Tong Quan Ve Mang May Tinh

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Chn ng v ng dng trong thit k mng WAN
Chng i tng quan v mng my tnh 1.1 S hnh thnh ca mng my tnh T nhng nm 1960 xut hin cc mng ni cc my tnh v cc Terminal s dng chung ngun ti nguyn, gim chi ph khi mun thng tin trao i s liu v s dng trong cng tc vn phng mt cch tin li. Vi vic tng nhanh cc my tnh mini v cc my tnh c nhn lm tng yu cu truyn s liu gi cc my tnh, gia cc terminal, v gia cc terminal vi my tnh l mt trong nhng ng lc thc y s ra i v pht trin ngy cng mnh m cc mng my tnh.Qu trnh hnh thnh mng my tnh c th tm tt qua 4 giai on sau: Giai on cc terminal ni trc tip vi my tnh: y l giai on u tin ca mng my tnh, tn dng cng sut ca my tnh ngi ta ghp ni cc terminal vo mt my tnh c gi l cc my tnh trung tm. Giai on cc b tin x l (Prontal) giai on 1 my tnh trung tm qun l truyn tin ti cc terminal, giai on 2 my tnh trung tm qun l truyn tin ti cc b tp trung qua cc b ghp ni iu khin ng truyn. Ta c th thay th b ghp ni ng truyn bng cc my tnh nini gi l prontal, chnh l b tin x l. Giai on mng my tnh: Vo nhng nm 1970 ngi ta bt u xy dng mng truyn thng trong cc thnh phn chnh ca n l cc nt mng gi l b chuyn mch dng hng thng tin ti ch. Cc mng c ni vi nhau bng ng truyn cn cc my tnh x l thng tin ca ngi dng hoc cc trm cui c ni trc tip vo cc nt mng khi cn th trao i thng tin qua mng. Cc nt mng thng l my tnh nn ng thi ng vai tr ca ngi s dng. Chc nng ca nt mng: + Qun l truyn tin, qun l mng Nh vy cc my tnh ghp ni vi nhau hnh thnh mng my tnh, y ta thy mng truyn thng cng ghp ni cc my tnh vi nhau nn khi nim mng ma tnh v mng truyn thng c th khng phn bit. Vic hnh thnh mng my tnh nhm t cc mc ch sau: 1.Tn dng v lm tng gi tr ca ti nguyn 2.Chinh phc khong cch 3.Tng cht lng v hiu qu khai thc v x l thng tin 4.Tng tin cy ca h thng nh kh nng thay th khi xy ra s c i vi mt my tnh no . Nh vy: Mng my tnh l tp hp cc my tnh c ghp vi nhau bi cc ng truyn vt l theo mt kin trc no .
Nguyn xun trng - tth2 - k40
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1.1 Cc yu t ca mng my tnh 1.1.1 ng truyn vt l ng truyn vt l l thnh phn chuyn cc tn hiu in t gia cc my tnh. Cc tn hiu in t biu th cc d liu di dng xung nh phn. Tt c cc tn hiu truyn gia cc my tnh u dng sng in t v c tn s tri t cc ngn cho ti tn s ca tia hng ngoi.Tu theo tn s ca sng in t m c th dng cc ngtruyn vt l khc nhau truyn. + Cc tn s Radio c th truyn bng cp in hoc bng cc phng tin qung b (broadcast) +Sng cc ngn c dng truyn cc trm mt t v v tinh. Hoc l dng truyn t mt trm pht ti cc trm thu. +Tia hng ngoi l l tng i vi truyn thng mng . N c th truyn t im ti im hoc qung b t mt im ti cc my thu. Tia hng ngoi hoc cc loi tia sng tn s cao hn c th truyn c qua cp si quang. Nhng c trng c bn ca ng truyn vt l l: gii thng, suy hao, nhiu in t. Di thng ca ng truyn l o phm vi tn s m ng truyn c th p ng c. Gii thng ph thuc vo di cp, ng knh si cp, vt liu dng ch to cp... Thng lng ca mt ng truyn (throughput) chnh l tc truyn d liu trn ng truyn trong mt n v thi gian.Thng lng ca ng truyn phn nh hiu qu s dng ng truyn . suy hao l gi tr phn nh mc suy yu ca tn hiu ng truyn sau khi truyn qua mt n v di cp. nhiu in t l kh nng lm nhiu tn hiu trn ng truyn khi cp i qua vng c sng in t. C hai loi ng truyn: hu tuyn, v tuyn c s dng trong vic kt ni mng my tnh. ng truyn hu tuyn gm cp ng trc, cp xon i, cp si quang; ng truynv tuyn gm sng radio, sng cc ngn, tia hng ngoi Tuy nhin khi thit k dy cho mt mng my tnh ngi ta cn phi ch ti nhiu tham s khc nh: gi thnh, kh nng chu nhit, kh nng chng chu m, kh nng un cong. 1.1.2 Kin trc mng Kin trc mng my tnh bao gm cch ghp ni vt l cc my tnh vi nhau v cc quy tc, quy c m tt c cc thc th tham gia trong h thng mng phi tun theo m bo cho mng hot ng tt.Cch cc my tnh c gp ni vi nhau c goi l topology ca mng cn cc quy tc quy c truyn thng c gi l giao thc (protocol). Topology v protocol l hai khi nim c bn nht ca mng my tnh. a) Topology: Ngi ta phn bit hai kiu ni mng vt l c bn l kiu im- im v kiu qung b (broadcasting hay point- to- multipoint)
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+ Kiu im - im: ng truyn ni tng cp nt vi nhau.Tn hiu i t nt ngun n nt trung gian ri chuyn tip ti ch.
Hnh sao
Chu trnh
Dng cy
Hnh 1-1: Cc topo mng c bn
Hnh 1-2: Dng topo y .
Dng vng
Dng bus Hnh 1-3: Cc topo mng c bn
Satellite hoc radio
+ Kiu qung b: Vi kiu qung b tt c cc nt chung mt ng truyn vt l. D liu c gi i t mt nt c tip nhn bi cc nt cn li, v trong gi tin phi c vng a ch ch cho php mi nt kim tra c phi tin ca minh khng Cu trc dng bus hay dng vng cn c ch trng ti gii quyt ng (collision) khi nhiu nt mun truyn tin ng thi. Trong cu trc dng v tinh hoc radio mi nt cn c anten thu v pht. 1.1.3 Giao thc mng (network protocol) Nguyn xun trng - tth2 - k40
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Vic trao i thng tin gia cc nt vi nhau cn phi tun theo mt s quy tc, quy c nht nh no . Chng hn, khi hai ngi ni chuyn vi nhau th cng phi tun theo quy tc: Khi mt ngi ni th ngi kia phi nghe v ngc li. Vic truyn thng tin trn mng cng phi tun theo cc quy tc quy c nhiu mt nh: khun dng d liu gi i, ccth tc gi v nhn, kim sot d liu, x l li v x l s c... Chng hn mng li giao thng cng cng cng pht trin th s quy tc ra cng phi nhiu, cng phi cht ch v cng phc tp hn. Tp hp cc quy tc , quy c m bo trao i v x l thng tin trn mng gi l giao thc. Cc mng c thit k khc nhau c th tun theo mt s giao thc khc nhau, tuy nhin ngi ta a ra mt s giao thc chun c dng trn nhiu mng khc nhau. 1.2 Phn loi mng my tnh Ngi ta phn loi mng my tnh khc nhau tu theo cc yu t chnh c chn nh: Khong cch a l, k thut chuyn mch, kin trc mng, c ch hot ng ca mng... 1.2.1 Phn loi theo khong cch a l Nu ly khong cch a l lm yu t chnh phn loi mng th mng c phn thnh: mng cc b mng th, mng din rng, mng ton cu +Mng cc b (Local Area Network - LAN) l mng c ci t trong mt phm vi tng i nh ( trong mt to nh, trong mt phng ban hoc trong mt cng ty...) vi ng knh gii hn trong khong vi chc Km. +Mng th (Metropolitan Area Network - MAN) l mng c ci t trong phm vi mt thnh ph, mt trung tm kinh t. .. phm vi ci t mng l hng trm Km. + Mng din rng (Wide Area Network - WAN) l mng c phm vi hot ng c th l c mt vng, mt khu vc v c th vt qua bin gii mt quc gia.. +Mng ton cu (Global Area Network - GAN) phm vi ca mng tri rng khp lc a ca tri t. 1.2.2 Phn loi theo k thut chuyn mch Nu ly k thut chuyn mch so snh th c th phn chia mnh thnh: Mng chuyn mch knh, mng chuyn mch gi, mng chuyn mch thng bo. a) Mng chuyn mch knh (Circuit - switched - Network):y l mng m khi 2 thc th mun lin lc vi nhau th chng phi to v duy tr mt knh lin tc cho n khi kt thc qu trnh thng tin.Phng php chuyn mch c hai nhc im chnh: + Hiu sut s dng ng truyn khng cao + Mt nhiu thi gian cho vic thit lp knh c nh khi thng tin gia 2 thc th. Nguyn xun trng - tth2 - k40
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b) Mng chuyn mch thng bo (Message - switched -Network) Trong mng chuyn mch thng bo vic chn ng i cho cc thng bo ti ch c thc hin ti cc nt mng. Cc nt cn c vo a ch ch ca thng bo ra quyt nh chn nt n k tip cho thng bo trn ng dn ti ch. Nh vy cc nt cn lu tr tm thi cc thng bo, c thng bov qun l vic chuyn tip cc thng bo i. Phng php chuyn mch thng bo c nhng u im sau: + Hiu sut s dng ng truyn cao v khng c cc knh thng tin c nh. + Mi nt mng c th lu tr thng bo cho ti khi ng truyn kh dng mi truyn i nn gim uc tnh trng tc nghn trn mng. + C th iu khin truyn tin bng cch sp xp mc u tin cho cc thng bo. + Trong mng chuyn mch thng bo chng ta c th lm tng hiu sut s dng di thng ca mng bng cch gn a ch qung b cho cc thng bo cho n n nhiu ch khc nhau. Nhc im ch yu ca chuyn mch thng bo l trong trng hp mt thng bo di b li, phi truyn li thng bo ny nn hiu sut khng cao. Phng php ny thch hp vi cc mng truyn th tn in t (Electronic mail). c ) Mng chuyn mch gi (Packet - switched - Network) Trong mng chuyn mcg gi th mt thng bo c th c chia ra nhiu gi nh hn (packet), di khong 256 bytes, c khun dng tu theo chun quy nh. Cc gi tin c cha thng tin iu khin a ch ngun, a ch ch cho gi tin,s th t gi tin, thng tin kim tra li...Do vy cc gi tin ca cng mt thng bo c th c gi i theo nhiu ng khc nhau, ti ch ti cc thi im khc nhau, ni nhn s cn c vo thng tin trong cc gi tin v sp xp li chng theo ng th t. u im ca chuyn mch gi: + Mng chuyn mch gi c hiu sut v hiu qu cao hn mng chuyn mch thng bo v kch thc cc gi tin nh hn nn cc nt mng c th x l ton b gi tin m khng cn phi lu tr trong a. + Mi ng truyn chim thi gian rt ngn, v chng c th dng bt c ng c th c ti ch. +Kh nng ng b bt l rt cao. Nhc im: + V thi gian truyn tin ngn nn nu thi gian chuyn mch ln th tc truyn khng cao. + Vic tp hp li cc gi tin ban u v nguyntc l thc hin c nhng rt kh khn, c bit l khi cc gi tin truyn i theo nhiu ng khc nhau. + i vi cc ng dng ph thuc thi gian thc th vic cc gi tin ti ch khng theo th t l mt nhc im quan trng cn phi khc phc.
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Tuy vn cn nhng hn ch nhng do c u im v tnh mm do, hiu sut cao nn cc mng chuyn mch gi ang c dng ph bin hin nay. 1.3.3 Phn loi mng theo c ch hot ng Trong mi trng mng my tnh c 2 c ch hot ng chnh l: peerto-peer v client/ server. Mi trng peer - to - peer khng c my chuyn phc v cho mt cng vic no, cn trong mi trng client/server th phi c nhng my c dnh ring phc v mc ch khc nhau. Mng da trn my phc v: Trong mng c nhng my chuyn dng phc v cho cc mc ch khc nhau. My phc v chuyn dng hot ng nh mt ngi phc v v khng kim vai tr ca trm lm vic hay my khch. Cc ma phc v chuyn dng c ti u ho phc v nhanh nhng yu cu ca khch hng trn mng Cc loi my phc v chuyn dng thng thy nh: + My phc v tp tin / in n (file/print sever) + My phc v chng trnh ng dng (application server) + My phc v th tn (mail server) + My phc v fax(fax server) + My phc v truyn thng (communication server) Mt trong nhng u im quan trng ca mng da trn my phc v l c tnh an ton v bo mt cao hn.Hu ht cc mng trong thc t (nht l mng ln )u da trn my phc v Mng ngang hng: Khng tn ti mt cu trc phn cp no trong mng. Mi my tnh u bnh ng. Thng thng, mi my tnh kim lun c hai vai tr my khch v my phc v, v vy khng my no c ch nh chu trch nhim qun l mng. Ngi dng tng my t quyt nh phn d liu no trn my ca h s c dng chung trn mng. Thng thng mng ngang hng thch hp cho cc mng c quy m nh (chng hn nh nhm lm vic ) v khng yu cu phi c tnh bo mt. 1.3.4 Phn loi mng theo kin trc Ngi ta c th phn loi mng theo kin trc (topology v protocol) nh cc mng SNA, mng ISO, mng TCP/IP. .. 1.4 Kin trc phn tng - chun ho mng - m hnh ISO 1.4.1 Kin trc phn tng gim phc tp trong thit k v ci t mng, cc mng my tnh c t chc thit k theo kiu phn tng (layering). Trong h thng thnh phn ca mng c t chc thnh mt cu trc a tng, mi tng c xy dng trn tng trc ; mi tng s cung cp mt s dch v cho tng cao hn. S lng cc tng cng nh chc nng ca mi tng l tu thuc vo nh
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thit k. V d cu trc phn tng ca mng SNA ca IBM, mng DECnet ca Digital, mng ARPANET. .. L c s khc nhau. Nguyn tc cu trc ca mng phn tng l: mi h thng trong mt mng u c cu trc phn tng (S lng tng, chc nng ca mi tng l nh nhau ) Tng i ca h thng A s hi thoi vi tng i ca h thng B, cc quy tc v quy c dng trong hi thoi gi l giao thc mc I Gia hai tng k nhau tn ti mt giao din (interface) xc nh cc thao tc nguyn thu ca tng di cung cp ln tng trn. Trong thc t d liu khng truyn trc tip t tng i ca h thng ny sang tng i ca h thng khc ( tr tng thp nht trc tip s dng ng truyn vt l truyn cc xu bt (0.1) t h thng ny sang h thng khc ).D liu c truyn t h thng gi (sender) sang h thng nhn (receiver) bng ng truyn vt l v c nh vy d liu li i ngc ln cc tng trn. Nh vy khi hai h thng lin kt vi nhau, ch tng thp nht mi c lin kt vt l cn tng cao hn ch c lin kt logic (lin kt o ) c a vo hnh thc ho cc hot ng ca mng thun tin cho vic thit k v ci t cc phn mm truyn thng. Nh vy vit chng trnh cho tng N, phi bit tng N+1 cn g v tng N+1 c th lm c g. H thng A Tng N Giao thc tng N-1 Tng N-1 Giao thc tng 2 Tng 2 Giao thc tng 1 Tng 1 ng truyn vt l Hnh 1-4: Minh ha kin trc phn tng tng qut 1.4.2 Chun ho mng Tnh trng khng tng thch gia cc mng, c bit l cc mng bn trn th trng gy tr ngi cho nhng ngi s dng, tc ng n mc tiu th cc sn phm v mng. Do cn xy dng cc m hnh chun lm cn c cho cc nh nghin cu v thit k mng to ra cc sn phm c tnh cht m v mng, a ti d ph cp, sn xut v s dng. .. i/ ISO(international Standard Organization) thnh lp di s bo tr ca lin hip quc, cc thnh vin l cc c quan tiu chun ca cc quc gia. ISO xy dng hn 5000 chun tt c cc lnh vc. ISO c chia thnh Nguyn xun trng - tth2 - k40
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Giao thc tng N
H thng B Tng N Tng N-1
Tng 2 Tng 1
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cc u ban k thut ( Technical Committee -TC). TC97 m bo chun ho lnh vc x l tin. Mi TC li chia thnh nhiu tiu ban (Sub Committee -SC) v mi SC li chia thnh nhiu nhm lm vic khc nhau (Working Group ) m nhim cc nhim v chuyn su khc nhau. Cc chun do hi ng ISO ban hnh nh l cc chun quc t chnh thc (International Standard -IS) ii/ CCITT(Committee Consult tatif International pour Telegraphe et Telephone). T chc t vn quc t v in tn v in thoi hot ng di s bo tr ca lin hip quc, cc thnh vin ch yu l cc c quan Bu chnh - vin thng ca cc quc gia v t nhn. Phng thc lm vic ca CCITT cng ging nh ISO nhng sn phm ca n khng c gi l chun m c gi l cc khuyn ngh ( recommentdation).CCITT a ra cc khuyn ngh loi V lin quan n truyn d liu, cc khuyn ngh loi X lin quan n mng truyn d liu cng cng v cc khuyn ngh loi I dnh cho cc mng ISDN . Ngoi ISO, CCITT trn th gii cn c cc t chc khc tham gia vic chun ho nh ECMA(european Computer Manufacture ), ANSI (American National Standard institute ),IEEE (institute Electrical and Electronic Engineers)... CCITT Layer ISO Service Layer Protocol Service Layer Definition Definition Protocol Application 8649 9640 VT X.217 X400-X430 MHS 8571 STAM X.288 RTSE 8650 CASE X.229 ROSE 8831 JIM X.227. .. Presentation 8822 8823 X.216 X.226 8824 X.208 8825 X.209 X.215 X.225 Session 8326 8327 X.214 X.224 Transport 8072 8073 Network 8.348 8208 X.213 0.931 8878 X.25 8473 X.300-X.352 8648 X.212 LAPB Data Link 8886, 7776 1.440/I.44J LAPD 8802/2 7809 X.211 X.21 Physical 8802/3 8022 8802/4 8802/5. .. Hinh 1-5 Cc chun cho kin trc phn tng ca CCITT v ISO 1.4.3 M hnh OSI:
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Do cc nh thit k t do la chn kin trc mng ring ca mnh. T dn n tnh trng khng tng thch gia cc mng v: Phng php truy nhp ng truyn khc nhau, h giao thc khc nhau. ..s khng tng thch lm tr ngi cho qu trnh tng tc gia ngi dng cc mng khc nhau. Nhu cu trao i thng tin cng ln th tr ngi cng khng th chp nhn c vi ngi s dng. Vi l do t chc chun ho quc t ISO thnh lp mt tiu ban nhm xy dng mt khung chun v kin trc mng lm cn c cho cc nh thit k v ch to cc sn phm mng. Kt qu l nm 1984 ISO a ra m hnh tham chiu cho vic kt ni cc h thng m ( Reference Model for Open System Inter - connection) hay gn hn l OSI Reference model. M hnh ny c dng lm c s kt ni cc h thng m. ISO s dng phng php phn tch cc h thng m theo kin trc phn tng v cng b m hnh OSI cho vic kt ni cc h thng m gm 7 tng.
Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data Link Physical
Hnh 1-6: M hnh OSI 7 tng
Cc nguyn l c p dng cho 7 tng nh sau: (1) Mt lp cn thit phi to mc khc nhau ca khi nim tru tng. (2) Mi lp phi thc hin mt chc nng xc nh r rng. (3) chc nng ca mi lp phi c chn theo quan im hng ti cc giao thc chun quc t c nh ngha. (4) Ranh gii gia cc lp phi c chn ti thiu lung thng tin i qua cc giao din. (5) S cc lp phi ln phn bit cc chc nng cn thit nhng khng a vo cng mt lp qu nhiu chc nng, v phi nh kin trc khng rc ri. .. Chc nng cc tng trong m hnh OSI Nguyn xun trng - tth2 - k40
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Tng 1 Vt l
2 3 4
5 6 7
Chc nng Cung cp phng tin truyn tin, th tc, khi ng duy tr, hu b cc lin kt vt l, cho php truyn d liu dng bit. Truy nhp ng truyn vt l nh cc phng tin: C, in, hm, th tc. Lin kt Thit lp, duy tr, hu b cc lin kt d liu, kim sot d liu lung d liu, pht hin sai st vs khc phc cc sai st truyn tin. Tng .Thc hin vic chn ng v chuyn tip thng tin vi cng mng ngh chuyn mch thch hp. Thc hin vic kim sot lung d liu v ct hp d liu nu cn. Tng Thc hin vic truyn d liu gia hai u nt (end- to- end), giao vn kim sot li v kim tra vic truyn d liu gia hai u nt. C th thc hin vic ghp knh (Multiplxing), ct hp d liu nu cn Tng Thit lp, duy tr v ng b ho v hu b cc phin truyn phin thng Trnh Biu din thng tin theo c php ngi s dng m bo din truyn d liu ca cc ng dng qua mi trng OSI. ng dng L giao din gia ngi s dng v mi trng OSI,ng thi cung cp cc dch v thng tin phn tn. Hnh 1-7 Chc nng cc tng trong m hnh OSI
b) Cc giao thc chun ca m hnh OSI Vn t ra y l hai h thng my tnh khc nhau c th giao tip c vi nhau hay khng? Ta thy rng m hnh OSI c th to ra gii php cho php hai h thng d khc nhau th no i na u c th truyn thng c vi nhau nu chng m bo nhng iu kin sau y: + Chng cI t cng mt tp cc chc nng truyn thng + Cc chc nng c t chc thnh mt tng. Cc tng ng mc phI cung cp cc chc nng nh nhau. ( Phng thc cung cp khng nht thit ging nhau ) + Cc tng ng mc phi s dng cng mt giao thc. m bo nhng iu trn cn phI c cc chun. Cc chun phI xc nh cc chc nng v dch v c cung cp bi mt tng. Cc chun cng phi xc nh cc giao thc gia cc tng ng mc. M hnh OSI 7 tng chnh l c s xy dng cc chun . Thc th hot ng trong cc tng ca OSI Theo quan nim ca OSI, trong mi tng ca mt h thng c mt hoc nhiu thc th (entity) hot ng. Mt thc th c th l thc th mm (software entity), v d nh mt tin trnh trong h thng a x l, hoc l Nguyn xun trng - tth2 - k40
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mt thc th cng (hardware entity) v d nh chp I/O thng minh. Thc th tng 7 c gi l thc th ng dng (Application entity); thc th tng 6 c gi l thc th trnh din. .v..v.. Mt thc th tng N ci t dch v cung cp cho tng N+1. Khi tng N gi l ngi cung cp dch v, cn tng N+1 gi l ngi dng dch v. Tng N dng dch v ca tng N-1 cung cp dch v ca n. Tng N c th a ra vi lp dch v, chng hn nh truyn thng nhanh m t v truyn thng chm m r. Cc dch v l c sn ti cc nt truy cp dch v (SAP). Cc SAP ca tng N ti cc ch m ti tng N+1 c th truy nhp dch v c a ra. Mi SAP c mt a ch v tn duy nht. Mi thc th truyn thng vi thc t ca tng trn v tng di n qua mt giao din (interface). Giao din ny gm mt hoc nhiu im truy cp dch v (Service Acess Poent SAP) (N-1) Entity cung cp dch v cho mt (N) entity thng qua vic gi cc hm nguyn thu (primitive). Hm nguyn thu ch r chc nng cn thc hin v c dng chuyn d liu, thng tin iu khin. C 4 hm nguyn thu c dng nh ngha tng tc gia cc tng lin k nhau, s hot ng c m t nh hnh sau:
(N+1)Layer (N+1)Layer
Request SAP
(N)Layer
Confirm
Response
(N)Layer
Indication SAP
(N)Protocol
Hnh 1-8: Nguyn l hot ng ca cc hm nguyn thu Request (yu cu ): l hm nguyn thu m ngi s dng dch v (Service user) dng gi cc chc nng. Indication (ch bo): l hm nguyn thu m ngi cung cp dch v (Service Provider ) dng : + Gi bo mt chc nng no hoc + Ch bo mt chc nng c gi mt im truy cp dch v (SAP) response (tr li ): l hm nguyn thu m Service user dng hon tt mt chc nng c gi t trc bi mt hm nguyn thu Indication SAP . confirm (xc nhn) l hm nguyn thu ca Service Provider, dng hon tt mt chc nng c gi t trc bi hm nguyn thu Request ti SAP .
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Theo s ny quy trnh thc hin mt thao tc gia hai h thng A v B c thc hin nh sau: + Tng (N+1) ca A gi xung tng (N) k n mt hm Request (N+1)PDU Tng N+1
(N)PCI
(N)SDU
Tng N
(N)PDU
Hnh 1-9: Quan h n v d liu gia cc tng k nhau + Tng (N) ca A cu to mt n v d liu gi yu cu qua tng (N) ca B theo giao thc tng N. + Nhn c thng bo yu cu , tng (N) ca B gi mt ln tng (N+1) trn n mt hm Indication + Tng (N+1) ca B gi xung tng (N) k di n mt hm Reponse. (N) ca A theo giao thc tng (N) xc nh 0. + Tng (N) ca A gi ln tng (N+1) k trn n mt hm xc nhn (Confirm) kt thc mt giao tc gia hai h thng. Cc hm nguyn thu u c gi n ( hoc gi i ) t mt im truy nhp dch v (SAP) ranh gii 2 tng (N+1) v (N). n v d liu s dng trong giao thc tng (N) k hiu l PDU. Gia cc tng k nhau cc n v d liu c mi quan h nh sau: mt thc th tng N khng th truyn trc tip n mt thc th tng N+1 ca h thng khc, m phi i xung tng thp nht (tng vt l ) trong kin trc phn tng no . Khi xung tng n (N) th mt n v d liu ca tng (N) c xem nh mt n v d liu (SDU) ca tng (N). Phn thng tin ca tng (N), gi l (N) SDU qu di th c ct thnh nhiu on, mi on kt hp vi (N) PCI vo u to thnh nhiu (N) PDU. Qu trnh nh vy c chuyn xung cho n tng vt l, d liu c truyn qua ng vt l. h thng nhn, qu trnh din ra ngc li. Qua mi tng cc PCI ca cc n v d liu s c phn tch v ct b cc header ca cc PDU trc khi gi ln tng trn. c) Phng thc hot ng: c lin kt v khng c lin kt mi tng m hnh trong tng ISO, c hai phng thc hot ng chnh c p dng l: phng thc hot ng c lin kt (connectionoriented) v khng c lin kt (connectionless). Vi phng thc c lin kt, trc khi truyn d liu cn thit phi thit lp mt lin kt logic gia cc thc th cng tng. Cn vi phng thc Nguyn xun trng - tth2 - k40
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khng lin kt th khng cn lp lin kt logic v mi n v d liu trc hoc sau n. Vi phng thc c lin kt, qu trnh truyn d liu phi tri qua ba giai on theo th t thi gian. - Thit lp lin kt: hai thc th ng mc hai h thng thng lng vi nhau v tp cc tham s s c s dng trong giai on sau. - Truyn d liu: d liu c truyn vi cc c ch kim sot v qun l. - Hu b lin kt (logic): gii phng cc ti nguyn h thng cp pht cho lin kt dng cho cc lin kt khc. Tng ng vi ba giai on trao i, ba th tc c bn c s dng, chng hn i vi tng N c: N-CONNECT ( thit lp lin kt ), NDATA(Truyn d liu ), v N-DISCONNECT (Hu b lin kt ) ngoi ra cn mt s th tc ph c s dng tu theo c im, chc nng ca mi tng. V d: - Th tc N-RESTART c s dng khi ng li h thng tng 3 - Th tc T-EXPEDITED DATA cho vic truyn d liu nhanh tng 4 - Th tc S-TOKEN GIVE chuyn iu khin tng 5. .. Mi th tc trn s dng cc hm nguyn thu (Request, Indication, Response, Confirm) cu thnh cc hm c bn ca giao thc ISO. Cn i vi phng thc khng lin kt th ch c duy nht mt giai on l: truyn d liu. So snh hai phng thc hot ng trn chng ta thy rng phng thc hot ng c lin kt cho php truyn d liu tin cy, do c c ch kim sot v qun l cht ch tng lin kt logic. Nhng mt khc n phc tp v kh ci t. Ngc li, phng thc khng lin kt cho php cc PDU c truyn theo nhiu ng khc nhau i n ch, thch nghi vi s thay i trng thi ca mng, song li tr gi bi s kh khn gp phi khi tp hp cc PDU di chuyn ti ngi s dng. Hai tng k nhau c th khng nht thit phi s dng cng mt phng thc hot ng m c th dng hai phng thc khc nhau. 1.4.4 Truyn d liu trong m hnh OSI. Tin trnh gi gm vi d liu mun gi qua tin trnh nhn. D liu a xung tng ng dng, d liu gn thm phn u p dng (AHApplication Header) vo pha trc d liu v kt qu a xung cho tng trnh din. Tng trnh din c th bin i mc d liu ny theo nhiu cch khc nhau, thm phn header vo u v i xung tng phin. Qu trnh ny c lp i lp li cho n khi d liu i xung tng vt l, chng thc s c truyn sang my nhn. my nhn cc phn header khc nhau c loi b tng ci mt khi cc thng bo truyn ln theo cc lp cho n khi ln ti tin trnh nhn. Nh vy, vic truyn d liu thc hin theo chiu dc. Khi Nguyn xun trng - tth2 - k40
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tng giao vn my gi nhn mt thng bo t tng phin, gn mt Transport Header v gi n qua tng giao vn nhn.
Data
Giao thc lp ng dng
AH Data PH Data Data Data
Giao thc trnh din

SH TH NH DH PH
Data Data Bits
Hnh 1-10: V d qu trnh truyn d liu trong m hnh OSI Hnh 1-10 biu din mt mu s dng m hnh OSI c th truyn d liu nh th no. 1.5 Kt ni cc mng my tnh: 1.5.1 Cc tip cn: trong qu trnh pht trin mng my tnh, nhiu cng ty, nhiu vng, nhiu quc gia xy dng cc h thng mng khc nhau v chng loi, kin trc, khong cch... Nhu cu trao i thng tin ca x hi ngy cng cao nn vic kt ni cc mng vi nhau l vn bc thit. Lm cho nhng ngi s dng trn cc mng khc nhau c th trao i thng tin vi nhau mt cch d dng, hiu qu v an ton m khng phi xy dng li h thng mng c. kt ni cc mng vi nhau, ngi ta xut pht t mt trong hai quan im sau: (1) Xem mi nt ca mng con nh mt h thng m, hoc (2) Xem mi mng con nh mt h thng m. theo quan im (1) th mi nt ca mng con c th truyn thng trc tip vi mt nt mng con bt k no khc. Nh vy, ton b cc nt ca mt mng con cng chnh l nt ca mng ln v phi tun th theo mt cu trc chung. Theo quan im (2) th hai nt bt k thuc hai mng con khc nhau khng th truyn thng trc tip vi nhau c m phi thng qua mt phn t trung gian gi l giao din kt ni (Interconnection Iterface) t gia hai mng con . iu cho php to ra mt mng ln gm cc giao din kt ni v cc my ch (host) c ni vi nhau bi cc mng con. Tng ng vi hai quan im ny c hai chin lc kt ni cc mng vi nhau. Theo quan im (1) ngi ta tm cch xy dng cc chun chung cho cc mng (nh cc chun ca ISO, CCITT. ..) Theo quan im (2) ngi ta xy dng cc giao din kt ni tn trng tnh c lp gia cc mng hin c. Vic xy dng cc chun chung cho tt c cc mng l mt iu rt kh thc hin, bi v hin nay c hng ngn mng ang tn ti khng th loi Nguyn xun trng - tth2 - k40
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b i xy dng mi v qu tn km. T ngi ta to ra hng lot cc thit b giao din cho php kt ni cc mng vi nhau. 1.5.2 Giao din kt ni Ngi ta c th kt ni cc mng con vi nhau nh cc giao din kt ni. Hnh 1-12 minh ho cho vic kt ni cc mng con SN1, SN2, SN3 v SN4 l cc mng con ; G1, G2, G3, G4 l cc giao din kt ni. chc nng ca mt giao din tu thuc vo s khc bit v kin trc ca cc mng con. S khc bit cng ln th chc nng ca cc giao din cng phc tp. Cc giao din c th ni i, ni ba, ni nhiu hn tu thuc vo ngi thit k mng. Da vo chc nng ca giao din m chng c nhng tn gi khc nhau nh: bridge, Router, gateway. Gateway l tn chung ca giao din kt ni, n c s dng trong trng hp chc nng ca giao din l phc tp. Bridge c dng trong trng hp n gin nht, chng hn nh kt ni gia cc mng LAN cng loi. Cn Router hot ng mc cao hn bridge v n m nhn chc nng chn ng cho cc gi d liu i n ch.
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Chn ng v ng dng trong thit k mng WAN Giao thc TCP/IP
Trong chng ny chnh ta s xem xt v chng giao thc TCP/IP. y l giao thc c s dng rng ri nht hin nay trong k thut kt ni mng my tnh. Chng ta s tm hiu v kin trc phn tng ca TCP/IP cng vi chc nng chnh ca chng. Sau chng ta s tp trung xem xt k v cc giao thc chnh trong lp 3 (Internet Layer) v trong lp 4 (Transport Layer) ca m hnh phn cp ny. 2.1 S thc y cho vic ra i ca TCP/IP Giao tip thng tin tr thnh nhu cu khng th thiu trong tt c mi lnh vc hot ng. Mng my tnh tnh ra i phn no p ng c nhu cu . Phm vi lc u ca cc mng b hn ch trong mt nhm lm vic, mt c quan, cng ty... trong mt khu vc. Tuy nhin thc t ca ca nhng nhu cu cn trao i thng tin trong nhiu lnh vc khc nhau, v nhiu ch khc nhau, gia cc t chc, cc c quan. ..l khng c gii hn. V vy nhu cu cn kt ni cc mng khc nhau ca cc t chc khc nhau trao i thng tin l thc s cn thit. Nhng tht khng may l hu ht cc mng ca cc cng ty, cc c quan... u l cc thc th c lp, c thit lp phc v nhu cu trao i thng tin ca bn thn cc t chc . Cc mng ny c th c xy dng t nhng k thut phn cng khc nhau ph hp vi nhng vn giao tip thng tin ca ring h. iu ny chnh l mt cn tr cho vic xy dng mt mng chung, bi v s khng c mt k thut phn cng ring no p ng cho vic xy dng mt mng chung tho mn nhu cu ngi s dng. Ngi s dng cn mt mng tc cao ni cc my, nhng nhng mng nh vy khng th c m rng trn nhng khong cch ln. Nhu cu v mt k thut mi m c th kt ni c nhiu mng vt l c cu trc khc hn nhau l tht s cn thit. Nhn thc c iu , trong qu trnh pht trin mng ARPANET ca mnh, t chc ARPA ( Advanced Research Projects Agency) tp trung nghin cu nhm a ra mt k thut tho mn nhng yu cu trn. K thut ARPA bao gm mt thit lp ca cc chun mng xc nh r nhng chi tit ca vic lm th no cc my tnh c th truyn thng vi nhau cng nh mt s thit lp cc quy c cho kt ni mng, lu thng v chn ng. K thut c pht trin y v c a ra vi tn gi chnh xc l TCP/IP Iternet Protocol Suit v thng c gi tt l TCP/IP. Dng TCT/IP ngi ta c th kt ni c tt c cc mng bn trong cng ty ca h hoc c th kt ni gia cc mng ca cc cng ty, cc t chc khc nhau, vi nhau. TCP/IP c mt s c tnh quan trng sau: L b giao thc chun m v sn c, v: n khng thuc s hu ca bt c mt t chc no; cc c t th sn c v rng ri. V vy bt k ai cng c th xy dng phn mm truyn thng qua mng my tnh da trn n.
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TCP/IP c lp vi phn cng mng vt l, iu ny cho php TCP/IP c th c dng kt ni nhiu loi mng c kin trc vt l khc nhau nh: Ethernet, Tokenring, FDDI, X25, ATM... TCP/IP dng a ch IP nh danh cc host trn mng to ra mt mng o thng nht khi kt ni mng. Cc giao thc lp cao c chun ho thch hp v sn c vi ngi dng. 2.2 Cu trc phn lp ca TCP/IP Nh ta ni phn trc, TCP/IP cng l m hnh m kt ni mng. N cng c thit k theo m hnh kin trc phn tng tng t nh trong m hnh tham chiu OSI ta trnh by chng trc. B giao thc TCP/IP c thit k gm bn lp c m t nh hnh sau y: M hnh phn lp Application Transport Internet Network Interface i tng c chuyn gia cc lp Message or Streams Transport Protocol Packets IP Datagrams Network-Specific Frames
Hnh 2-1: M hnh phn lp ca TCP/IP Lp ng dng (Application): y l lp cao nht trong cu trc phn lp ca TCP/IP. Lp ny bao gm tt c cc chung trnh ng dng s dng cc dch v sn c thng qua mt TCP/IP internet.Cc chng trnh ng dng tng tc vi mt trong cc giao thc ca lp Transport truyn hoc nhn d liu. Mi chng trnh ng dng la chn mt kiu giao thc thch hp cho cng vic ca n. Chng trnh ng dng chuyn d liu theo mu m lp Transport yu cu. Lp vn chuyn (Transport): Nhim v trc tin ca lp Transport l cung cp s giao tip thng tin gia cc chng trnh ng dng. Mi s giao tip c gi l end-to-end. Lp Transport cng c th iu chnh lu lng lung thng tin. N cng cung cp mt s vn chuyn tin cy, m bo rng d liu n m khng b li. lm nh vy, phn mm giao thc h tr bn nhn c th gi li cc thng bo xc nhn v vic thu d liu v bn gi c th truyn li cc gi tin b mt hoc b li. Phn mm giao thc chia dng d liu ra thnh nhng n v d liu nh hn (thng c gi l cc Packets) v chuyn mi packet cng vi a ch ch ti lp tip theo tip tc qu trnh truyn dn. Nguyn xun trng - tth2 - k40
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Mc d hnh 2-1 dng mt khi biu din cho lp ng dng, nhng ni chung my tnh c th c nhiu chng trnh ng dng truy nhp vo internet ti cng mt thi im. Lp Transport phi chp nhn d liu t mt s chng trnh ng dng v gi n ti lp tip theo thp hn. lm nh vy n thm vo thng tin b sung cho mi packet, gm c cc m nh danh chng trnh ng dng gi n v chng trnh ng dng s nhn n, cng nh mt tng kim tra. My nhn s dng tng kim tra thm tra gi tin n, v s dng m ch nh danh chng trnh ng dng n c chuyn pht n. Internet layer: Nh chng ta va thy, lp Internet x l giao tip thng tin t mt my ny ti mt my khc. N chp nhn mt yu cu gi mt gi t t lp Transport cng vi mt nh danh ca my ch m gi tin s c gi ti. N s bc gi tin trong mt IP Datagram, in y vo trong phn header, s dng gii thut chn ng quyt nh l giao pht gi tin trc tip hay l gi n ti mt Router, v chuyn datagram ti giao din phi ghp mng thch hp cho vic truyn dn. Lp Internet cng x l cc Datagram n, kim tra tnh hp l ca chng, v s dng gii thut chn ng quyt nh l datagram s c x l cc b hay l s c chuyn i tip. i vi cc datagrams c a ch ch cc b, th phn mm lp internet s xo phn header ca cc datagram , v chn trong s cc giao thc lp Transport mt giao thc thch hp x l packet. Trong lp Internet cn gi cc ICMP (Information Control Message Protocol)v cc messages iu khin khi cn thit v x l tt c mi ICMP Messages ti. Host A Application Identical message Identical packet Router R Internet
Identical datagram Identical frame
Host B Application
Transport
Transport
Internet
Identical datagram Identical frame
Internet
Network Interface
Network Interface
Network Interface
Physcal net 1
Physcal net 2
Hnh 2-2
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Network Interface Layer: lp thp nht ca m hnh phn lp TCP/IP, chu trch nhim v vic chp nhn cc IP datagrams v vic truyn pht chng trn mt mng xc nh. Mt giao din phi ghp mng c th gm mt b iu khin thit b (v d nh khi mng l mng cc b m my c gn ni trc tip ti) hoc l mt h thng con phc tp dng giao thc Data Link ca bn thn n( v d khi mng bao gm cc chuyn mch gi giao tip vi cc host bng giao thc HDLC). hnh dung s hot ng trong mi trng phn lp ca TCP/IP ta hy xt hnh v minh ho sau: Nh hnh 2-2 minh ha, vic giao pht message s dng hai mng ring bit, mt mng cho vic truyn dn t host A ti Router R, v mng kia truyn dn t Router R ti Host B. Trong phn tip theo ta s su tm hiu v lp Internet v lp Transport, l hai lp quan trong nht trong m hnh phn lp TCP/IP, thng cc giao thc c s dng trong hai lp l: giao thc TCP, UDP cho lp Transport v giao thc IP, ICMP cho lp Internet. 2.3 Cc giao thc lp Internet (Internet Protocol - IP) Internet protocol (IP), l tn gi giao thc lp Internet nh ngha cc phng tin giao pht unreliable, connectionless, v thng c bit vi ci tn tt l IP. Trc nht, giao thc IP nh ngha nhng n v ca vic truyn d liu c dng qua mt mng TCP/IP internet. V vy, n xc nh chnh xc khun dng ca tt c d liu khi n c chuyn qua mt mng TCP/IP internet. Th hai, phn mm IP thc hin chc nng chn ng chn ra con ng gi d liu qua. Th ba, thm vo tnh chnh xc cc c t k thut ca khun dng d liu v chn ng thng thng, IP gm c c mt tp cc lut biu hin cho tng ca h thng giao pht gi tin unreliable. Cc lut ch r vic lm th no cc hosts v cc Routers x l cc gi tin, lm th no v khi no cc thng bo li s c pht i, v cc iu kin cho vic hu gi tin. IP l phn ch yu ca thit k nn mt mng TCP/IP internet i khi cn c gi l mt mng da trn k thut IP (IPbased technology). Chng ta s ln lt xem xt cc vn c cp trong IP. 2.3.1 Internet Datagram. C rt nhiu s tng t gia mt mng vt l v mt TCP/IP internet. Trn mt mng vt l, n v truyn l frame ci cha mt header v d liu, phn header mang nhiu thng tin nh a ch ngun ch. Internet gi nhng n v truyn c s ca n l Internet datagram (IP datagram ) hay n gin l datagram. Nh mt khung mng vt l, mt datagram c chia thnh vng header v vng d liu. Phn header cng tongt frame, n cha a ch ngun a ch ch v mt trng type dng nh danh ni dung ca dtagram. S khc
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nhau l header ca datagram cha a ch IP cn header ca frame cha a ch vt l. Hnh sau m t dng tng qut ca mt datagram. Datagram Header Datagram Data
a) Khun dng Datagram: VERS HLEN Kiu dch v Tng di Identification FLAGS FRAGMENT OFFSET TIME TO LIVE PROTOCOL HEADER CHECKSUM Source IP Address Destination IP Address IP OPTION (IF ANY) PADDING DATA . ................ Bi v qa trnh x l datagram l do phn mm nn ni dung v khun dng khng b ph thuc bi phn cng. V d bn bit trng u tin (VERS) cha VERSION ca giao thc IP c s dng to datagram. Trng ny c s dng thm tra rng bn gi bn nhn v bt k Router no trong s gia chungs ng v khun dng ca datagram. Tt c mi phn mm IP c yu cu kim tra trng VERSION trc khi x l mt datagram m bo n ph hp vi khun dng m cc phn mm trng i. Nu chun thay i, cc my s loi b cc datagram cng vi cc VERSION giao thc khc vi phin bn ca chng, ngn cn chng hiu sai ni dung datagram theo cc fomat qu c. (Ti thi im 1995 VERSION ca IP l 4) trng dI header (HLEN) cng c bn bits, a ra gia str di header ca datagram c biu din bi t 32 bits. Chng ta se thy tt c cc trng trong header c mt dI c nh tr trng IP OPTION v cacs trng PADDING tng ng. Header thng thng nht khng cha cc la chn (option ) v padding, gi tr 20 octets v c mt trng dI header bng 5. Trng TOTAL LENGTH a ra di ca IP datagram c o bi octets, gm c cc octets ca phn header v d liu. Kch thc ca vng d liu c th tnh ton bng vic tr I chiu dI ca header (HLEN) t gi tr ca TOTAL LENGTH. Bi v trng TOTAL LENGTH l 16 bits nn gi tr ti a ca gi tin IP l IP l 216 hay 65535 octets. Trong hu ht cc ng dng, Iu ny khng phI l mt hn ch nghim trng. N c th tr nn quan trng hn trong tng lai nu cc mng c tc cao hn c th mang cc gi d liu ln hn so vi 65535 octets. b) Kiu datagram ca dch v v quyn u tin trc datagram. Kiu dch v TOS (Type of service) c gi mt cch khng chnh thc l trng service type 8bits xc nh lm th no datagram s c x l v c phn ra 5 trng nh hn (subfield) nh hnh sau: Nguyn xun trng - tth2 - k40
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1 2 PRECEDENCE
3 D
4 T
5 R
7 UNUSER
Ba bits PRECEDENCE xc nh quyn i trc ca datagram vi gi tr t 0-7, cho php ngi gi ch r mc quan trng ca mi datagram. Mc d hu ht cc hosts v phn mm Router b qua kiu dch v nhng n l mt khI nim quan trng bi v n cung cp mt phng tin c th cho php thng tin Iu khin c quyn utin trn d liu. V d nu tt c cc host v cc Router tn trng quyn I trc th n c th thi hnh cc giI thut Iu khin tc nghn. Cc bits D,T v R xc nh kiu vn chuyn datagram yu cu. Khi thit lp bit D yu cu tr thp, bit T yub cu thng cao, v bit R nyu cu tin cy cao. D nhin n c l khng th cho mt internet m bo kiu vn chuyn c yu cu ( chng hn n c th l khng c con ng ti ch c quyn c yu cu. V vy chng ta ngh v yu cu vn chuyn nh mt gi cho cc giI thut chn ng, khng phI nh mt nhu cu. Nu mt Router khng bit nhiu hn mt kh dng ti mt ch cho trc th n c th s dng trng type of transport la chn mt kiu vi cc c Im gn v nhng mong mun nht. V d, git s mt Router c th chn gia mt ng leased line dung lng thp hoc mt kt ni v tinh bng thng cao ( nhng tr cao). Cc datagram mang Key Stroke t mt ngi dng ti mt my xa c bit D thit lp i hi rng chng chng phI c giao pht cng nhanh cnh tt, trong khi cc datagrams mang mt file khi lng ln hn c th 7 bit thit lp yu cu rng chng I qua con ng v tinh dung lng cao. N cng rt quan trng nhn ra rng cc giI thut chn ng phI chn t gia cc k thut mng vt l bn di, v mi k thut c nhng c tnh tr, thng, v tin cy ring. Thng mt k thut cho trc tng ng c tnh cho mt ci khc ( v d: tc thng cao th tr ln ). V vy l tng l a ra cho gii thut chn ng mt gi v nhng g quan trng nht, n him khi c ngha xc nh c 3 kiu dch v. Chng ta quan tm c t kiu giao vn nh l mt gi cho gii thut chn ng, ci gip n la chn gia nhiu con ng khc nhau ti mt ch da trn hiu bit sa n v k thut phn cng, sn c trn con ng . Mt internet khng m bo kiu vn chuyn yu cu. c) ng gi cc datagram. Trc khi chng ta c th hiu cc trng hp tip theo trong mt datagram, s l rt quan trng quyt dnh lm th no cc datagram lin quan ti cc khung mng vt l. Chng ta bt u vi cu hi: Datagram c th ln hn mc no . Khng ging nh cc frames mng vt l, ci c th phi c nhn ra bi phn cng, cc datagrams c x l bng phn mm. Chng c th c bt k chiu di no m ngi thit k giao thc chn. Chng ta thy rng khun dng datagram hin hin ch phn 16bits cho trng chiu di tng cng nn gii hn ln nht ca chiu di datagram l Nguyn xun trng - tth2 - k40
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65535octets. D sao, gii hn c th c thay i version ca giao thc sau ny. Nhng gii hn c bn hn v kch thc dfatagram ny sinh t thc t. Chng ta bit rng, khi cc datagram chuyn t my ny ti my khc, chng phI lun c vn chuyn bng mng vt l bn di. thc hin vic vn chuyn trong internet mt cch hiu qu, chng ta phi bo m rng mi datagram qua mng trong mt frame vt l phn bit. l chng ta mun ci nhn tru tng v mt packet mng vt l ca chng ta nh x trc tip ra mt packet thc nu c th. Datagram Header FRAME Header Datagram Data Area
FRAME DATA AREA
Hnh 2-2: Bc gi tin trong IP mt frame. Mng vt l coi ton b datagram gm c header nh l d liu.
tng v vic mang mt datagram trong mt frame mng c gi l encapsulation. i vi mng bn di, mt datagram ging nh bt k messages no khc c gi t mt my ti my khc. Phn cng khng nhn ra c khun dng datagram, cng khng hiu c a ch IP ch. V vy, hnh sau m t khi mt my gi mt IP datagram ti mt my khc, ton b datagram c t vo phn d liu ca frame mng. d) Kch thc datagram, network MTU v s phn mnh. Trong trng hp l tng, ton b IP datagram va kht trong mt khung vt l, vic thc hin truyn dn qua mng vt l l hiu qu. c c nhng hiu qu nh vy, nhng nh thit k IP c th la chn mt kch thc datagram ti a mt datagram s lun va trong mt frame. Nhng kch thc no ca frame s c la chn ?. Cui cng, mt datagram c th i qua nhiu kiu mng vt l khi n chuyn qua mt internet ti ch cui cng ca n. hiu c vn , chng ta cn yu t v phn cng mng: Mi k thut chuyn mch gi t mt gii hn trn c nh trn mt s lng d liu c th c truyn trn mt khung vt l. V d Ethernet gii hn vic truyn ti a l 1500 octets d liu, trong khi FDDI cho php ti gn 4470 octets d liu / 1 frame. Chng ta gi nhng gii hn ny l MTU ca mng (Maximumn Transfer Unit). Kch c MTU c th hi nh: mt s k thut phn cng gii hn truyn 128 octets hoc t hn. Vic gii hn cc datagram lm va vn MTU nh nht trong Internet lm cho vic truyn c hi qu khi nhng datagram chuyn qua mt mng, ci c th mang cc frame c ln hn. D sao th vic cho php cc datagram ln hn so vi MTU mng
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nh nht trong mt internet c ngha l mt datagram c th khng phi lc no cng va vn trong mt frame mng. Host A
Net 1 MTU=1500
Host B
Net 3 MTU=1500
R1
Net 2 MTU=620
R2
Hnh 2-3: Router R1 phn mnh cc datagrams ln c gi t A ti B. R2 phn mnh cc datagrams t B ti A.
S la chn c th l hin nhin: quan im ca thit k internet l n i cc k thut mng bn di v lm cho vic giao tip thun tin vi ngi dng. V vy, thay v vic thit k cc datagram tn trng trit nhng rng buc ca mng vt l, th phn mm TCP/IP chn mt kch thc datagram khi u tin li v gip phn chia cc datagram ln ra cc phn nh khi datagram cn i qua mt mng c MTU nh. Cc phn nh ca datagram c chia gi l phn mnh (fragment), v qu trnh phn chia c gi l qu trnh phn mnh (fragmentation). Hnh 2-3 minh ho qu trnh phn chia thng xy ra ti mt Router no dc theo con ng datagram i t ngun ti ch. Router nhn mt datagram t mng vi mt MTU ln v phi gi n qua mt mng c MTU nh hn kch thc ca datagram. Trong hnh v, c Host gn trc tip ti cc Ethernets c MTU l 1500 octest. V vy c 2 Hosts c th pht v gi ti kch thc 1500 octests. Nhng con ng gia chng l mt mng vi MTU bng 620. Nu Host A gi cho Host B mt datagram ln hn 620 octests, Router R1 s phn mnh datagram . Tng t, nu B gi 1 datagram ln hn 620 ti A, R2 s phn mnh chng. DATAGRAM Data1 Data3 Data2 HEADER 600 octets 600 octets 200 octets (a) FRAGMENT 1 Data1
HEADER FRAGMENT 1 (offset 0) FRAGMENT 2 HEADER FRAGMENT 3 HEADER
Data2 Data3
FRAGMENT 2 (offset 600)
FRAGMENT 3 (offset 1200)
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Hnh 2-4: (a) Mt datagram 1400 ocsets v (b) 3 mnh cho mng c MTU bng 620. Header 1 v 2 c thm bit thit lp phn mnh. Cc offset l cc s octet tnh theo h 10 chng phi c chia cho 8 ly gi tr ct gi trong fragment header.
Kch c mnh c chn sao cho mi mnh c th c chuyn qua mng bn di mt frame n. Hn na, bi IP a ra offset ca d liu l bi s ca 8 ocsets, nn kch thc ca mnh phn c chn l bi s ca 8. D nhin, vic chn bi 8 l s gn vi MTU ca mng nht thng khng chia datagram thnh cc phn kch c bng nhau; phn cui cng thng ngn hn nhng phn khc. Cc mnh phi c lp rp li to ra 1 bn sao y ca datgram ban u trc khi n c th c x l ti ch. Giao thc IP Protocol khng gii hn kch thc di cho datagram, hay l m bo rng cc datagram ln hn s c giao pht m khng cn phn mnh. Ngun c th chn bt k kch thc datagram m n cho l thch hp; vic phn mnh v rop li din ra 1 cch t ng, m khng cn ngun phi c mt hnh ng g. c t k thut IP ch r rng cc Routers phi chp nhn cc datagram phi c kch c bng cc MTU ln nhtca cc mng chng gn ni ti. Hn na, 1 Router phi lun lun x l cc datagram ln ti 576 ocsets (cc hosts cng c yu cu chp nhn, v c th ti lp ghp khi cn, cc datagrams vi t nht l 576 ocsets.) Vic phn mnh 1 datagram c ngha l phn chia n thnh mt s phn mnh nh hn. C th s lm bn ngc nhin, l mi phn c cng mt khun dng nh datagram ban u. Hnh 2-4 minh ho iu ny. Mi mnh cha mt datagram header, n lp li hu ht thng tin ca datagram header ban u (tr mt bit trong trng FLAGS ch ra rng n l mt mnh) c theo sau bi nhiu d liu nh n c th c mang trong mnh trong khi d tng chiu di nh hn MTU ca mng m n phi i qua. e)Ti lp ghp cc mnh. Mt Datagram s c lp ghp sau khi i qua mt mng, hay l cc mnh s c mang ti. Host cui cng trc khi lp ghp ? Trong mt TCP/IP internet mt khi mt Datagram c phn mnh th cc mnh s i ti ch nh th nhng Datagram ring bit cng ti mt ch cui l ni chng phi c lp ghp li. Vic duy tr cho tt c cc mnh cng ti mt ch cui c hai bt li. Th nht bi v cc Datagram khng c lp ghp li ngay lp tc khi chuyn qua mt mng c MTD nh, nn cc mnh nh phi c mang t ni phn mnh ti ch cui cng. Vic lp ghp li cc Datagrams ti ch cui cng c th dn ti s khng hiu qu, d l mt s trong cc mng vt l gp sau im phn mnh c MTD ln hn, trong khi ch cc phn mnh nh i qua n. Th hai, nu bt k mnh no b mt, datagram khng th c lp ghp li c. My nhn khi to mt b timer lp ghp khi n nhn c mt mnh khi u Nu timer ht hiu lc trc khi tt c cc mnh ti th my ang nhn s hu cc gi m khng x l. V vy kh nng m cc datagram b mt s tng khi vic phn mnh xy ra, bi v khi mt mnh b mt th coi nh c datagram b mt.
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Bt chp mt s bt li ph, vic thc hin lp rp ti ch cui cng vn hot ng tt. N cho php mi phn mnh c nh tuyn c lp, v khng i hi cc Router trung gian lu gi chng hoc lp ghp chng. f) iu khin vic phn mnh Ba trng trong phn HEADER ca datagram l IDENTIFICATION, FLAGS v FRAGMENT OFFSET iu khin vic phn mnh v lp rp datagram. Trng IDENTIFICATION cha mt s nguyn duy nht nh danh datagram. Nh li rng khi mt Router phn mnh 1 datagram th n copy phn ln cc trng trong phn HEADER ca datagram ban u vo mi mnh. Trng IDENTIFICATION cng phi c copy. Mc ch trc tin l cho ch bit l mnh n no l ca datagram no. Khi mt mnh n, ch dng trng IDENTIFICATION cng vi a ch ngun xc nh datagram. Cc my tnh gi datagram phi to ra mt gi tr duy nht cho mi datagram. Mt k thut c s dng bi mt phn mm IP Gi mt b m ton cc (global counter) trong b nh, tng n mi ln mt datagram mi c to ra, v gn kt qu nh l trng IDENTIFICATION ca datagram. Nh li rng mi mnh c c chnh xc cng khun dng nh khun dng ca datagram lc cha phn mnh.i vi mi mnh, trng FRAGMENT OFFSET xc nh lch trong (offset)datagram ban u ca d liu nag c mang bng cc mnh, c o bng cc khi 8 octets bt u t offset 0. lp rp li cc datagram, ch phi c c tt c cc mnh t mnh c offset 0 cho ti mnh c offset cao nht.cc mnh khng cn phi n ng trt t v khng c giao tip gia Router phn mnh datagram v ch ang lp rp chng. Hai bt thp ca trng FLAGS iu khin vic phn mnh. Thng thng phn mm ng dng dng TCP/IP khng cn quan tm ti vic phn mnh bi v c vic phn mnh v lp rp li cc mnh u l cc th tc t ng hot ng ti mt mc thp trong h iu hnh m ngi dng khng th thy c. D sao th kim tra li phn mm internet hoc g ri cc vn vn hnh th c th kim tra kch thc ca cc datagram th rt quan trng cho vic phn mnh xy ra. Bit iu khin u tin h tr trong nhng trng hp kim tra nh vy bng cch xc nh r l datagram c th b phn mnh hay l khng. N c gi l bit khng phn mnh bi v vic thit lp n ln gi tr 1 xc nh rng datagram s khng b phn mnh. Mt ng dng c th chn khng cho php phn mnh trong trng hp ch khi ton b datagram mi c tc dng. V d xt mt qa trnh khi ng t xa ca mt my tnh : n bt u thi hnh mt chng trnh nh t ROM, chng ny s dng internet yu cu th tc khi to v my kia gi li phn mm m n yu cu. Trng hp ny my cn hoc l ton b phn mm hoc l khng, nn datagram ca n s phi c bit donot fragment c thit lp 1. Bt c khi no 1 Router cn phn mnh mt datagram c bit donot fragment mang gi tr 1, th Router s hu Datagram v gi mt thng bo li tr li ngun. Nguyn xun trng - tth2 - k40
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Bit thp trong trng FLAGS xc nh l mnh cha d liu t v tr gia ca gi tin ban u hay t v tr cui. N c gi l bit more fragment. bit ti sao mt bit nh vy cn phi c, hy xem xt vic phn mm IP ti ch c gng lp rp li mt datagram. N s nhn c cc mnh c th khng ng trnh t v cn bit khi no n nhn c tt c cc mnh ca datagram. Khi mt mnh n, trng TOTAL LENGTH HEADER cho bit kch thc ca mnh nhng khng cho bit kch thc ca gi tin ban u, v vy ch khng th s dng trng TOTAL LENGTH bit l n nhn c ton b cc mnh hay cha. Bit more fragment quyt nh vn ny d dng: Mt khi ch nhn c mt fragment vi bit more fragment l 0, n bit rng mnh ny mang d liu t phn cui ca datagram ban u. T trng FRAGMENT OFFSET v TOTAL LENGTH, n c th tnh ra c chiu di ca datagram ban u. Bng vic kim tra FRAGMENT OFFSET v TOTAL LENGTH ca tt c cc mnh n nhn c th bn nhn c th bit rng cc mnh n c cha tt c d liu cn lp rp li ton b datagram hay l khng. g) Time to live (TTL). Trng TIME TO LIVE xc nh thi gian datagram c php tn ti trong h thng internet, n c tnh bng giy. tng th n gin nhng rt quan trng: bt c khi no mt my a vo trong mng mt datagram th n t mt thi gian ti a tn ti trong mng cho datagram . Cc Router v cc host x l cc datagram phi gim gi tr ca trng TIME TO LIVE mi ln gi qua v xo b datagram khi thi gian ca datagram ht hiu lc. Vic c lng thi gian chnh xc l kh khn bi v cc Router thng khng bit thi gian qu ca cc mng vt l. Mt s lut n gin ho qu trnh x l v lm cho vic x l cc datagram d dng m khng cn ng h ng b. Trc ht, mi Router dc ng t ngun ti ch c yu cu gim gi tr trng TIME TO LIVE i mt n v khi n x l phn HEADER ca datagram. Thm na, x l cc trng hp cc Router qu ti, mi Router bo co thi gian cc b khi datagram n v gim TIME TO LIVE i mt gi tr bng s giy datagram trong Router ch dch v x l. Bt c khi no trng TIME TO LIVE t ti gi tr 0, th Router s hu datagram v gi thng bo li v ngun. tng ca vic duy tr mt b timer cho cc datagram rt l hu dng bi v n m bo rng cc datagram khng th quanh qun trong internet mi mi, ngay c khi bn chn ng b li v cc Router nh tuyn cho cc datagram trong mt vng lp. h) Cc trng khc ca Header trong datagram. Trng PROTOCOL tong tt trng TYPE trong frame ca mng vt l. Gi tr trong trng PROTOCOL xc nh giao thc mc cao no c s dng to ra message ang c mang trong vng DATA ca mt Nguyn xun trng - tth2 - k40
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datagram. V bn cht, gi tr ca PROTOCOL xc nh khun dng ca vng DATA. Vic nh x gia mt giao thc mc cao v mt gi tr nguyn dng c dng trong trng PROTOCOL phi c qun l m bo s ph hp trong ton internet. Trng HEADER CHECKSUM m bo cho tnh nguyn vn ca gi tr HEADER. IP checksum c to ra bng vic coi HEADER nh l mt s nguyn gm cc cm 16 bit lin tc, b sung chng cng vi vic s dng s b mt v ri ly phn b kt qu. V mc ch tnh ton CHECKSUM, trng HEADER c gi s l cha gi tr 0. iu quan trng nh l CHECKSUM ch p dng vi cc gi tr trong IP header ch khng phi cho phn DATA. Vic phn chia checksum cho cc HEADER v DATA c mt s thun li nhng cng gy mt s bt li. Bi v HEADER thng chim t octet hn phn DATA nn vic c mt tng kim tra ring lm gim thi gian x l ti cc Router. Chng ch cn tnh ton CHECKSUM ca HEADER. S tch bit cng cho php cc giao thc mc cao hn chn CHECKSUM cho bn thn chng tnh ton vi phn DATA. im bt li ln nht l vic cc Giao thc lp cao hn b buc phi b sung cc CHECKSUM ca chng nu khng c th phi chu ri ro c li phn DATA m khng pht hin c. Trng SOURCE IP ADDRESS v DESTINATION IP ADDRESS cha a ch IP 32 bits ca bn gi v bn nhn. Mc d datagram c th c nh tuyn qua nhiu Router trung gian nhng trng a ch ngun v a ch ch khng bao gi thay i. Trng DATA l vng d liu ca datagram, di ca trng ph thuc vo nhng g ang c gi trong datagram. Trng IP OPTIONS s c tho lun sau. Trng PADDING ph thuc vo tu chn no c chn. N i din cho cc bits cha gi tr 0, ci c th cn m bo cho HEADER ca datagraam m rng ti gi tr l bi s ca 32 bits.
2.3.2 Giao thc ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol).

Trong h thng khng lin kt chng ta va m t trc. Mi Router hot ng mt cch t ng, chn ng v giao pht cc datagram m khng cn phi hp vi ngi gi. H thng lm vic tt nu tt c cc my lm vic tt v ph hp vi cc tuyn ng. Khng may l khng c h thng no lm vic tt ti mi lc. Bn cnh nhng hng hc v ng dy thng tin v cc b x l th IP cn b h hng khi my ch khng kt ni tm thi hoc thng xuyn ti mng. Khi TTL (time to live) ht thi hn, hoc khi cc Router trung gian tr ln qu tc nghn khng th x l c lung thng tin n. Khc bit quan trng gia vic c mt mng hot ng vi phn cng ring v mt internet hot ng vi phn mm l mng c phn cng ring nh thit k c th b sung phn cng c bit bo tin cho cho cc host c gn ni khi c vn ny sinh. Trong mt internet, khng c nhng
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phng tin phn cng nh vy, ngi gi khng th ni l giao pht b li l do u. Vic g li tr ln cc k kh khn. Giao thc IP bn thn n khng cha bt c th g gip ngi gi kim tra kh nng kt ni hoc l nhn bit cc li nh vy. cho php cc Router trong mt internet bo cc li hoc cung cp thng tin v tnh hung khng mong mun y, cc nh thit k b sung mt phng tin thng bo mc ch t bit cho giao thc TCP/IP. Phng tin l ICMP c xem l mt phn ca IP buc phi c cho vic hot ng. Ging nh tt c lu thng khc, cc thng bo ICMP i qua Internet trong phn d liu ca IP datagram. ch cui cng ca mt thng bo ICMP khng phi l chng trnh ng dng hoc ngi dng trn my ch m l phn mm IP trn my . D nhin, nu ICMP nhn thy mt giao thc hoc chng trnh ng dng mc cao gy ra mt li th n s bo tin cho Module thch hp. Nh vy: ICMP cho php cc Router gi thng bo li hoc thng bo iu khin ti cc Router hoc host khc: ICMP cung cp thng tin gia phn mm IP trn 1 my vi mt phn mm IP trn mt my khc. Ban u n c thit k cho php cc Router bo co nguyn nhn ca cc li giao pht ti cc host. ICMP khng b hn ch vi cc Router. Mc d v nguyn tc l gii hn s dng mt s thng bo ICMP, nhng 1 my tu c th gi 1 ICMP ti bt k mt my no khc. V vy, 1 host c th s dng ICMP tng ng cng vi mt Router hoc mt host khc. Thun li chnh ca vic cho php cc host s dng ICMP l cung cp 1 phng tinn c dng cho tt c cc message thng tin iu khin. Cc gi ICMP yu cu 2 mc bc nh hnh v sau: ICMP HEADER Datagram Header FRAME HEADER ICMP DATA
DATAGRAM DATA AREA
FRAME DATA AREA
2.3.3 Chn ng IP Trong mt h thng chuyn mch gi, vic chn ng c xem nh l mt qu trnh chn mt con ng gi gi tin, v Router c xem nh mt my tnh thc hin nhng la chn nh vy. Vic chn ng xy ra mt s mc, v d nh trong mng WAN (mng c nhiu kt ni vt l gia cc chuyn mch gi), bn thn mng phi chu trch nhim quyt nh v vic chn ng cho cc gi tin t lc n n cho ti lc n ri i. Nhng chn ng bn trong mng ni b nh vy hon ton t cha bn trong mng WAN. My bn ngoi khng th tham gia vo nhng quyt nh chn
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ng, chng n thun ch xem mng nh mt thc th cn giao pht cc gi tin. Phi nh rng u im ca IP l cung cp mt mng o bao gm nhiu a ch mng vt l v a ra mt dch v giao pht cc khung d liu dng khng kt ni.V vy chng ta tp trung vo vic chn ng Internet hay chn ng IP. Tng t vic chn ng trong mng vt l, chn ng IP l chn mt con ng gi cc gi tin qua con ng . Thut ton chn ng IP l phi chn sao cho c th gi Datagram cc mng vt l. Vic chn ng trong mt mng internet c th rt kh c bit l gia cc my tnh c nhiu kt ni vt l ti nhiu mng. Mt cch l tng, phn mm chn ng s xem xt vic nh ti mng, chiu di datagram hoc kiu dch v c nh r trong phn Header ca cc datagram khi la chn con ng tt nht.Hu ht cc phn mm chn ng internet th khng qu phc tp. hiu chn ng IP mt cch hon ton, chng ta phi tr li xem xt kin trc internet vi TCP/IP. Trc tin ta nh rng mng internet c to ra trn nhiu mng vt l c kt ni bi cc my tnh gi l Router. Mi Router c kt ni trc tip ti hai hoc nhiu hn cc mng vt l. Trong khi mt Host thng kt ni trc tip ti mt mng vt l. D nhin l c th c mt Host c kt ni trc tip vi nhiu mng, khi n c gi l multi- homed Host. C Hosts v ROUTERs u tham gia vo vic chn ng cho mt IP datagram ti c ch ca n. Khi mt chng trnh ng dng trn mt Host c gng giao tip, cc giao thc TCP/IP thm ch pht mt hoc nhiu IP datagram. Host phi thc hin quyt nh chn ng khi n la chn ni gi cc datagrams.D nhin cc Router cng thc hin quyt nh chn ng ( l mc ch trc tin ca chng, v l l do gi chng l ROUTER.) Th cn cc multi - hosted home ?. Bt k computer no vi nhiu kt ni mng c th hot ng nh mt ROUTER, v nh chng ta s thy multi -host chy ICP/IP c mt phn mm cn cho chn ng. Thm na, nhng v tr khng kh nng phn chia cc Routers, lc dng vi mc ch chung chia x thi gian my nh c Hosts v ROUTERs. D sao chun TCP/IP cng ch ra s ring bit r rng gia chc nng ca Host v ROUTER v nh v tr c gng trn ln chc nng ca Host v ROUTER trn mt my tnh n. Khi thy rng cc multi - homed Hosts ca h gn vo cc tng tc khng c trng i. By gi chng ta s phn bit cc Hosts vi cc ROUTERs v gi s cc Hosts khng lm cc chc nng ca Router chuyn gi t mng ny ti mng khc. Trn y l nhng vn chung nht v chn ng IP, nhng vn chi tit hn v chn ng trong mng my tnh ni chung v mng TCP/IP ni ring s c chng ta dnh hn mt chng tho lun sau. 2.3.4 Cc giao thc khc trong lp Internet
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a) a ch IP IP ra khi nim a ch mng Logic c lp vi a ch mng c s. IP dng mt giao thc gi l giao thc phn gii a ch -ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) thit lp gia cc a ch Logic (cn gi l a ch IP) vi a ch ca cc nt. Gi d liu IP c th phn on thnh nhiu phn nh ph hp vi n v truyn cc i - MTU (Maximum Transmission Unit) ca mng c s. a ch IP c biu din bng s 32 bit, c tch thnh bn vng c th c biu din di dng thp phn, bt phn, thp lc phn hoc nh phn c du chm tch cc vng. Ngi ta chia a ch IP thnh 5 lp dng cc bit u tin nh danh lp nh hnh sau: 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 Netid Netid Netid Multicast Reserved Hostid Hostid Hostid Class A Class B Class C Class D Class E
S d phi dng cc kiu a ch khc nhau l nh a ch cn thit cho nhng mng c kch thc khc nhau. Bng sau s trnh by s lng mng v s node ng vi mi lp a ch: Lp a ch A B C S lng mng 127 16.383 2.097.151 S lng nt 16.777.214 65.534 254
Trong nhiu trng hp, mt mng c th c phn chia thnh nhiu mng con (subnet), lc c th a thm cc vng SubnetID nh danh thm cc mng con. Vic phn chia mng con l mt cch cho php chia mt mng thnh nhiu mng nh s dng cng mt s hiu mng m phn cn li ca mng c kt ni khng bit nhng thay i bn trong mng. Mt n mng con chia vng Hostid thnh a ch mng con v a ch my ch. Mt n mng con l mt s 32 bit, m gi tr ca n tun theo lut sau:
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+ Gi tr 1 trong mt n con tng ng vi v tr ca Netid v s mng con trong a ch IP. + Gi tr 0 trong mt n con tng ng vi s my ch trong a ch IP. b) Phn gii a ch ARP(Address Resolution Protocol) truyn thng ip ti mt my ch trn mng, ni gi phi bit a ch phn cng ca my ch ch. a ch phn cng, cn gi l a ch MAC (Media Access Control). a ch IP khng phi l ia ch vt l, n ch cha a ch nhn dng my ch (Host) v mng (Net) l a ch 32 bit, trong khi a ch MAC l 48 bit. V th c mt c ch linh ng xc nh a ch MAC khi bit a ch IP ca my ch, c ch ny c thc hin nh mt giao thc ring c gi l ARP. Phn ln cc trm mng TCP u duy tr mt bng chuyn t a ch LAN vt l sang a ch IP. Thc t n ch l mt vng RAM cha tham chiu (mapping) t a ch MAC sang a ch IP m n hc c trn mng. Qu trnh hc ny nh sau: Mt trm (Host A) gi mt khung truyn di dng Broadcast gi l khung yu cu ARP trn mng, khung ny cha a IP ca Host B (ni cn xc nh a ch) v a ch MAC v a ch IP ca my gi (Host A). Tt c cc nt nhn c khung truyn ny s so snh a ch ca n vi a ch IP trong yu cu ARP. Ch c my ch c cng a ch IP vi a ch trong khung yu cu ARP mi p li. Nu Host B tn ti trn mng, n s phn ng li a ch IP m ho trong mt khung tr li ARP. Host B khi ng bng cha ARP v nh li a ch ny, cc gi tr cha trong bng ny s ht hiu lc sau mt khong thi gian no (thi gian ny c th c cu hnh trong mt s ng dng TCP/IP). Mt s ch v ARP: ARP khng phi l mt phn ca giao thc IP nn n khng cha phn Header ca IP. Cc yu cu v tr li ca ARP u l cc a ch vt l. Trong vng Ethertypes ARP c gn 0806h. ARP c kh nng xo b cc a ch lu khng dng. Nu mt my gi yu cu cho chnh n, n phi t tr li. c)Th tc phn gii ngc (RARP- Reverse Address Resolution) Giao thc ny c dng trong trng hp khi mt trm trn mng ch bit a ch phn cng (MAC) m khng bit a ch IP v c th c s dng trong cc trm lm vic khng a (v d nh Sun Microsystem). Tng t nh ARP, my yu cu s gi mt gi RARP yu cu ti my ch (Server) ti mt v tr no m dch v RARP chy trn . My RARP server s tr li bng a ch IP mt trm no .
2.4 Cc giao thc tng giao vn.

Trong b giao thc TCP/IP c hai giao thc thng dng nht cho tng Transport l UDP v TCP Nguyn xun trng - tth2 - k40
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2.4.1.Giao thc b d liu ngi dng-UDP (User Datagram Protocol). UDP l mt dch v khng kt ni khng tin cy, ngha l n c th truyn d liu m khng i hi thit lp mt mch d liu, n cng khng c c ch bo nhn, khng sp xp th t cc gi gi ti. Do vy n c th lm mt hoc trng lp d liu m khng bo li no cho bn gi (tng t nh IP). Mi n v UDP c cung cp a ch IP ngun v ch cng vi s cng nhn dng cc tin trnh mc ng dng lin quan n vic trao i d liu (tng t dch v bu chnh). Phn header ca UDP rt n gin v s c dng nh sau: 0 15 16 Source port Destination port Message length Checksum DATA UDP c phn header nh hn TCP, tin cy nh hn TCP do n ch c mt Checksum kim tra d liu, cc chc nng cng t phc tp hn do n hot ng nhanh v linh hot hn TCP. V th n rt thch hp cho cc ng dng c truyn c tnh cht qung b hay nhng ng dng trong cc mng c tin cy cao nh mng LAN. UDP thng c dng cho cc ng dng khng i hi tin cy cao nh NFS, DNS, SNMP, TFTP. UDP cng c s dng trong IP Tunneling c dng truyn d liu ng dng phi TCP/IP trn mt mng TCP/IP. Trong thc t khi i qua cc mng, 99% cc bn tin UDP c giao nhn. 2.4.2. Giao thc iu khin truyn d liu - TCP (Transmission Control Protocol ). TCP l giao thc kt ni kiu c lin kt v ng tin cy cho php cc my ch hot ng song cng. Ngha l phi cung cp mt kt ni logic (tng t cc mch in thoi) gia hai thc th trc khi trao i d liu vi nhau, khi mch o ny c thit lp th d liu c th c truyn mt cch ng thi. Kt ni c c duy tr trong thi gian truyn d liu. TCP dng c ch bo nhn v cc s tun t duy tr phin truyn d liu. S tun t xc nh th t ca gi d liu nhm nhn ra gi b tht lc hay trng lp. TCP l giao thc tun t hng byte, ngha l TCP truyn gi d liu (nhiu byte) v gn cho mi gi mt s tun t. TCP cung cp c ch gn v qun l cc s hiu cng (port number) nh danh duy nht cho cc ng dng chy trn mt trm ca mng. Mt cng kt hp vi mt a ch IP to thnh mt Socket duy nht trong lin mng, cc lin kt o chnh l lin kt gia cc Socket.
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a.Header ca TCP s c dng nh sau: 0 Source Port Destination Port Sequence Number Acknowledgement Number UA P R S F Window Reserveed R C S S Y I Data GKH T NN Offset Checksum Urgent Pointer Options Padding TCP data Cc tham s c ngha nh sau: Source Port (16 bits): S hiu cng trm ngun. Destination Port (16 bits): S hiu cng trm ch. Sequence Number (32 bits): S hiu byte u tin ca segment tr khi bit SYN c thit lp. Nu bit SYN c thit lp th Sequence Number l s hiu tun t khi u (ISN) v byte d liu u tin l ISN+1. Acknowledgement Number (32 bits): S hiu ca segment tip theo m trm ngun ang ch nhn v ch ra rng nhn tt cc segment m trm ngun gi. Mi khi kt ni c thit lp trng ny lun lun c t. Data Offset (4 bits): Ch ra s lng t (32-bit words) ca phn TCP Header. Reserved (6 bits): c dnh cho tng lai. Control Bits: + URG (Urgent Poiter): Vng con tr khn c hiu lc, phi x l s liu trc cc s liu khc. + ACK (Acknowledgement): Nu c t, gi tin s cha thng tin bo nhn. + PSH (Push): Chc nng chuyn s liu (push) m khng cn ch y. + RST (Reset): Thit lp li kt ni khi cn (thng do li phn cng hay phn mm). + SYN (Synchronous): ng b ho cc s hiu tun t thit lp li kt ni. + FIN: Khng cn d liu t trm ngun - kt thc kt ni. Windows (16 bits): L s lng cc byte (octets) d liu bt u t byte c ch ra trong vng ACK m trm ngun sn sng nhn. CheckSum (16 bits): M kim sot li (theo kiu CRC) cho ton b Segment (bao gm c header v data). Urgent Pointer (16 bits): Con tr ny tr ti s hiu tun t ca byte i sau d liu khn, cho php bn nhn bit c di ca d liu khn. Vng ny ch c hiu lc khi bit URG c thit lp. Options ( di thay i): Khai bo cc tu chn ca TCP, bao gm: Nguyn xun trng - tth2 - k40
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+ Kt thc danh sch tu chn (End of option list). + Khng hot ng (No operation). + di ti a ca Segment. Padding ( di thay i): Phn chn thm vo Header m bo Header c di l bi s ca 32 bits. Phn thm ny cha ton s 0. TCP Data: Cha d liu ca tng trn. b.Cc dch v c TCP cung cp. Thit lp, duy tr v kt thc kt ni. Chuyn cc gi d liu mt cch tin cy qua tin trnh c bo nhn. Dng cc gi d liu tun t. C c ch iu khin li. C kh nng h tr nhiu kt ni ng thi vi cc tin trnh khc nhau thng qua dng Port. Trao i d liu song cng. c. Qu trnh ni - tch: TCP c rt nhiu quy tc truyn thng. Chng iu khin TCP thit lp kt ni, truyn d liu v kt thc kt ni. V TCP l th tc trng thi iu khin (state-driven protocol), nn cc tc ng ca n u ph thuc vo cc c trng thi. Thit lp kt ni (Establishing a Connection) Mt kt ni c th c thit lp gia hai my ch khi tho mn cc iu kin sau: Kt ni gia hai sockets l tn ti. C hai my ng kt ni. C hai my c cc ti nguyn TCP thch hp cho kt ni. Nu mt trong chng khng tho mn th kt ni khng th thc hin c. Khi kt ni c thit lp, n c cp pht quyn s hu vng chc cho n khi kt thc. Thng th c mt gi tr quyn u tin v gi tr an ton. Cc gi tr thit lp ny c tho thun bi hai ng dng khi tin trnh ang c thit lp. Khi cn thit kt ni ti my xa, ng dng s yu cu TCP gi lnh m OPEN CALL. C hai loi hm OPEN CALL l th ng (passive) v ch ng (active). Trong phn ln cc trng hp, kt ni c c hai ng dng mong i, v th chng s pht ra cc yu cu m th ng hoc ch ng (active or passive open requests). Thit lp kt ni bng th tc bt tay ba ln (three-way handshake). Client gi bn tin vi SYN=1 (yu cu kt ni). Server nhn c, n s gi bn tin vi SYN=1 v ACK=1. Client p li vi bn tin c ACK=1
Active Connetion Open Open Passive Connetion Open Open
SYS SEQ 50
Machine A TCP
ACK 51,SYS 200
ACK 201
Machine B TCP 34
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Theo hnh v trn tin trnh bt u TCP ca my A nhn yu cu kt ni t giao thc lp trn (ULP-Upper Layer Protocol), n tr li bng cch gi thng ip m ch ng ti my B. C SYN c t (gi tr 1) v c gn mt gi tr tun t. Khai bo "SYN SEQ 50," ch ra c SYN c t v gi tr tun t - s gi tun t khi u (ISS-Initial Send Sequence) l 50 (c th l bt c gi tr no khc). ng dng my B pht ra ch th m th ng (passive open) ti TCP ca n. Khi SYN SEQ 50 c nhn, TCP ca my B gi thng ip bo nhn v my A vi gi tr l 51. My B cng t gi tr ISS ca ring n. Thng ip "ACK 51, SYN 200," ch ra thng ip c bo nhn bng gi tr s tun t l 51, c SYN c thit lp v c gi tr ISS l 200. My A gi tr li thng ip bo nhn vi s tun t l 201. l "ACK 201" trong b d liu. Sau khi kt ni c m v bo nhn, my A my B s gi cc thng ip kt ni m (connection open) qua ULP ti ng dng yu cu.
Send Receive Data Data
SYS SEQ 100
Send Receive Data Data
Machine A TCP
ACK 101 DATA SEQ 250 ACK 251
Machine B TCP
Truyn d liu (Data Transfer) Mi khi d liu c nhn bi TCP ca my A t ULP, TCP ng gi v gi ti my B vi cc s tun t tng dn. Sau khi my B nhn, n s bo nhn bng mt khung bo nhn ch ra n nhn y . Dch v truyn d liu ca TCP bao gm 6 dch v con sau: Song cng: cho php c hai u kt ni c th truyn bt c thi im no. ng lc: dng mt ng h m bo d liu c truyn trong mt khong thi gian va phi. Th t: d liu c truyn t mt u v s c nhn ng th t ti u cn li cho d n c th khng qua lp IP do TCP t chc li chng v chuyn ln lp trn. nh du (Labeled): Tt c cc kt ni u da trn cc gi tr u tin v gi tr bo m (precedence, security value). iu khin lung: TCP c th iu khin lung thng tin bng dng b m v gii hn ca s. Sa li: Checksums m bo d liu s khng b li trong iu kin gii hn ca thut ton tng kim tra. ng kt ni (Closing Connections)
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Connection Closed

Request Connection Close To Close FIN SEQ 100 SEQ 475, ACK 351 FIN SEQ 475, ACK 351 ACK 476
Close
Machine A TCP
Machine B TCP
Kt thc kt ni bng th tc bt tay hai ln (two-way handshake). TCP ca mt my nhn hm nguyn thu ng (close primitive) t ULP v pht ra mt thng ip vi c FIN c thit lp. Nh hnh v, TCP ca my A gi yu cu ng kt ni ti my B vi mt gi tr tun t. My B gi tr li bo nhn ca yu cu vi gi tr s tun t tip theo. My B gi thng ip ng qua ULP ti ng dng v ch ng dng bo nhn qu trnh ng. Tuy nhin bc ny khng cn phi bt buc nh vy, TCP c th ng kt ni m khng cn s ng ca ng dng. Sau khi nhn c ng ng kt ni t ng dng (hoc sau khi yu cu qu hn), TCP ca my B gi li my A mt gi vi c FIN c t. Cui cng, my A chp nhn ng v kt ni kt thc. Mt kt ni c th b kt thc t ngt khi socket mt u b ngt (shuts down) c th l khng c mt thng bo no vi my khc v cng khng c lu g n d liu c truyn gia hai my. Ngoi s ngt t ngt do nhiu trc trc hoc ngun, n cn c th do ngi s dng, do mt tin trnh ng dng hoc iu khin h thng. u cn li ca kt ni c th khng nhn ra ngt t ngt cho n khi n c gng gi thng ip v ht thi gian. theo di LOCAL LOCAL REMOTE REMOTE STATE cc kt ni, ADDRESS PORT ADDRESS PORT TCP dng Connection 1 bng kt ni. Mi kt ni Connection 2 ng vi mt Connection 3 mc trong bng s cha Connection 4 thng tin v kt ni ucui (end-toend) nh hnh v bn. ngha cc ct nh sau: State (trng thi): Trng thi ca kt ni ( ng, ang ng, nghe, ch,. . . ). Local address (a ch cc b): a ch IP cho kt ni. Khi trong trng thi nghe, n c t 0.0.0.0. Local port (cng cc b): S cng cc b. Remote address (a ch xa): a ch IP ca my xa.
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Remote port (cng xa): S cng ca kt ni xa. 2.5 Cc ng dng c bn trn Internet 2.5.1 Th in t (giao thc truyn th n gin - SMTP). y l giao thc c s dng rng ri nht gi thng ip (Message) gia hai ngi dng. N tng i n gin. Message s c to, nh a ch v gi t ng dng cc b ti ng dng SMTP. Server s kim tra nh k xem c thng ip no c chuyn, nu khng c n s th li. Server c gng gi thng ip trong t pht, nu khng c n s hu thng ip hoc gi tr v ngi gi. a ch SMTP s c dng nh sau: local-Part@.domain-name. V d: Nauglex@vax1.wellfleet.com. Trong : Naulex: User Name Vax1: Computer Name Wellfleet: Entity Com: Commercial a ch SMTP tun theo chun c nh ngha trong RFC822. T trm lm vic n SMTP server, ngi ta dng giao thc Client/Server nh POP3 (c nh ngha trong RFC 1460). Dng trong thng ip phi vn bn dng UUencode hoc MIME (RFC 1521,1522,1536). SMTP s dng cng TCP 25. Thng dng cc chng trnh sendmail, mmdf (dng cho c Client v Server, chy ch nn nh DAEMON). Dng kiu spool hoc queue, khi message n n xp vo hng i v gng pht. Khi qu thi gian qui nh, message se b gi tr li hoc b xo. Khi kt ni c thit lp, cc SMTP trao i vi nhau m nhn thc (authentication code). User H iu hnh H qun l th User H iu hnh H qun l th
Client Server SMTP SMTP Port 25

TCP/IP
Client Server SMTP SMTP Port 25

TCP/IP
Internetwork Nguyn xun trng - tth2 - k40

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Mt h thng gi lnh mail v cc thng tin v message SMTP nhn gi thng tin bo nhn (acknowledment). Sau , SMTP gi s a lnh RCPT, nu c nhiu ngi nhn s c nhiu RCPT, sau mi RCPT s c mt acknowledgment. Cui cng SMTP gi lnh DATA pht d liu. Kt thc bng lnh QUIT. Giao thc truyn tp bng th: Trong cc h thng ghp ni vi mng Internet, y l vic s dng giao thc truyn tp tip xc vi cc h my tnh khc xa m khng cn quyn thm nhp, i vo cc th mc cng cnhg ca n, hoc chuyn cc tp tin ca n vo vo vng la tr a ring ca mnh. s dng FTP Mail ta gi mt thng ip ti FTP Server. Trong ni dung thng ip, mi yu cu c ghi li trn mt dng lnh. Nhng yu cu ny l nhng ch th iu khin phin lm vic ca Anonymous FTP, FTP Mail Server nhn c thng ip, thc hin cc yu cu. Kt qu phin lm vic s c chuyn t ng ti ngi yu cu. Nhng lnh FTP Mail quan trng: Reply addresss Connect host a ch phc p. Kt ni ti Anonymous FTP Host. ASCII file, binary Tp vn bn, tp nh phn. file Uuencode, btoa i tp nh phn thnh tp vn bn. Chdir directory Chuyn sang th mc c m t. Get file Chuyn mt tp. Help M t cch s dng FTP Mail. Dir [directory] Chuyn mt danh sch th mc di. Is [directory] Chuyn mt danh sch th mc ngn. Quit Kt thc phin lm vic (ch gm tn).
2.5.2 ng nhp t xa - Telnet(Terminal Network Emulation) Tin thn ca Telnet l Terminal Login ca ARPARNET Lnh ca Telnet c dng nh sau: Telnet host [port] Gi tr mc nh ca Port c cha trong tp: \%SystemRoot%\system32\drive\etc\services. Nu khng c gi tr no th mc nh l 32. Telnet c s dng cho kt ni gi lp thit b u cui n mt my ch [host] xa. Giao thc ny li dng TCP nh l mt giao thc vn chuyn
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Client

Server
H iu hnh H ng nhp t xa ca my Client

Port 23 TCP/IP
H iu hnh H ng nhp t xa ca my Server

Port 23 TCP/IP
Internetwork truyn thng tintbn phm ngi dng ti my ch (host) xa v hin th thng tin t my ch xa trn mn hnh lm vic ca trm lm vic. Telnet i x vi 2 thit b u cui chun vo (bn phm, tp,...) v ra (mn hnh, my in, cc tp) nh l cc thit b mng u cui o - NVT (Network Vitual Terminal) c cc chng trnh iu khin vic dch t NVT thnh cc thit b vt l thc, khi nim NVT cho php Telnet kt ni ti bt k thit b vt l no min l c m tng ng vi thit b thc. Khi kt ni c thit lp, s thiu cc m b pht hin (s thiu ny l do cc thit b vt l khng h tr mi hot ng v th cc NVT khng c m tng ng) qu trnh c th b b qua. Mt u hi xem c hm h tr khng, u kia tr li c hoc khng. Nu c cc m ny s c gi v to cc hm mt cch nhanh chng. Khi kt ni c thit lp qua Telnet, mt chng trnh hot ng nh Telnet Server tn l Telnetd bt u qu trnh trn Server, tt c cc c g phm trong mt phin Telnet u qua cc qu trnh sau:
Terminal Telnet Telnetd Application
Terminal Driver
TCP
network
TCP
Pseudo TTY
Pseudo_TTY driver: Hot ng nh Terminal i vi cc ng dng. Tuy nhin trc khi thit lp kt ni, Telnet phi ng b vi cc thit b xa (V d nh DOS s dng CR-LF xung dng, trong khi UNIX li s dng LF).
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2.5.3.Truyn tp - FTP (File Transfer Protocol)

User Interface Port 20: Khi to vic thit lp kt ni v iu khin kt ni, n ch cha thng tin iu khin Port 21: D liu Control (21) Data (20) Client PI Client DTP
Client PI Client DTP
File System
File System
y l dch v cho php ngi s dng ng nhp vo my xa nhng ch mc chuyn giao tp. Trn Internet c rt nhiu my FTP Server, trn chng t rt nhiu tp, cc phn mm v c t chc thnh cc th vin tp, FTP cho php truyn tp qua li, iu khin cc th mc, truy nhp vo email nhng khng cho php thc hin chng trnh. Khc vi cc ng dng khc ch s dng mt cng, FTP s dng hai knh. TCP cng 20 dng cho d liu PI (Protocol Interpreter), cng 21 dng cho iu khin DTP (Data Transfer Process). Thm na FTP truyn tp ch Foreground thay v Background, n li khng dng spooler hay queue, v th ngi s dng c th xem qu trnh truyn tp trong thi gian thc. Cng nh Telnet, FTP cng c chng trnh Server chy lin tc v mt chng trnh chy ring c chy Client. Nhng n khc vi Telnet ch, sau khi ng nhp vo my FTP ta khng thc s my m vn my cc b v th mi ch th phi tng ng. Nhiu FTP Server h tr Anonymous FTP vi UserId l anonymous, password l guest ta c th ng nhp vo FTP nhng vi quyn hn ch. Trong cc h thng mng ln, c cc h thng nh YP (Yellow Page) v NIS (Network Information Service) cho php ta thm nhp vo phn ln cc my. Tuy nhin FTP c nhc im l qu trnh truy cp vo th mc l chm chp. Theo cch truyn thng l ngi qun tr mng cung cp danh sch qui cc th mc tp nhng iu ny phc tp hoc to ra cc tp README mi th muc, tuy nhin tp ny lun lc hu. 2.5.4.Truyn th n gin - TFTP(Trival FTP) FTP s dng TCP m bo tin cy. Nu mng vn c tnh tin cy cao (nh mng LAN) ta c th dng UDP, mt v d v giao thc truyn tp tin bng giao thc ny l TFTP, ngoi s khc bit ny vi FTP, TFTP khng ng nhp vo my t xa nh FTP. Cc tp c truyn ch cn tn tp, khng cn UserID v Password. V khng phi iu khin qu trnh truyn tp, nn TFTP khng cn cc thut ton phc tp. N c bit thch hp vi cc thit b u cui v cc trm lm
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vic khng a np cc h iu hnh hoc cc chng trnh ln cc my ny. Gi u tin c truyn t Client ti Server l gi iu khin, n ch ra tn tp c hay ghi. Cc gi tip theo l cc gi d liu, c nh s lin tip t 1. Bn nhn s dng cc s hiu ny nhn bit th t gi n. Bt k gi no b hn 512 byte u nh du kt thc qu trnh truyn. C th thng bo li thay v truyn d liu, khi qu trnh truyn kt thc. 2.5.5.DNS(Domain Name System). a ch IP l a ch 32 bit rt kh nh, v th c mt dch v tn l DNS chuyn a ch IP thnh tn tng trng. DNS cung cp 1 CSDL phn tn ca tn v a ch IP. H thng ny cng lu tr d phng nhng m t cho my ch v cung cp phn gii tn cho nhng h khc bn cnh TCP/IP (nh Chaonets v XNS). DNS l mt cu trc phn cp nh hnh v sau:
ROOT
GOR
EDU
COM
MIL
ORG
CON
3COM
CISCO
GRAYDON
Tn c dng: Local-part@Domain-Name. Trong : Local-Part l tn ca Host hoc ngi dng, s c hai thc th tham gia vo qu trnh tham chiu ny, l Name Resolver(NR) v Name Server(NS). Khi ngi dng ti trm lm vic g TELNET HOST ti dng lnh th trm
NR Request 148.1.1.3 Work Station NS Response 148.1.1.9 Host Name Sever
Bng tham chiu Host 148.1.1.9
ny phi ci t NR, NR s gi yu cu ti Name Server phn gii thnh a ch IP. Nu tn ca Host c tm thy, th n s gi a ch IP li cho trm lm vic v trm lm vic s dng a ch ny. Hnh di y ch ra DNS dng hn hai thc th:
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Cache
FNS: Foreign Name Server NS : Name Server NR: Name resolver
Thm
FNS
Tham Chiu
Data base
USER
Thm NR Tham
Chiu
NS
Data base
cache
cache
Cache c dng tm cc tn c tnh a phng, nu tn c tm thy ngay ti cache a phng th n s tham chiu ngay ra a ch IP v gi yu c n NS na. Nu n khng gi yu cu n NS, NS ny s tm trong bng ca n, nu khng thy n s nh NS khc l FNS tm h. FNS ny c th tm thy hoc khng th n s bo vi User l khng tm thy. 2,5,6.Tra cu theo thc n - GOPHER. y l dch v tra cu theo ch da trn h thng thc n m khng cn bit a ch IP tng ng. Gopher hot ng theo m hnh Client/Server ngha l cn hai chng trnh Client Gopher v Server Gopher. Khi ngi s dng yu cu Gopher Server, n s t v mt danh sch cc ch thng tin di dng thc n (dng giao thc Gopher). Mt vi mc c th kt ni vi cc Gopher khc v mt s dch v nh FTP,Telnet,... Tuy nhin Gopher ch c th hin th d liu dng vn bn, do vy gopher khng i hi ng truyn gii thng cao. 2.5.7 My ch thng tin din rng - WAIS (Wide Area Information Server). Cho php tm kim v truy nhp thng tin m khng cn bit chng ang u. WAIS cng hot ng theo m hnh Client/Server. Tuy nhin ngoi WAIS Client v WAIS Sever, cn c WAIS Indexer thc hin vic cp nht d liu v sp ch mc. WAIS Server nhn yu cu t Client tm kim trong CSDL (do Indexer to ra) cc tp ph hp, nh gi ph hp (cu hi tm kim theo chun Z39.50 ca ANSI). Cc phn mm nh gi ch mc c th x l c rt nhiu cc dng d liu khc nhau nh cc tp vn bn, danh sch th in t, nh,... v c th d dng thm cc kiu d liu mi. tm tin, cc cng vic sau phi c th hin: Ta a ra t kho. WAIS s tm cc ti nguyn cho ta. Ta tm kim thng tin trong cc ngun ti nguyn.
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2.5.8.Tm kim tp - ARCHIE (Archieve). L dch v Internet cho php tm kim theo ch s. C th tm tp c cha xu bt k, Archieve s tr v tn tp v tn ca Server cha cc tp . Khi c th dng Annonymous FTP ly v. dng Archieve ta phi chn mt Archieve Server no , sau Telnet ti v tm kim tp. Cng c th dng E-mail (cha cc lnh tm kim) gi ti a ch Archieve@Server, vi Server chnh l Archieve Server ta chn v ch th v kt qu tm kimt Server chn v. Nu mt tp qu ln th Server s phn thnh cc mnh nh, gii m tp ri mi ly tp cn thit. C sau mt khong thi gian nht nh, mt chng trnh c bit ni ti tt c cc Anonymous FTP Server (Host) s Download danh sch cc th mc, tp dng chung cha vo ci gi l Internet Archieve Database. Khi ta cn tm tp, n s tm trong CSDL ny. C rt nhiu Archieve Server trn Internet gi cc thng tin ny v thng xuyn c cp nht (khong mt tun mt ln). 2.5.9.Nhm tin - USENET. y l dch v cho php nhiu ngi s dng cc ni khc nhau c cng mt mi quan tm tham gia vo mt nhm tin v trao i cc vn quan tm qua nhm tin ny. Trn Internet cng c nhiu News Server khc nhau, cc Server ny c th to cc nhm cc b. Cng ging nh E-mail, mc tin cng c hai phn l Header v Body. Ngi s dng tng tc vi News Server qua mt chng trnh c tn l News Reader, v ch bit duy nht News Server ny. 2.5.10.WWW(World Wide Web). N da trn mt k thut biu din thng tin gi l siu vn bn (HyperText), khi vn bn c kh nng m rng bt k. Cc thng tin ny c vit bng ngn ng nh du siu vn bn- HTML (Hypertext Mark Language). Cc Web Browser ly ti liu Web Server dch v cho hin th. Khi n vo mt lin kt th Browser c th tr n lin kt ch. ch c th l mt trang Web khc, mt dch v FTP, Gopher v hin th chng (FTP,Gopher) nh cc trnh Client thng thng. Chnh xc th WWW l mt h thng cc tin ch v siu giao din. thc hin vic truy nhp lin kt cc ti nguyn WWW dng URL (Uniform Resource Location) l dng tn nh danh cho duy nht mt ti liu hay mt dch v trong WEB. Ta c cng thc sau cho URL: URL=Giao thc Internet + Server Domain Name + Ti liu trn Server Giao thc y c th l HTTP, Telnet, Gopher, FTP, WAIS,. .. Web cng hot ng theo m hnh Client/ Server. Do cc ti liu HTML c kh nng h tr a phng tin, nn Web
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Chn ng v ng dng trong thit k mng WAN TNG QUAN K THUT Chn ng
3.1 Chn ng truyn gi 3.1.1 M u To tuyn truyn gi trong mng chuyn mch gi (packet switched network - PSN) l chc nng c bn ca lp mng trong m hnh OSI, n c nhim v dn gi tin i qua mng ti ch. Cc thut ton chn tuyn s ph thuc vo hnh thi dch v ca ngi s dng, tc l chn tuyn cho d liu DG (Datagram) hay cho mch o VC (Virtual Circuit). Trong mng DG, hai gi lin tip ca cng mt cp ngi s dng c th i qua cc tuyn khc nhau, v thut ton chn tuyn s c p dng cho tng gi n l. Ngc li, trong mng VC phng n chon tuyn c thc hin mi khi thit lp knh o. Tt c cc gi ca mt cp ngi s dng ch c ln lt chuyn i theo mt con ng dn duy nht, do thut ton ny quyt nh,tr trng hp xy ra tc nghn trn ng dn trong mng hoc phi chn li tuyn v mt l do no .
1
Hnh 3-1 (a). Cc gi ca cng mt cp ngi s dng dng nhng tuyn thng tin khc nhau. Vic chn tuyn i hi phi c thc hin cho tng gi ring bit.
1
Hnh 3-1(b). Tt c c gi ca cng mt cp ngi s dng dng chung mt tuyn thng tin. Php chn tuyn c thc hin khi knh o c thit lp.
Thut ton chn tuyn l phn mm lp mng c nhim v quyt nh xem gi gi ti (incomming packet) s c chuyn ra theo ng dy ra (output line) no. Chn tuyn trn mng thng bao gm t hp phc ca nhiu thut ton t nhiu c lp vi vi nhau nhng cng h tr cho nhau bng cch trao Nguyn xun trng - tth2 - k40
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i dch v hoc thng tin cho nhau. S phc hp cng do mt s nguyn nhn: th nht, vic chn tuyn i hi nh hng gia tt c cc trm chuyn mch trong mng ch khng phi ch c quan h gia mt cp modul nh trng hp ca lp lin kt d liu (Data link) hay lp vn ti (transport).Th hai, h thng chn tuyn phi i u vi cc s c ca nt chuyn mch v ng truyn dn, i khi i hi phi c s chn tuyn trong cng mt qu trnh truyn tin v lun phi thu thp thng tin mi nht v cc hot ng ca ton mng thng qua c s d liu. Th ba, c c hot tnh cao, thut ton chn tuyn truyn phi c khi phi thay i tuyn xc lp nhm trnh nhng vng tc nghn mi xut hin trong mng. 3.1.2 Chc nng Vn chn tuyn truyn, tm li c hai nhim v c bn: th nht l phi chn tuyn sao cho t c hot tnh cao, c ngha l phi chn c ng dn c hiu qu nht, trong phn tip theo ta s ln lt xt mt s thut ton cho php ta chn tuyn truyn theo cc yu cu nht nh; th hai l phi ph cp thng tin lin quan n chn tuyn (bao gm c cc s c ca cc nt mng cng nh cc ng truyn v tnh hnh khc phc gia chng ) ti tt c cc nt chuyn mch trong mng. Trong vic chn tuyn truyn gi, c hai thng s nh gi nh lng dch v cn phi quan tm v ng thi chng cng c dng nh gi tnh kh hot ca cc thut ton chn tuyn l tnh kh thng (Throughput) v tr trung bnh (Average Packet Delay). Nh vy thc ra vic chn tuyn c quan h mt thit vi qu trnh iu khin lung (xem hnh 1.2), bi v hai thng s ny cng dng nh gi hot ng ca vic iu khin lung.
Ti a ti iu khin lung Ti b t chi
Kh thng To tuyn cho gi Tr
Khi lng ti tng i nh, mng s chp nhn ton b, c ngha l: Kh thng = Ti a ti Khi lng ti vt qu gii hn no , mt phn ti b t chi bi thut ton iu khin lung v Kh thng = Ti a ti - Ti b t chi Lng tin truyn trong mng s chu tr trung bnh ca gi truyn trn tuyn do thut ton chn tuyn quyt nh. Bn cnh d, kh thng ph thuc mt cch gin tip vo thut ton chn tuyn v m hnh iu khin lung c trng bao g cng xc lp, s cn bng gia tr v kh thng, ni Nguyn xun trng - tth2 - k40
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Hnh 3.2: Tng hot gia chn tuyn v iu khin lung
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cch khc, m hnh iu khin lung bt u hn ch lng ti a vo khi tr trung bnh vt qu gii hn xc nh. Nh vy nu php chn tuyn m bo cho tr gi cng nh th php iu khin lung cng cho nhi gi truy nhp vo mng v lm tng kh thngkh thng ca mng. Mi tng quan gia chng c s hi tip nh hnh 1.2 ch ra. S ph thuc ca tr truyn gi trung bnh vo thut ton chn tuyn c m t bi hnh 3.3 Tr Chn tuyn ti Chn tuyn tt
Kh thng
Hnh 3.3: c tuyn tr - kh thng cho php nh gi thut ton chn tuyn
Nh vy bi ton chn tuyn c th pht biu di dng nh sau: i hi phi chn c tuyn truyn trng phm vi mng sao cho n t c kh thng cao nht cng vi gi tr ca tr truyn gi trong trng hp mng c ti p t ln, v gim tr truyn gi trung bnh trong trng hp ti p t nh. Ni mt cch ngn gn th trong trng hp no thut ton chn tuyn cng c yu cu lm gim tr trung bnh ca gi. 3.1.3 Phn loi Thng thng php chn ng truyn gi trong mng chuyn mch gi a n vic chn tuyn truyn vi gi thnh ti thiu (Least - cost Routing), trong gi thnh l mt thng s nh gi ca h thng, v d nh tr truyn, thi gian xp hng, di ng truyn,t l li trn tuyn truyn. .. Tuy nhin, ngoi gi thnh, mt s thng s khc cng phi tnh n khi thit lp ng truyn: Dung lng ca ng truyn S lng cc gi ang ch a vo ng truyn Phn b ti trn mng Cc yu cu bo mt i vi ng truyn Kiu truyn ti so vi dng ca ng truyn S lng cc ng ni trung gian gia trm truyn v trm nhn Kh nng ghp ni vi trm trung gian v c trm nhn cui cng D cho thng s mng c thay i theo tiu chun no th vn phi tnh n ba iu kin: Nguyn xun trng - tth2 - k40
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+ Tr trung bnh gi (Delay) + Kh thng (Throughput) + Kh ni (Connectivity) Nh chng ta ni trong phn chc nng,vic chn tuyn truyn c hai nhim v c bn: th nht l phi chn tuyn sao cho t c hot tnh cao, c ngha l phi chn c ng dn c hiu qu nht; th hai l phi ph cp thng tin lin quan n chn tuyn bao gm c cc s c ca cc nt mng cng nh cc ng truyn v tnh hnh khc phc gia chng, ti tt c cc nt chuyn mch trong mng. Tng ng vi hai cng vic ny i hi phi c hai loi k thut thc hin ring cho tng loi. Vic thc hin nhim v th nht chnh l cch tnh ton tm ng dn m ta hay gi l thut ton tm tuyn truyn. Cc l thuyt gii thut tm tuyn truyn th c rt nhiu v rt a dng, nhng k thut chuyn mch gi quan tm ti hai th loi chnh: chn tuyn truyn phn nhnh (Bifurcated Routing) v chn tuyn truyn ngn nht (Shortest-Path Routing). K thut th nht cn c tn l chn tuyn nhiu ng dn gi (Multipath Routing), c thit k sao cho n c th ti thiu ho tr trung bnh ca gi trn phm vi ton mng. K thut th hai, chn tuyn ngn nht, ch yu quan tm ti tr ngi s dng v n chn ra ng dn c gi thnh ti thiu cho mt cp ngi s dng. Vic thc hin nhim v c bn th hai ca vic chn ng do cc thut ton thu nhn v truyn thng tin chn ng thc hin. Mi giao thc chn ng c nhng phng php khc nhau ly c thng tin chn ng v truyn thng tin chn ng. Nu da vo vic cc thng tin chn ng c thng xuyn c cp nht hay khng th ta c th phn thnh hai loi: Thut ton chn ng thch nghi (Adaptive) v thut ton chn ng khng thch nghi (Nonadaptive). Cc thut ton khng thch nghi th khng quyt nh ng truyn gi da trn c s php o thng s truyn ti tc thi v topology ca mng. Cc ng dn t mt nt i ti mt nt j no c tnh ton trc v np vo mng khi mng khi hot (Network Booting).V th loi hnh ny i khi cn c gi l chn tuyn tnh (Static Routing). Ngc li, cc thut ton chn ng thch nghi s cho php thay i tuyn truyn gi da vo cc thay i thng s truyn ti v cu hnh ca mng. C ba nhm thut ton loi ny: Chn tuyn tp trung (Centralized Routing) gm cc thut ton tng th s dng cc thng tin thu thp c t ton b mng a ra cc kt qu ti u. Chn tuyn cch ly (Isolated Routing) c cc thut ton vn hnh trn tng trm ring bit v da vo thng tin n thu thp c ti trm ny, v d nh di ca hng, . .. Chn tuyn phn b (Distributed Routing) l t hp ca c hai hnh thc trn. Thc cht, cc thut ton hin nay ang c s dng u l cc thut ton thch nghi, chng cng chnh l cc thut ton chn tuyn truyn ngn nht trnh by trn. S a dng ch l do cch gi khc nhau to nn.
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Trong phn sau, ta s xt s lc thut ton phn nhnh (a ng dn ), v n t c s dng, phn cn li ch yu tp trung vo cc thut ton chn tuyn ngn nht. 3.2 Thut ton chn tuyn phn nhnh 3.2.1 Thut ton phn nhnh (Bifurcated Routing) Mun m bo thng tin gia mt cp ngi s dng, i khi mng khng phi ch chn ra mt ng dn duy nht chuyn cc gi t ngun ti ch m phi s dng nhiu ng phn bt lng ti ca tng ng dy. Th d hnh 1.4 m t chi tit vn ny. Tt c cc ng dy ghp ni trong mng hnh 1.4 u c dung lng l 10 n v (cc n v o y ch l cc thng s nh gi tng i v khng c xc nh chi tit ) . C mt ch (nt s 6 ) v hai nt ngun (nt s 1 v nt s 2), nt 1 c lng ti a n l 5 n v, nt 2 c lng ti l L. Ta s xt hai trng hp c th tng ng vi hai gi tr ca L: a ) Trng hp vi L = 5 Vi lng ti ca tt c cc nt nh trn,so vi dung lng ng dy ni gia ngun v ch th c th xem l nh, do vy c th chn cc tuyn truyn gi theo ng bn tri (1 - 3 - 6) v bn phi (2 - 5 - 6) ng vi cc nt 1 v 2. Nu ta chn tuyn gia, 1 - 4 - 6 cho nt 1 v 2 - 4 - 6 cho nt 2, th lung thng tin trn ng ni (4,6) s bng vi dung lng ca ng nn tr s cao.
5 L
Hnh 3.4: V d v yu cu thit lp thut ton nhiu ng
Thu b ) Trng hp L = 15 Khi ti p t vo nt 2 tng thm 10 n v na, tc l ti tng th l 15 n v, nu ta tip tc chn theo mt trong hai ng dn xt trn cho nt 2 th c th d dng nhn thy l mt phn thng tin ( 5 n v ) a ti nt ny s b t chi do dung lng ng truyn b hn ch. Mt khc, nu ta chn tuyn cho nt 1 theo nhnh bn tri (1 3 6), cn nt 2 theo nhnh (2 5 6) v (2 4 6) th lng ti ti khng vt qu 75% dung
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lng ca tng ng, tr truyn gi tng th c m bo tng i nh v iu quan trng l khng mt phn ti no b t chi. m bo cho vic nng cao hot tnh ca mng, phng thc chuyn mch phn nhnh c thit lp, mc d n khng c ng dng c th nhng ngi ta vn phi dng n n trong vic thit k cu hnh mng (Topological Design). Vic chn ra ng dn trong mng nhm mc ch ti thiu ho tr trung bnh trong ton mng thng qua vic nh gi ngun ch. K thut ny c th s dng cho c mng d liu DG v c mng o VC. Vi mng DG, khi cc gi n trm chuyn mch, cc trm s chn tuyn cho tng gi ring bit, c lp vi cc php chn cho cc gi n cng mt ch trc . Vi mng VC, bt c khi no VC c thit lp th tuyn cng ng thi c chn, song cc VC khc nhau c chn tuyn c lp vi nhau. ch Chn 1 Chn 2 A A 0.63 I 0.2 1 B A 0.45 H 0.3 1 C A 0.34 I 0.3 3 D H 0.50 A 0.2 5 E A 0.40 I 0.4 0 F A 0.35 H 0.3 2 G H 0.47 A 0.3 0 H H 0.63 K 0.2 1 I I 0.65 A 0.2 2 J K K 0.67 H 0.2 2 L K 0.42 H 0.4 2 Chn 3 H 0.1 6 I 0.2 3 H 0.3 3 I 0.2 5 H 0.2 0 I 0.3 3 K 0.2 3 A 0.1 6 H 0.1 3 A A 0.1 1 0.1 6
Hnh 3.5: V d minh ho phng thc chn tuyn phn nhnh ( Bng chn tuyn cho nt J )
Php chn tuyn phn nhnh c thc hin nh sau: mi trm chuyn mch c mt bng chn tuyn ( Routing Table ) ti tt c cc trm khc, Nguyn xun trng - tth2 - k40
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trn mi hng ch ra kh nng dn gi ti ti mt trm khc theo th t l tuyn tt nht, tt th hai, th ba... theo nh gi trng s (Weight). Trc khi chuyn gi i, trm to ra mt s ngu nhin v s dng n chn tuyn da trn vic so snh n vi trng s ca bng chn tuyn. Cc bng ny do cc vn hnh vin ca mng t thit lp,np vo cho cc trm trc khi vn hnh mng v gi khng i t tr i. Sau y ta a ra mt v d miu t vic chn tuyn phn nhnh. Xt mng hnh 3.5, A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L l cc nt chuyn mch ca mng.Gi s nt J nhn c gi cn phi chuyn cho nt A, n s dng hng nh du A trong bng chn tuyn ca mnh, trn ch r tuyn l php chn th nht, JI v JH l php chn th hai v th ba. quyt nh tuyn no, trm J to ra mt s ngu nhin gia khong 0.00 v 0.99. Nu s nh hn 0.63 th trm dng tuyn JA; nu s gia 0.63 v 0.83 th trm dng tuyn JI; cn li trm s dng tuyn JH. Cc trng s y dc coi nh cc xc xut s dng ca A, I v H. Mt u im ca chn tuyn phn nhnh l kh nng gi cc loi truyn ti khc nhau theo nhng ong dn khc nhau. V d, ghp ni gia terminal v cc my tnh xa ch c cc gi tin nh c th dn theo tuyn mt t, trong khi vic truyn cc tp tin di (Long file Transfer) i hi di bng rng v c th thc hin c qua ng truyn v tinh. 3.2.2 Thut ton Flooding Flooding l mt thut ton nh ng tnh, trong mi gi a vo mt nt c gi ti tt c cc ng ra tr ng n ti. Flooding to ra mt s lng ln cc bn sao. Do cn c mt cng c ngn cn qu trnh tng ny. Mt gii hn nh vy l b m hop (hop counter), cha trong header ca mi gi, v n c gim mi khi i qua mt node. Khi b m hop c gi tr zero th gi s b hu. B m hop phi c phi c khi to ban u vi gi tr hop bng vi khong cch t ngun ti ch. Nu khng bit di ng i ny th n c tnh vi trng hp xu nht, l tnh theo gi tr ng knh ln nht ca mng. Nh vy, trong Flooding tt c cc ng u c th nn cc bn sao n c ch theo mt ng i ngn nht. Mt k thut lm p ngn Flood l theo di nhng gi c Flooding, khng gi n i ln th hai. Ngi ta cho php Router ngun t mt s th t trong mi gi m n nhn c t ngun ca n. Mi node cn mt danh sch ng vi mi node ngun cho bit cc s th t ca cc gi hnh thnh ti ngun c xem xt. Nu gi mi n c trong danh sch th n khng Flood, nu l bn sao th s b hu. Tm li, Flooding l mt thut ton nh ng tnh (v n khng c s cp nht thng tin trong qu trnh nh ng). Tuy nhin, khi trong mng c mt node b hng th Flooding vn lm vic tt,mc d n nh ng khng ti u v thng gy tc nghn trong mng. V d Cho mt mng chuyn mch gi nh sau: Nguyn xun trng - tth2 - k40
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Gi s c mt gi i t nt 1 n nt 6, ti hop u tin c 3 bn sao c to ra v gi ti cc nt 2,3 v 4. hop th 2 c 9 bn sao c to ra. n hop th 3 c tt c 22 bn sao. Nt 6 s nhn c 4 bn sao. 3.3 Cc thut ton ng dn ngn nht (Shortest-path Routing) Phn ln cc mng chuyn mch gi s dng cc thut ton khc nhau ca phng php chn tuyn ng ngn nht do lp mng thc hin.Mt s mng chn tuyn theo theo cch thc tp trung, thit lp ng dn gia nt ngun v nt ch trung tm iu hnh mng NMC ( Network Management Center) hay trung tm iu khin chn tuyn RCC (Routing Control Center) ri sau phn phi cc thng tin chn tuyn ti tt c cc nt chuyn mch trong mng. Cc mng khc s dng cch thc phi tp trung hay cn gi l cch thc phn b, tng nt trao i thng tin chn tuyn v gi thnh vi cc nt khc trong mng trn c s tng tc cho n khi cc bng chn tuyn p ng c yu cu chn tuyn ngn nht. Trong phn ny chng ta m t hai thut ton chn ng ngn nht.Trong mt s mng, ngi ta chn ra mt lot cc ng dn, c xp th t theo gi thnh, khi trn mt ng dn xy ra s c, ta c th thay bng ng khc theo danh mc c. 3.3.1 Thut ton A (Thut ton Dijkstra) Xt mng hnh 3.6, trn mi ng ghp ni c cc trng s tng ng vi gi thnh ca tng ng, cho n gin ta coi cc trng s ny theo c hai chiu l nh nhau, d rng trn thc t chng c th c gi tr khc nhau. chn c ng dn ngn nht t mt ngun ti tt c cc nt trong mng, i hi phi c kin thc v cu hnh tng th ca mng ( danh sch cc nt v cc ghp ni gia chng) cng nh gi thnh ca tng ng ni. iu dn n vic tnh ton tp trung da trn thng tin y lu trong cc c s d liu trung tm (Central Database). Trong th d ny, chng ta tm ng dn ngn nht t nt 1 ti tt c cc nt trong mng. Thut ton c
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thc hin theo tng bc, xy dng m hnh cy ng ngn nht (Shortestpath Tree) c gc ti nt ngun ( nt 1). Cc ng dn ngn nht ti k nt khc c tnh ton trong k bc, chng c tp hp li trong tp N. 3
2 3 2 1 1 2
Hnh 3.6 Coi D(v) l khong cch (tng ca cc trng s ng ni dc theo ng dn ) t nt ngun 1 ti nt v. Coi l(i,j) l gi thnh cho gia hai nt i v j. Thut ton gm hai bc: 1. Bc khi u t N = {1} (tp N ban u ch gm duy nht nt 1), vi mi nt v khng thuc N t D(v) = l(1,v), vi cc nt khng ni trc tip vi nt 1 ta coi gi thnh bng . 2. Bc lp Tm nt w khng thuc N sao cho D(w) l ti thiu v b sung w vo tp N. Sau thay D(v) cho ton b cc nt khng thuc N cn li bng cch tnh: D(v) Min [D(v), D(w) + l(w, v)] Bc ny dc lp li cho n khi tt c cc nt u c trong N. Sau khi thc hin, ta ln lt c c cc bc m t bi bng thng k sau: Bng 3-1 Bng m t thut ton Bc Tp N D(2) D(3) D(4) D(5) D(6) 1 5 2 {1} 0 1 4 2 {1,4} 1 2 1 3 2 {1,4,5} 2 2 4 1 3 2 {1,2,4,5} 3 2 4 1 3 2 {1,2,3,4,5} 4 2 4 1 3 2 {1,2,3,4,5,6} 5 2 4 M hnh cy ng ngn nht nu ly nt 1 lm nt ngun c th m t nh hnh v sau:
2 1
Nguyn xun trng - tth2 - k40 1
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ch 2 3 4 5 6
Nt tip theo 2 4 4 4 4
Hnh 3-7 b
Hnh 3.7: Thut ton c p dng cho mng hnh 2-6 vi nt 1 l nt ngun Hnh (a) M hnh cy ng ngn nht Hnh (b) Bng chn tuyn cho nt 1
Thut ton chn tuyn ng ngn nht trn c th c minh ho bng chng trnh sau: { Tm ng dn ngn nht gia ngun v cc nt cn li trong mng } Const n =. ..; {s lng cc nt} infinity =. ..; {s ln hn mi trng s} Type node = 0..n; nodelist = array [1..n] of node; matrix = array [1..n, 1..n] of integer; Procedure ShortestPath (a: matrix; s, t: node; var path: nodelist); { Tm ng dn ngn nht t ngun s ti ma trn a v tr kt qu v path } Type lab = (perm, tent) ; {Nhn c nh hay tm thi} NodeLabel = record predecessor: node; length: integer; labl: lab; end; GraphState = array [1..n] of NodeLabel; var state: GraphState; i,k: node; min: integer; begin for i: = 1 to n do
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with state [i] do begin predecessor: =0; length:= infinity; labl:=tent end; state [t].length:=0;state [t].labl:=perm; k:=t; {k l nt lm vic khi u} repeat {tm xem c nt no tt hn k khng} for i:=1 to n do if (a[k,i] <> 0) and (state[i].labl = tent) then {i l nt k cnh v tm thi} if (state[k].length + a[k,i] < state[i].length) then begin state[i].predecessor:=k; state[i].length:= state[i].length + a[k,i]; end; {tm nt c nhn tm thi vi nhn nh nht} for i:=1 to n do if (state[i].length < min) and (state[i].labl = tent) then begin min:= state[i].length; k:=i; end; until k = s; {lp cho n khi t n ngun} {Ghi ng dn vo mng ra} k:=s; i:=0; repeat i:= i+1; path[i]:=k; k:= state[k].predecessor; until k=0; End; {Kt thc th tc tnh ng ngn nht} Vi thut ton tnh ny ta c th tnh c cc tuyn ng c ng dn ngn nht cho tng nt, c th ta coi nt l nt ngun ri thc hin cc bc k trn. Trong trng hp chn tuyn theo phng thc tp trung, NMC s gi cc bng chn tuyn cho tng nt mt sau khi thit lp xong, cn nu mng s dng phng thc phn b th tng nt phi t tnh ly bng chn tuyn, cng s dng cc thng tin tng th nh trn (c cung cp bi cc nt ln cn hoc bi NMC ) v chn ra cy ng dn cho ring n. Trong phn tip theo chng ta s m t mt thut ton khc cng l loi thut ton chn tuyn ngn nht. 3.3.1Thut ton B (Thut ton Bellman - Furkerson) Nguyn xun trng - tth2 - k40
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Thut ton ny cng gm hai phn: bc khi u v bc lp cho ti khi tnh xong cc tuyn ng dn. S khc bit vi thut ton trnh by l ch thay v coi nt 1 l nt ngun th ta coi n l nt ch, ng thi t tt c cc nt khc ta tm ng dn ngn nht ti ch 1 ny. Trong bng chn tuyn ta s ch ra khong cch (nh rng y cng ch l gi tr trng s tru tng m t gi thnh ca tuyn truyn) t nt bt k ti nt 1 v nt ln cn truyn ti ch 1 theo tuyn ngn nht. Vic to bng chn tuyn s dng thut ton ny i hi phi lp i lp li cho tng nt mt, v cui cng cho ghi tt c vo trong mt tp cc nhn cho tng nt, mi nhn c thng tin chn tuyn (nt tip theo) v khong cch ti ch cui cng. Mi nt v c nhn (n, D(v)), vi D(v) l gi tr hin thi ca khong cch ngn nht t nt ti ch, cn n l s hiu ca nt tip theo trn ng dn ngn nht tm thi. 1. Bc th nht Coi nt 1 l nt ch, t D(v) = 0 v gn (, ) cho tt c cc nt khc. 2. Bc lp: dn nhn khong cch cho cc nt cn li Vi tng nt khc 1 ta thc hin nh sau: Thay D(v) bi gi tr hin thi D(w) vi tng nt ln cn w tnh gi tr D(w) + l(w, v) v thc hin php ton D(v) min [D(w] = l(w, v) (*) Sau , gn nhn mi ca v bng cch thay n bi nt ln cn tng ng vi biu thc (*) tnh c v thay gi tr mi tm c vo D(v). Vi mng v d nh hnh 3-6, ta thit lp bng cc vng thc hin sau: Bng 3-2 thut ton th hai dng cho mng hnh 3-6: Vng Nt ch /Nhn 2 3 4 5 1 0 (., ) (., ) (., ) (., ) 1 1 (1, 2) (1, 5) (1, 1) (4, 2) 1 2 (1, 2) (5, 3) (1, 1) (4, 2) 6 (., ) (5, 4) (5, 4)
Sau hai vng lp, cc gi tr nhn tr nn bt bin, c ngha rng thut ton c thc hin xong. Nh vy, trong vng 1 nhn thy nt 2 l gn nht i vi nt 1, gi thnh mi ca n l D(v) = D(1) + l(1,2) = 2, v nhn ca n chuyn thnh (1,2). Chuyn ti nt 3, ta c th chn hoc D(2) + l(2,3) =5 hoc D(1) + l(1,3) = 5; gi s ta chn D(1) + l(1,3) th nhn mi ca n l (1,5) (ta cng c th chn D(2) + l(2,3) v kt qu cui cng nh nhau). vng lp th hai,ta c th thay ti nt 3 nhn mi v gi tr ti thiu mi l D(w) + l(w, 3) = D(5) + l(5,3) = 3, do vy nhn ca n l (5,3). T tr i, cc gi tr khng thay i nn qu trnh c th coi l hon thnh. Nu ta xy dng s d cy trn c s cc kt qu nhn c th ta c m hnh ca hnh 37a, vi nt 1 l gc. Thut ton ny c p dng cho mt s trng hp c th,v d nh trong TYMNET, theo phng thc tp trung. Nu s dng thut ton ny theo phng thc phn b, ta c mt bin dng mi ca n, gil thut ton Nguyn xun trng - tth2 - k40
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B dng phi tp trung (Decentralized Version of Algorithm B) hay thut ton phn b. 3.3.3 Thut ton B phn b (Bellman - Ford hay Vector - Distance) Mt vn chng ta cn phi cp l nh hng ca cc thut ton chn tuyn ti vic truyn d liu trong ng truyn. Nu chng ta p dng phng thc phn b cho mng truyn d liu th c th xy ra hin tng trong khi cc gi ang c truyn trong mng, do nhn c thng tin v mng mi c cung cp, trm c th t thay i tuyn truyn tin, nh vy c ngha l cc gi c th ti ch khng theo th t nh trc. iu ny khng lm nh hng n mng DG (Datagram), nhng li c tc ng ln ti mng VC (Virtual Circuit), v vy i khi xy ra hin tng sau khi mt trm gi gi i, sau mt khong thi gian li hin din ti chnh trm . Chng ta s tr li vn ny sau. Trong phng thc phn b, mi nt trong mng phi c hai bng, mt bng gi l khong cch (Distance Table) ghi gi thnh tng ch theo tng ng ni ra (xem hnh3-8b). Bng th hai gi l bng chn tuyn nh phn trc xt. Trn hnh 3-8a l v d minh ho cho cc bng k trn, trong hai bng trn thuc nt N, cc nt X,Y, Z l cc nt ln cn. Mi nt trong trng hp ny phi c kh nng thu thp cc thng tin v gi thnh ca tng ng ni (bao gm c vic cc nt v ng truyn c s c hay c phc hi). Nu c s thay i, tt c cc nt nhn thng tin thay i ny, tnh li bng khong cch v tm ra khong cch ti thiu ti tt c cc nt cn li. Nu n pht hin c s thay i trong bng khong cch th n c nhim v thng bo s thay i khong cch ti tt c cc nt khc. Cc nt ny da vo tnh li cc bng ca mnh. Nu mt nt mi c khi phc, n phi gi thng bo ti tt c cc nt khc trong mng chng thit lp li bng khong cch v bng chn tuyn ca mnh.Qu trnh trao i thng tin ny din ra lin tc cho n khi no ht cc s thay i. C th thut ton c 3 phn, tng ng vi ba kh nng c th xy ra: nt hoc ng ni c phc hi, gi thnh ca ng ni thay i v nhn c thng tin iu khin. Gi s nt v l nt thc hin thut ton; D(v) l khong cch ti thiu t v ti ch d; w l nt ln cn ca v v gi thnh ng ni t v ti w l l(w,v). Thng s (d,w) trong bng khong cch ca nt v cha gi thnh Cd(v,w) t v ti ch d qua nt w. Ti thiu ho Cd(v,i) vi i W, W l tp cc nt ln cn ca v cho ta Dd(v). Gi s nt ln cn m cho ta khong cch ti thiu ny, khi dng d trong bng chn tuyn ca v s c cp s (m,Dd(v)). Thut ton c m t nh sau: Phn 1. Phc hi ng ni (m,v). Khi nhn c thng tin ny,nt v s lm nh sau: 1. t gi tr (m,m) trong bng khong cch ca mnh l l(m,v). 2. Tnh min Cm(v,w), wW. Xc nh nt p gn nht. 3. Nu min Cm(v,w) = Dm(v), c ngha l khong cch ti thiu t nt v ti nt m khng i, th t n = p trong bng chn tuyn ; nu khng, th thay
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Chn ng v ng dng trong thit k mng WAN Dm(v) min Cm(v,w), wW,
v dng m trong bng chn tuyn thay bng (p, Dm(v)) v ni dung mi [m, Dm(v)] c gi ti tt c cc nt ln cn ca v. 4. Ta nh s cho tp ch (cc hng cho bng chn tuyn ca nt v) l (a, b, c,. .., r). Sau , v gi thng tin iu khin [a, Dm(v)], [b, Dm(v)],. .., [r, Dm(v)] ti nt m. Th tc ny cng c th c p dng khi mt nt chuyn mch m c phc hi, ch cn thay th cc gi tr c v b sung thm vo cc bng nt m ny. Phn 2. Thay i gi thnh ng m, v. Cng tng t nh phn 1, kho nhn thy gi thnh ca ng m, v thay i i (m,v), nt v s lm nh sau: 1.Cng thm (m,v) vo cc gi tr ct m trong bng khong cch ca v. (Nu ng m,v c s c th thay chng bng gi tr v cng ). 2.Vi tt c cc nt ch d, tnh min Cd(v,w), w W, v d nt p cho gi tr ti thiu ny. 3. Nu min Cd(v,w) = Dd(v), gn n = q. Ngc li, Dd(v) min Cd(v,w), w W gi tr dng d trong bng chn tuyn chuyn thnh (p, Dd(v)) v ni dung iu khin [d, Dd(v)] c gi ti tt c cc nt ln cn. Ch rng tin ny khng cn phi gi ti cc nt ch m gi thnh ti chng khng thay i.
(a) Nt lm vic N v nt ln cn cn
Bng khong cch Gi thnh nt ch A B X 3 5 Y 2 6 Z 5 3
Bng chn tuyn Gi Nt thnh ch bn cnh A Z 2 B Z 3

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n tt nghip C D . . (b) 4 3 . . 4 6 . .
Chn ng v ng dng trong thit k mng WAN 2 5 . . C D . . Z X . . (c) 2 3 . .
Phn 3: Nt v nhn c thng tin iu khin [d, Dd(w)]. Nu d = v th chnh v l ch nn b qua. Nu d v, nt v s thc hin cc bc sau: 1. Thc hin chuyn Cd(v,w) Dd(w) + l(w, v) Nu Dd(w) = hoc rt ln th Cd(w) c gn gi tr . 2. Tnh min Cd(v, w), w W. V d tm c nt p. 3. Nu min Cd(v, w) = Dd(w) th t n = p. Ngc li cho Dd(w) min Cd(v, w), w W v thay dng d trong bng chn tuyn ca v bng (p, Dd(v)) v gi thng tin iu khin [d, Dd(w)] ti tt c cc nt bn cnh. Thut ton ny cho thy vic ti thiu ho gi tr ca dng trong bng khong cch sau khi thay th cc gi tr tng ng chnh k ton t D(v ) min [D(w) + l(w, v)] , w W do thut ton B thc hin. so snh vi hai thut ton trnh by trn, ta xt vic p dng thut ton ny cho mng hnh 3- 6, trong nt 1 l nt ngun va c phc hi. Bng 3-3 ch ra dng 1 ca cc bng khong cch v chn tuyn nm nt khc trong mng sau mi vng lp ca thut ton. Mi vng lp ng vi vic c t nht mt nt nhn thng tin iu khin. Khi bt u thc hin thut ton, cc nt 2, 3, 4 ln cn nt 1 nhn ra rng nt 1 c phc hi nn lin tin hnh phn 1 ca thut ton, thay i cc thng s ct 1 trong bng kheong cch (ng qua nt 1), t gi tr v cng thnh cc g tr xc nh l(1, v), v = 2, 3, 4. S thay i ny ko theo s thay i trong bng chn tuyn v vic gi cc thng tin iu khin ti cc nt khc. Trong v d ny cc nt 2, 3, 4 s thay i gi tr khong cch ca chng ti nt 1 v gi thng tin iu khin ti tt c cc nt c lin quan. Cc nt nhn c thng tin ny s thc hin phn 3 ca thut ton c ngha l b sung gi thnh ng ni vo trong bng khong cch, tnh khong cch ti thiu, a vo bng chn tuyn nu c s thay i, v gi li tin i ti tt c cc nt lin quan. Trong bng 3-3 l s gn nhn ca vng lp 1. Mc d cc thng s ca bng khong cch ti tt c cc nt u thay i theo kt qu ca vng lp ny, bng chn tuyn ch thay i ti nt 3, 5 v 6 thi. Ba nt ny li gi cc ni dung iu khin v gi thnh ti ch 1 cho tt c cc nt ln cn ca chng. Sau vng lp 2 m t vic cc nt nhn c ni dung trn v tin hnh phn 3 ca thut ton. Sau vng lp ny th cc thng s trong bng chn tuyn ca nt 3 v nt 6 thay i. Ta tip tc thc hin vng th
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ba. Sau khi thy khng cn thay i g na trong bng chn tuyn th thut ton dng. Bng 3-3 p dng thut ton B phn b cho mng hnh 3-6 Bc khi u: Nt 1 c phc hi, cc nt 2, 3, 4 thc hin phn 1 ca thut ton Nt 2 Nt 3 Nt 4 Nt 5 Nt 6
Khong Chn cch tuyn Khong Chn cch tuyn Khong cch Chn Khong tuyn cch Chn tuyn Khong Chn cch tuyn
Qua 1 3 4 2
Qua gi 12
Qua 1 2 4 5 6 5
Qua gi 15
Qua Qua 1 2 3 5 gi 1 11
Qua 346
Qua gi
Qua 35
Qua gi
Nt 2 gi [1,2] ti cc nt ln cn
Nt 3 gi [1, 5] ti cc nt ln cn
Nt 4 gi [1,1] ti cc nt ln cn
Bc 1: Cc nt nhn ni dung v tin hnh bc th 3 ca thut ton chn ng. Nt 2 Nt 3 Nt 4 Nt 5 Nt 6

Qua 1 3 4 2 8 3
Qua gi 1 2
Qua 1 2 4 5 6 5 5 4
Qua gi 4 4
Qua Qua 1 2 3 5 gi 148

Khng gi
Qua 3 4 6
Qua gi 4 2
Qua 35 10
Qua gi 3 10
1 1 6 2
Gi [1, 2]
Khng gt
Gi [1, 4] ti cc nt ln cn
Gi [3, 10]
Bc 2: Cc nt nhn ni dung mi v tin hnh bc 3 ca thut ton Nt 2 Nt 3 Nt 4 Nt 5 Nt 6

Qua Qua Qua Qua Qua Qua Qua Qua 1 2 3 5 gi 3 4 6 gi 3 5 gi 1 2 4 gi 5 6 2 7 3 1 2 5 5 4 5 3 1473 1 1 5 2 4 2 2 4 5 4 3 5 12 Khng gt Gi [1, 3] Khng gi Gi [1, 4] Bc 3: Cc nt nhn ni dung mi v tin hnh bc 3 ca thut ton Qua 1 3 4 Qua gi Nt 2
Khong Chn cch tuyn
Nt 3
Khong Chn cch tuyn
Nt 4
Khong cch
Nt 5
Chn tuyn
Nt 6
Khong Chn cch tuyn
Chn Khong tuyn cch
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n tt nghip Qua 1 3 4 Qua gi
Chn ng v ng dng trong thit k mng WAN Qua 3 5 8 4 Qua gi 5 4
Qua Qua Qua Qua Qua Qua 1 2 3 5 gi 3 4 6 gi 1 2 4 gi 5 6 2 6 3 1 2 5 5 4 5 3 1463 1 1 4 2 6 4 2 3 9 Khng phi gi ni dung mi v khng c thay i
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CHNG IV
cc giao thc chn ng c s dng trong internet
Trong chng ny chng ta s cp ti cc giao thc c bn nht c s dng trong cc mng TCP/IP nht l trong mng Internet ton cu.Cc giao thc chn ng s dng cc thut ton chn ng c cp chng trc tnh ton tm cc con ng ngn nht. Ngoi ra chng ta cn i su tm hiu cc k thut khc m giao thc chn ng s dng phc v cho vic chn ng nh: cp nht thng tin chn ng, khun dng cc thng bo (Message) m giao thc hot ng... Chng ta cng s lm quen vi kin trc phn cp ca mng my tnh ang c s dng, khi nim h thng t tr (Autonomous System-AS ) v s thy c s nh hng ca m hnh ny ti vic chn ng. Trong m hnh mng phn cp s c cc loi giao thc khc nhau c s dng cc cp khc nhau v phng thc hot ng ca chng cng v th m khc nhau. Cc giao thc s c trnh by trong chng ny bao gm: Giao thc EGP (Exterior Gateway Protocol) c cc core Router s dng bo tin gia cc h thng t tr khc nhau vi nhau. Cc giao thc c s dng bn trong ca bn thn mt h thng t tr (AS) gi l cc giao thc IGPs (Interior Gateway Protocols) thc hin cc chn ng trong AS . Chng khng th bit ti cc h thng t tr khc. B cc giao thc IGPs bao gm cc giao thc: RIP, HELLO, OSPF 4.1 Mt s khi nim c bn 4.1.1 H thng t tr (Autonomous System - AS) Kin trc mng ban u c xy dng xung quanh cc h thng nhn (Core System). V d in hnh ca kin trc mng ny l mng ARPANET, tin thn ca mng Internet. Mng bao gm mt b nh cc Router gi l cc Router nhn v mt b ln hn cc Router xa. Cc Router nhn cha thngtin v mi ch kh dng, cc Router xa cha cc thng tin b phn.B cc Router nhn c iu hnh bi mt trung tm vn hnh mng (Internet Network Operation Center INOC ) trong khi cc Router xa c iu khin v qun l bi mt t chc ti site . H thng mng ny ch c xy dng trn mt backbone duy nht, chng s dng giao thc GGP(Gateway-to-Gateway) chn ng v nhn chung l hot ng tt. Vn thc s ny sinh khi mng tng trng. Mt s vn v chn ng ny sinh chng hn nh vic cc core Router s c th khng chn c tuyn ng ti u khi tuyn phi i qua backbone, hoc khi cc mng trong mt site c cu trc phn cp phc tp. V mc ch chn ng, mt nhm cc mng v cc Router c iu khin bi mt nh chc trch qun l n l c gi l h thng t tr (Autonomous system). Cc Router trong mt h thng t tr t do chn cc phng tin cho n pht hin, truyn b,
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ph chun v kim tra s ph hp ca cc tuyn ng. Nh rng di s nh ngha ny, core system bn thn n hnh thnh mt h thng t tr. tng h thng t tr l mt s khi qut ho khng phc tp v t nhin ca kin trc nhn, vi cc h thng t tr thay th cho cc mng cc b. Hnh sau m t tng ny:
Backbone Network
R1
R2
.............
Rn
AS 1
AS 2
AS n
Hnh 4-1: Kin trc ca mt internet vi cc h thng t tr ti cc backbone sites. Mi h thng t tr bao gm nhiu mng v cc Router bn di mt chnh quyn qun l.
C v nh l nh ngha ca chng ta v h thng t tr cn m h, nhng trong thc t, nhng bin gii gia cc h thng t tr phi chnh xc cho php cc gii thut t ng thc hin cc quyt nh chn ng. V d, mt h thng t tr s hu bi mt cng ty c th chn khng phi chn ng cho cc packets qua mt h thng t tr s hu bi t chc khc d rng chng kt ni trc tip. lm cho gii thut chn ng t ng c th thc hin phn bit gia cc h thng t tr, mi h thng c gn mt s hiu h thng t tr (autonomous system Number) bi cng nh qun l trung tm (central authority), ni c np cng vi tt c a ch mng Internet. Khi 2 Router trao i thng tin kh nng t ti mng (network reachability information),cc Messages mang cc nh danh h thng t tr, ci m cc Router i din cho. lm cho cc mng n trong cc h thng t tr c th i ti c khp Internet, mi h thng t tr phi ng bo trc thng tin v kh nng t ti mng, ti cc h thng t tr khc. Thng thng mt Router trong mt h thng t tr c trch nhim bo trc cc tuyn ng v tng tc trc tip vi mt trong s cc core Router. D sao hon ton c kh nng c vi Router, mi ci bo tin trc mt mng con ca cc mng. Mt mng Internet TCP/IP ln c cu trc b sung lm ph hp cc bin gii qun l: mi tp hp ca cc mng v cc Router c qun l bi mt chnh quyn qun l s c xem xt tr thnh mt h thng t tr. Mt h thng t tr t do la chn mt kin trc chn ng bn trong, nhng Nguyn xun trng - tth2 - k40
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phi tp hp thng tin v tt c cc mng ca n v ch nh r mt hoc nhiu Router s chuyn thng tin v kh nng c th t ti cc h thng t tr khc. Bi v Internet c kt ni dng kin trc nhn, Nn mi h thng t tr phi chuyn thng tin v kh nng c th ti cho cc core Router. Cc phn sau trnh by chi tit v giao thc cc Router s dng bo tin cho kh nng c th ti mng. Cc phn sau va tr li cc cu hi kin trc tho lun s gii hn cc giao thc p t trn vic chn ng. Chng cng th hin vic lm th no m hnh Internet c th c m rng. 4.1.2 Exterior Router v Interior Router Hai Router trao i thng tin chn ng c ni l Exterior Neighbors nu chng thuc v 2 h thng t tr khc nhau, v l Interior Neighbor nu chng thuc cng mt h thng t tr. Giao thc m Exterior neighbor s dng bo trc thng tin v kh nng c th ti cho cc h thng t tr khc c gi l Extorior Gateway Protocol (EGP), v cc Router s dng n c gi l Exterior Routers. Trong Internet, EGP c bit quan trng bi v cc h thng t tr s dng n bo trc thng tin v kh nng c th ti c cho h thng nhn. 4.2 Giao thc chn ng EGP ( Exterior Gateway Protocol ) EGP l mt giao thc chn ng c cc Exterior Router s dng bo tin v kh nng c th t ti cc mng trong h thng t tr ca n cho cc h thng t tr khc.Hnh 4-2 minh ho khi nim hai Exterior Routers R1 v R2 s dng EGP bo tin cho cc mng trong h thng t tr ca chng sau khi thu lm c thng tin. Nh tn gi ca n, Exterior Routers thng gn ra ca mt h thng t tr. Hnh v minh ho hai Extorior neighbors s dng EGP. Router R1 tp trung cc thng tin v cc mng trong h thng t tr 1 v gi bo co cc thng tin ti Router R2 bng vic dng EGP, trong khi Router R2 s gi bo co thng tin t h thng t tr 2 cho R1. EGP c ba im chnh. Th nht l n h tr mt cng c dnh ly hng xm, cng c cho php mt Router yu cu ti mt Router
R1
R1
AS2
AS1
khc tho thun rng c hai Router s giao tip thng tin v kh nng c th ti c cc mng. Khi chng ta ni rng mt Router dnh c mt lng ging EGP (EGP peer hay EGP neighbor). EGP peers l cc lng
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ging ch vi ngha l chng s trao i thng tin chn ng: khng c khi nim gn v a l. Th hai l: mt Router s tip tc kim tra xem cc EGP neighbors ca chng l ang tng xng hay khng. im th ba l cc EGP neighbor trao i nh k cc thng tin v kh nng c th n c mng bng vic chuyn cc thng bo cp nht chn ng. 4.2.1 EGP Message Header lm ph hp ba chc nng c bn, EGP nh ngha 9 kiu message bng di y: Kiu Message (EGP Message Type) 1) Acquisition Request 2) Acquisition Confirm 3) Acquisition Refuse 4) Cease Request 5) Cease Confirm 6) Hello 7) I heard you 8) Poll Request 9) Routing Update 10) Error M t (Description) Request Router become a neighbor (peer) Positive Response to acquisition request Negative Reponse to acquisition Request Request termination of neighbor relation ship Cofirmation Response to cease Request. Request neighbor to Respond if alive Response to hello Message Requests Network Routing Update Network reachability infor Responese to incorrect Message
Tt c cc Message EGP bt u vi mt header c nh nh ngha kiu Message. Sau y l khun dng ca header EGP 0 8 VERSION TYPE CHECKSUM SEQUENCE NUMBER 16 31 CODE STATUS AUTONOMOUS SYSTEM NUM 24
Trng header c nhn l VERSION, cha mt s integer nh danh Version ca EGP c dng to khun dng Message. Bn nhn kim tra s hiu version xc minh l phn mm ang dng c ging phin bn ca giao thc hay khng. Trng TYPE nh danh kiu ca Message, vi trng CODE dng phn bit gia cc kiu nh hn. Trng STATUS cha thng tin tnh trng ph thuc, EGP s dng mt tng kim tra xc minh r l Message n cn nguyn vn. N cng dng gii thut tn kim tra (checksum) ging ht IP. Khi thc hin tnh ton, trng checkSUM c coi
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l cha ton 0,v message c n (pad ) nhiu 16 bit bng vic thm vo cc s 0 Trng AUTONOMOUS SYSTEM NUM. a ra con s c gn ca h thng t tr ca Router gi message v trng SEQUENCE NUMBER cha mt s m ngi gi dng lin kt cc phc p vi cc Message. Mt Router thit lp mt gi tr th t khi u khi dnh c mt lng ging v tng s th t mi ln n gi mt Message. Cc lng ging phc p vi s th t cui cng n nhn c, cho php ngi gi lm ph hp cc p ng cho cc truyn dn. 4.2.2 Thng bo dnh lng ging EGP (EGP Neighbor Acquisition Message) Mt Router gi cc Message neighbor acquisition thit lp giao tip EGP vi Router khc. Nh rng EGP khng xc nh r ti sao hoc lm th no mt Router chn mt Router khc lm lng gin ca n. Chng ta gi s l nhng la chn nh th c thc hin bi cc t chc chu trch nhim qun l cc Router v khng phi bi cc phn mm giao thc. Hn na i vi cc header chun vi mt s th t, cc neighbor acquisition Message cha cc gi tr khi u cho mt khong thi gian (time interval) c s dng kim tra l cc neighbor cn sng hay l khng (gi l mt hello interval), v mt polling interval iu khin tn s ti a ca cc cp nht chn ng. Bn gi cung cp mt polling interval of n xc nh r l bn nhn khng nn poll lu hn n giy mi ln. Ngi gi khi u c th thay i khong thi gian poll. Hn na cc khong thi gian poll cc lng ging s dng c th khng ging nhau, c th mt lng ging poll thng xuyn hn nhng ci khc. Hnh bn biu din khun dng ca cc acquisition Message v cc phc p. 0 8 VERSION TYPE(3) CHECKSUM SEQUENCE NUMBER POLL INTERVAL 16 24 31 CODE(0 to 4) STATUS AUTONOMOUS SYSTEM NUM HELLO INTERVAL
Hnh 4-2: Khun dng ca thng bo dnh lng ging EGP
Trng CODE nh danh cc Message c bit sau: CODE Message Acquisition Request 0 Acquisition Confirm 1 Acquisition Request 2 Cease Request 3 Cease Confirm 4
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4.2.3 Thng bo kh nng c th ti c Router lng ging (EGP Neighbor Reachability Messages) EGP cho php hai dng kim tra l c mt lng ging cn sng hay l khng. kiu ch ng, cc Router kim tra cc lng ging bng vic gi cc thng bo loi Hello mt cch nh k cng vi cc poll Message v i tr li. dng th ng, mt Router ph thuc vo lng ging ca n gi cc thng bo hello hoc poll nh k. Mt Router hot ng dng th ng s dng thng tin t trng STATUS ca mt reachability Message suy ra l lng ging th cn sng hay khng v peer bit l n c cn alive hay khng. Thng thng c hai Router l mt cp hot ng dng ch ng. Vic phn chia tnh ton kh nng c th ti c lng ging t cc trao i thng tin chn ng l rt quan trng, bi v n dn ti tng chi ph (overhead) mng thp hn. Bi v thng tin chn ng mng khng thay i thng xuyn nh tnh trng ca cc Router ring bit nn n khng cn chuyn thng xuyn. Hn na, cc neighbor reachability message th nh v i hi vic tnh ton t, trong khi cc thng bo trao i chn ng th ln v li yu cu tnh ton nhiu. V v vy, bng vic phn chia ra 2 kiu kim tra th cc lng ging c th c kim tra thng xuyn vi tng chi ph tnh ton v giao tip l t nht. Hnh sau cho ta thy cc yu cu kh nng c th ti lng ging ch gm header message EGP. 0 8 VERSION TYPE CHECKSUM SEQUENCE NUMBER 16 24 31 CODE STATUS AUTONOMOUS SYSTEM NUM.
Hnh 4-3: Khun dng thng bo v kh nng c th ti c lng ging EGP. M 0 nh ngha mt Hello request mesage.M 1 xc nh mt p ng I heard you.
Bi v c th Hello message hoc I heard you response b mt khi truyn, nn EGP dng mt dng ca K-out-of-n Rule xem xt k l mt lng ging va thay i t up thnh down hay l khng. Cch tt nht ngh v gii thut l tng tng mt Router gi mt s th t lin tc ca cc Hello message v nhn I heard you response v ngh ti mt ca s spanning n trao i gn y nht phi tht bi Router tuyn b l neighbor ca n down, v t nht j ln thnh cng Router ni rng neighbor ca n l up, mt khi n c cng b l down. Chun giao thc xut nhng gi tr cho j v k, iu ng rng 2 message thnh cng phi b mt trc khi EGP s cng b l peer down (hoc up). Hin tng tr c a ra bi j v k c mt hiu qu quan trng trong ton b s thc thi ca EGP. Cng nh vi bt k gii thut chn ng no, EGP khng truyn b nhng thay i khng cn thit. L do tht n gin:
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nhng thay i khng dng li sau khi mt Router truyn b chng ti EGP lng ging ca n. Lng ging c th truyn b chng ti cc Router khc cng chng hi g. Vic gim ti thiu nhng thay i tuyn nhanh chng l iu c bit ct yu khi mt EGP lng ging s dng mt gii thut vectordistance truyn b cc thay i bi v cc thay i lin min c th khin cc gii thut vector-distance khng n nh. V vy, nu cc exterior Routers bo co nhng thay i kh nng c th n mng bt c khi no mt message b mt, th chng c th gy ra cho h thng chn ng cn li trong s qu lin min. 4.2.4 Cc thng bo EGP poll request EGP poll request v EGP poll respone message cho php mt Router dnh c thng tin v kh nng c th t ti mng (network reachability information). Hnh sau m t khun dng Message 0 8 VERSION TYPE(3) CHECKSUM SEQUENCE NUMBER POLL INTERVAL 16 24 31
CODE(0 to 4) STATUS AUTONOMOUS SYSTEM NUM HELLO INTERVAL
Hnh 4-4: Khun dng thng bo loi Poll. Code 0 xc nh mt thng bo loi hello request trong khi code 1 xc nh mt I heard you response
Trng IP SOURCE NETWORK ch r mt mng chung i vi cc h thng t tr l ni m c hai Router c gn ni. Phc p s cha ng cc tuyn ng c nhng khong cch c o cng vi mi lin quan ti cc Router trn mng ngun IP c ch ra. C l l rt kh hiu ti sao EGP chn thc hin mt polling Request ch r mt mng ngun. C hai l do, l do th nht: chng ta nh li l mt Router ni ti hai hoc nhiu mng vt l. Nu mt ng dng trn Router thi hnh EGP, n c th khng bit giao din no yu cu EGP n. V vy, n c th khng bit cc yu cu chuyn n mng no. Th hai, cc Router chy EGP thng thu thp thng tin cho ton b mt h thng t tr. Khi bo trc kh nng c th t ti mng, th extorior Router gi ti cc lng ging mt b cc cp, trong mi cp xc nh mt mng ch trong h thng t tr v Router s dng i ti ch . D nhin, Router s dng t ti mt ch ph thuc vo ni lu thng i vo h thng t tr. Mng ngun c cp trong polling Request xc nh r im ti cc packets s i vo h thng t tr. 4.2.5 Thng bo cp nht chn ng (EGP Routing Update Message ) Nguyn xun trng - tth2 - k40
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Mt extorior Router gi mt message cp nht chn ng chuyn (convey) thng tin v cc mng c th ti cho EGP neighbor ca n. Thng thng, Router va thu lm thng tin v ang lm cc thng tin tr nn sn c i vi mt Router trong h thng t tr khc. V nguyn tc, mt Router chy EGP c th bo co hai kiu ca reachability ti mt peer.Kiu th nht gm cc mng ch, nhng ci c th t ti hon ton trong h thng t tr ca Router. Kiu th hai bao gm cc mng ch, nhng ci m Router va hc v n, nhng chng nm xa bin gii h thng t tr ca Router. iu quan trng hiu l EGP khng cho php mt Router tu bo tin kh nng c th ti mt mng ch tu . S hn ch gii hn mt Router bo bit ch vi nhng ch m i vi cc ch th Router l authority. Ngha l EGP hn ch mt (noncore) Router ch bo tin cho nhng mng c th t ti hon ton t trong h thng t tr ca n 0 8 16 24 31 VERSION TYPE(1) CODE(0) STATUS CHECKSUM AUTONOMOUS SYSTEM NUM. SEQUENCE NUMBER # INT.GWYS # EXT.GWYS IP SOURCE NETWORK ROUTER1 IP ADDRESS (WITHOUT NET PREFIX ) # DISTANCE DISTANCE D11 #NET AT D11 NETWORK1 AT DISTANCE D11 NETWORK2 AT DISTANCE D11 ........................................................... #NET AT D12 DISTANCE D12 NETWORK1 AT DISTANCE D12 NETWORK2 AT DISTANCE D12 .......................................................... ROUTER N IP ADDRESS (WITHOUT NET PREFIX ) # DISTANCE DISTANCE Dn1 #NET AT Dn1 NETWORK1 AT DISTANCE Dn1 NETWORK2 AT DISTANCE Dn1 .............................................. LAST NET AT LAST DISTANCE FOR ROUTER N Lut h thng ny, i khi c gi l EGP third party restriction, c d nh iu khin s truyn b thng tin v cho php mi h thng Nguyn xun trng - tth2 - k40
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t tr chn chnh xc lm th no n bo tin v kh nng c th ti c. V d, nu mi khu i hc hnh thnh mt h thng t tr, mt Router trn khu i hc c th tp hp thng tin v cc mng trn khu v bo chng ti bt c ngi no cung cp kt ni Internet campus, nhng mt khu i hc s khng bo cc tuyn ng ti cc mng trn cc campus khc. D nhin l third-party restriction th khng p dng cho cc h thng core.
Hnh 4-5: Khun dng thng bo cp nht chn ng. Tt c mi Router c a ra u lin quan ti mt mng xc nh.Thng bo ny lit k cc Router trn mng v khong cch t mi Router.
Hnh trn minh ho khun dng ca mt message cp nht chn ng. Trng HINT.GWYS v HEXT.GWYS a ra s interior v extorior Routers cho php d dng bit l cc khong cch c th so snh c hay khng. Khng may, khng th lm mt s phn bit nh vy t cc a ch Router mt mnh, v khun dng message khng cha ng s d phng khc. Trong thc t, nhng s thc thi EGP vt qua vn ny bng vic gi cc message cp nht phn chia cho cc interior v exterior Routers. Trng IP SOURCE NETWORK a ra mng m t tt c kh nng c th ti c . V mt ngha no th EGP routing update message l mt s tng qut ho ca GGP routing update Message bi v chng lm thch hp nhiu Router thay v mt Router n l. V vy, cc trng ca routing update Message theo sau IP SOURCE NETWORK hnh thnh mt s lin tip cc khi, ni mi khi em ti mt reachability information cho mt trong cc Router trn source network. Mt khi (block) bt u vi a ch IP ca mt Router. Cc mng c th ti c t Router c ln danh sch theo cng vi distance ca chng. Ging nh GGP, EGP nhm cc mng thnh cc b da trn distance. Vi mi distance, c mt lng cc mng ti mi distance c km theo bi danh sch ca cc a ch mng. Sau danh sch ca tt c cc mng ti mt khong cch cho trc, mu tng t c lp li cho tt c cc gi tr distance khc.
4.2.6 Measuring From The Receivers Perspective Ti lng ging AS khc Nguyn xun trng - tth2 - k40 R1 R3 R2
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Hnh 4-6: V d v mt AS. Router R2 chy EGP bo co khong cch ti tt c

cc mng c o t ngun.
Khng ging phn ln cc giao thc l thng cc chi ph ca bn thn n i ti cc mng ch.Th vo , n o c khong cch t mng ngun chung nn tt c cc distance l ng t trin vng ca peer. Hnh sau minh ho tng ny Trong v d hnh trn, Router R2 c ch nh chy EGP thay mt cho h thng t tr. N phi bo co kh nng ti cc mng t 1 ti 4. N bo co mng 1 khi c th t ti qua Router R1, cc mng 3 v 4 khi c th t ti qua Router R3, v mng 2 khi c th t ti qua R2. T trin vng ca R2, mng 2 nm ti distance 0. D sao, n bo co mng 2 nm ti distance 1, khong cch khi c o t mng gc. 4.2.7 Hn ch ca EGP (The Key Restrection of EGP ) Chng ta va thy rng EGP gii hn cc Routers, ch cho php chng bo tin cho nhng mng ch c th t ti c ton b trong h thng t tr ca Router. D sao, c nhiu hn mt s hn ch nguyn tc c bn do EGP to ra: EGP khng gii thch bt c metrics khong cch no c mt trong cc thng bo cp nht chn ng Cc lut xc nh r l mt gi tr ca 255 c ngha mng khng th ti c, nhng cc gi tr khc ch c th so snh nu chng chuyn n (refer) cc Router trong cng mt h thng t tr. V nguyn tc (inesence), EGP s dng trng DISTANCE nh r l mt con ng tn ti hay l khng: gi tr khng th c dng tnh ton tuyn ngn nht trong 2 tuyn tr phi nhng Router u cha bn trong mt h thng t tr n l. Chng ta c th thy by gi ti sao mt Router trong mt h thng t tr khng nn bo tin v kh nng c th t ti cho cc mng trong cc h thng t tr khc na (ti sao third party rule tn ti ). S quan st ch yu l: khi mt Router hc mt mng trong mt h thng t tr khc, n khng dnh c mt i lng khong cch c chp nhn ph bin. V vy, n khng nn chuyn qua i lng . Vic bo tin v kh nng c th t ti Nguyn xun trng - tth2 - k40
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i vi EGP th tng ng (equivalenr) ni rng: h thng t tr ca ti cung cp mt con ng ti mng ny Nhn vo s gii thch ca cc khong cch, cc cch khc cho php ta nhn ra rng EGP khng th c s dng nh mt gii thut chn ng. c bit, thm ch mt Router hc c v 2 tuyn ng khc nhau ti cng mt mng th n cng khng th bit tuyn no ngn hn. Khng c thng tin chn ng, chng ta phi cn thn bo tin ch tuyn ng chng ta mun traffic i theo . Kt qu l, ch c mt con ng t core ti mt mng bt k. Chng ta c th tm tt: Bi v EGP ch truyn b thng tin v kh nng c th i n mng nn n hn ch topoloty ca bt k mng internet no s dng EGP n mt kin trc hnh thnh cy trong mt h thng nhn hnh thnh gc (Root): khng c cc vng lp gia cc h thng t tr khc c ni kt ti n im mu cht y l bt k internet no s dng EGP cung cp chn ng gia cc h thng t tr hnh thnh mt topology dng hnh cy, trong mt core autonomous system to ra gc (root) S hn ch trong EGP l to ra mt cu trc cy dn n kt qu t s pht trin lch s ca internet tp trung xung quanh mt back-bone n l. Mc du n c l nh l v hi, nhng s hn ch ny c mt s hu qu kinh ngc: 1) Vic kt ni ton b gp s c nu h thng core Router gp s c. D nhin khng hn ton b core internet s trc trc mt cch ng thi nhng c vi v d th v v cc tht bi ph, c bit trong mt s trng hp s tng trng nhanh ca internet dn ti thng tin trong bng chn ng b trn trong cc core Router, cn tr EGP ci t thnh cng cc tuyn ng ti mng mi. Nhng a ch mng m khng th c ci t trong cc core tables, th khng th t ti c t nhiu phn ca internet 2) EGP ch c th bo tin mt con ng ti mt mng a ra. l, ti bt k khong thi gian no a ra, mi lu thng c nh tuyn t mt h thng t tr ti mt mng trong h thng t tr khc s i ngang qua mt con ng, d l c nhiu kt ni vt l tn ti. Cng nh rng mt h thng t tr bn ngoi s ch s dng mt con ng tr li ngay khi h thng t tr ngun chia cc lu thng sp i gia hai hoc nhiu con ng. Kt qu l tr, v hiu sut gia mt cp my c th khng i xng, gy kh khn cho vic gim st hoc d li. 3) EGP khng h tr vic chia s ti trn cc Router gia cc h thng t tr tu . Nu hai h thng t tr c nhiu Router kt ni chng, mt h thng s cn bng lu thng gia tt c cc Router. EGP cho php cc h thng t tr chia ti bi cc b mng, nhng n khng h tr vic chia s ti chung nhiu hn. 4) Nh trng hp c bit ca im th ba, EGP th khng y cho chn ng tt nht trong mt kin trc c nhiu mng backbone c kt ni ti nhiu im. 5) Kh khn bt chuyn (swith) ti mt con ng vt l thay th nu con ng gp s c, c bit khi cc con ng qua 2 hoc nhiu h Nguyn xun trng - tth2 - k40
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thng t tr. Bi v EGP khng hiu c cc khong cch, cc third-party khng th bo bit cc tuyn ng v da vo bn nhn bt chuyn ti mt tuyn ng thay th nu mt tuyn b s c. Th vo , trch nhim la chn con ng chi ph thp nht t ln cc exterior Routers. 4.2.8 Nhng vn k thut (Technical Problems ) EGP c mt s yu im, nhiu trong s la nhng chi tit k thut khng bnh thng. Nhng im yu ny phi c sa cha trc khi EGP c th h tr mi trng Internet m rng mt cch nhanh chng. Nhng n lc c nh vi trong s nhng vn ny va c tp trung vo vn nhn mnh nht l: lm gim kch thc ca cc message cp nht. Nh li t phn chng 15 l: cc message cp nht cha ng mt danh sch di ca cc mng. Quan trng hn, nu bt k mt fragmenrs no ca IP datagram b mt th ton b datagram phi c truyn li. Mc d nhiu vn k thut va c nh danh nhng vi n lc to ra mt version mi ca EGP u tht bi. Nhng c gng c gi l EGP2 v EGP3 u b ri xung sau khi cc thnh vin khng th ng trong nhng cch tip cn v nhng im chi tit. Trong khi thm him nhng kh nng c th, cc nhm lm vic tho lun v nhng s thay th EGP v quyt nh rng: bi v c qu nhiu nhng thay i nn tng cn thit nn cc ci tin n gin s l khng . Vy nn EGP vn cn c s dng m khng thay i. 4.2.9 S phn quyn ca kin trc Internet (Decentralization of Internet Architecture). Hai cu hi kin trc quan trng vn cn cha c tr li. Th nht l v s tp trung: lm th no mt kin trc Internet c th c sa cha xo b hn na s ph thuc vo h thng cc Router nhn? Cu hi th hai lin quan ti mc tin cy: mt kin trc internet c th c m rng cho php mt s hp tc tin cy hn gia mt s h thng t tr ? Vic loi b hon ton s ph thuc vo mt h thng core s khng d dng. Khi nhiu phn mm hn c xy dng s dng cc giao thc ang tn ti th tnh chm chp gia tng v s thay i tr nn kh khn v tn km hn. Quan trng hn, bi v h thng nhn Internet c kt ni ng tin cy, c h tr bi mt i ng nhn vin chuyn nghip, v s dng cc cng c t ng cp nht thng tin chn ng, nn c t ng c thay i. Cui cng th, v kch thc ca Internet tng trng nn lng thng tin chn ng m Router phi gi. Mt cng c phi c tm thy gii hn thng tin cn thit cho mi node nu khng lu thng cp nht s trn ngp mng. 4.2.10 Pha sau AS (Beyond Autonomous system ) Vic m rng cc khi nim tin cy gia cc h thng t tr l phc tp. Bc d nht l to nhm cc h thng t tr phn cp. Hy tng tng vi v d: 3 h thng t tr trong 3 phng ban thuc trng i hc phn chia trn
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mt khu i hc ln. Tht t nhin nhm 3 h ny vi nhau bi v chng chia s nhng mi rng buc v qun l. ng c cho vic phn nhm phn cp n trc tin t nim v s tin cy. Cc Router bn trong mt nhm u thc cho mt Router vi mt mc s tin tng cao. Vic nhm cc h thng t tr ch i hi mt s thay i ph i vi EGP. Cc phin bn mi ca EGP phi ng s dng mt yu t chia nhn to. Khi bo co s m hop (hop counts), cho php cc s m c gia tng khi chuyn qua bin gii t mt nhm ny ti mt nhm khc. V mt k thut, khng cht ch lm c gi l s bin i khng gian metric(metric transformation) phn chia cc gi tr khong cch ra lm 3 loi. V d, gi s c Router trong mt h thng t tr dng gi tr khong cch (distance) nh hn 128. Chng ta c th to ra quy tc l: Khi chuyn thng tin khong cch qua bin gii mt h thng t tr trong mt nhm, cc khong cch phi c bin i ra trong phm vi t 192 ti 254. Hiu qu ca nhng bin i nh vy l hin nhin: i vi bt k mng ch thc c a ra no, bt k con ng no nm ton b trong mt h thng t tr, c m bo c chi ph thp hn so vi mt con ng lc bn ngoi h thng t tr. Hn na, gia tt c mi con ng lc ngoi h thng t tr m vn cn bn trong nhm th vn c chi ph thp hn nhng con ng i qua bin gii nhm. im thun li chnh ca s bin i khng gian metric l chng s dng mt giao thc hin c, EGP. Nhng bin i cho php nh qun l mt h thng t tr c t do la chn chn cc metrics khong cch bn trong, lm hiu lc ho n i vi cc h thng khc so snh nhng chi ph chn ng. 4.3 Cc giao thc IGPs (RIP, HELLO, OSPF) 4.3.1 Gii thiu Phn trc gii thiu khi nim h thng t tr (Autonomous System AS) v xem xt EGP, giao thc c cc core Router s dng bo cho cc mng bn trong h thng ca n cho cc h thng t tr khc. Phn ny hon thin nhng hiu bit ca chng ta v chn ng Internet bng vic xem xt lm th no mt Router trong mt h thng t tr hc c cc mng khc bn trong h thng t tr ca n. 4.3.2 La chn gia chn ng tnh v chn ng ng Hai Router bn trong mt h thng t tr c ni l interior i vi nhau. V d: 2 core Routers ca Internet l interior i vi nhau bi v h thng nhn hnh thnh 1 h thng t tr n l. Hai Router trn mt khu i hc c xem l interior i vi nhau min l cc my trn khu ny c tp hp thnh mt h thng t tr. Lm th no cc Routers trong mt h thng t tr c th hc c cc mng trong h thng t tr ? Trong cc mng nh, cc internet thay i chm, cc message c th thit lp v sa i cc tuyn ng bng tay. Nh qun l gi mt bng cc mng v cp nht chng mi khi mt mng mi
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c thm vo hoc b xo i khi h thng t tr. V d, xt mt internet cng ty nh cho bi hnh sau: -
Net1
R1
R2
Net2
Net3
R3
Net4
R4
Net5
Hnh 4-7: Mt v d v mt internet nh gm 5 Ethernet v 4 Router ti mt site. Ch c duy nht mt tuyn ng tn ti gia bt k hai host no trong mng.
Vic chn ng cho mt internet nh vy l bnh thng bi v ch c mt con ng tn ti gia bt k 2 im no. Cc nh qun l c th cu hnh bng tay cc tuyn ng trong tt c cc host v cc Routers. Nu internet thay i (chng hn mt mng mi c thm vo ), th nh qun l phi nh li cu hnh cc tuyn ng trong tt c cc my.
Net1
R1
R2
Net2
R5
Net3
R3
Net4
R4
Net5
Hnh 4-8: Vic b sung R5 to ra mt tuyn ng thay th gia mng2 v mng3. Phn mm chn ng c th iu chnh nhanh chng
Nhng bt li ca mt h thng th cng l hin nhin: cc h thng th cng khng th ph hp vi s tng trng hay s thay i nhanh chng c. Trong cc mng ln, cc mi trng thay i mt cch nhanh chng, nh Internet, th con ngi n gin khng th p ng kp thay i nhanh Nguyn xun trng - tth2 - k40
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x l cc vn : phng php t ng phi c s dng.Nhng phng php t ng c th cng gip ci tin tin cy v p ng i vi nhng sai hng trong cc internet nh c cc tuyn thay i. thy nh th no, xem xt k nhng g xy ra nu chng ta thm 1 Router vo Internet hnh v 4-8, to ra internet mi. Trong cc kin trc Internet c nhiu con ng vt l, cc nh qun l thng chn mt con ng l chnh (primary path). Nu cc Router dc theo tuyn chnh hng, cc tuyn ng phi c thay i gi l thng dc theo 1 con ng thay th. Vic thay i cc tuyn ng bng tay th va tiu ph thi gian va d gy li. V v vy, thm ch trong cc internet nh, mt h thng t ng nn c s dng thay i cc tuyn ng mt cch nhanh chng v ng tin cy. thc hin t ng nhim v lu gi thng tin v kh nng t ti mng chnh xc, cc Interior Routers thng giao tip vi mt Router khc, trao i hoc l d liu v kh nng t ti mng hoc l thng tin chn ng mng, t c th suyra c kh nng t ti mng. Mt khi thng tin kh nng t ti cho ton b mt h thng t tr va c thu thp, th mt trong s cc Router trong h thng c th bo tin ti cc h thng t tr khc s dng EGP. Khng ging s giao tip ca Router loi Exterior, EGP cung cp 1 chun c chp nhn rng ri, cn y khng c mt giao thc chun s dng bn trong 1 h thng t tr. Mt phn ca l do v vic c nhiu loi giao thc khc nhau l do s a dng v topology v k thut c s dng trong cc h thng t tr. Phn khc na l do bt ngun t la chn gia tnh n gin v cc tnh nng - cc giao thc d dng ci t v nh cu hnh th li khng cung cp nhng tnh nng cao. Kt qu l, mt nhm cc giao thc tr nn ph bin, hu ht cc h thng t tr s dng mt trong s truyn thng tin chn ng ni b. Bi v khng c mt chun nn chng ta s dng cm t Interior Gateway Protocol hay IGP nh l mt i din cho bt k gii thut no m Interior Router s dng khi chng trao i thng tin chn ng v thng tin kh nng t ti mng. V d, cc Butterfly core Routers hnh thnh mt h thng t tr v s dng SPREAD nh l IGP ca n. Vi h thng t tr dng EGP nh l IGP ca chng, mc d s ho hon ny to ra ngha i vi cc h thng t tr nh m phn nhnh cc mng cc b vi kh nng c th broadcast. Hnh sau minh ho mt h thng t tr s dng mt IGP truyn thng tin v kh nng c th t ti mng gia cc Interior Routers.
IGP1 EGP AS1
IGP2 AS2
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Hnh 4-9: Hai h thng t tr s dng IGP bn trong v s dng EGP giao tip gia hai Exterrior Router R1 v R2.
Trong hnh v, IGP1 m ch giao thc Interior Router s dng bn trong h thng t tr 1 v IGP2 m ch giao thc s dng bn trong h thng t tr 2: Mt Router c th s dng 2 giao thc chn ng khc nhau mt cch ng thi, mt giao tip vi h thng t tr bn ngoi v giao thc kia giao tip bn trong h thng t tr ca n c bit, cc Router chy EGP bo tin kh nng ti mng thng cng cn chy mt giao thc IGP ly thng tin t bn trong h thng t tr ca chng. 4.3.3 Giao thc RIP (Routing Information Protocol) Mt trong cc giao thc IGP s dng nhiu nht l RIP, cng c bit bi tn ca mt chng trnh thc hin n l Routed. Phn mm Routed ban u c thit k ti tropng i hc California cung cp chn ng tin cy v thng tin kh nng c th t ti mng gia cc my trn cc mng cc b ca chng. N da vo qung b mng vt l thc hin nhng trao i chn ng mt cch nhanh chng. N khng c thit k dng trong cc mng ln, cc mng din rng. Da trn nhng nghin cu ni mng t rt sm ti trung tm nghin cu Palo Alto ca Xerox Corporation (PARC) Routed thc thi mt giao thc nhn c t Xerox NS Routing information Protocol (RIP), nhng ni chung n bao trm nhiu h cc mng. Bt chp nhng ci tin ph trn nhng ci i trc ca n, s ph bin ca RIP trong vai tr IGP khng phi ny sinh t nhng gi tr k thut. Th vo , n l kt qu ca Berkeley ng gp phn mm Routed theo cng cc h thng 4 BSD UNIX ca h. V v vy nhiu sites TCP/IP thng qua v ci t Routed v bt u dng RIP m khng xem xt ti cc gi tr k thut hay nhng hn ch ca n. Mt khi c ci t v ang chy, n tr thnh nn tng cho chn ng cc b, v cc nhm nghin cu thng qua n cho mng ch. C th hu ht thc t v RIP l n c xy dng v thng qua rng ri trc khi chun chnh thc c a ra. Hu ht nhng thi hnh c nhn t Berkeley code, vi kh nng hp tc hot ng gia chng b gii hn bi nhng s hiu bit chi tit v k nng ca lp trnh vin. Khi cc phin bn RFC xut hin vo thng 6 nm 1988 lm cho cc nh bn hng c th m bo s tng hp hot ng vi n. Giao thc RIP ni bt l s thc hin khng phc tp ca vic chn ng vector-distance cho cc mng cc b. N phn chia cc thnh vin Nguyn xun trng - tth2 - k40
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tham gia thnh cc my ch ng (active) v b ng (passive). Cc active Router bo cc tuyn ng ca chng ti nhng ci khc: cc passive machines nghe v cp nht cc tuyn ng ca chng da trn cc bn bo tin. Ch mt Router c th chy RIP ch ch ng: 1 host phi s dng ch th ng. Mt Router chy RIP ch ch ng qung b mt thng bo sau mi khong thi gian 30 giy. Thng bo cha ng thng tin ly t c s d liu chn ng hin ti ca Router. Mi thng bo bao gm 1 cp, mi cp cha mt a ch IP mng v mt s nguyn ch khong cch ti mng . RIP s dng mt s m hop (hop count metric) o khong cch ti mt ch. Trong RIP metric, mt Router c nh ngha l mt hop t cc mng kt ni trc tip, 2 hops t nhng mng m n c th t ti thng qua mt Router khc, v tng t nh vy....V vy s hop (number of hop) dc theo mt con ng t mt ngun a ra ti mt ch cho trc xem nh s Router (number of Routers) m cc datagram chm trn dc theo tuyn ng . Hin nhin l vic dng s m hop (hop count) tnh ton nhng con ng ngn nht nht, khng lun cho nhng kt qu tt nht. V d, mt con ng vi hop count l 3, ci phi qua 3 Etherners c th thc cht nhanh hn so vi 1 con ng vi 2 hop (hop count =2 ) m qua 2 ng dy song hnh tc chm. b cho nhng khc bit v k thut, nhiu thc thi RIP cho php cc nh qun l nh li cu hnh bng cch gn hop count cao khi bo tin cc kt ni ti cc mng tc chm. C thnh vin RIP ch ng v b ng u lng nghe tt c cc thng bo qung b (broadcast messages) v cp nht cc bng ca chng. V d trong internet hnh v th hai mc 16.2, RouterR1 s qung b mt message trn mng 2 cha cp (1,1), ngha l n c th t ti mng 1 ti chi ph 1. Cc RouterR2 v R5 s nhn thng bo qung b v ci t tuyn ng ti mng 1 qua R1 (ti chi ph l 2). Sau , cc Router R2 v R5 s gm c cp (1,2) khi chng qung b cc RIP message ca chng trn mng 3. C th xy ra trng hp tt c cc Router v cc host s ci t cng mt tuyn ng ti mng 1. RIP xc nh r mt s tuyn ng ci thin s thc thi v tin cy. V d nh, mt khi m mt Router hc mt tuyn ng t cc Router khc, n phi gi tuyn ng ti khi, n hc c mt tuyn khc tt hn. Trong v d ca chng ta, nu cc Router R2 v R5 u bo tin mng 1 ti mc cost 2 th cc Routers R3 v R4 s ci t 1 tuyn ng qua ci bo tin trc tin. Chng ta c th tm tt: ngn chn cc tuyn ng dao ng gia 2 hoc nhiu con ng c chi ph (cost) bng nhau, RIP nh r rng cc tuyn ng ang tn ti nn c gi cho ti khi c 1 tuyn ng mi chi ph thp hn. iu g xy ra nu Router u tin bo tin mt tuyn ng tht bi ? (chng hn n b xung t ) RIP xc nh r rng tt c cc trm nghe phi time out cc tuyn ng chng hc c qua RIP. Khi mt Router ci t mt tuyn ng trong bng ca n, n khi u mt b timer cho tuyn ng . B timer phi c khi ng li mi khi Router nhn c thng Nguyn xun trng - tth2 - k40
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bo RIP khc bo tin tuyn ng. Tuyn ng tr nn khng hp l nu 180 giy tri qua m tuyn ng khng c bo li ln na. RIP phi x l ba kiu li gy ra do cc gii thut xa. Th nht, bi v gii thut khng pht hin ra nhng vng lp chn ng mt cch r rng. RIP phi hoc l cho l cc thnh vin c th c tin cy hoc l phng ngn cn nhng vng lp nh vy. Th hai, ngn chn tnh thiu n nh th RIP phi s dng mt gi tr thp cho khong cch kh dng ln nht (RIP dng l 16 ). V vy, i vi cc Internet m trong cc gi tr hop counts gn 16 th cc nh qun l phi chia internet ra cc khu vc hoc dng mt giao thc khc thay th. Th ba, gii thut vector-distance c s dng bi RIP to thnh mt vn hi t chm (slow convergence) hay m ti v cng (count to infinity) trong nhng mu thun ny sinh, bi v cc thng bo cp nht chn ng truyn b chm chp qua mng. Vic la chn mt con s v cc nh (16) gip cho hn ch hi t chm (slow convergence), nhng khng loi b c n.
Network 1
R1 (a)
R2
R3
Network 1
R1 (b)
R2
R3
Hnh 4-10: Vn hi t chm. Trong hnh (a) ba Router mi ci c mt tuyn ti mng 1. Trong hnh (b) kt ni ti mng 1 b mt, R2 gy ra vng lp khi n bo tin. S mu thun bng chn ng khng phi l duy nht i vi RIP. N l mt vn c bn xy ra vi bt k giao thc vector-distance no trong n cc thng bo cp nht ch mang cp s l: mng ch v distance ti mng . hiu c vn , hy xem xt b Router c biu din hnh 4-10. Hnh (a) ch ra, Router R1 c mt kt ni trc tip ti mng mt, nu n c mt tuyn ng trong bng ca n vi khong cch 1: n gm c c tuyn ng trong cc thng bo qung b nh k ca n. Router R2 hc c tuyn ng t R1 c ci t tuyn ng trong bng chn ng ca n, v bo tuyn ng ti khong cch l 2. Cui cng R3 hc c tuyn ng t R2 v bo n ti khong cch l 3. By gi gi s l kt ni ca R1 ti mng 1 b tht bi, R1 s cp nht bng chn ng ca n ngay lp tc lm ra gi tr khong cch l 16 (v cc ). trong thng bo qung b tip theo, R1 s bo co tuyn ng gi tr cao hn. D sao th, tr phi giao thc gm c c cc phng tin b xung Nguyn xun trng - tth2 - k40
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ngn cn n cn nu khng th vi Router khc c th qung b cc tuyn ng ca n trc R1.c bit, gi s R2 ngu nhin bo tin tuyn ng sau khi kt ni ca R1 tht bi.. Nu th , R1 s nhn c thng bo ca R2 v i theo gii thut vector-distance thng thng ca n thng bo rng R2 va thng bo mt tuyn ng ti mng 1 vi gi tr chi ph thp hn, tnh ton rng n by gi cch mng 1 l 3 hop (2 l cho R2 t ti mng 1 v cng vi 1 t ti R2), v ci t mt tuyn ng mi qua R2. Hnh (b) miu t kt qu ny. Ti im ny, nu hoc R1, hoc R3 nhn 1 datagram c dnh ring cho mng 1, chng s nh tuyn cho datagram tr i tr li n khi time - to - live ca n ht hiu lc . Trong vng tip theo ca s trao i chn ng, R1 qung b cc li vo bng chn ng ca n. Khi R2 hc c rng cc tuyn ca R1 ti mng 1 c di l 3, n tnh ton mt chiu di mi cho tuyn ng ca n lm thnh 4. Trong vng th 3, R1 nhn c 1 mt bo co ca s gia tng khong cch trong bng ca n ln 5. Chng c tip tc cho n gi tr v cng ca RIP. 4.3.3.1 Gii quyt vn hi t chm (Solving The Slow Convergence Problem) Nh hnh v v d trc, c th gii quyt vic hi t chm bng vic dng mt k thut bit vi tn Split horizon update . Khi s dng split horizon Router thu s ghi giao din trn n nhn c mt tuyn ng v khng truyn b thng tin ca n v tuyn ng tr li trn cng giao din . Trong v d, Router R2 khng bo tin di ca n l 2 ti mng 1, tr li cho Router R1, nn nu R2 mt kh nng kt ni ti mng 1, n s dng bo tin mt tuyn ng. Sau vi vng cp nht tuyn ng, tt c mi my s ng l mng 1 l khng th ti c. Mt cch ngh khc na v vn hi t chm l bng lung thng tin. Nu mt Router bo tin tuyn ng ngn ti mt vi mng th tt c mi Router nhn s p li nhanh chng ci t tuyn ng . Nu mt Router dng vic bo tin mt tuyn ng th giao thc da vo cng c time out trc khi n xem xt thy tuyn ng l khng th ti c. Mt khi time out xy ra, Router tm mt tuyn ng thay th v bt u truyn b thng tin . Khng may, Router khng th bit nu tuyn ng thay th ph thuc vo tuyn ng va b mt. V v vy, thng tin xu lun khng truyn b nhanh chng. Cch ni d dm ngn gn cho tng v gii thch hin tng l: p ng nhanh vi tin lnh, p ng chm i vi tin xu Mt k thut khc c s dng gii quyt vn hi t chm l dng hold down. Hold down buc mt Router thnh vin b qua thng tin v mng sau nhng khong thi gian c nh theo sau vic nhn cc thng bo, n tuyn b mng l khng th ti c. Theo chun, thi gian hold down c t l 60 giy. tng l ch lu m bo rng tt c my nhn c tin tc xu v khng chp nhn mt thng bo no ngoi khong thi gian. Lu rng tt c cc my tham gia trong mt trao i RIP cn s dng nhng khi nim nh danh ca hold down, nu khng cc
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vng lp chn ng c th xy ra. iu bt li ca mt hold down l nu cc vng lp chn ng xy ra, chng s c bo tn thay khong thi gian ca thi k hold down. Quan trng hn, k thut hold down duy tr tt c cc tuyn ng khng thch hp trong sut thi k hold down, ngay c khi cc con ng thay th tn ti. Mt k thut cui cng gii quyt vn hi t chm c gi l poison reserve.Mt khi mt kt ni bin mt, Router bo tin l kt ni vn duy tr cho mt s thi k cp nht v gm c mt gi tr v hn trong thng bo qung b ca n. lm cho poison reserve c hiu qu nht, n phi c lin kt vi triggered update .Cc trigger update buc mt Router gi mt thng bo qung b tc th khi nhn c tin xu thay cho vic i thng bo qung b trong khong thi gian k tip. Bng vic gi mt cp nht mt cch tc th, mt Router ti thiu ho c thi gian n c th b tn thng tin tng vo tin tt. Tht khng may, trong khi cc k thut triggered updates , poison reverse, hold down v split horizon tt c gii quyt mt vi vn th chng cng sinh ra mt s vn khc. V d, hy xem nhng g xy ra vi cc triggerd updates khi nhiu Routers chia s mt mng chung. Mt thng bo qung b n l c th thay i tt c cc bng chn ng ca chng gy ra mt vng qung b mi. Nu vng th 2 ca thng bo qung b thay i cc bng, n s gy ra thm ch nhiu thng bo qung b hn, mt cn bo broadcast c th xy n. Vic s dng broadcast, s tim tng cc vng lp chn ng, v vic s dng hold down ngn cn s hi t chm c th lm cho RIP khng cn hiu lc tuyt i trong mt mng din rng. Vic broadcast lun ly i mt phn ch yu di bng thng. Ngay c nu khng phi vn khc xy ra th vic c nhiu my broadcast mt cch nh k c ngha l ti gia tng khi s Router tng.Kh nng tim tng vng lp chn ng c th cng khng cn khi dung lng ng dy b gii hn. Mt khi cc ng dy tr nn bo ho bi cc gi tin lp th cc Router c th kh khn hoc khng th trao i cc message chn ng cn thit thot khi vng lp. Cng nh vy, trong mt mng din rng, thi k hold down qu di n ni cc b timer c s dng bi cc giai thc lp cao c th mt hiu lc v dn ti cc kt ni b ph v. Bt chp nhng vn ni cm ny, nhiu nhm vn tip tc s dng RIP nh l mt IGP trong mt mng din rng.
4.3.3.2 Khun dng thng bo RIP (RIP Message Fromat ) Cc thng bo RIP c th c phn loi thnh 2 kiu: thng bo thng thng tin chn ng (routing information message) v thng bo yu cu thng tin chn ng (request information messages). C hai loi s dng cng mt khun dng gm mt HEADER c nh theo sau bi mt danh sch tu chn ca cc cp mng v khong cch. Hnh m t khun dng cc thng bo:
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Chn ng v ng dng trong thit k mng WAN 16 31
COMMAND(1-5) MUST BE ZERO FAMILY OF NET 1 MUST BE ZERO IP ADDRESS OF NET 1 MUST BE ZERO MUST BE ZERO DISTANCE TO NET 1 FAMILY OF NET 2 MUST BE ZERO IP ADDRESS OF NET 2 MUST BE ZERO MUST BE ZERO DISTANCE TO NET 2 ..............................
Hnh 4-11: Khun dng thng bo RIP. Sau 32 bit ca HEADER l ln lt cc cp, mi cp bao gm a ch IP mng vkhong cch ti mng .
Trong v d, trng COMMAND xc nh r mt kiu hot ng tu thuc vo bng sau: Command 1 2 3 4 5 Meaning Request for partial or full information Response containing network-distance pairs from senders routing table Turn on trace mode (obsolete) Turn off trace mode (obsolete) Reserved for Sun Microsystems internal use
Mt Router hoc mt host c th yu cu mt Router khc v thng tin chn ng bng cch gi mt Request Command. Cc Router phc p cc yu cu bng vic s dng response command. Trong phn ln cc trng hp, d sao cc Router qung b cc thng bo phc p khng yu cu mt cch nh k. Trng VERSION cha s hiu giao thc (hin nay l 1 ), v c dng bi bn nhn thm tra li, n s dch message mt cch chnh xc. 4.3.3.3 Cc quy c a ch RIP (RIP Addressing Conventions ) Tnh tng qut ca RIP th cng r rng trong cch n pht cc a ch mng. Khun dng a ch th khng b gii hn s dng bi TCP/IP: n c th c dng vi nhiu chng giao thc mng. Nh phn trc ch r, mi a ch mng c ghi bi RIP c th c mt a ch ln n 14 octets. D nhin a ch IP ch cn 4, RIP ch r rng cc octets cn li phi l zero. Trng FAMILY OF NET nh danh h giao thc m di n a ch mng
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s c dch. RIP s dng cc gi tr gn cho cc h a ch di h iu hnh 4 BSD UNIX (a ch IP c gn gi tr 2) Thm vo cc a ch IP thng thng, RIP dng quy c a ch 0.0.0.0 biu th mt tuyn mc nh (1 default Route). RIP gn ni mt metric khong cch ti tng tuyn n bo tin, bao gm c cc default Routes. Do vy, n c th thu xp cho 2 Routers bo bit mt default Route (v d 1 tuyn ng ti phn cn li ca Internet ) ti cc metrics khc nhau lm cho mt trong s chng l mt tuyn chnh (primary path) v cc tuyn khc l mt d phng (backup). Trng cui cng ca mi li vo trong mt thng bo RIP, DISTANCE TO NET cha mt s m nguyn v khong cch ti mt mng xc nh. Nhng khong cch c o bng hops, nhng cc gi tr b gii hn trong phm vi t 1 ti 16, vi khong cch 16 c dng k hiu s v cc (nh khi tuyn khng tn ti ). 4.3.3.4 Truyn pht cc thng bo RIP (Transmitting RIP Message) Cc thng bo RIP khng cha trng di r rng. Thay vo , RIP cho rng cng c giao pht c s s ni vi bn thu chiu di ca thng bo ang n. c bit khi s dng vi TCP/IP, cc RIP message da vo UDP ni vi bn thu v chiu di message. RIP hot ng trn cng UDP s 520. Mc d mt yu cu RIP c th khi pht ti cc cng UDP khc nhng cc cng UDP ch cho cc yu cu th lun l cng 520 nh l cng ngun t cc thng bo qung b RIP khi pht. Vic s dng RIP nh mt giao thc IGP hn ch vic chn ng ti mt metric da vo s m hop. Thng thng, s m hop cung cp ch l mt i lng th v s p ng hoc dung lng mng, nhng th khng th to ra c cc tuyn ng tt nht. Hn na, vic tnh ton cc tuyn ng da trn nn tng ca s m hop nh nht c mt s bt li, n thc hin chn ng tnh bi v cc tuyn ng khng th p ng nhng thay i v ti mng. 4.3.4 Giao thc Hello (The Hello Protocol ) Giao thc HELLO cung cp mt v d ca IGP s dng mt tiu chun chn ng (routing metric) da trn tr mng thay cho dng s m hop. Mc d HELLO by gi c nhng n cng c vi tr quan trng trong lch s ca Internet bi v n c IGP s dng gia cc Routers loi fuzz ball trong NSFNET backbone khi u. HELLO c ngha quan trng i vi chng ta bi v n cung cp mt v d ca mt gii thut vector-distance m khng s dng s m hop. HELLO cung cp 2 chc nng: n ng b ho cc ng h gia mt b cc my v n cho php mi my tnh ton cc con ng tr t nht ti cc ch. V v vy cc thng bo HELLO mang thng tin du hiu thi gian (time stamp) cng nh thng tin chn ng. tng cn bn ng sau
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HELLO th n gin l: mi my tham gia trong trao i HELLO duy tr mt bng c lng tt nht ca n ca cc ng h trong cc my lng ging. Trc khi pht mt gi tin, mt my b xung vo timestamp ca n bng vic coppy gi tr ng h hin ti vo trong gi tin. Khi mt gi tin ti, bn thu tnh ton tr hin ti da vo lin kt. lm nh vy, bn thu tr gi tr timestamp trn gi tin n nh k, cc my hi kin (poll) ca cc lng ging ca chng thit lp li nhng c lng cho cc ng h. Cc thng bo HELLO cng cho php cc my thnh vin tnh ton cc tuyn mi..Gii thut lm vic rt ging RIP nhng s dng tr thay cho hop counrt. Mi my gi mt cch nh k ti cc lng ging ca n mt bng cc tr d tnh cho tt c cc my khc. Gi s my A gi cho my B mt bng chn ng xc nh r cc ch v cc tr, B s kim tra mi im vo trong bng. Nu tr hin ti ca B t ti mt ch D cao hn so vi tr t A ti D cng vi tr t B ti A, th B thay i tuyn ca n v gi lu thng ti D thng qua A. l B nh tuyn lu thng ti A vi iu kin l tr cho con ng mt t nht. Nh trong bt k gii thut chn ng no, HELLO khng th thay i tuyn nhanh chng, hoc l n s tr nn khng n nh.Tnh khng n nh trong gii thut chn ng sinh ra hin tng giao ng 2 giai on trong lu thng s chuyn qua chuyn li gia nhng con ng bin i. giai on u, cc my tm thy mt con ng c ti nh v t ngt chuyn lu thng ca chng ln con ng ,ch thy rng n tr nn qu ti hon ton.Trong giai on 2, cc my chuyn lu thng khi tuyn ng b qu ti, ch thy rng n tr thnh tuyn c ti thp nht v vng quay c tip tc. Nhng giao ng nh vy chc chn xy ra. trnh chng, nhng thc hin ca HELLO chn thay i tuyn ch khi s khc bit v tr l ln. Hnh 4-12 m t khun dng HELLO message. Giao thc phc tp hn so vi khun dng thng bo ch ra bi v n phn bit cc kt ni mng cc b vi nhng hop, time out lm c cc li vo trong bng chn ng v dng nh danh cc b cho cc host thay v s dng a ch IP y . Trng CHECKSUM cha mt tng kim tra trn message, trng DATE cha ngy thng ca ngi gi cc b v trng TIME cha thi gian cc b ph thuc ng h ca bn gi. Trng TIME STAMP c dng quanh vic tnh ton chuyn I
0 CHECKSUM TIMESTAMP DELAY 1 DELAY 2
16 DATE TIME LOCAL ENTRY # HOST OFFSET 1 OFFSET 2
31
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Chn ng v ng dng trong thit k mng WAN ............................... OFFSET n
Hnh 4-12:Khun dng ca Hello Message. Mi Message mang mt li vo cho date v time cng nh mt time stamp ci giao thc s dng c lng tr mng. Trng # HOST xc nh r c bao nhiu li vo sau danh sch cc HOST v trng LOCAL ENTRY ch vo danh sch nh du khi ca cc im vo c s dng cho mng cc b. Mi li vo cha 2 trng: DELAY v OFFSET ch ra tr ti mt host v c lng hin ti ca ngi gi v lch (offset) gia ng h ca HOST v ng h ca ngi gi. 4.3.5 Lin kt RIP, HELLO, EGP (Commbining RIP, HELLO and EGP) Mt Router c th s dng c IGP tp trung thng tin chn ng trong h thng t tr ca n v c EGP bo tin v cc tuyn ti cc h thng t tr khc. V nguyn tc, n s d dng xy dng mt phn mm lin kt hai giao thc, lm cho n c th tp trung c cc tuyn ng v bo tin c v chng m khng cn con ngi can thip. Thc t th nhng cn tr v k thut v chnh sch khin cho vic thc hin chng qu phc tp. V k thut, cc giao thc IGPs nh RIP v HELLO l cc giao thc chn ng. Mt Router s dng nhng giao thc nh vy cp nht cc bng chn ng ca chng da trn thng tin n i hi t cc Router khc bn trong h thng t tr ca n. Khng ging cc giao thc chn ng bn trong, EGP lm vic b xung vo mt bng chn ng thng thng ca Router. Mt Router s dng EGP giao tip thng tin v kh nng c th n c mng vi cc h thng t tr khc c lp vi bng chn ng ca bn thn cc Router. Do vy, chng trnh ROUTED, mt chng trnh ca UNIX thc hin RIP, bo tin v thng tin t cc bng chn ng cc b v thay i bng chn ng cc b khi n thu c cc cp nht. N tin tng vo cc my ny, nhng ci s dng RIP chuyn cc gi tin ng. Ngc li, nhng chng trnh thc hin EGP khng bo tin cc tuyn ng trong cc bng chn ng cc b m n gi mt c s d liu ring bit v kh nng c th i ti c mng. Mt Router dng EGP bo bit v kh nng i ti mng phi thn trng ch truyn b nhng tuyn ng m n c php bo tin, nu khng n c th gy nh hng ti nhng phn khc ca internet. Chng hn, nu mt Router trong mt h thng t tr xy ra vic truyn b mt tuyn c khong cch l 0 ti mt mng ti Purdue University trong khi m n khng c tuyn ng nh th, th RIP s thit t mt tuyn trong cc my khc v bt u chuyn lu thng Purdue ti Router mc li . Kt qu l, c th cc Router trong h thng t tr khng th t ti c Purdue. Nu EGP
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truyn b nhng li nh vy bn ngoi h thng t tr th c l l s tr nn khng th ti c Purdue t mt vi thnh vin ca internet. Chng trnh Gated lin kt nhiu IGP v EGP vi nhau ph thuc vo mt b cc lut l p buc cc tuyn c bo tin ti cc extrior Routers. V d, gated c th chp nhn cc thng bo RIP v sa i bng chn ng ca cc my tnh cc b nh chng trnh Routed. N c th bo bit cc tuyn t bn trong h thng t tr ca n bng vic dng EGP.Cc lut l cho php cc nh qun l h thng xc nh mt cch chnh xc mng no Gated c th v mng no khng th bo tin v lm th no bo co nhng khong cch ti nhng mng . Do vy, mc d Gated khng phi l mt IGP nhng n ng vai tr quan trng trong vic nh tuyn bi v n minh chng rng n tin li xy dng mt phng tin t ng lin kt mt IGP vi EGP m khng cn s hy sinh bo v. Gated thc hin mt nhim v hu ch khc bng vic thc thi cc bin i metric. Nh li phn trc l nhng m rng ti EGP cho php cc h thng t tr thc hin cc quyt nh chn ng thng minh ch cn iu kin l cc Router bn trong mt h thng t tr phi ng mt s gii thch m v cc metric khong cch. c bit, cc Router bn trong mt h thng t tr phi ng s dng nhng gi tr khong cch di mt ngng c nh l 128. Bt c khi no mt Exterior Router bo tin v kh nng i ti mng bn ngoi h thng t tr ca n nhng bn trong lin minh t tr ca n th n phi bin i cc metric khong cch ra mt phm vi cao hn (128-191 ). Php bin i nhm gi lu thng trong mt h thng t tr bng vic tng mt cch gi to chi ph ti cc tuyn ng bn ngoi. Cui cng, cc Router bin i cc khong cch ra mt phm vi thm ch cao hn (192-254) khi chuyn chng qua mt bin gii mt lin minh t tr (mt nhm cc h thng t tr) khuyn khch lu thng duy tr bn trong mt lin minh t tr. Bi v gated cung cp giao din gia h thng t tr ca n v cc h thng t tr khc, nn n c th thc hin nhng php bin i nh vy mt cch d dng. 4.3.6 Giao thc OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) Chng ta ni rng gii thut SPF(shortest Path First) chn tuyn tt hn gii thut vector-distance. Mt nhm lm vic ca IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force) thit k ra mt giao thc loi IGP s dng gii thut SPF. N c gi l Open SPF, mt giao thc mi x l mt s vn chng ta hng mong i. L mt giao thc chun v m, tc l bt c ai cng c th thit k cc sn phm s dng n m khng phi tr chi ph cho bn quyn. OSPF l loi giao thc kiu chn chn ng dch v. Cc nh qun l mng c th th thit lp nhiu tuyn ng, mi tuyn cho mt kiu dch v ( tr thp hay cao) ti mt ch cho trc. Khi chn ng cho mt Datagram, mt Router chy OSPF s dng c
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trng a ch ch v trng TYPE OF SERVICE trong HEADER IP thc hin chn ng. OSPF cung cp chc nng cn bng ti. Nu mt nh qun l xc nh r nhiu tuyn ng ti mt ch cho trc ti cng mt gi tr chi ph th OSPF phn phi lu lng ln tt c cc tuyn ng vi cc lng ti nh nhau. cho php s tng trng v thc thi mng ti mt Site c qun l d dng th OSPF cho php mt Site phn nh cc mng ca n v cc Router ra thnh cc mng con c gi l cc vng (area). Mi vng t bn thn n cha ng nhng kin thc v Topology ca vng.Do vy, nhiu nhm trong mt site cho trc c th phi hp s dng OSPF cho vic chn ng mc d mi nhm ngn cn kh nng thay i topology mng bn trong n mt cch c lp. Giao thc OSPF xc nh r l tt c mi trao i gia cc Router phi c cho php. OSPF cho php nhiu k hoch xc nhn v thm ch mt vng chn k hoch khc so vi cc vng khc. tng ng sau s xc nhnl m bo rng ch cc Router c tin cy mi c php truyn b thng tin chn ng. hiu ti sao iu ny l quan trng th chng ta hy xem xt iu g xy ra khi s dng RIP(RIP Khng c c ch xc nhn).nh mt ngi c c dng mt my tnh c nhn truyn b cc thng bo RIP bo tin v cc tuyn c chi ph thp, th cc Router khc v host chy RIP s thay i tuyn ng ca chng v bt u gi cc datagram ti cc PC. OSPF h tr cc host-specific Routes v cc subnet route cng nh network-specific route. Tt c 3 kiu trn u cn thit trong mng internet. ph hp vi cc mng CSMA/CD nh Ethernet, OSPF m rng gii thut SPF. Chng ta bit gii thut SPF phi qung b rng ri nh k cc thng tin tnh trng lin kt v cc lng ging c lin kt vi chng. Nu c K Router ni vi cng mt Ethernet, chng s qung b s thng bo l K2. OSPF t thiu ho cc gi tin qung b bng vic cho php mt Graph phc tp hn trong mi node c th l mt Router hoc l mt mng. H qu l, OSPF cho php mi mng CSMA/CD phi c mt Router dnh ring (c gi l designated Gateway) dng gi cc thng bo thay mt cho tt c cc Router cng gn ti mng .OSPF cng s dng kh nngqung b bng phn cng giao pht cc gi tin tnh trng. cho php vic tnh ton linh hot ti a, OSPF cho php cc nh qun l m t 1 topology mng o. V d, nh qun l c th cu hnh 1 lin kt o gia hai Router trong Graph chn ngngay c nu kt ni vt l gia chng i hi s thng tin qua mt mng trung gian.
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OSPF cho php cc Router trao i cc thng tin c hc t nhng site khc. V bn cht, mt hoc nhiu Router vi cc kt ni ti site khc hc thng tin v cc site v gp c n khi gi cc thng tin cp nht chn ng. Khun dng cc thng bo phn bit gia thng tin c yu cu t cc ngun ngoi v thng tin c yu cu t cc ngun trong i vi site, v vy khng gy ra s nhp nhng v ngun hay kh nng tin cy ca cc tuyn ng.
4.3.6.1 Khun dng thng bo OSPF (OSPF Message Format) Mi khun dng gi thng bo OSPF bt u vi HEADER c nh gm 24 octets. Trng VERSION xc nh phin bn ca giao thc. Trng TYPE ng danh kiu thng bo. Type 1 2 3 4 5 0 Meaning Hello (used to test reachability) Database description (topology) Link status request Link status update Link status acknowledgement 8 16
24 31 VERSION TYPE MESSAGE LENGTH SOURCE ROUTER IP ADDRESS AREA ID CHECKSUM AUTHENTICATION TYPE AUTHENTICATION (octets 0-3) AUTHENTICATION (ectets 4-7)
Hnh 4-13: HEADER ca thng bo OSPF gm 24 octets c nh
Trng SOURCE ROUTER IP ADDRESS cha a ch ngi gi, trng AREA ID cha 32 bt nh danh s hiu ca AREA. Bi v mi message c th bao gm c s xc nhn, trng AUTHENTICATION TYPE xc nh r kiu no c s dng, (0 c ngha l khng xc nhn v 1 c ngha l mt passwword s c s dng). 4.3.6.2 Khun dng thng bo Hello OSPF gi cc thng bo loi hello treen mi lin kt mt cch nh k thit lp v kim tra kh nng c th n c lng ging. Hnh m t khun dng ca thng bo loi ny:
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Chn ng v ng dng trong thit k mng WAN 24 31
16 OSPF Header with TYPE = 1 NETWORK MASK DEAD TIMER HELLO INTER DESIGNATED ROUTER BACK UP DESIGNATED ROUTER NEIGHBOR1 IP ADDRESS NEIGHBOR2 IP ADDRESS ........................ NEIGHBORn IP ADDRESS
GWAY PRIO
Hnh 4-14 Khun dng cc message loi Hello ca OSPF
Mt cp cc Router lng ging trao i nhng thng bo loi ny mt cch nh k kim tra kh nng c th i n c. Trng NETWORK MASK cha mt mt n cho mng trn thng bo c gi. Trng DEAD TIMER l thi gian tnh theo giy m nu sau thi gian khng c tr li th Router coi nh khng c lng ging . Trng HELLO INTER l khong thi gian tnh theo giy ga hai thng bo lin tip. Trng GWAY PRIO l s t nhin gn quyn u tin ca cc Router, c dng trong vic la chn mt Router c u nhim thc hin cng vic sao lu. Trng DESIGNATED ROUTER v BACK UP DESIGNATED ROUTER cha a ch IP ca Router c u nhim v Router sao lu. Cc trng NEIGHBOR IP ADDRESS cha a ch IP ca tt c cc lng ging m n c th nhn c Hello Message t . 4.3.6.3 Khun dng cc thng bo m t c s d liu (OSPF Database Description message Format) Cc Router trao i cc thng bo loi ny khi to c s d liu v topology mng ca chng. Trong qu trnh trao i, mt Router ng vai tr nh l ch (Master) cn Router kia ng vai tr l t (Slave). Cc slave bo nhn mi thng bo m t c s d liu vi mt phc p c khun dng nh hnh v sau: Bi v n c th l ln nn c s d liu topology c th c phn ra mt s thng bo (Message) s dng cc bt I v M. Bt I c thit lp 1 trong message khi u, bt M thit lp1 nu c cc message b sung theo sau. Bt S ch ra rng mt message c gi bi mt master (1) hay bi mt Slave (0). 0 8 16 24 OSPF HEADER WITH TYPE = 2 MUST BE ZERO DATABASE SEQUENCE NUMBER LINK TYPE 31
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LINK ID ADVERTISING ROUTER LINK SEQUENCE NUMBER LINK CHECKSUM LINK AGE ................................ Hnh 4-15: Khun dng cc gi tin m t c s d liu ca OSPF Trng DATABASE SEQUENCE NUMBER l s th t ca cc message cc receiver c th bo nu chng may c mt message b mt. Message khi u cha mt s nguyn R no : cc message tip theo cha nhng s nguyn tip theo s nguyn khi u R. Cc trng LINK TYPE cho ti trng LINK AGE m t mt lin kt trn topology mng. Chng c lp cho mi lin kt. Trng LINK TYPE m t 1 lin kt vi cc gi tr c th c cho bi bng sau: Link type 1 2 3 4 5 Meaning Router link Network Link Summary Link (IP Network) Exernal Link (Link to another site)
Trng LINK ID a ra mt s nh danh cho lin kt (c th l a ch IP ca mt Router hoc mt mng tu thuc vo gi tr LINK TYPE ) Trng ADVERTISING ROUTER xc nh mt a ch ca Router ang bo tin v lin kt ny, v trng LINK SEQUENCE NUMBER cha mt s nguyn dng c to ra bi Router m bo rng cc message khng b li hoc c nhn khng ng yu cu. Trng LINK CHECKSUM cung cp mt s bo m na rng thng tin lin kt khng b li. Trng LINK AGE gip cc message yu cu n a ra gi tr thi gian t lc lin kt c thit lp. 4.3.6.4 Khun dng thng bo tnh trng lin kt (OSPF Link Status Request Message Format) Sau khi trao i cc thng bo m t c s d liu vi mt lng ging, Router c th pht hin thy rng nhiu phn ca c s d liu ca n qu thi gian. yu cu iu , cc lng ging cung cp thng tin cp nht, Router gi mt gi mt thng bo yu cu tnh trng lin kt. Cc message lp danh sch cc lin kt xc nh nh hnh v di y: OSPF HEADER WITH TYPE = 3 LINK TYPE LINK ID ADVERTISING ROUTER Nguyn xun trng - tth2 - k40
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Chn ng v ng dng trong thit k mng WAN ................................
Hnh 4-16: Khun dng thng bo yu cu tnh trng lin kt ca OSPF
Cc lng ging phc p li vi thng tin mi nht m n c c v nhng lin kt .Ba trng LINK TYPE, LINK ID, v ADVERTISING ROUTER c lp li cho mi lin kt v nhng tnh trng c yu cu. Nhiu message yu cu s phi cn n nu danh sch yu cu qu di. 4.3.6.5 Khun dng cc thng bo cp nht tnh trng lin kt (OSPF Link Status Update message Format) Cc Router qung b qung b tnh trng cc lin kt bng cc thng bo loi Link Status Update. Mi mt thng bo gm danh sch cc thng bo. 0 31 OSPF HEADER WITH TYPE = 4 NUMBER OF LINKS STATUS ADVERTISEMENT LINK STATUS ADVERTISEMENT1 LINK STATUS ADVERTISEMENT2 ..................................... LINK STATUS ADVERTISEMENTn
Hnh 4-17: Khun dng cc thng bo cp nht tnh trng lin kt.
Mi LINK STATUS ADVERTISEMENT c mt khun dng HEADER nh hnh v trn. Cc gi tr c dng trong trong mi trng ging ht cc thng bo m t c s d liu. 0 16 31 LINK AGE LINK TYPE LINK ID ADVERTISING ROUTER LINK SEQUENCE NUMBER LINK CHECKSUM LENGTH
Hnh 4-18: Khun dng ca HEADER c dng cho tt c cc LINK STATUS ADVERTISEMENT
Tip theo sau LINK STATUS HEADER l mt trong 4 kiu khun dng miu t lin kt t mt Router ti mt vng cho trc, cc lin kt t mt Router ti mt mng xc nh, cc lin kt t mt Router ti mt mng vt l, bao gm mt mng IP con n l, hoc mt lin kt t mt Router ti cc mng mt site khc. Trong mi trng hp th trng LINK TYPE trong cc HEADER tnh trnglin kt xc nh r khun dng no c s dng. Do vy mt Router nhn mt message cp nht tnh trng lin kt bit chnh xc ch c m t no nm bn trong site no v nhng ci no nm bn ngoi site. Nguyn xun trng - tth2 - k40
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thit k mng Wan cho cng ty in- in t tin hc sao bc u.
Khi mng c m rng trn mt phm vi rng th thit b ni mng u tin ngi ta phi s dng l cc Router. Cc Router l cc thit b lin mng hot ng lp 3 trong m hnh OSI. Nhim v chnh ca n l thc hin cc quyt nh chn ng cho cc gi tin khi chng c gi t mng ny ti mt mng khc. Chnh bi vy, vic thit k mng WAN c lin quan trc tip ti nhiu vn xoay quanh thit b lin mng ny. Mt trong nhng vn quan trng nht chng ta nghin cu cc chng trc l cc k thut chn ng, ci m cc Router phi s dng thc hin nhim v chnh ca chng, chuyn cc gi tin ti c ch cui cng ca chng. Ngoi ra nhiu vn khc cng cn c tho lun nh: Firewall, Remote Access, cc giao thc khi ni WAN (PPP, SLIP, LAPB, HDLC,ISDN, Frame Relay,ATM...), cc vn v qun l... Trong chng ny chng ta s xem xt qua mt s giao thc kt ni WAN hay c s dng nht vi mc ch phc v cho vic xy dng mng WAN cho cng ty in -inT Tin Hc Sao Bc u, v sau l thit k mng WAN . 5.1 Cc giao thc WAN 5.1.1 Giao thc PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol) PPP ng nh tn gi ca n l loi giao thc kt ni im- im(phn bit vi lin kt dng my nh Frame Relay, X.25). Cng nh cc giao thc nh HDLC, LAPD, LAPB v Frame Relay, giao thc PPP l giao thc lp DataLink thng hay c s dng cho cc k ni WAN. c trng chnh ca PPP l: L mt giao thc lp 2 cung cp cc ng d liu qua lin kt Serial loi Point-to-Point. H tr c cc lin kt kiu ng b (Synchronous) v lin kt bt ng b (Asynchronous). C h tr chc nng d li (Error Correction). Thng thng khi PPP c s dng ni gia cc Router vi nhau th n phi hot ng ch ng b. Ch hot ng ng b cho php tc d liu cao hn nhng gi thnh thit b ng b t hn. Mt s giao thc con c s dng trong PPP h tr cho vic ng b v ng khung d liu. Cc giao thc con ny c chia lm 2 nhm khc nhau: 1) Loi khng cn quan tm ti cc giao thc lp 3 dng gi d liu qua lin kt. 2) Nhng ci dng ring cho mi loi giao thc khc nhau. PPP Link Control Protocol (LPC) l giao thc loi 1), n cung cp cc chc nng c s m khng cn quan tm ti giao thc lp 3 c s dng gi qua lin kt. Cn IP Control Protocol (IPCP) l giao thc loi th 2), n Nguyn xun trng - tth2 - k40
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cung cp vic gn a ch IP. c trng ny c s dng m rng cc kt ni quay s Internet ngy nay. PPP LPC li bao gm: Link Quality Monitoring(LQM), Magic Number, PAP, CHAP, STAC, Multilink PPP. LQM thng k cc gi tin mt hoc li v hu kt ni PPP khi t l li vt qu mt gii hn no . Magic Number dng pht hin v loi b cc vng lp lin kt. PAP v CHAP dng xc nhn tnh hp l ca cc thit b u kia ca lin kt. Multilink PPP thc hin vic phn mnh cc gi tin cn bng ti qua lin kt. N thng c s dng khi c nhiu lin kt quay s. Nhn chung PPP l mt giao thc rt hay c s dng kt ni gia cc Router vi nhau theo ki Point-to-Point. iu c bit khi cu hnh cho cc lin kt loi im-im ni chung v cho PPP ni ring l phi m bo 2 u ca cng mt lin kt phi c cu hnh vi cng mt giao thc. 5.1.2 Giao thc HDLC y l mt giao thc cho tng lin kt d liu c v tr quan trng nht , c pht trin bi ISO s dng trong c hai trng hp: im-im v lin kt a im. N cho php khai thc c hai chiu mt cch ng thi (fullduplex). Mt khung d liu ca HDLC c khun dng tng qut nh sau: 8 8/16 8/16 16/32 8 bits Flag Address Control Information FCS Flag Frame Trong : Flag : l m ng khung cho frame, m ny c chn l 01111110 Address : l vng ghi a ch trm ch ca Frame Control : l vng nh danh cc loi Frame khc nhau dng trong HDLC. C 3 loi khung l U, I, S. Information : d liu ca lp trn FCS (Frame Check Sequense) : vng ghi m kim sot li. Trong cc loi khung HDLC th khung loi I l dng cha thng tin, khung loi S kim sot li v kim sot lung d liu, khung loi U nh ngha phng thc trao i d liu. Cng nh PPP,giao thc HDLC c s dng rng ri trong cc lin kt WAN. i vi cc sn phm mng ca Cisco th giao thc WAN c s dng trn cc cng Serial c thit t mc nh chnh l giao thc HDLC. Nhn chung th giao thc HDLC v giao thc PPP c kh nhiu im tng ng. C rt nhiu giao thc dn xut t HDLC. Tiu biu trong s cc giao thc nh LAP(Link Access Procedure), LAP-B(LAP-Balanced) ,LAP-D (LAP-D Channel), SDLC (Synchronous Data Link Control) ...
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5.1.3 Giao thc Frame Relay Trong X.25 chc nng dn knh i vi cc lin kt logic (Virtual Circuit) ch m nhim vic kim sot li cho cc frame gi qua giao din DTE/DCE cc b. iu ny lm tng phc tp trong vic phi hp cc th tc gia hai tng k nhau, dn n thng lng b hn ch do tng ph x l gi tin tng ln. Tri li vi Frame Relay, chc nng dn knh v chn ng c thc hin tng 2. Hn na vic chn ng cho cc Frame li rt n gin lm cho thng lng cao hn nhiu so vi k thut chuyn mch gi. Khun dng tng qut ca Frame Relay ging nh frame ca HDLC, ch c s khc bit trong ni dung ca vng thng tin iu khin (header). Flag Header information FSC Flag
Trong vng Header ca frame c cha cc tham s: DLCI : Data Link Connection Identifier CE: Congestion Forward CB : Congestion Backward DE : Discard Eligility DLCI dng nh danh cc lin kt d liu c thit lp. Mi khi mt lin kt d liu c thit lp th n gn mt DLCI v gi tr ny s lun c khai bo trong tt c cc frame d liu v frame iu khin lin quan n lin kt . DLCI thc ra l mt tham s cc b v c dng chn ng. mi nt, khi nhn c mt frame d liu, chng trnh x l s c gi tr DLCI trong vng header v kt hp vi ca ng truyn vo xc nh ng truyn ra v gi tr DLCI tng ng.Gi tr DLCI mi ny s c ghi vo header ca frame v frame s c a vo hng i ch gi tip trn con ng chn. V c th c nhiu lin kt logic trn cng mt ng truyn vt l, cc frame lin quan n mt lin kt d liu no li c th c to ra ti cc thi im ngu nhin, nn hin tng tc nghn c th xy ra i vi mt ng truyn ra no . Cc bt CF, CB v DE trong vng Header ca frame dng kim sot hin tng tc nghn. Mi khi frame header chuyn tip mt frame vo hng i ra, n phi kim tra kch thc ca hng i, nu vt qu mt gii hn cho trc th thng bo tnh trng cho ngi s dng hai u lin kt bng cch t gi tr cho cho bt CF hoc CB tu theo chiu i hay v ca frame. Khi b x l header trong my ngi s dng cui nhn c thng bo v tnh trng tc nghn, n s tm thi gim tc gi frame cho ti khi khng cn tn hiu v tc nghn na. tuy nhin trong trng hp qu ti nhiu th phi thc hin vic loi bt cc frame. B x l header trong h thng ca ngi s dng cui s dng bit DE thc hin vic loi b bt frame khi thy hin tngvt qu thng lng tho thun.
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5.2 Thit k mng WAN cho Cng ty in-in t tin hc Sao Bc u Bi ton thit k mng WAN nh sau: Cng ty in-in t tin hc Sao Bc u hin c ba chi nhnh t ti ba thnh ph khc nhau, mt i din min Bc ti H Ni, mt i din min Trung ti Nng, v mt i din min Nam l ti thnh ph H Ch Minh. Cng ty ang pht trin nn ko theo s pht trin ca cc h thng mng LAN ti mi ni v im quan trng hn l nhu cu trao i d liu gia cc i din ca cng ty ti ba min l rt ln, nhm phc v cho vic qun l, trao i thng tin, h tr k thut ln nhau. .. Ti mi chi nhnh u hin c mt mng LAN ni cc my tnh gia cc phng ban vi nhau. Cng ty c nhu cu mun kt ni cc mng LAN ca cng ty v kt ni vi my ca nhn vin ti nh ca h p ng nhu cu thc t t ra, to ra mt mng Intranet thng nht. Cc ng kt ni WAN chnh cng ty d nh s s dng cc ng Leased Line thu qua nh cung cp VDC. Yu cu cho mng l phi p ng y cc yu cu hin ti v phi c kh nng nng cp vi cc k thut mi cho tng lai. C th l n phi hot ng n nh, c th m rng theo s ln mnh ca cng ty, c ng truy nhp vo Internet, c th ni vi ngi dng xa thng qua mng in thoi, c chc nng bo mt, c kh nng qun l, c h tr voice over IP cho ng dng tng lai.
Vi cc yu cu thit k nh trn ta c th a ra thit k nh sau:

5.2.1 La chn sn phm La chn Router: Vi mng WAN sn phm ch yu phi la chn l cc Router ti cc im nt ca mng. Mng ca ta c 3 nt nn cn 3 Router cho ba nt . Sn phm la chn y ta chn l cc sn phm ca hng Cisco. V Router hng Cisco bao gm rt nhiu loi t cc loi nh nh CISCO 800, CISCO 1000, CISCO 1600, CISCO 1700, CISCO 2500; cc Router loi va nh CISCO 2600, CISCO 3600, CISCO 4000; cc loi ln nh CISCO 7000, CISCO 7200 v CISCO 7500, p ng a dng cc nhu cu khc nhau: t cc vn phng xa, cc doanh nghip nh, cc doanh nghip trung bnh cho ti cc cng ty v cc hng ln. Trong bi ton xy dng mng WAN cho cng ty in in T Tin Hc Sao Bc u th dng sn phm Router loi CISCO 2600 (3 Router CISCO 2621 cho 3 nt) l phng n la chn ti u cho bi ton ny v nhng l do chnh sau: p ng y cc yu cu k thut do bi ton thit k to ra. y l dng sn phm mi ca hng Cisco v chng minh c kh nng tng thch, n nh v tin cy cao.
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Dng sn phm 2600 c h tr mt khe cm cho Module, hai khe cm cho WIC (WAN Interface Card), m bo p ng nhu cu hin ti, c kh nng m rng cho tng lai. S dng b vi x l Motorola MPC860 (50 MHz vi loi 2620 v 2621) v kh nng x l d liu v bng chn ng cao, tc chuyn gi 25 000pps(Packet per second). C ti 6 loi WIC cho s la chn kt ni WAN trn hai khe cm; c rt nhiu Module la chn cho khe cm module, ph hp vi nhiu nhu cu ng dng khc nhau. Phn mm IOS trn CISCO 2600 h tr nhiu loi giao thc khc nhau nh: NAT, OSPF, BGP, RADIUS (Remote Access Dial-In User Service), IP Multicast, RMON cho cc giao tip LAN, WAN;h tr y cc phn mm qun l gip cho vic cu hnh, gim st, khc phc li; cc h tr VLAN, m ho 3DES, cc chc nng Firwall. .. Hn na vi CISCO 2600 chng ta c th d dng nng cp phn mm to ra cc chc nng nng cao. C kh nng h tr k thut mi nh Voice over IP, Voice over Frame Relay, ATM cho cc kt ni LAN. La chn phn mm qun tr mng: Cisco Work Windows 5.0 l phn mm cung cp cho ngi s dng mt phng tin hiu qu qun l cc thit b Cisco Router/Switch trn cc mng LAN/WAN. Phn mm Cisco Work s dng giao thc SNMP thu nhn cc thng tin v trng thi ng, trng thi tnh, cc thng tin v cu hnh ca Router, Switch. Qua , ngi qun tr mng c th kim tra trng thi hot ng ca mng. Cc tnh nng chnh ca phn mm c th c m t nh sau: T ng pht hin chng loi thit b trong mng. Kim sot lu lng d liu trong mng. Qun l thit b t xa (Remote control, Remote configuration). Qun l truy nhp n tng cng. Thit t ngng cnh bo (Threshold management). Giao din vi ngi s dng bng ho. 5.2.2 La chn WIC v module cho Router ti cc im kt ni. Khi cha m rng, bn thn CISCO 2621 c sn 2 cng 10/100 Mbps autosensing, bi vy ta c sn 2 cng ni trc tip ti cc LAN ti mi a im. Trong trng hp khi s lng mng LAN ti mi chi nhnh tng ln th c th s dng mt Switch ni vo cng LAN ca router, sau cc mng LAN ni ti cc cng trn Switch. Nh vy la chn cho phn cng ti mi nt WAN ch l la chn WIC, Module cm vo cc khe cm m rng trn Router. Nhn chung quy m ti 3 im WAN l tng t nhau nn y s l la chn chung cho c 3 nt.
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m bo kt ni Router theo kiu tam gic ti mi nt cn hai cng Serial. Gii php l chn WIC-2T c sn hai cng serial m tc ti a trn mi cng c th t ti 4Mbps, hoc l phi chn 2 WIC loi WIC-1T ch c mt cng Serial trn n. Gii php chn WIC-2T u vit hn bi v n ch cn mt WIC nn ta vn cn d mt khe cm WIC cho ng dng khc. Ring ti nt H Ni do c thm mt ng Leased Line kt ni ti Internet nn phi b sung thm mt WIC-1T m bo kt ni ny. c cc ng kt ni d phng cho cc ng kt ni chnh, cc ng kt ni ti my ca mt s nhn vin ti nh ring ca h, ta s dng mt Module NM-8A/S c 8 cng tc ti a 128Kbps v c th chn cu hnh chy ch SYN/ASYN. Tm thi ch cn mt cng ni qua mng in thoi PSTN lm chc nng d phng, 7 cng kia c th l la chn cho kt ni ti ngi dng xa thng qua cc Modem quay s. Cc thit b u cui s dng y cho cc kt ni WAN l sn phm NTU (Network Terminal Unit) ca hng RAD. y l sn phm u cui khng nh c uy tn th trng Vit Nam. Cc u ni cho Router v NTU s dng chun V.35
5.2.3 S cho mng WAN S kt ni tng th ca mng nh sau:
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H thng c cu trc da trn 3 nt chnh: h ni, nng v tp h ch minh c ni vi nhau qua 3 Router t ti mi nt to thnh mt mng WAN ng nht. Cc kt ni c m t chi tit bi hnh v sau: Ti 3 im cc Router loi CISCO 2621 c ni vi nhau bng cc cng Serial thng qua cc ng Leased Line. Ti mi im cc LAN c ni trc tip ti cng dnh cho LAN trn cc Router bng cp UTP hoc RG-58. Ring ti im H Ni c mt ng kt ni ra ngoi Internet thng qua ng Leased Line ni thng t cng Serial ca WIC-1T. Chc nng Firewall c thit lp trn Router h ni dng bo v mng ni b khi nhng truy cp khng c php t bn ngoi khi i qua Router ny. Ngoi ra cc Modem cng A/S s 1, 2 trn cc Router 2621 c s dng cho phng n d phng thng qua mng PSTN. Nguyn xun trng - tth2 - k40
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Cc Modem dng cho truy cp t xa c ni t cc cng cn li trn Module NM-8 A/S thng qua ng in thoi ti cc ngi dng xa. T cc im truy cp t xa ny(chng hn nh t nh ring) ngi dng c th truy xut ti bt k ti nguyn mng no ca cng ty cng nh chia s thng tin ca mnh vi ng nghip. 5.2.4 M t k thut v kh nng hot ng H thng mng da trn giao thc chnh l TCP/IP ti lp Transport v Network cho cc thit b nh trm lm vic, my ch, cc terminal kt ni vo h thng LAN/WAN ca cng ty. Ti bt k im no kt ni vo mng ngi dng c th dng nhng ng dng nh Telnet, FTP, WEB, Microsoft Windows trao i d liu trn mng. Hot ng ca lp Datalink: Trong kt ni Leased line gia cc im theo m hnh tam gic, giao thc lp datalink c s dng trn cc cng kt ni WAN l PPP/HDLC to ra mt h thng vi cc kt ni im-im (point-to-point). Cc gi tin i t Router l cc gi tin lp 3 hay cn gi l cc gi tin IP s c cc giao thc lp 2 ny x l bng vic bc chng trong cc khung d liu lp 2 v truyn i. Ti u kia ca kt ni qu trnh x l ngc li c thc hin to li cc gi tin lp 3. Ti lp 2 d liu c th cng c nn tit kim bng thng. Trn cc cng LAN ca router h tr cc cng tc cao 10/100Mbps loi autosensing s dng cc giao thc 802.3u(100Mbps) hay 802.3 (10Mbps). Cc ng truyn bt ng b (asynchronous) v cc kt ni modem s dng giao thc PPP/SLIP cho cc kt ni t xa. Ring vi modem s dng d phng th chc nng d phng c thit lp pht hin s h hng ca ng truyn chnh Leased line. Lp IP v kh nng chn ng Chc nng chn ng IP l chc nng chnh ca Router. Ti mi router cc giao thc v chn ng nh RIP, OSPF... c thit lp nhm thit lp cc tuyn ng ngn nht ti ch cho cc d liu truyn i trn WAN. Cc giao thc ny cho php cc Router trn mng trao i thng tin a ch t ng hc v cp nht vo bng chn ng ca chng, phc v cho vic tnh ton chn ra cc con ung ngn nht. Khi mt trong cc kt ni xy ra s c, Router ti cc im ni trn s tm trong bng chn ng ca chng xc nh ng i mi qua im trung chuyn l router th ba. Qua ng i trung chuyn ny, cc mng ti hai router vn c th lin lc vi nhau bnh thng. Cc bng chn ng lun c cp nht thng xuyn kim tra cc trng thi ca mng. Ti thi im khi cc ng kt ni b s c c phc hi, bng chn ng s c cp nht thng tin li nhm m bo ng i ngn nht gia hai Router. Lc ny cc gi tin c chuyn trc tip m khng phi qua Router trung chuyn.
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Kh nng d phng cho mng trn cng ASYN ca Router. Ti mi nt ta ch s dng 2 modem ASYN lm nhim v d phng nng cho mng. Chng t ng thit lp kt ni n cc nt khc khi c hai ng leased line gp s c v s t ng chm dt kt ni khi c mt trong hai ng c phc hi. Ti nt h ni Modem s 1 c dng quay s hoc nhn cc kt ni n (hoc t pha) TP h ch minh, Modem s 2 dng quay s hoc nhn cuc gi t nng. Cng tng t nh vy i vi cc modem 1,2 ti nt TP h ch minh v nng. Cc Modem c ni vo mng in thoi PSTN ca bu in s s dng ch Dial On Demand t ng quay s khi c s c. C ch d phng c th c m t nh sau: Ti cc nt , Router s dng chc nng cu hng Cisco l Dialer Watch t ng kim tra cc a ch mng ca cc nt khc thng qua bng chn ng ca n. Bng chn ng s thng xuyn c cp nht cc thng tin mi nht nh k sau mt khon thi gian c thit t trc. Mi khi c hai ng kt ni chnh b s c, th cc thng tin trao i gia cc router khng cn na, cc a ch mng ca cc nt khc trong bng chn ng ca n b xo i. B phn Dialer Watch trong router pht hin vic cc a ch ni trn b xo trong bng chn ng th n lp tc kch hot c ch quay s d phng cho cc Modem. Khi s c trn mt trong 2 ng leased line c khc phc th cc Modem li tr v trng thi d phng khng quay s. Chc nng Firewall ti h ni Bn thn cc Router thng tch hp sn chc nng Firewall trong phn mm iu hnh IOS ca n. Ta c th t ch an ninh trn tng cng ca Router theo cc ch khc nhau. Trong mng ca cng ty ng ni quan trng nht cn phi t chc nng Firewall l cng ni ti Internet. Chc nng ny cho php ta ngn chn c cc truy cp khng c php t cc mng bn ngoi. Vic thit t cc ch an ninh c thc hin thng qua vic cu hnh cho router. Ta c th t ch lc gi tin router t ng kim tra a ch cc gi tin n v quyt nh c cho php gi tip hay l khng, hoc l c th t ch lc giao thc,dch v bng vic c cc s hiu cng trn cc gi tin. An ton hn ta thit lp ng thi nhiu ch , nhiu mc an ninh khc nhau. Vi bin php ny cc truy nhp tri php s khng th truy nhp vo mng c. 5.2.5 Bng cu hnh chi tit cho cc Router a ) K hoch a ch cho mng. Cc a ch nm trong mng WAN ca cng ty c th c chn gn cho cc cng Router, cc my tnh trn mng m khng cn quan tm ti cc a ch mng bn ngoi. Ring cng ca Router h ni ra ngoi Internet phi do nh cung cp dch v Internet cp. Bng cp pht a ch cho cc nt chnh nh sau: Nguyn xun trng - tth2 - k40
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Router 2621 ti h ni + a ch cng WAN ni ti Internet : 203.187.55.20 (c VDC cp) + a ch cng WAN ni ti TP h ch minh : 192.168.12.1 + a ch cng WAN ni ti nng : 192.168.10.1 + a ch cng LAN l : 192.168.1.1 Router 2621 ti tp h ch minh + a ch cng WAN ni ti h ni: 192.168.12.2 + a ch cng WAN ni ti nng : 192.168.11.1 + a ch cng LAN l : 192.168.3.1 Router 2621 ti nng + a ch cng WAN ni ti h ni: 192.168.168.10.2 + a ch cng WAN ni ti tp h ch minh : 192.168.11.2 + a ch cng LAN l : 192.168.2.1 a) Cu hnh cho cc cng trn Router
Cu hnh chi tit cho router ti h ni

! ************************************************************ ****** ! HANOI.cfg - Cisco router configuration file ! Automatically created by Cisco ConfigMaker v2.4 Build 24 ! Thursday, May 18, 2000, 08:47:48 PM ! ! Hostname: HANOI ! Model: 2621 ! ************************************************************ ****** ! service timestamps debug uptime service timestamps log uptime service password-encryption no service tcp-small-servers no service udp-small-servers ! hostname HANOI ! enable password C ! no ip name-server ! ip subnet-zero no ip domain-lookup ip routing ! interface FastEthernet 0/0 no shutdown description connected to EthernetLAN
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ip address 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0 keepalive 10 ! interface FastEthernet 0/1 no description no ip address shutdown ! interface Serial 0/0 no shutdown description connected to DA_NANG ip address 192.168.10.1 255.255.255.252 encapsulation ppp ! interface Serial 0/1 no shutdown description connected to TP_HOCHIMINH ip address 192.168.12.1 255.255.255.252 encapsulation ppp ! interface Serial 0/2 no description no ip address shutdown ! interface Serial 1/0 no description no ip address shutdown ! interface Serial 1/1 no description no ip address shutdown ! interface Serial 1/2 no description no ip address shutdown ! interface Serial 1/3 no description no ip address shutdown ! interface Serial 1/4 no description no ip address shutdown ! interface Serial 1/5 no description no ip address shutdown
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! interface Serial 1/6 no description no ip address shutdown ! interface Serial 1/7 no description no ip address shutdown ! router rip version 2 network 192.168.1.0 network 192.168.10.0 network 192.168.12.0 no auto-summary ! ! ip classless no ip http server snmp-server community public RO no snmp-server location no snmp-server contact ! line console 0 exec-timeout 0 0 password C login ! line vty 0 4 password C login ! end
Cu hnh chi tit cho router ti TP h ch minh

! ************************************************************ ****** ! TP_HOCHIMINH.cfg - Cisco router configuration file ! Automatically created by Cisco ConfigMaker v2.4 Build 24 ! Thursday, May 18, 2000, 08:48:38 PM ! ! Hostname: TP_HOCHIMINH ! Model: 2621 ! ************************************************************ ****** ! service timestamps debug uptime service timestamps log uptime service password-encryption
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no service tcp-small-servers no service udp-small-servers ! hostname TP_HOCHIMINH ! enable password C ! no ip name-server ! ip subnet-zero no ip domain-lookup ip routing ! interface FastEthernet 0/0 no shutdown description connected to EthernetLAN_2 ip address 192.168.3.1 255.255.255.0 keepalive 10 ! interface FastEthernet 0/1 no description no ip address shutdown ! interface Serial 0/0 no shutdown description connected to DA_NANG ip address 192.168.11.1 255.255.255.252 encapsulation ppp ! interface Serial 0/1 no shutdown description connected to HANOI ip address 192.168.12.2 255.255.255.252 encapsulation ppp ! interface Serial 1/0 no description no ip address shutdown ! interface Serial 1/1 no description no ip address shutdown ! interface Serial 1/2 no description no ip address shutdown ! interface Serial 1/3 no description no ip address
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shutdown ! interface Serial 1/4 no description no ip address shutdown ! interface Serial 1/5 no description no ip address shutdown ! interface Serial 1/6 no description no ip address shutdown ! interface Serial 1/7 no description no ip address shutdown ! router rip version 2 network 192.168.3.0 network 192.168.11.0 network 192.168.12.0 no auto-summary ! ! ip classless no ip http server snmp-server community public RO no snmp-server location no snmp-server contact ! line console 0 exec-timeout 0 0 password C login ! line vty 0 4 password C login ! end
Cu hnh chi tit cho router ti nng

! ************************************************************ ****** ! DA_NANG.cfg - Cisco router configuration file ! Automatically created by Cisco ConfigMaker v2.4 Build 24
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! Thursday, May 18, 2000, 08:49:20 PM ! ! Hostname: DA_NANG ! Model: 2621 ! ************************************************************ ****** ! service timestamps debug uptime service timestamps log uptime service password-encryption no service tcp-small-servers no service udp-small-servers ! hostname DA_NANG ! enable password C ! no ip name-server ! ip subnet-zero no ip domain-lookup ip routing ! interface FastEthernet 0/0 no shutdown description connected to EthernetLAN_1 ip address 192.168.2.1 255.255.255.0 keepalive 10 ! interface FastEthernet 0/1 no description no ip address shutdown ! interface Serial 0/0 no shutdown description connected to HANOI ip address 192.168.10.2 255.255.255.252 encapsulation ppp ! interface Serial 0/1 no shutdown description connected to TP_HOCHIMINH ip address 192.168.11.2 255.255.255.252 encapsulation ppp ! interface Serial 1/0 no description no ip address shutdown ! interface Serial 1/1 no description
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no ip address shutdown ! interface Serial 1/2 no description no ip address shutdown ! interface Serial 1/3 no description no ip address shutdown ! interface Serial 1/4 no description no ip address shutdown ! interface Serial 1/5 no description no ip address shutdown ! interface Serial 1/6 no description no ip address shutdown ! interface Serial 1/7 no description no ip address shutdown ! router rip version 2 network 192.168.2.0 network 192.168.10.0 network 192.168.11.0 no auto-summary ! ! ip classless no ip http server snmp-server community public RO no snmp-server location no snmp-server contact ! line console 0 exec-timeout 0 0 password C login ! line vty 0 4 password C
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login ! end
108

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n tt nghip

Chn ng v ng dng trong thit k mng WAN

Nguyn xun trng - tth2 - k40

Chn ng v ng dng trong thit k mng WAN

Nguyn xun trng - tth2 - k40

Chn ng v ng dng trong thit k mng WAN

Hnh 1-1: Cc topo mng c bn

Hnh 1-2: Dng topo y .

Dng bus Hnh 1-3: Cc topo mng c bn

Satellite hoc radio

Chn ng v ng dng trong thit k mng WAN

Chn ng v ng dng trong thit k mng WAN

Nguyn xun trng - tth2 - k40

Chn ng v ng dng trong thit k mng WAN

Nguyn xun trng - tth2 - k40

Chn ng v ng dng trong thit k mng WAN

Giao thc tng N

H thng B Tng N Tng N-1

Chn ng v ng dng trong thit k mng WAN

Nguyn xun trng - tth2 - k40

Chn ng v ng dng trong thit k mng WAN

Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data Link Physical

Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data Link Physical

Hnh 1-6: M hnh OSI 7 tng

Chn ng v ng dng trong thit k mng WAN

Chn ng v ng dng trong thit k mng WAN

Nguyn xun trng - tth2 - k40

Chn ng v ng dng trong thit k mng WAN

Chn ng v ng dng trong thit k mng WAN

Chn ng v ng dng trong thit k mng WAN

Giao thc lp ng dng

Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data Link Physical

AH Data PH Data Data Data

Giao thc trnh din

Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data Link Physical

Data Data Bits

Chn ng v ng dng trong thit k mng WAN

Nguyn xun trng - tth2 - k40

Chn ng v ng dng trong thit k mng WAN Giao thc TCP/IP

Nguyn xun trng - tth2 - k40

Chn ng v ng dng trong thit k mng WAN

Chn ng v ng dng trong thit k mng WAN

Identical datagram Identical frame

Nguyn xun trng - tth2 - k40

Chn ng v ng dng trong thit k mng WAN

Nguyn xun trng - tth2 - k40

Chn ng v ng dng trong thit k mng WAN

Chn ng v ng dng trong thit k mng WAN

Chn ng v ng dng trong thit k mng WAN

FRAME DATA AREA

Nguyn xun trng - tth2 - k40

Chn ng v ng dng trong thit k mng WAN

Hnh 2-3: Router R1 phn mnh cc datagrams ln c gi t A ti B. R2 phn mnh cc datagrams t B ti A.

FRAGMENT 2 (offset 600)

FRAGMENT 3 (offset 1200)

Nguyn xun trng - tth2 - k40

Chn ng v ng dng trong thit k mng WAN

Nguyn xun trng - tth2 - k40

Chn ng v ng dng trong thit k mng WAN

Chn ng v ng dng trong thit k mng WAN

Chn ng v ng dng trong thit k mng WAN

2.3.2 Giao thc ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol).

Nguyn xun trng - tth2 - k40

Chn ng v ng dng trong thit k mng WAN