tc trong tp m G IR2, (t0,x0) G v f l tho mn
iu kin Lipschitz x, ngha l c mt s dng k sao cho
f(t,x1) f(t,x2) Kx1 - x2)
(3)
vi mi (t,x1),(t,x2) G
Ta chng minh nh l Picard: Trn mt on t t0 r no phng
trnh (1) c mt nghim duy nht tho mn iu kin ban u (2).
Phng trnh (1) vi iu kin (2) tng ng vi phng trnh tch phn
sau y
t

x(t) =x0 +

f ( , x( ))d

(4)

t0

Do G l tp m cha (t0,x0) nn c hnh trn (hnh cu) tm (t0,x0) cha

trong G. Gi
D = {(t,x) G :t t0 a, x x0 b}
l mt hnh ch nht ng bt k ni tip trong hnh cu . V f(t,x) lin tc
trn D nn f (t , x) L vi mi (t,x) D vi L l s dng no . Ly 0 < r <

45

1 b
, } v k hiu C l khng gian con ca C[t0-r, t0+r] gm cc hm s m
K L
x (t ) x0 b vi mi t[t0-r, t0+r] = I . Nu (xn) C v xn x th do xn(t)

min{

x0 b vi mi n N v t I nn qua gii hn, ta cng c xn(t) x0 b vi

mi t I. Nh vy C ng trong khng gian y C[t 0 r ,t 0 + r ] C[t0, t0+r] nn
C cng phi y
Xt
P : C C
x a Px

xc nh bi

(Px)(t) =

f ( , x( ))d + x0

t0

Vi t t0 r
nh x P t nh trn l hp l v nu x(t) C th P(x(t)) lin tc, ng
thi
P( x( t )) x0 =

t0

t0

f ( , x( ))d Ld Lr b

Hay Px C. Mt khc, nu x, y C th
( Px )( t ) ( Py )( t ) =

f ( , x( )) f ( , y( ))d

t0
t

t0

t0

K x( ) y( ) d K d ( x , y )d

(gi s t t0, trng hp t < t0 l lun tng t).

Nh th
d ( Px Py ) = max Px( t ) Py( t ) K t t 0 d ( x , y ) Kr d ( x , y ) .
tI

V Kr < 1 nn P l nh x co. Theo nh l Banach tn ti mt hm s duy

nht x(t) C sao cho Px(t) = x(t). Ni cch khc trn I bi ton (1) (2) c
nghim duy nht.
4.6. y khng gian mtric.

Chng ta thy vai tr quan trng ca khng gian mtric y qua cc

phn va xt trn. Do , vi mt khong khng gian y X ta hy bao n
bng mt khng gian y X* cha X v X* phi l khng gian gn nht.

46

4.6.1.nh ngha. Gi s X l mt khng gian mtric. Khng gian mtric

y X* c gi l y ha (hay cn gi l b sung) ca X nu:
a. X l mt khng gian ca X*
b. X tr mt khp ni trong X*
4.6.2.nh l. Mi khng gian mtric X u c y ho X* ca n. Hn
na, khng y ho ny l duy nht theo nh ngha nu c khng gian
X*cng tho mn a) v b) trong nh ngha th X* v X* ng c vi nhau.
Chng minh. Ta chia php chng minh lm nhiu bc

1. Xy dng tp hp X*.
K hiu X l tp hp tt c cc dy c bn trong X. Nu (xn) v (yn) l hai
phn t ca X, ta t
(xn) R (yn) nu lim d(xn,yn) = 0
x

R l mt quan h tng ng trn X v cc tnh cht phn x, i xng

tho mn mt cch r rng. Nu
d(xn,yn) 0 v d(yn.zn) 0
nn R tho mn tnh cht bc cu, ngha l nu (xn)R(yn) v (xn)R(zn) th (xn)R(zn).
K hiu X* l tp thng ca X theo quan h tng ng R va nu trn
2. Xc nh mtric trong X*:
K hiu x* v y* l cc phn t trong X* l nhng lp tng ng cc
dy c bn trong X. Chn x* v y* cc i din (xn) v (yn) ri t
(1)
d(x*,y*) = lim d(xn,yn)
x

Ta chng minh tnh ng n ca nh ngha ny tc l chng minh gii

hn (1) tn ti hu hn, khng ph thuc vo vic chn cc i din (xn)n x* v
(yn)n y* m ch ph thuc vo cc lp tng ng x* v y*.
Tht vy, ta c:
|d(xm,ym) - d(xn,yn)| d(xm,xn) + d(yn,ym)| 0 (m, n )
(do p dng bt ng thc t gic v cc dy (xn) v (yn) l dy c bn). Nh vy
(d(xn,yn))n l mt dy c bn s thc nn phi hi t. Ngoi ra, nu (xn) x* v
(yn) y* th
|d(xn,ym) - d(xn,yn)| d(xn,xn) + d(yn,yn)| (2)

V (xn)R(xn ) v (yn)R(yn) nn v sau ca (2) tin v 0 khi n ngha l

lim d(xn,yn) = lim d(xn,yn)
x

By gi ta kim tra 3 tin ca mtric

i) Ta c ngay l d(x*,y*) 0 d(x*,y*) = 0 lim d(xn,yn) hay (xn)R(xn).Vy
*

x =y

47

ii) Tin 2) r rng

iii) Nu xn x*, (yn) x* v (zn) x* th do
d(xn,zn) d(xn,yn) + d(yn,zn)
nn chuyn qua gii hn khi n ta c
d(x*,z*) d(x*,y*) + d(y*,z*) vi mi x*, y*, z* X*
Vy (X*,d) l mt khng gian mtric
Vi mi x X ta t tng ng vi mt lp tng ng cc dy c bn x+
cha dy dng (x,x,,) X gm ton phn t x. T nh ngha khong cch
trong X* ta c
d(x+,y+) = lim d(xn,yn) = d(x,y)
x

Nh th ta xc nh c mt php ng c t X ln mt khng gian con

X = {x+ X* : x+ (x,x,,), x X} ca X*. Do ta ng nht X vi X+ vi X+
v nh th X X*.
3. X tr mt trong X*:
Cho x* X* v gi s l s dng cho trc. Ly (xn) x*. V (xn) l dy
c bn trong X nn tn ti n0 sao cho khi n n0 ta c d(xn,xn0) <
Xt phn t x+no X+ = X t nh ngha v khong cch trong X* ta c
d(x+no,x*) = lim d(xn0,xn)
+

Vy X = X tr mt trong X
4. X* l khng gian mtric y :
Gi s (x*n) l mt dy c bn trong X*. V X = X* nn vi mi s nguyn

n > 0 tn ti xn X d(xn,x*n) <

1
. Khi
n

d(xn,xm) d(xn,xn*) + d(xn*,xm*) + d(xm*,xm)

<

1
1
+
+ d(xn*,xm*)
n
m

Vy d(xn,xm) 0 (m, n) nn (xn) l dy c bn trong X tc l (xn) X.

t x* l lp cha dy (xn) th x* X*, ta c:
d(xn*,xn) d(xn*,xn) + d(xn,x*)
1
+ d(xn,x*)
n

V (xn,xn,...) x+n v (x1, x2,...) x* nn

d(xn,x*) = lim d(xn,xm)
m

Vy
1
+ lim d(xn,xm)
n
m
*
*
Cho m ta c d(xn ,xn) 0 hay x n x*

d(xn*,x*)

48

Nh th X* l y
5. Tnh duy nht (sai khc mt php ng c) ca y ho X* ca X.
Gi s X* l mt khng gian mtric y v c cc tnh cht
i) X X* (X ng c vi mt khng gian con ca X*)
ii) X = X*
Ta hy chng minh X* ng c vi X*
Ly x* X* khi y tn ti (xn) X sao cho xn X*. t
: X* X*

X* x*
y l php ng c phi tm. Tht vy l ton nh v nu y* X* th y*
= lim yn, yn X nn y* = (y*) vi y*= lim yn, y* X*
n

Mt khc

d(x*,y*) = lim (xn,yn) trong X*

n

d(x*,y*) = lim (xn,yn) trong X*

n

nn

d(x*,y*) =d(x*,y*) = d((x ),(y )

Vy l n nh v t cc iu va chng minh trn ta suy ra l php
ng c. nh l c chng minh y .
4.6.3.V d.
1. Tp hp Q cc s hu t l mt khng gian mtric vi khong cch:
d(x,y) = x y ; x, y Q
Phng php xy dng tp s thc IR bng dy c bn cc s hu t chnh l
y ho khng gian mtric Q nh trnh by trn. Tuy nhin trong IR ta
cn phi xy dng cc php ton + v . ng thi phi kim nghim li IR l mt
trng lin tc.
2. Gi s M l tp con ca khng gian mtric y X. Khng gian y
ho ca khng gian con M chnh l M .

3. Ta c C[La ,b ] l khng gian mtric khng y . Khng gian y ho

ca n k hiu l L[a,b] l tp hp cc hm o c xc nh v kh tch theo
ngha Lebesgue trn [a,b] (l thuyt tch phn Lebesgue s hc phn L thuyt
o v tch phn).

49

BI TP

4.1.Cho (X,dX) v (Y,dY) l hai khng gian mtric.Chng minh rng khng
gian mtric tch X Y y khi v ch khi cc khng gian X v Y l nhng
khng gian mtric y .
4.2.K hiu m l tp hp tt c cc dy s thc b chn. Vi x = (xn) m, y
= (yn) m t
d(x,y) = sup xn y n
n

Chng minh
a) d l mt mtric
b) Khng gian mtric (m,d) l y
4.3.* Trong khng gian mtric C[0,1] hy xy dng mt dy cc tp ng, b
chn Fn sao cho Fn Fn+1 nhng

I Fn =

n =1

4.4.* Cho X l khng gian mtric y , Yi l mt dy cc tp con m tr

mt khp ni trong X. Chng minh tp hp

IY

cng l tp tr khp ni trong

n =1

X.
4.5. K hiu s0 l tp hp tt c cc dy s thc (xn) sao cho xn bng 0 tt c
ngoi tr s hu hn n. Ta xem s0 l khng gian mtric con ca khng gian m.
Chng minh s0 l khng gian mtric khng y .
4.6.Chng minh rng hm lin tc f : IR IR xc nh bi

+ x arctgx
2
khng c im bt ng mt d n tho mn bt ng thc
f(x) =

f ( x) f ( y ) < x y

Vi mi x, y IR, x y
4.7.* Cho F l h cc hm lin tc trn IR c tnh cht
( x R)(M x > 0)(f f ) : f ( x) M x
Chng minh rng tn ti mt tp m khc trng U IR v mt s dng M
sao cho
f ( x) M

50

Vi mi f F v x U
4.8. Cho f: IR IR l mt hm s lin tc u. Chng minh tn ti cc s
, 0 sao cho vi mi x IR, ta c:
f ( x) x +

4.9*.Trn tp s thc IR ta t
d1(x,y) = | arctgx- arctgy|
v
d2(x,y) = | ex - ey|
Chng minh
a) d1, d2 l cc mtric trn IR
b) (IR, d1),(IR, d2) l cc khng gian mtric khng y
c) y ho cc khng gian(IR, d1),(IR, d2) l g?

51

5 KHNG GIAN COMPACT

Trong gii tch c in, khi lm vic vi cc tp con ca IR ta c bit ch

n khong ng [a,b], a, b IR. Khong ng ny c cc tnh cht tt sau
Mi dy (xn) [a,b] bao gi cng c mt dy con hi t trong [a,b]
Hm s lin tc trn [a,b] th lin tc u trn on
Hm s lin tc trn [a,b] th t c gi tr ln nht v gi tr b nht trn
on ny.
Tng qut ho s kin ny cho khng gian mtric, ngi ta a ra khi
nim quan trng l tp compact v khng gian compact.
5.1.Tp hp b chn v hon ton b chn.
5.1.1. nh ngha. Cho X l khng gian mtric v A X.

t (A) = sup d(x,y) (A) = + nu tp hp {d(x,y), x, y A} khng c

x , y A

cn trn) v gi (A) l ng knh ca tp A

Nu (A) < + th A gi l tp b chn, cn (A) = + th A gi l khng
b chn.
Ta c mt s tnh cht n gin sau
a) Tp hp A l b chn nu v ch nu A c cha trong mt hnh cu no

Tht vy, gi s (A) = sup d(x,y) = r < + . Ly x0 ty thuc A, lc

x , y A

vi mi y A, ta c d(x0,y) r hay A B(x0,r) vi r > r. Ngc li, A

B(x0,r) th x,y A c
d(x,y) d(x,x0) + d(y,y0) 2r
Do (A) 2r < + nn A b chn
b. Hp mt s hu hn cc tp b chn l tp b chn.
5.1.2. nh ngha. Tp A X gi l hon ton b chn (hay cn gi l tin
compact) nu vi mi r > 0, A c cha trong hp mt s hu hn hnh cu c
bn knh r. Lc ta cng ni tp A c ph bi mt s hu hn hnh cu bn
knh r.
Mnh 1. Mt tp hon ton b chn th b chn

52

Chng minh. Thc vy, cho A hon ton b chn nn vi r = 1, ta c hu hn

n

hnh cu A U B ( xi ,1) . Ly x A s c i

x B(ai,1)

i =1

Lc
d(x,a1) d(x,ai) + d(ai,a1)
d(x,ai) +

d ( ai ,a1 ) n

i =1

Vy A nm trong B(a1,n). Ngc li, ni chung khng ng. Tuy nhin

trong IRn ta c.
Mnh 2: Gi s A l mt chn trong IRn (vi mtric thng thng), khi
A hon ton b chn.
Chng minh. Gi B(x0,d) l hnh cu cha A. Ta ly mt hnh lp phng
cnh bng 2d song song vi cc trc to v ngoi tip hnh cu ny. Cho r > 0
ta chia hnh lp phng ny thnh cc hnh lp phng nh bi cc mt phng

song song vi mt hnh lp phng ln v cch nhau mt on

r
. S cc
n

hnh lp phng nh ny l hu hn. Hin nhin A c cha trong hp hu hn

cc hnh cu bn knh r, ngoi tip cc hnh lp phng nh. Vy A hon ton
b chn.
Ch rng B ( a, r ) B(a,r) v nu r > r th B(a,r) B(a,r) do trong
cc nh ngha v tp b chn v hon ton b chn, ta c th s dng tu cc
hnh cu m hoc ng
Mnh 3. Nu A X l hon ton b chn th bao ng A ca A cng l
mt tp hp hon ton b chn
Chng minh. Gi s r l s dng cho trc. Nu A hon ton b chn th
n

c hu hn hnh cu ng B (ai,r) (i = 1, n) sao cho A U B(ai , r ) . Nhng do

i =1

A U B' (ai , r ) l mt tp ng nn A
i =1

U B ' ( ai , r )

ngha l A cng hon ton

i =1

b chn.
5.2.Tp hp compact v khng gian compact:
5.2.1.nh ngha. Cho X l khng gian mtric v A X. Tp A c gi l
compact nu dy (xn) A lun lun tn ti mt dy con (xnk) (xn) hi t mt
im x A
Nu bn thn X l compact th khng gian X c gi l khng gian
compact

53

Gi s A X m bao ng A l compact th A c gi l tp compact

tng i. iu ny tng ng vi:
Mi dy tu (xn) A s c mt dy con hi t n mt im trong X
(khng i hi thuc A).
Tht vy, iu kin cn r. Ngc li nu (xn)n l dy trong A vi mi x
1
n

N ta chn yn A sao cho d(xn,yn) < . Theo gi thit tn ti dy con (ynk) (yn)

hi t v y0 X. V (ynk) A nn y0 A .
Lc
1
+ d(ynk, y0) 0
kn
Vy dy con (xnk) ca (xn) hi t n y0 A nn A compact.

d(xnk,y0) d(xnk,ynk) + d(ynk,y0) <

5.2.2.V d.
1) Trong khng gian mtric X bt k, mi tp gm mt s hu hn im l
compact.
Chng minh. Gi s A = {a1,...,ak} X. Nu dy (xn) l mt dy bt k
trong A th phi c t nht mt ai no xn = ai vi v hn n N. T tp v hn
cc xn ny ta rt ra mt dy con hi t n ai.
2) on [a,b] trong IR l mt compact. iu ny suy ra t nh l Bolzano
Weierstrass.
5.2.3. nh l (Hausdorrff). Gi s A X l tp compact. Khi A l ng
v hon ton b chn. Ngc li nu A ng, hon ton b chn v x y th A
l tp compact.
Chng minh
1) Gi s A compact. Nu (xn) l dy trong A, xn x0 th tn ti dy con
(xnk) (xn), xnk x0 A v compact. Vy A = A hay ng. Tip theo, ta dng
phn chng. Gi s A compact nhng khng hon ton b chn. Khi c > 0
sao cho khng th ph c A bng mt s hu hn hnh cu bn knh . Ly
x1 A. Hnh cu B(x1,) khng ph c A nn c x2 A sao cho d(x2,x1) .
Cc hnh cu B(x1,), B(x2,) cng khng ph c A nn c x3 A sao cho
d(x3,x1) v d(x3,x2) . Tip tc cch ny bng quy np, ta xy dng c
dy (xn) A vi d(xn,xm) vi mi n m. Bt c dy con no ca dy (xn) u
khng phi l dy c bn (v khong cch gia hai phn t ca dy con ny )
nn khng th hi t. iu ny mu thun vi nh ngha compact. Vy ta
chng minh nu A compact th A ng v hon ton b chn.
2) By gi gi s X y , A ng v hon ton b chn trong X. Ly mt
dy (xn) bt k trong A. V A c ph bng mt s hu hn cc hnh cu bn
knh bng 1 nn mt trong cc hnh cu , k hiu B1 cha v s cc phn t

54

ca dy (xn). Gi dy con ca dy (xn) trch ra t v s phn t l ( x1n ). Tp A

cng ph c bng mt s hu hn hnh cu bn knh

1
nn c mt cu k hiu
2

B2 c v s cc (x1n) v dy con ca ( x1n ) cha trong B2 l ( xn2 ). Tip tc qu

trnh ny ta thu c mt dy cc dy (xn), ( x1n ),( xn2 ),...m cc dy sau l dy
con ca dy i trc ng thi dy con ( x nk ) cha trong hnh cu Bk c bn knh
1
. Ly mt phn t xn1 trong ( x1n ). V ( xn2 ) v hn nn chn c nn2 trong cc
k

( xn2 ) sao cho n2 > n1 v ri chn xn3 trong ( xn3 ) vi

n3 > n1 Nh th ta c
c dy con (xnk) (xn). y l dy c bn v vi k,l N bt k, gi s k l th
( x nk ) ( x1n ) nn xnk, xnl cng thuc hnh cu Bl. Do d(xnk, xnl)

2
0 khi k,
l

l . V X y , dy (xnk) hi t n x0 X. Hn na do A ng nn x0 A.
Vy A compact.
5.2.4 nh l. Nu X l mt khng gian compact th X y v kh ly.
Chng minh.
a) Gi s (xn) l dy c bn trong X. V X compact nn c dy con (xnk)
(xn), xnk x0 X. Nhng khi chnh dy (xn) cng hi t v x0 nn X l khng
gian y .

b) Vi mi n N, tp A c ph bng mt s hu hn hnh cu B(xnj,

1
),
n

j = 1,...,mn :
X=

mn

U
j=1

1
n

B(xnj, )

(*)

t A = {xnj : j = 1,...,mn, n = 1, 2,...} l tp hp tt c cc tm cc hnh cu

ny. A l tp m c. Mt khc x X vi > 0 bt k ta ly n ln
1
n

. T (*), suy ra x thuc mt hnh cu B(xnj, ) no nn d(x,xnj) <

1
<
n

1
< .
n

Vy A tr mt trong X l khng gian mtric kh ly.

Nhn xt: T nh ngha ta thy A l mt compact khi v ch khi chnh
khng gian con A l khng gian compact. V th khi pht biu v cc tnh cht
compact, ta khng cn phn bit compact hoc khng gian (con), ta khng cn
phn bit tp compact hoc khng gian (con) compact.
5.2.5. H qu

1. Mi tp compact u b chn
2. Tp con ng ca tp compact l compact

55

3. i vi cc tp ng IRn, cc khi nim b chn, hon ton b chn,

compact l tng ng vi nhau.
Chng minh:
1. R rng mi tp compact th hon ton b chn nn b chn.
2. Nu K cha trong A compact th K hon ton b chn. Hn na K ng
trong A y nn K compact. ( y v A ng nn K ng trong khng gian
con A hay ng trong X u nh nhau).
3. Theo mnh 2 5.1.2, tp A IRn b chn nu v ch nu A hon ton
b chn. Hn na IRn l khng gian y nn p dng nh l Hausdorff ta c
ngay kt qu.
5.2.6.Khi nim - li:
din t khi nim hon ton b chn, bn cnh dng hu hn hnh cu
ph tp cho ta cn dng khi nim - li, t ra kh thun tin cho trong mt
s trng hp.
a) nh ngha. Cho tp A X v s > 0. Tp N X c gi l mt li cho A nu mi x A tm c y N d(x,y) < .
Nhn xt. A c mt -li N khi v ch khi A c ph bng h cc hnh
cu bn knh vi tm l cc im mt li (tc l cc im thuc N). V vy ta
c th pht biu li.
Tp A X l hon ton b chn nu > 0 c th c tm cho A mt li hu hn N (tc l tp N c hu hn im).
b) H qu. Trong khng gian mtric y X, tp ng A X l compact
nu vi mi > 0 ta c th tm cho n mt -li compact.

Chng minh. Cho > 0. Theo gi thit, tn ti

-li compact B v cho A

v do B compact nn tn ti -li hu hn N cho B. Khi N chnh l -li

2
cho A v vi x A tn ti bB d(x,b) <

v vi b ny s c y N d(y,b)

. Lc d(x,y) d(x,b) d(b,y) < . Vy A hon ton b chn. p dng nh

2
l Hausdorff, ta c kt lun ca h qu.

<

5.3.Compact vi ph m:
5.3.1.nh ngha. Cho X l mt khng gian mtric v A X. H (G ) I
cc tp con ca X c gi l mt ph ca A nu A U G . Nu vi mi I,
1

56

A l cc tp m th (G ) I gi l ph m v nu I l tp hu hn th gi l
ph hu hn. Nu tn ti tp con J I sao cho (G ) J vn l ph ca A th
(G ) J gi l ph con ca A.
5.3.2.nh l. (Heine- Borel) tp con A ca khng gian mtric X l
compact, iu kin cn v l vi mi ph m (G ) I ca A u c cha
mt ph con hu hn.

Chng minh. iu kin . Gi s bt k ph m no ca A u c ph con

hu hn nhng A khng compact. V th tn ti mt dy (xn) A sao cho xn
xn, khi n n nhng khng c dy con no hi t c. Do mi x A khng l
gii hn ca dy con no ca dy (xn) nn tn ti mt hnh cu m Bx tm x bn
knh rx ch cha hu hn cc xn. H (G ) A l mt ph m ca A nn theo gi
k

thit c ph con hu hn : A U Bx i . Mi hnh cu Bxi, i = 1,,k ch cha s

i =1

hu hn xn nn ho ra (xn) ch c hu hn cc phn t ring bit. iu ny v l

nn A phi l tp compact
iu kin cn. Cho A compact v gi s c mt ph m (G ) I ca A
nhng khng cha ph con hu hn. Ly mt dy s dng n 0. V A
compact nn ph c bng mt s hu hn hnh cu ng bn knh 1. Trong
cc hnh cu ng ny phi c mt ci, tm k hiu l B1 sao cho A1 = A B1
khng th ph c bng mt s hu hn cc tp G (nu khc i, A s ph c
bng mt s hu hn cc tp G tri vi gi thit phn chng). A1 l tp ng
cha trong tp compact A nn A1 cng compact v li c ph bng mt s
hu hn hnh ng bn knh 2, trong s c mt ci k hiu B2 sao cho A2 = A1
B2 khng th ph c bng mt s hu hn cc tp G. Tp A2 cng compact
nn cng c ph bi hu hn hnh cu bn knh 3. Tip tc qu trnh ny,
ta thu c mt dy hnh cu ng Bn v cc tp An = An-1 Bn, n = 1,2,. Trong
mi tp An ta ly ra mt im xn. Do An An-1 A nn (xn) l dy trong A,
s c dy con (xnk) (xn) hi t n x0 A. Mt khc A U G nn c 0I
I

0G 0. V G m nn c hnh cu B(x0,r) G 0. T d(xnk,x0) 0 v

nk 0 khi k , chn k0 ln ta s c d(xnk0,x0) < r/2 v nk0 < r/4. Lc y
vi mi x Anko ta c
d(x,x0) d(x,xnko )+ d(xnko,xo) 2 nko+ r/2 < r
tc l Anko B(x0,r) G 0 ngha l c tp Anko c ph bng mt G 0, tri
vi cch xy dng cc tp An. Mu thun ny chng t mi ph m ca A phi
c mt ph con hu hn. nh l c chng minh y .

57

5.3.3.nh ngha. Ta gi h cc tp con (F ) I ca tp X l h c tm

nu mi tp hu hn J I th I F
j

T nh l Heine-Borei, ta c h qu sau:
5.3.4.H qu. Khng gian mtric X l compact khi v ch khi mi h c
tm cc tp con ng ca X c giao khng trng.

Chng minh. Gi s X compact v (F ) I l h c tm cc tp con ng

ca X. Khi G =X\F l m. Nu I F th
I

X= X\ I F =
I

(X\F) =

I G

nn (G) I l mt ph m ca X. Theo nh l Heine-Borel, X c ph bi

mt s hu hn G
X=

U
i=1

Gi = X\( I Fi)

Nh th

i=1

Fi = . iu ny mu thun vi nh ngha h c tm. Do

i=1

I F

Ngc li, nu (G)I l ph m bt k ca X. t F = Gc .(F)I khng

phi l h c tm X v nu th

I F = ( (U G )

i =1

( = 1,,k) no

= , tri gi thit, nn c hu hn F,

Fi = . iu ny c ngha l hu hn cc Gi ph X.

i=1

Vy X compact.
5.4.nh x v hm s lin tc trn tp cmopact:

Cc nh x lin tc cc tp compact c nhng tnh cht tt nh hm s lin

tc trn khong ng [a,b] IR. Ta c:
5.4.1.nh l. Cho X, Y l hai khng gian mtric, f : X Y l nh x ln
tc v A l tp con compact ca X. Khi nh f(A) ca A l tp compact trong
Y.
Chng minh. Cho (yn)n l dy bt k trong f(A). Khi trong A tn ti dy
(xn) sao cho yn = f(xn). V A compact nn c dy con (xnk (xn) sao cho xnk x0
A (k ). V f lin tc nn dy con ynk = f(xnk) hi t n f(x0) f(A).Theo
nh ngha, f(A) compact.
5.4.2.nh l. Cho f : X Y lin tc, A l tp con compact ca X, khi f
lin tc u trn A.
58

Chng minh. Gi s f lin tc u trn A. Khi tn ti > 0 sao cho vi mi

> 0 tn ti x, x A vi d(x,x) < nhng d(f(x), f(x)) . Cho ln lt
cc gi tr

1
, n = 1, 2, ta thu c hai dy (xn) v (xn) trong A c tnh cht
n

d(xn,xn) < 1/n v d(f(x), f(x)) . V A compact, dy (x) c dy con ( x'nk )

x0 A. T bt ng thc:
d ( x'nk' , x0 ) d ( x'nk' , x'nk ) + d ( x'nk , x0 ) <

1
+ d ( x'nk , x0 ) 0( k ) ta cng c
nk

x'nk' x0. Do f lin tc, cho k trong bt ng thc d(f( x'nk ,f( x'nk' ) ta c 0
= d(f(x0), f(x0) . iu v l ny ni ln rng f phi lin tc u trn A.
Tip theo, ta xt hm s thc xc nh trn tp compact

5.4.2.nh l. Cho A l tp compact trong X v hm f : A IR lin tc. Khi

f b chn v ng thi t c gi tr ln nht, gi tr b nht trn A.
Chng minh. V f lin tc, A compact nn f(A) l tp compact trong IR.
(nh l 5.4.1). Vy f(A) l tp ng v b chn trong IR. t M = sup f(A), m =
inf f(A) th M, m l im dnh ca f(A) nn M, m f(A), (v t nh ngha
ca sup f(A), int f(A), m = inf f(A), s tn ti cc dy yn, zn f(A) : yn M, zn
m). Nh th tn ti cc im x0, x1 A sao cho vi mi x A :
m = f(x0) f(x) f(x1) = M
iu ny c ngha l f b chn v t c gi tr ln nht v b nht trn tp A.
5.5.Xp x hm lin tc bng a thc.

Gi s C[0,1] l khng gian mtric cc hm s lin tc trn [0,1] vi mtric d

= max. K hiu W l tp cc a thc g(x) xc nh trn [0,1] c dng g(x) = a0
+ a1x + anxn. Ta chng minh W tr mt trong C[0,1].
5.5.1.nh l Weierstrass 1. Mi hm s lin tc f C[0,1] l gii hn ca
mt dy a thc gn hi t u
Ni cch khc, vi mi f C[0,1] v > 0 cho trc, tn ti a thc g W
sao cho d(f,g) = max f ( x ) g( x ) <
x[0 ,1]
Chng minh. Ta hy nhn chp hm f vi mt dy cc a xc nh thu
c dy a thc hi t u n f nh sau:
Trc ht, gi s f(0) = f(1) = 0 iu ny khng lm mt tnh tng qut v
nu hm f khng tho, ta s xt hm.
f*(x) = f(x) f(0) - x[f(1)- f(0)]
th f*(0) = f*(1) = 0 nu f* c biu din thnh gii hn ca dy a thc hi t
u th f cng vy v f sai khc vi f* mt a thc bc nht. t f(x) = 0 vi x
[0,1]. Khi f l hm lin tc u trn IR. t
59

Qn(x) = cn(1 x2)n 0, n = 1,2,...

trong cn l cc s dng sao cho
1

(1)

Qn(x) dx = 1, n =1, 2,

(2)

Ta hy nh gi cc i lng cn. Ta c:
1

(1 x2)n dx = 2 (1 x2)n dx 2
0

1
x

2 n

2 (1 nx ) dx =
0

1
x

(1 x2)n dx

4
3 n

1
n

>

(3)

Do cn < n
( , ta dng bt ng thc Bernoulli: (1 x2)n 1- nx2.)
T (3) vi bt k > 0 ta c
Qn(x) = cn(1 x2)n n (1-x2)n n (1- 2)n
(4)
vi mi x tho x 1. Do Qn(x) hi t u v 0 trn tp [-1,-] [,1] (
< 1).
Tip theo, t
Pn(x) =

f(x + t)Qn(t)dt, x [0,1].

i bin s x + t = y, ta c
Pn(x) =

1 x

f(x + t) Qn(t)dt =

f(y)Qn(y - x)dy

f(y) Qn(y-x)dy =

f(y) (1-x)2)ndy

2 n

Khai trin biu thc (1 - (y - x) ) v sp xp theo lu tha tin ca x v dng

tnh cht tuyn tnh ca tch phn ta c c Pn(x) l mt a thc i vi x. Cn
li hy chng minh Pn(x) hi t u v f(x)
Cho > 0, chn 0 < < 1

f( y) f(x)

khi x - y<

2
2
(v f lin tc u trn IR). t M = sup f ( x ) . T (2), (4) vi mi x [0,1]
[0 ,1]

ta vit
1

pn ( x) f ( x) = ( f ( x + t ) f ( x))Qn (t )dt
1

60

2M

f ( x + t ) f ( x ) Qn ( t )dt

Qn ( t )dt + 2 Qn ( t )dt + 2M Qn ( t )dt

4 M n ( 1 2 )n +

<

vi n ln
Vy nh l c chng minh
5.5.2.H qu. Vi mi f C[0,1] v mi > 0 u tn ti a thc g* W
vi h s hu t sao cho

d(f, g*) = max f ( x ) g * ( x )

[0 ,1]
Chng minh. Gi s f C[0,1] v > 0 cho trc. Theo nh l Weierstrass
I, tn ti a thc g(x) = a0 + a1x +...+ anxn sao cho

d(f,g) = max f ( x ) g * ( x )
[0 ,1]
2
Chn cc s hu t b0, b1,..., bn gn a0, a1,...,an sao cho
n

bi ai

i= 0

, v t
2

g (x) = b0 + b1x ++ bnxn

Khi vi mi x [0,1] ta c
g ( x) g * ( x ) = (a0 b0 ) + a1 b1 ) x + (an bn ) x n
n

ai bi

i =0

i =0

x ai bi <
i

V vy
g ( x) g * ( x) f ( x) g ( x) + g ( x) g * ( x) <

Vi mi x [0,1]. T d(f,g*) = max f ( x ) g * ( x )

[0 ,1]
5.5.3.H qu. Khng gian mtric C[0 ,1] l khng gian kh ly
Chng minh. K hiu W1 l tp cc a thc vi h s hu t xc nh trn
[0,1]. Khi W1 m c (h qu 2.2.8, phn A). Theo h qu 5.5.2 th W1 tr
mt trong C[0,1] nn C[0,1] l kh ly.

61

Ch . Cc kt qu ca nh l Weierstrass I v cc H qu 5.5.2, 5.5.3 vn

cn ng trong khng gian C[0,1] vi a < b, a, b IR. Tht vy, khng gian C[a,b]
ng c vi C[0,1] qua php ng c.

ta
C[a,b] f f* C[0,1] , f*(t) = f (
)
ba
v mi a thc bin thnh mt a thc qua php bin i nn cc tnh cht ca
C[0,1] c bo ton trong C[a,b].
5.5.4.nh l Weierstrass II. Vi mi hm s f(x) lin t trn IR tun hon
theo chu k 2 v vi mi s dng s tn ti mt a thc lng gic.

sn(x) =

a0
+
2

(akcoskx + bksinh kx)

k =1

Sao cho vi mi x IR ta c
f ( x) sn ( x) <

Chng minh. Xt cc hm s

f ( x ) + f ( x )
2
f ( x) f ( x)
sin x
( x) =

( x ) =

y l cc hm s chn, lin tc, tun ho theo chu k 2. Cho x bin thin

trn on [0,] v t x = arccost, ta thy rng, cc hm s:
(t) = (arccost), (t) = (arccosst)
lin tc trong on [-1,1]. Dng nh l Weierstrass I, tn ti cc a thc g(t),
h(t) xc nh trn [-1,1] sao cho vi mi t [-1,1] ta c
(t) g(t) < /4
(t) h(t) < /4
V v (x), (x), cosx l nhng hm s chn, tun hon theo chu k 2.
Nn cc bt ng thc sau cng cng ng vi x IR.
Theo cch t trn, ta c f(x)sinx = (x)sin x + (x) nn
f ( x ) sin x g (cosx) sinx - h(cosx)

( x ) g (cosx) s inx + (x) - h (cosx) < / 2

Nu gi u(x) = g(cosx)sinx + h(cosx) th u(x) l mt a thc lng gic v

ta c f ( x) s inx - u(x) < / 2
Bng cch tng t vi hm s f(
f(

- x), ta cng c

x ) sin x v( x ) < / 2

62

Vi v(x) cng l mt a thc lng gic. Thay

f ( x ) cos x v(

- x bi x, ta c

x) < / 2

Kt hp (*) v (**) ta c
f ( x ) cos x v(

x ) cos x

= f ( x )(sin 2 x + cos 2 x ) u( x ) sin x v(

f ( x ) sin x u( x ) sin x + f ( x ) cos x v(

x ) cos x

x ) cos x <

2
Vy vi mi x IR ta c f ( x) s ( x) < trong

x ) cosx
2
L mt a thc lng gic

s(x) = u(x) sinx + u (

5.5.5. nh l Dini. Gi x X l mt khng gian mtric compact v fn(x) l

mt dy cc hm s lin tc trn X. Nu fn(x) l mt dy tng (t.., gim) hi t
tng im n mt hm s lin tc g(x) trn X th fn(x) hi t u n g(x) trn
X.

Chng minh. Nhc li rng (fn) hi t u v g trn X nu

(>0) (n0) (n n0) (x X) : fn(x) - g(x)<
nh , gi s (fn) tng. Cho > 0, v vi x X, dy (fn(x)) hi t n
g(x) nn c s t nhin n(x) sao cho khi n n(x) th
0 g(x) fn(x)
Mt khc, v cc hm g v fn(x) lin tc ti x nn c hnh cu m B(x,rx) sao
cho nu x B(x,rx) th
f n ( x ) ( x ' ) f n ( x ) ( x) <

v g ( x) g ( x ' ) <

Nh vy vi mi x B(x,rx) ta c
g( x' ) f n( x ) ( x ) g ( x ) g ( x' ) + g ( x ) f n( x ) ( x )

<
3 3 3
H cc hnh cu m (B(x,rx))x X l mt ph m ca tp compact X nn
c ph con hu hn
+ f n( x ) ( x ) f n( x ) ( x' )

63

X=

U B(xi , rxi ) .

i =1

t n0 = max{n(x1),,n(xk). Khi vi n n0 vi x X ta s tm c i,
(i = 1,,k sao cho x B(xi,rxi). Nh th
g(x) fn(x) g(x) fn0(x) g(x) fn(xi)(x)
Vy nh l c chng minh
5.6.nh l Ascoli Azelas

Vic kho st tnh compact ca cc tp khng gian mtric tu ni chung

l kh. Tuy nhin trong khng gian C[a,b] ta c tiu chun kh c th. Trc ht
ta cn cc khi nim sau. Gi s A l mt tp con ca C[a,b].
1. Tp A gi l b chn ti x0 [a,b] nu c K > 0 sao cho vi mi f A,
f(x0) K. Tp A gi l b chn ti tng im trn [a,b] nu A b chn ti mi
im x [a,b] .
2. Tp A gi l ng lin tc ti x0 [a,b] nu vi mi > 0 tn ti > 0
sao cho vi mi y [a,b], f A, y y0< th
f(y) f(x0)< . Nu A
ng lin tc tc mi im x [a,b] th ta ni A ng lin tc trn [a,b].
3. Tp A gi l ng lin tc u trn [a,b] nu vi mi > 0 tn ti > 0 sao
cho vi x, y [a,b], f A, nu x - y< th f(x) f(y)< .
5.6.1. nh l. Gi s A l mt compact tng i trong C[a ,b ] . Khi
a) A b chn u trn [a,b], ngha l tn ti bng s M > 0 sao cho
max f ( x ) M vi mi f A.
[a ,b ]
b) A ng lin tc u trn [a,b]
Chng minh.
a) Do A l tp compact nn n phi b chn. V vy tn ti s dng K v f0
[a,b] : A B(f0, K). Nh th vi mi f A, x [a,b] ta c
f ( x ) f ( x0 ) d ( f , f 0 ) = max f ( x ) f 0 ( x ) K
[a ,b ]

hay

f ( x ) K + max f ( x ) = M
[a ,b ]
Vy vi mi f max f ( x ) M
[a ,b ]

64

b)Vi > 0 tn ti

lun hu hn {f1,,fn} cho tp A. Mi hm fi lin tc

trn compact [a,b] nn lin tc trn : vi s dng

fi ( x) f i ( y)

<

nu x,y [a,b],

nu

tn ti cc s dng i

x y < i, (i = 1,,n). t = min{1,,n}. Lc

x y < vi f C[a,b] sao cho d(f,fi) <

th

f ( x) f ( y ) f ( x) f i ( x)

+ f i ( x) f i ( y ) + f i ( y ) f ( y )
2d(f,fi) + f i ( xo) f i ( y ) < 2

+ =
3

Vy tp A ng lin tc u trn [a,b]

iu kin tp A C[a,b] l compact tng i c a ra nh hn
(tt nhin d kim tra hn). Tuy nhin kt hp vi iu kin cn ca nh l, ta
thy chng tng ng vi nhau.
5.6.2 nh l. Gi s A l tp con ca khng gian C[a,b] tho mn cc iu
kin sau:
a) A b chn tng im trn [a,b]
b)A ng lin tc trn [a,b]
Khi A l mt tp hp compact tng i trong C[a,b]
Chng minh. Do C[a,b] l khng gian y nn ta ch cn chng minh A
hon ton b chn, tc l vi mi s r > 0, A c ph bi mt s hu hn hnh
cu trong C[a,b] c bn knh r.
r
V A ng lin tc trn on [a,b] nn vi s dng Error! Bookmark
3
not defined., vi mi x [a,b] tn ti s dng (x) > 0 sao cho nu y[a,b] <
|x-y| < (x) th
r
f(x) f(y)< vi mi f A
3
H B(x,(x))x[a,b] cc hnh cu m l mt ph m ca tp compact [a,b]
nn phi tn ti ph con hu hn:
[a,b] =

U B( x , )
i

)( i= (xi), i = 1,,n).

i =1

C nh cc im x1,...,xn ny li v xt nh x : C[a,b] IRn xc nh bi

(f) = (f(x1),...,f(xn)).
Do iu kin a) tn ti cc s dng K1,...,Kn sao cho

65

f ( xi ) Ki vi mi f A

t K = max{K1,...,Kn} khi vi mi f A, khong cch t im

(f(x1),,f(xn)) n im 0 = (0,,0) trong IRn l
n

i =1

f ( xi ) n K

iu ny c ngha l tp (a) b chn trong IRn nn n phi hon ton b

chn. Do tn ti hu hn im j = ( ( 1j ,..., mj ) , j = 1,,m sao cho (a)
c ph bng hu hn hnh cu tm j v bn knh

r
. Ta gi thit (a) v cc
6

r
6
r
r
hnh cu B(i, ) IRn ta hy chn mt hm fi A sao cho (fi) B( i , ). Gi
6
6

hnh cu B(j , ) c giao khc trng v nu tri li ta b hnh cu i. Vi mi

f1,...,fm l cc hm s va chn ny. By gi vi f A ta c

f ( xi ) f i ( xi ) f ( xi ) i j + f i ( xi ) i j
<

r
r
r
+ = .
6
6
3

Tip theo ta hy chng minh rng

m

A U B ' (fj, r)
j =1

Thc vy, ly f tu thuc A. Tn ti ch s j sao cho cc bt ng thc (*)

xy ra. Ly x [a,b] s c i, i =1,,n sao cho x B(xi, i). V th t (*), ta c:
f ( x ) f j ( x ) f ( x ) f ( xi ) + f ( xi ) f j ( xi )
r r r
+ + =r
3 3 3
Vy d(f,fj) = max f ( x ) f j ( x ) r hay f B(fj,r). Ni cch khc A hon
+ f j ( xi ) f j ( x ) <

[a ,b ]

ton b chn trong khng gian y nn compact tng i v nh l c

chng minh y .
V d: Cho M l tp b chn trong C[a,b]. Chng minh tp
t

A = {y C[a,b] : y(t) = x( )d , x M}
a

l compact tng i trong C[a,b].

66

Chng minh: Ta hy kim tra iu kin a), b) ca nh l 5.6.2. Theo chng

minh nh l 5.6.1, a), M l tp b chn nn c s dng L sao cho vi mi f
M : max f ( x ) L . Do
[a ,b ]
t

y(t)= x( )d
a

x( )d Ld = (b - a)L

Vy A b chn tng im trn [a,b]. Mt khc vi > 0 tn ti =

cho vi mi t, t [a,b], y A.
t

t'

a
t'

> 0 sao

y(t) y(t)= x( )d - x( )d
= x( )d t t.L <
t

nu |t t| < .Vy A ng lin tc trn [a,b] nn compact tng i trong C[a,b].

BI TP

5.1 Chng minh hp mt s hu hn cc tp compact l tp compact.

5.2. Gi s X, Y l hai khng gian mtric compact. Chng minh khng gian
tch X Y cng l compact.
5.3. Cho K l tp compac v F l tp ng trong khng gian mtric X sao
cho K F = . Chng minh
d(K,F) = inf d(x,y) > 0
x K , y F

5.4. Cho f : X Y l nh x lin tc u t khng gian mtric X vo khng

gian mtric Y. Gi s A l tp hon ton b chn trong X. chng minh f(a) l tp
hon ton b chn trong Y.
5.5. Cho X,Y l cc khng gian mtric v f l nh x t X vo Y. Chng
minh f l lin tc khi v ch khi f lin tc trn mi tp con compact ca X.
5.6* Gi s X l mt khng gian mtric compact (G)I l mt ph m ca
X. Chng minh tn ti mt s dng r sao cho mi hnh cu m bn knh r u
c cha trong t nht mt G no .
5.7.Chng minh cc hnh cu n v ng B(0,1) trong cc khng gian m, c
khng phi l tp compact ( y, 0 = (0,,)

67

5.8.Gi s X l khng gian compact v f : X X tho iu kin d(f(x), f(y))

< d(x,y) vi mi x,y X, x y
Chng minh nh x f c mt im bt ng duy nht trong X.
5.9* Gi s X l mt khng gian mtric compact v f l mt nh x t X v0
X sao cho vi mi cp im (x,y) ca khng gian X ta u c bt ng thc
d(f(x), f(y) d(x,y). Hy chng t f l mt php ng c t X ln X.
5.10* Gi s f l hm s lin tc trn [0,1] v tho mn
1

xn f(x)dx = 0, n = 0,1,2.

Chng minh f(x) 0 trn [0,1]

5.11 Kim tra xem th cc tp no sau y l tp compact trong khng gian
C[0 ,1] .
a) { x : { x(t) = sint, [1,2]},
b) {xn : xn(t) = tn, n N}

68

6. KHNG GIAN LIN THNG

6.1.nh ngha. Khng gian mtric X c gi l lin thng trong X ch c hai
tp v X ng thi va m, va ng.
Ni cch khc, X l khng gian lin thng nu khng tn ti hai tp m
khc trng A, B sao cho A B = v X = A B.
Tp Y X c gi l tp lin thng nu Y, xem nh l khng gian con
ca X, l khng gian lin thng.
6.2 Cc nh l.
6.2.1 nh l. Nu A l tp lin thng trong khng gian X th mi tp B
tha mn A B A u lin thng.

Chng minh. Gi s B khng lin thng, khi c hai tp m khc trng

trong B sao cho U V = B v U V = . V A tr mt trong B nn U A, V
A l cc tp khc trng m trong khng gian con A, ng thi (U A) (V
A) = , hn na (U A) (V A) = A. iu ny mu thun vi A l tp
lin thng.
6.2.2 nh l. Gi s (A)I l mt h thuc tp lin thng trong X sao cho
I A . Khi A = I A l tp lin thng trong X.
I

Chng minh. Gi s A = B C, B, C khc trng v m trong A, B C =

. Ly a I A , a A = B C nn a B, chng hn do a B A vi
I

mi I. Mt khc 0 I C I A 0 nh th ta c hai tp khc trng v

m trong A 0 l B A0 v C A0 hn na (B A0) (C A0) = v
A0 = (B A0) (C A0). iu ny mu thun vi gi thit A0 lin thng.
Vy tp A l tp lin thng.
6.2.3. nh l. Cho A1,,An l cc tp trong khng gian mtric X sao cho
Ai Ai+1 vi i = 1,2,, n-1. Khi

U Ai cng l tp lin thng trong X.

i =1

Chng minh. Ta chng minh bng qui np. Vi n = 1 l hin nhin. Gi s

nh l ng vi n = k. Cho A1,, Ak, Ak+1 lin thng v Ai Ai+1 vi i =
1,,k. Lc A =

U Ai lin thng theo gi thit qui np, hn na

Ak

i =1

Ak+1. Vy theo nh l 6.2.2 A Ak+1 =

k +1

U Ai lin thng.

i =1

69

6.2.4. nh ngha. Cho X l khng gian mtric, x X. K hiu C(x) l hp

tt c cc tp lin thng A sao cho x A ta gi C(x) l thnh phn lin thng ca
x trong X.
Nhn xt.
1. Thnh phn lin thng C(x) l tp lin thng ln nht trong X cha x
2. Nu y C(x) th C(x) = C(y); y C(x) th C(x) C(y) = .

3. T nh l 6.2.1 ta suy ra C(x) l tp ng trong X v C( x ) = C( x ) .

4. Nu C(x) = {x} vi mi x X th X c gi l khng gian hon ton
bt lin thng.
6.2.5. nh l. Gi s f l mt nh x t X vo Y v A l mt tp lin thng
trong X. Khi A l mt tp lin thng trong Y.
Chng minh. Gi s f(A) l tp khng lin thng, nh vy f(A) = M N,
vi M, N l tp m khc trng trong f(A), M N = . Khi ta c f -1(M) A,
f -1(N) A l cc tp m khc trng trong A, (f -1(M) A) (f -1(N) A) =
v A = (f -1(M) A) (f -1(N) A). iu ny c ngha tp A khng lin thng,
tri vi gi thit. Vy f(A) phi l tp lin thng.
nh l sau y nu ln c trng ca tp lin thng trong IR.
6.2.6 nh l. Tp con E IR l lin thng khi ch khi E tha mn tnh cht
sau. Vi mi x E, y E v x < z < y th z E.

Chng minh. Gi s tn ti x, y E v c z tha mn x < z < y nhng z E.

t
A = { E : < z} = E (-, z)
B = { E : z < } = E (z, +)
Khi A, B l cc tp m trong E, khc trng v chng ln lt c cha x,
y tng ng. Hn na A B = E, ha ra E khng lin thng.
Ngc li, gi s E khng lin thng. Theo nh ngha v bi tp 2.7 tn ti
cc tp m khc trng A, B trong IR, A B = , (A E) (B E). Chn x A
E, y B E. Gi s x < y. t
S = A [x,y] v z = sup S,
ta chng minh z E
Trc ht v y B m nn z < y. Thc vy, nu z y th z = y, s c dy (xn)
trong A, xn y nn A B v c cha cc xn, mu thun!
Tip theo, ta thy v A m v z l cn trn ca S nn z A v x < z. Nu z
B th cng do B m nn c mt khong m (c,d) sao cho z (c,d) B. Theo
nh ngha ca supremum, c a A [x,y] c < a < z < d. iu ny mu thun
vi A B = . Vy z B do z E

70

6.2.7 H qu. Tp E trong IR l lin thng khi v ch khi E l mt khong(

tc l mt trong cc tp c dng sau:
(-,b), (-,b], (a,+), [a, +), (- , +), [a,b), [a,b], (a,b] (a,b), a, b IR
BI TP

6.1 Gi s A, B l hai tp lin thng trong khng gian mtric X sao cho
A I B . Chng minh A B cng l mt tp lin thng.
6.2 Gi s X l khng gian lin thng v f l mt hm s lin tc t X vo
IR . Gi s a, b f(X), a < b. Chng minh rng vi mi c (a,b) tn ti x X
f(x) = c.

71

C. LI GII V HNG DN
PHN A

1. Dng nh l 2.2.6. t f : [0,1] (0,1) nh sau

nu
x
1nu

2
f ( x ) = 1 nu
3

1
nu
n + 2

neu x 0, x 1 / n
neu x = 0
neu x = 1
neu x =

1
n

l song nh phi tm
2. V hm f n iu (chng hn, tng) nn gii hn tri v gii hn phi
ca hm f ti mi thi im thuc [a,b] u tn ti. Gi s x [a,b] l im ti
hm s gin on, ta c bc nhy w(f) = f(x + 0) f(x - 0) l mt s
dng. Tp hp cc im gin on m bc nhy ln hn s dng cho
trc l hu hn v nu tp ny v hn th ha ra f(b) f(a) n vi n ty ! V
l.
K hiu Ak l tp hp cc im gin on c bc nhy ln hn
tp tt c cc im gin on ca f. Khi A =

1
v A l
k

U A k . V mi Ak hu hn nn

k =1

tp A m c hoc hu hn.
3. Ta vit

72

IR =

U( n ,n + 1]

n =

trong n Z. Cc tp (n, n + 1] i mt ri nhau, m c v trong mi tp

ny cha nhiu nht mt im ca tp E. Do E m c hoc hu hn.
4. V E\D v hn v D m c hoc hu hn nn tp
c cng lc lng vi E\D.

( E\D) D = E

5. Ta vit
A = {a1, a2,, an,}
B = {b1, b2,, bn,}
Vi mt phn t ai bt k ca A, tp {ai} B l m c. Do
AB=

U{ak } B

k =1

m c
Cng c th chng minh trc tip bi ton ny bng cch nh s theo
ng cho ma trn v hn cc phn t ca A B c dng (ai,bj).
6. Gi s E l tp m c gm cc dy s c nh s thnh dy l s1, s2,
s3, Lp dy s* nh sau. Nu s hng th n trong sn bng 0 ( t.., 1) th cho s
hng th n ca s* bng 1
( t..,0). Khi dy s s* E. iu ny v l.
Vy E khng m c
PHN B

1.1 a) b) c) sinh vin t gii

73

d) Trc ht ta chng minh bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz i vi tch

phn. Gi s u, v l hai hm lin tc trn [a,b]. Khi ta c
b

u( x )v( x )dx ( u

1/ 2

( x )dx )

( v 2 ( x )dx )1 / 2 (1)
a

Tht vy, vi mi s IR ta c:
(u(x) + v(x))2 0 , x [a,b]
hay

2u2(x) + 2u(x)v(x) + v2(x) 0.

Ly tch phn trn [a,b] ta c
2

u ( x )dx + 2 u( x )v( x )dx + v 2 ( x )dx 0 (2)

a

Nu u(x) 0 th bt ng thc (1) lun ng. Nu u(x) 0 th tam thc bc

b

2 theo c h s a = u 2 ( x )dx > 0 , lun dng hay bng 0. Do bit s 0

a

hay
2

b 2
b 2
b
u( x )v( x )dx u ( x )dx + v ( x )dx

a
a
a
Ly cn bc hai 2 v ta c c kt qu
Dng bt ng thc ny ta chng minh c tin 3. Tin 1 hy xem
v d 1.2.5 1.
e) Lu , nu mt hm u(x) kh vi trn [a,b] c u(x) = 0 trn th u(x) =
const
1.2 Sinh vin t nghim li cc tin ca mtric.
1.3 ta c bt ng thc s cp sau y:
a
b

0a b
a +1 b +1
Do nu 0 a b + c th
a
b+c
b
c

+
1+ a 1+ b + c 1+ b c +1
vi mi b, c > 0.
Dng bt ng thc ny ta kim tra tin tam gic cu a). Cc phn cn
li ngi c t chng minh.
1.4 Xem li nh ngha ln cn ca mt im v nh ngha v dy hi t.
1.5 Dng phn chng. Gi s tn ti hu hn n vi mi m n th un um.
Gi s n0 l s ln nht trong cc s n ny. Nh th vi mi n > n0 s tn ti m
n sao cho un < um. Ly n1 = n0 + 1 c m = n2 > n1 un1 < un2; chn tip n3 >

74

n2 un2 < un3 Tip tc nh vy ta thu c dy con unk tng ca dy (un). V

0 unk unk+1 nn unk u0 > 0. iu ny mu thun vi un 0.
1.6 rng nu dy (xn) c tnh cht l cc dy con (x2n) v (x2n+1) cng
hi t v mt gii hn a th bn thn dy (xn) cng l mt dy hi t v a. Do
dy (x6n) l dy con ca cc dy (x2n) v (x3n) nn
lim x2n = lim x6n = lim x3n
n

Tng t dy (x6n+3) l dy con ca cc dy (x2n+1) v (x3n) nn

lim x2n = lim x2n +1 = a
n

p dng nhn xt trn, ta suy ra dy (xn) hi t.

1.7 Lu rng s hi t ca mt dy hm trong C [0,1] chnh l s hi t
u.
a) Ta c

neu 0 t 1,
0
nu
x(t) = lim xn ( t ) =
n
1
neu t = 1
nu
Nh th xn khng hi t u n x(t) do x(t) l hm khng lin tc trn
[0,1], tc dy (xn) khng hi t trong C[0,1] .
Ta c
sin nt 1
max xn ( t ) 0 = max
0
[a ,b ]
[a ,b ] n
n
nn xn 0 trong C [0,1] . (k hiu 0 ch hm hng bng 0).
1.8 Dng nh ngha ca khng gian tch v s hi t ca dy
2.1 a) Ta c
d ( x, A) = inf d ( x , y ) ,
yA

Do
d ( x, A) = 0 inf d ( x , y) = 0
yA

(yn) A : d(yn,x) 0
x A
b) Cho > 0. t
M = { x X : d(x,A) < }
Nu y M th d(y,A) < . t r = - d(y,A) > 0. Ta chng minh B(y,r)
M. Ly z B(y,r) th d(y,z) < r. T bt ng thc
d(y,A) d(z,A) d(z,y)
suy ra
d(z,a) d(z,y) + d(y,A) < r + d(y,A) =
75

hay y M. Vy M l tp m.
chng minh tp {x X : d(x,A) } l ng, ta chng minh tp {x X
: d(x,A) > } m tng t nh trn.
2.2. a) Ly x G = {x X : d(x,F1) < d(x,F2)} khi d(x,F2) d(x,F1) > 0.
Xt hnh cu m B(x, r/4). Nu B B(x, r/4) th d(x,y) < r/4. Dng bt ng
thc dng
d(x,A) d(y,A) d(x,y)
ta c
d(y,F2) d(x,F2) d(x,y)
d(y,F1) d(x,F1) + d(x,y)
Tr v theo v ta c:
d(y,F2) d(y,F1) d(x,F2) d(x,F1) 2d(x,y)
r r
r 2d ( x , y ) > r = > 0
2 2
Vy d(y,F2) > d(y,F1) hay y G. Do B(x, r/4) G tc l G m. Mt
khc nu x F1 th d(x,F1) = 0 < d(x,F2) do F1 F2 = nn x F2 v d(x,F2) >
0 do F2 ng. Vy F1 G.
By gi gi s G F2 nn c x0 G F2 . Cho > 0, v x0 G nn
c y G d(x0,y) < /2; x0 F2 nn d(x0,F2) = 0. T
d(y,F1) < d(y,F2) , d(y,F2) d(x0,F2) + d(x0,y)
v
d(x0,F1) d(y,F1) + d(x0,y)
suy ra
d(x0,F1) d(x0,F2) + d(x0,y) 2d(x0,y) <
iu ny ng vi mi > 0 nn d(x0,F1) = 0, suy ra x0 F1. Vy F1 F2
mu thun vi gi thit. Do G F2 = .
b) t G1 = G, G2 = X\G ta c ngay kt qu.
2.3 Gi s F ng. Ta c F U B( x ,1 / n ) vi mi n N. t Bn =
xF

n =1

n =1

U B( x ,1 / n ) l tp m. Khi F I Bn . Nu y I Bn th vi mi n N, y

xF

Bn do tn ti xn F sao cho d(xn,y) < 1/n. Vy xn y, hn na xn F. Ni

cch khc
F=

I Bn

n =1

Vy F c kiu G

76

Dng cng thc De Morgan, ta chng minh c mi tp m l c kiu F.

2.4. a), b) suy t nh ngha
c) Do A0 A; B0 B nn A0 B0 A B. Suy ra A0 B0 int(A B),
( v phn trong ca mt tp l tp m ln nht cha trong tp ) ngc li, do A
B A suy ra int(A B) A0 v A B B nn int(A B) B0. Nh th
int(A B) A0 B0. Vy A0 B0 = int(A B)
0

Cn A B A B nn hin nhin A B int(A B)

d) Ta c A B A B A B A B . Ngc li v A A B, B
A B A A B, B A B A B A B.
2.5 Gi s A = {x1, x2,,xn,} l tp hp hu hn hay m c tr mt
1

trong X. Xt cc hnh cu m B xn , trong X, m, n N. Trong mi tp Y

m

B xn , ta chn im xn m Y( nu giao ny l khc trng). Tp hp cc im

n

B = { x nm } nh vy l hu hn hay m c. Ta chng minh B = Y. Tht vy

2
< . Do A = X nn c xn A
m
1
1
1

d(xn,y) < . Lc ly xn m Y B xn , th d( xn m ,xn) <

nn
n
n
m
2
<
d( x nm ,y) d( x nm ,xn) + d(xn,y) <
m
2.6 K hiu A l tp hp tt c cc dy s hu t m cc s hng ca n
bng 0 tt c tr mt s hu hn
A = {(r1, r2,,rn, 0,,0,) ri Q}
Khi A xem nh l tp hp tt c dy hu hn lp t cc s hu t. Theo
nh l 2.2.7 phn A, th tp A m c.
By gi ly x = (xn) c0 v > 0 cho trc. V xn 0 nn > 0 n0 n

n0 : |xn| < . Chn cc s hu t r1, r2,rn0 sao cho |ri xi| < vi mi 1, n0 v
2
2
hy xt dy r = (r1, r2,,rn0, 0,0,). Khi
d(x,r) = sup xi ri
cho y Y v > 0. Chn m N sao cho

i N

= sup{|x1 r1|,,|xn0 rn0|,|xn0+1 rn0+1|,}

Vy c0 tch c.

<
2

77

2.7 Do U, V l cc tp m trong Y ta c
U = U BY ( u , ru ) , V =
uU

UB

vV

(v, rv )

V U V = nn vi u U, v V ta c d(u,v) ru, d(u,v) rv hay

r +r
(*)
d(u,v) u v
2
r
r
t A = U BX ( u , u ), B = U BX ( v , v ) th A, B l cc tp m trong X
2
2
vV
uU
ng thi A B = v nu c y A B th c u U, v V sao cho d(y,u) <
ru/2, d(y,v) < rv/2 hay
r +r
d(u,v) d(u,y) + d(y,v) < u v
2
mu thun vi (*).
3.1. a) b).
d/n

( f lin tc ti x0) ( > 0, > 0, x X : d(x,x0) <

d(f(x), f(x0)) < )
Gi s V N( f(x0)) > 0: B( f(x0),) V. Vi > 0 ny theo nh
ngha > 0 : x B(x0, ) f(x) B(f(x0), ) V B(x0, ) f -1(V) hay f1
(V) N(x0).
b) c) hin nhin v ta ly U = B(x0,) f-1(V) th f(U) V.
c) a). Ly B(f(x0),) bt k, theo gi thit V N(x0) : f(V) B(f(x0),).
Gi B(x0,) U, khi f(B(x0,)) B(f(x0),) ngha l x X, d(x,x0) <
x B(x0, ) f(x) B(f(x0), ) d(f(x),f(x0)) < .
3.2 Sinh vin t chng minh.
3.3 Ly dy (xn) A v gi s xn x0 A. Nu c mt tp chng hn F1
cha tt c cc (xn) tr mt s hu hn n th ta xem nh (xn) F1, xn x0 nn x0
F1 v F1 ng. Do f F1 lin tc nn f F1 (xn) f F1 (x0) ngha l f(xn) f(x0).
Nu c F1 v F2 cha v s cc phn t ca dy (xn) th ta gi ( x1n ) F1, ( x n2 )
F2 l cc dy con ca (xn) lp thnh v s phn t ny. Khi
x1n x0 x0 F1, x n2 x0 x0 F2
tc l x0 F1 F2 . T
f( x1n ) = f F1 ( x1n ) f F1 (x0) = f(x0)
v
f( x n2 ) = f F2 ( x n2 ) f F2 (x0) = f(x0)

78

Suy ra f(xn) f(x0). C hai trng hp cho ta kt lun f lin tc ti x0. Vy

f lin tc trn A.
3.4 Ta chng minh f n nh. Gi s f(x) = f(x) ( x,x X). Khi g(f(x))
= g(f(x)) hay (g o f)(x) = (g o f)(x) x = x v g o f n nh. Vy f n nh
v theo gi thit, f song nh.
Nu z Z s tn ti x X (g o f)(x) = z hay g(f(z)) = z vi f(x) Y
ngha l g ton nh. chng minh g n nh, gi s g(y) = g(y). Ly x, x X
sao cho y = f(x), y = f(x). Khi ta c g(f(x)) = g(f(x)) x = x nn y = y.
By gi ta chng minh f-1 : Y X lin tc. Ly (yn) Y, yn y0. Lc g(yn)
g(y0) hay
g(f(xn)) g(f(x0) (g o f)(xn) (g o f)(x0)
-1
Do (g o f) lin tc nn xn x0 ngha l f-1(yn) f-1(y0). V th f l php
ng phi v f ng phi nn g = f-1o h cng l php ng phi.
3.5 Vi mi i = 1,,k ta c
k

x i y i max x j y j x j y j
j =i ,...,k

j =1

Do

d1( x , y ) =

( x i y i )2

k ( max x j y j )2

i =1

j =i ,...,k

k d2(x,y) k d3(x,y)
Mt khc s dng bt ng thc Cauchy Schwarz, ta c
k

d3( x, y ) = x j y j k
j =1

( x j y j )2 =
j =1

k d1( x , y )

Nh th
v

d1(x,y) k d3(x,y) k d1(x,y)

d1(x,y) k d2(x,y) k d1(x,y)

Suy ra 3 mtric n tng ng nhau.
4.1 Gi s X, Y y . Cho xn, yn)n l dy c bn trong X Y.
Khi
dX(xn,xm) dX(xn,xm) + dY(yn,ym)
= d((xn,yn), (xm,ym)) 0 (n )
Vy (xn) c bn trong X y nn tn ti gii hn xn x0. Tng t, yn cng
hi t v y0 trong Y. Ta c

79

d((xn,yn), (x0,y0)) = dX(xn,x0) + dY(yn,y0) 0

ngha l (xn,yn) (x0,y0) trong X Y nn X Y y .
Ngc li, gi s X Y y . Cho (xn) v (yn) l cc dy c bn trong X v Y
ln lt . Khi dy (xn,yn) l dy c bn trong
X Y nn (xn,yn) hi t v im
(x0,y0) X Y . Nhng lc th xn x0 trong X v yn y0 trong Y, ngha l X, Y
l nhng khng gian y .
4.2. a) Sinh vin t chng minh
b) Gi s (xn)n l dy c bn trong m, xn = (xn1, xn2,). Do dy (xn) b chn nn n
N c s Kn sao cho | xni| Kn, i = 1, 2,Mt khc, theo nh ngha dy c bn th
> 0 n0 n, k n0 : d(xn,xk) < Nh vy i = 1, 2 xni xki < (*) vi mi n, k n0 ,
tc l i = 1, 2, (x2n)n l dy c bn cc s thc nn hi t : xin xi0 (n ) i = 1, 2
cho k trong (*), ta c:
| xni x0i| (**) vi mi n n0 v vi mi i = 1, 2
T
x0i xni 0 x0i + xni 0 + K n0 i = 1,2,...
Vy x0 = (x0i)i m. Theo (**) ta c sup| xni x0i| khi n n0 ngha l d(xn,x0)
khi n n0 . Vy xn x0 nn m l khng gian y .
4.3. t
1
Fn = B(0,1) {x C[0 ,1] ; x( 0 ) = 0 , x( t ) = 1 khi t 1 }
n
Khi Fn l tp ng v b chn. (hnh 6)
1
1
t 1 , x(0) = 0, nn x(t) = 1 khi t 1 , x(0) =
Nu x Fn+1 th x(t) = 1 khi
n +1
n
0 ngha l x F. Vy Fn+1 Fn.
Kim tra F =

I Fn =. Gi s tn ti x F, lc

n =1

t (0,1]

1,
x( t ) =
0,
Hm ny khng lin tc ti t = 0. Vy F =

t =0

I Fn =

n=1

80

x
1

t
1
1
n
4.4 Gi s x X v l s dng cho trc. V Y1 = X nn tn tai x1 Y1
d(x1,x) < /2. Do Y1 m nn c r1 > 0, (r1 < /2) sao cho hnh cu ng
B(x1,r1) Y1. Do Y2 = X nn B(x1,r1) Y2 . Ly x2 thuc tp m B(x1,r1)
Y2 li c r2 > 0, ( r2 < 1/2) sao cho B(x2,r2) (x1,r1) Y2. Do Y3 = X nn
B(x2,r2) Y3 , ta chn x3 thuc tp m B(x2,r2) Y3 vi r3 < 1/3 Tip tc
qu trnh ny ta thu c dy hnh cu ng tht li B(xi,ri) trong X y

nn I B' ( xi ,ri ) = { }. V B(xi, ri) Yi vi mi i N nn

i =1

d(, x1) + d(x1,x) < nn

I Yi . Hn na, d(, x)

i =1

I Yi = X .

i =1

4.5 Ly dy (xn) s0 c dng

x1 = (1,0,,0,)
1
x2 = (1, 2 ,0,,0,)
2

1 1
1
xn = (1, 2 , 3 n ,,0,)
2 2
2
y l dy c bn trong s0 v
1
(m > n) nn d(xn,xm) 0 (m,n ). Gi
d(xn,xm) = sup xni xmi =
( n + 1 )2
i
s dy ny hi t n x0 = (x01, x0k,0,) s0. iu ny v l v nu n > k
1
0 khi n . Vy
d(xn,x0) = sup xni x0i d(xn,x0) = sup xni x0i =
( k + 1 )2
i>k
i N
s0 khng y

81

4.6 Do phng trnh arctgx =

khng c nghim trong IR

2
4.7. t An,f = {x IR : |f(x)| n}. Do f lin tc nn An,f l tp ng. Khi
An =

I An , f

cng l tp ng. Mt khc x IRtheo gi thit Mx > 0 : f F :

f F

|f(x)| Mx n vi mt s n no nn x An. Vy IR

n =1

n =1

I An tc l IR = I An .
0

Khng gian IR y nn thuc phm tr II, vy tn ti n0 N A . Hn

0

na, An0 ng nn ta c An 0 = An 0
Gi U l mt hnh cu m cha trong An0. Khi x U x An0 f F :
|f(x)| n0 = M
4.8. f lin tc u trn IRnn vi = 1 tn ti > 0 sao cho vi mi x, x IR
|x x| |f(x) f(x)| <
(1)
By gi cho x IR, gi s x > 0 s tn ti s n N x [(n - 1), n] nn ta c th vit
|f(x)| |f(x) f(n 1)| + | f(n 1)) f((n 2))| +
+| f() f(0)| + |f(0)|
Theo (1) ta c
|f(x)| n + |f(0)|
hay

+ f(0)

(x + ) + |f(0)|

|f(x)| n

+ |f(0)| + = x +

Khi x < 0 ta cng l lun tng t vi x [-n, -(n 1)], vi n N. Vy

trong hai trng hp ta c
|f(x)| | x| +
4.9. a) c gi t kim tra d1, d2 l cc mtric trn IR

b) Xt tp X = , vi mtric thng thng trn IR : d(x,y) = | x y|.
2 2
Khi nh x f : IR X cho bi f(x) = arctgx l mt php ng c t (IR ,d1) ln
(X,d1) v ta c
x,y X : d1(x,y) = |arctgx arctgy| = d(f(x),f(y))

82


Mt khc , l khng gian khng y . (chng hn, dy xn =
2 2
1
c bn trong X nhng khng hi t trong X) nn (IR,d1) cng khng y
2 n
. Chng minh tng t i vi d2 ta c (IR,d2) ng c vi Y = (0,) vi
mtric thng thng, trong ta cng thy ngay Y khng y .

c) y ha ca X l , . Do y cng l y ha ca (IR,d1)
2 2
(sai khc mt php ng c). Tng t y ha ca (IR,d2) l [0, )
5.1 Gi s A1,,Ak l cc tp con compact ca X. t A =

U Ai . Nu (xn)n

i =1

l mt dy trong A th s c t nht mt tp Ai0 cha v hn cc (xn) v gi dy

con lp t v hn (xn) ny l A n k . Nhng do Ai0 compact nn dy ( xnk ) c dy
con ( xk nl )l hi t trong Ai0. Hn na ( xk nl )l cng l dy con ca (xn) hi t trong
A. Vy A compact.
5.2 Nu (xn,yn)n l mt dy bt k trong X Y, th (xn), (yn) ln lt l cc
dy trong X v Y. V X compact nn dy (xn) c dy con xnk x0 X . Dy
( y nk ) Y compact nn cng c dy con y n kl y0 trong Y. Khi ( xknl , y knl ) l
dy con ca (xn,yn) hi t v (x0,y0) X Y nn X Y l khng gian compact.
5.3 Gi s d(K,F) = inf d(x,y) = 0. khi c cc dy (xn) K, (yn) F
xK , yF

sao cho d(xn,yn) 0. K l compact nn c dy con ( xnk ) ca xn sao cho

xnk x0 K .T
d( yn k ,x0) d( xnk , ynk ) + d( xnk ,x0) 0 (k )
nn y nk x0. Mt khc do F ng nn x0 F ngha l K F x0. iu ny mu
thun vi gi thit. Vy d(K,F) > 0.
5.4 Cho > 0 bt k. Do f lin tc u nn > 0 nu x,y X d(x,y) <
th d(f(x),f(y)) < . t B ={x1,,xk} l mt -li hu hn cho tp A. Lc
f(B) = {f(x1),,f(xk)} l mt - li hu hn cho f(A), v nu y f(A) s tn ti
x A y = f(x). Hn na gi s xi0 B d(x,xi0) < th c ngay d(f(xi0),f(x)) <
. Vy f(A) hon ton b chn.
5.5 iu kin cn l r rng. Gi s (xn) X, xn x0 X. Ta c A = {xn :
n N} {x0} l tp compact( hy chng minh!). Theo gi thit, f lin tc trn
A nn t xn x0 suy ra f(xn) f(x0) v iu ny suy ra f lin tc ti x0 X.

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5.6 Do X =

U G nn I : x G m. Do rx > 0 : B(x,rx) G.

(B(x,r/2))xX l mt ph m ca X nn tn ti ph con hu hn X =
( rx
U B( xi ,rxi / 2 ) . t r = min
i =1,k

i = 1,,k : x B( xi ,

rxi
2

rxi
2

/ 2 ) > 0 . Xt B(x,r) vi x bt k thuc X. Lc

). Nu y B(x,r) th d(y,xi) d(y,x) + d(x,xi) < r +

rxi nn B(x,r) B(xi, rx i ) G .

5.7 Ly dy (xn) trong m (hoc c), c dng
x1 = (1,0,,0,)
x2 = (0,1,0,,0,)

x1 = (0,0,, 1 ,0,)
( n)

Dy ny thuc vo hnh cu ng B(0,1) trong m (hoc c), vi 0 =

(0,,0). Tuy nhin d(xn,xm) = 1, m,n, m n nn khng th c dy con no
c bn c, tc l khng rt ra c dy con hi t.
5.10 t g(x) = d(x,f(x)), x X. Khi g(x) l hm lin tc xc nh trn
khng gian compact X nn t c gi tr b nht l : d(x, f(x)) 0 (do
d(x,f(x)) lun 0). Nh vy c x0 X d(x0,f(x0) = . Nu x0 f(x0) tc l >
0 th t g(f(x0)) = d(f(x0), f(f(y0))) < d(x0,f(x0)) = mu thun vi l gi tr b
nht ca g(x). Do f(x0) = x0. Vy x0 l im bt ng ca f.
Nu y0 X , y0 x0 f(y0) = y0 th t
d(x0,y0) = d(f(x0), f(y0)) < d(x0,y0)
dn n v l. Vy ch c im bt ng duy nht
5.9 Gi s a,b X . t
(1)
a1 = f(a), a2 = f(a1),, an = f(an-1)
(2)
b1 = f(b), b2 = f(b1),, bn = f(bn-1)
Do X compact nn dy (an) c dy con ( ak n ) hi t. Dy ( bk n ) tng ng cng c
dy con ( bk n ) hi t. Ni cch khc, t hai dy (1), (2) ta rt ra c hai dy con tng
m

ng l ( al n ) v ( bln ) cng hi t. Nh th vi > 0 tn ti n0 n > n0 th

d( al n , al n ) <
0

Lc ta c

84

d(a,ap) d(a,ap+1) d ( al n 0 ,a p + l n 0 ) = d ( al n 0 ,al n ) <

v

d(b,bp) d(b,bp+1) d ( bl n 0 ,b p + l n 0 ) = d ( bl n 0 ,bl n ) <

vi p = ln - ln 0
iu ny c ngha l f(X) tr mt trong X ng thi
d(f(a),f(b)) d(a1,b1) d(ap,bp)
d(ap,a) + d(a,b) + d(b,bp) < 2 + d(a,b)
vi mi > 0 nn d(f(a),f(b)) = d(a,b). T y suy ra f lin tc v n nh. Hn na, do
X compact nn f(X) compact. V vy f(X) = f ( X ) = X hay f ton nh. Nh th f : X
X l php ng c.
5.10 Do f C[0 ,1] nn theo nh l Weierstrass I, tn ti dy a thc gm(x) = a0m +
a1mx + + anmxn hi t u v f trn on [0,1]. Khi ta c f(x)gm(x) hi t u v
f2(x) trn on [0,1]. Mt khc
1

f ( x )g m ( x )dx = ( a0m f ( x ) + a1m xf ( x ) + ... + anm x

f ( x ))dx

i =1

aim x i f ( x )dx = 0
theo gi thit
p dng nh l qua gii hn di du tch phn, ta c
1

f 2 ( x )dx = lim f ( x )g m ( x )dx = 0

n

Vy

( x )dx = 0 nn f2(x) = 0 hay f(x) = 0

5.11 a) sin t 1 vi mi t [0,1] v [1,2] nn {x(t)} b chn tng im (v

u). Hn na, t
( t + t' )
( t t' )
sin t sin t' = 2 cos
sin
2
2
2 t t'

t t' 2 t t' vi mi [1,2]. Nh vy {x(t)} ng lin

2
tc (u). Theo nh l 5.6.2 th tp {x(t)} compact.
b) Khng compact (xem bi tp 1.7)
6.1 Gi s A B khng lin thng. Lc cc tp m khc trng M, N trong A
B sao cho M N = v A B = M N. Ly x A B . Khi x M N.
85

Gi s x M th x M B v ng thi A M . Chng hn N B . Lc
B = (N B) (M B). Cch biu din ny ni ln B khng lin thng.
6.2 V f : X IR lin tc v X lin thng nn f(X) l tp lin thng trong IR. Vy
f(X) l mt khong. Nu a,b f(X), a < b th (a,b) f(X). T y nu c (a,b) th c
f(X) nn c x X f(x) = c.

86

TI LIU THAM KHO

[1] Dieudonn, C s gii tch hin i, T.1 (bn dch ting Vit), NXB i hc v
Trung hc chuyn nghip, H ni 1973.
[2] Cnmgrp, Phmin, C s l thuyt hm v gii tch hm, T.1,(bn dch
ting Vit), NXB Gio dc, H ni 1971.
[3] Hong Ty, Gii tch hin i, T.1, NXB Gio dc, H ni 1978.
[4] Kirillov, A. Gvichiani, Thormes et Problmes danalyse fonctionelle, Mir,
Moscou 1982.
[5] Phan c Chnh, Gii tch hm, T.1, NXB i hc v Trung hc chuyn
nghip, H ni 1978.
[6] B. A. Tpe, . . capec, T. C. Coa, aa ypa-e
ya aa, 1984.

[7] Yu. S. OTran, Bi tp l thuyt hm s bin s thc, (bn dch ting

Vit), NXB i hc v Trung hc chuyn nghip, H ni 1977.

87

Chu trch nhim ni dung:

Ts. Nguyn vn ha
Bin tp:
T cng ngh thng tin
Phng kho th - m bo cht lng gio dc

88