Professional Documents
Culture Documents
B GIO DC V O TO
1.
Kha: 50
u thit k:
Thit k nh my sn xut bia chai v bia hi nng sut 25 triu lt/ nm
2.
Cc s liu ban u.
20% bia hi
80% bia chai
Nguyn liu thay th : go
3.
Ni dung phn thuyt minh tnh ton
Li ni u
Phn I: Lp lun kinh t k thut
Phn II : Thuyt minh quy trnh cng ngh
Phn III: Lp k hoch sn xut v tnh cn bng sn phm
Phn IV: Tnh v chn thit b
Phn V: Tnh ton v thit k v xy dng ca nh my
Phn VI: Tnh ton nhu cu nng lng, nhu cu nc ca nh my
Phn VII: Tnh ton kinh t
Phn VIII: V sinh an ton lao ng
Kt lun
4.
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5.
Cn b hng dn
Phn
Cng ngh
Xy dng
Kinh t
6.
7.
Cn b hng dn
(k, ghi r h tn)
Kt qu nh gi
Ngy thng nm
Cn b hng dn Cng ngh
(k, ghi r h tn)
Ngy thng nm
Ch tch hi ng
(k, ghi r h tn)
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MC LC
MC LC ..................................................................................................................................3
LI NI U..................................................................................................................................7
Phn I: Lp lun kinh t k thut.....................................................................................................9
I. Hin trng sn xut v tiu th bia trn th gii v ti Vit Nam............................................9
II. Chn loi sn phm, a im xy dng, vng nguyn liu v th trng.............................9
1. La chn loi bia sn xut...................................................................................................9
2. La chn a im xy dng nh my...............................................................................10
3. Vng nguyn liu...............................................................................................................11
4. Vng tiu th sn phm......................................................................................................11
5. Ngun cung cp in, nc, lnh......................................................................................11
6. Ngun cung cp nhin liu.................................................................................................12
7. Ngun nhn lc..................................................................................................................12
8. Giao thng vn ti..............................................................................................................12
II.2.3 ng ha....................................................................................................................19
II.2.4 Lc dch ng.............................................................................................................22
II.2.5 Nu hoa ........................................................................................................................24
II.2.6. Lng xoy....................................................................................................................25
II.2.7. Lnh nhanh v b sung kh O2 cho dch ln men......................................................25
II.2.8. Ln men.......................................................................................................................26
II.2.9 Lc trong bia................................................................................................................36
II.2.10 Bo ha CO2...............................................................................................................37
II.2.11 Hon thin sn phm................................................................................................38
Phn III: Lp k hoch sn xut v tnh cn bng sn phm.........................................................42
A. Lp k hoch sn xut...........................................................................................................42
B. Tnh cn bng sn phm........................................................................................................44
I. Tnh cn bng sn phm cho 100l bia chai........................................................................44
1. Tnh lng go v lng malt............................................................................................44
2. Lng b go v b malt....................................................................................................46
3. Lng nc dng trong nu v ra b..............................................................................46
4. Lng hoa houblon s dng..............................................................................................48
5. Cc nguyn liu khc.........................................................................................................48
II. Tnh cn bng sn phm cho 1000l bia hi.......................................................................53
1. Tnh lng go v lng malt............................................................................................53
2. Lng b go v b malt....................................................................................................54
3. Lng nc dng trong nu v ra b..............................................................................55
4. Lng hoa houblon s dng..............................................................................................56
5. Cc nguyn liu khc.........................................................................................................57
III. Ho cht v sinh:..............................................................................................................60
1. Ha cht v sinh cc ni nu:............................................................................................60
2. Ha cht v sinh cc thit b ln men, tng tr bia:...........................................................61
Phn IV: Tnh v chn thit b.......................................................................................................62
I. Tnh v chn thit b cho phn xng nu.............................................................................62
1. Cn, gu ti.........................................................................................................................62
Dng Ngc Tu CNTP3, K50
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2. My nghin.........................................................................................................................63
3. Ni h ho..........................................................................................................................63
4. Ni ng ho....................................................................................................................64
5. Thng lc y bng............................................................................................................66
6. Ni nu hoa........................................................................................................................67
7. Thng cha trung gian.......................................................................................................68
8. Thng lng xoy.................................................................................................................69
9. Thit b lnh nhanh v sc kh...........................................................................................70
10. Thng nc nng.............................................................................................................74
11. H thng cip nu..............................................................................................................75
II. Tnh v chn thit b cho phn xng ln men.....................................................................77
1. Tank ln men......................................................................................................................77
2. Thit b nhn ging cp II..................................................................................................78
3. Thit b nhn ging cp I...................................................................................................79
4. Thit b ra men sa kt lng.............................................................................................79
5. Thit b hot ho men.........................................................................................................80
6. H thng cip lnh:..............................................................................................................81
III. Tnh v chn thit b cho phn xng hon thin...............................................................81
1. Thit b lc trong bia..........................................................................................................81
2. Thng tng tr v bo ho CO2.........................................................................................82
3. H thng chit bock...........................................................................................................82
4. H thng chit chai.............................................................................................................83
Phn V: Tnh ton v thit k v xy dng ca nh my..............................................................88
A. Phn tch v la chn a im xy dng.............................................................................88
B. Thit k tng mt bng nh my...........................................................................................89
C.Thit k tng mt bng nh my............................................................................................91
1/Kho nguyn liu:..........................................................................................................91
2/Nh sn xut chnh ...........................................................................................................91
3/Khu ln men........................................................................................................................93
4/Nh hon thin sn phm....................................................................................................93
5/Kho cha bia thnh phm...................................................................................................95
6/Kho cha bock v kt .........................................................................................................95
7/Nh xe:............................................................................................................................96
8/Gara t:..............................................................................................................................96
9/Nh hnh chnh-hi trng-phng hp:.............................................................................96
10/Bp-nh n:.......................................................................................................................97
11/Nh v sinh:.......................................................................................................................97
12/Trm bin p:....................................................................................................................97
13/Phn xng cp kh nn v thu hi CO2:.........................................................................97
14/Xng c in:..................................................................................................................98
15/Phng KCS........................................................................................................................98
16/Khu cha b:.....................................................................................................................98
17/Khu x l nc sch:........................................................................................................98
18/Khu x l nc thi:.........................................................................................................98
19/Phn xng hi:................................................................................................................98
20/Bi than:.............................................................................................................................98
21/Phng bo v:....................................................................................................................99
Dng Ngc Tu CNTP3, K50
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LI NI U
Bia l mt loi ung gii kht hin rt c a chung nc ta cng nh
trn th gii. Bia c mu sc, hng v c trng, d dng phn bit vi cc loi ung
khc. c sn xut t cc nguyn liu chnh l malt i mch, hoa hublon... bia em li
gi tr dinh dng, mt lt bia cung cp 400 450kcal, bia c kh nng kch thch tiu
ho, gip c th kho mnh khi dng vi liu lng thch hp v c bit cn c tc
dng lm gim nhanh cn kht ca ngi ung nh c tnh bo ho CO2.
Theo nghin cu ca cc nh khoa hc, bia ra i t khong 7000 nm trc
Cng nguyn, bt ngun t cc b lc c tr ven b sng Lng H, sau c truyn
sang cc chu lc khc thng qua qu trnh trao i, bun bn gia cc b lc. Trong qu
trnh tm kim nguyn liu ph tng cht lng cho bia, ngi ta nhn thy hoa
houblon mang li cho bia hng v rt c bit v nhiu c tnh qu gi. Hin nay, hoa
hublon vn l nguyn liu khng th thay th trong sn xut bia. n th k XIX Louis
Pasteur xut bn cun sch v bia to ra ngnh cng nghip sn xut bia di nh
sng khoa hc, cng vi s pht trin ca cc ngnh khoa hc khc quy trnh cng ngh
sn xut bia ang ngy cng tr nn hon thin. Chnh v vy, bia tr thnh loi
ung c a chung nht hin nay, c sn xut v tiu th ngy nhiu trn phm vi
ton th gii.
Vit Nam, bia xut hin cha lu lm (ch khong 100 nm), ngnh cng
nghip sn xut bia vn cn rt nhiu tim nng pht trin. Trong nhng nm gn y,
nhu cu s dng bia nc ta ngy cng tng. Rt nhiu nh my cng nh c s sn
xut bia c thnh lp trn khp c nc nhng vn cha p ng ht c nhu cu th
trng c v cht lng cng nh s lng. Hn na bia l mt ngnh cng nghip c
nhiu ng gp to ln cho ngnh kinh t quc dn v n l ngnh sn xut em li li
nhun cao, kh nng thu hi vn nhanh, v l ngun thu quan trng cho ngn sch quc
gia.
Xut pht t nhu cu thc t, mc tiu ra v li ch ca vic pht trin cng
ngh sn xut bia nn vic xy dng thm cc nh my bia vi c cu t chc cht ch
cng cc thit b cng ngh hin i cung cp cho ngi tiu dng cc loi bia c cht
lng cao, gi thnh ph hp l v cng cn thit.
Trong bn n ny em trnh by thit k nh my bia nng sut 25 triu lt/nm.
y l mt nh my vi nng sut trung bnh, nu c trang b v t chc hp l s c
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kh nng thch ng linh hot vi qui m sn xut trung bnh, cng nh c kh nng m
rng qui m sn xut.
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yu cu ngy cng cao ca ngi tiu dng. Do em la chn sn xut loi bia c cht
lng cao, thuc loi bia vng l loi bia ang rt c a chung hin nay.
Sn phm bia sn xut ra phi m bo t c cc tiu chun sau:
* Cc ch tiu cm quan:
- bt: Khi rt bia ra cc, bia phi c bt trng mn, t y cc lun c cc bt
kh li ti ni dn ln b mt. Chiu cao lp bt > 2cm, thi gian gi bt 5 15 pht.
- Mi v v: Bia phi c ng c trng v hng thm du nh ca hoa
houblon, khng qu nht, khng c mi v l.
- Mu sc v trong: Bia phi c mu vng rm sng ng nh, trong sut,
khng c c cn hay vn c.
* Cc ch tiu ho hc:
- cn: 4,6 0,2
- Hm lng ng st: 1 2%
- Hm lng CO2: 4,5 5 g/l
- Hm lng diacetyl: 0,2 mg/l
- Cht khong: 0,14 0,38%
- m tng: 3,5 5 g/l
- Este: 15 50 mg/l
- Aldehyt: 10 15 mg/l
2. La chn a im xy dng nh my
a im c la chn cn p ng c yu cu sau:
- Ph hp vi qui hoch chung ca tnh, thnh ph.
- Gn ngun cung cp nguyn liu v th trng tiu th sn phm.
- Thun tin v mt giao thng.
- m bo cc ngun in, nc, nhin liu.
- Ngun nhn lc khng qu khan him.
Da vo nhng yu cu trn em chn a im xy dng nh my nm trong khu
cng nghip Quang Minh, thuc huyn M Linh, tnh Vnh Phc. y l mt khu cng
nghip mi c din tch rng v ang tip tc c pht trin, c nhiu tim nng
pht trin kinh t x hi. Cc khu dn c v th xung quanh ang c xy dng v
m rng. Bn cnh h thng giao thng gn khu cng nghip v ang c xy
dng, ci to v hon thin nh ng cao tc Bc Thng Long - Ni Bi, ng quc
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Go(20%)
Nghin
Dch ha
Malt
Nghin
ng ha
Lc dch ng
Nc
Hoa houblon
Men ging
Nhn ging
Lng xoy
B hoa
Lm lnh nhanh
Ln men chnh
Rt men,
ra men
Ln men ph
Ra chai
Nu dch ng vi hoa
houblon
Men sa
Chai
Nc
Lc trong bia
Thu CO2
X l
Bo ha CO2
Bock
Chai sch
Chit chai
Ra bock
Dp np
Chit bock
Lm kh,dn nhn
Bock sch
Thanh trng
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15
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: 15 - 18%
Tm th
: 18 - 22%
Tm mn
: 30 - 35%
Bt
: 25 - 35%
( Bt + Tm mn 2 3 ln tm th )
II.2.1.2 Nghin go
*Mc ch :
Lm tng b mt tip xc vi enzym, gip qu trnh trng n v ho tan tt
hn. Tng vic ph v cu trc mng t bo ca go.
Dng Ngc Tu CNTP3, K50
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* Nguyn tc nghin:
Go l nguyn liu c cu trc rt cng v kh b phn hu to cht chit cho
dch ng, do vy phi nghin go tht nh ph v cu trc ca tinh bt to iu
kin cho s ht nc, trng n ht tinh bt to iu kin cho enzyme tip xc vi ht
tinh bt, thu phn tinh bt thnh cht chit ca dch ng.
Do y chn phng php nghin kh bng my nghin ba
* Cch tin hnh :
Tng ti go c vn chuyn ti phu cha. Ti y, nguyn liu c gu ti
chuyn ti xil cha go cha nghin, trong c cn nh lng xc nh lng
nguyn liu trong mt m.
Go c chy xung my nghin. V go c nghin theo ng kch thc
nht nh.
Go sau khi nghin cha trong xil v sau c gu ti vn chuyn xung
phu cha go v nghin nh vt ti vn chuyn go sang ni h ho.
H thng c thm phn tch bi bng xyclon.
* Yu cu go sau khi nghin :
Go cha 70 75% hm lng tinh bt so vi lng cht kh nn cn nghin
mn, nghin cng mn th qu trnh dch ho v ng ho cng t hiu qu cao. Go
sau khi nghin cn t tiu chun k thut :
Tm ln
Tm nh : 35%
Bt mn
: 10%
: 55%
II.2.2 H ha
*Mc ch:
Lm trng n, ha tan tinh bt ca go. Nhm ph v cu trc mng t bo tinh
bt to iu kin thun li cho qu trnh phn ct ca enzyme.
Trong giai on ny ch yu s dng nhit lm trng n v ha tan tinh
bt ca go. Khi tinh bt bt u trng n v ha tan th nht tng nhanh v t cc
i, nhit ti thi im ny gi l nhit h
ha.
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u im:
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- Nhm enzym sitaza thy phn hemixelluloza v cc cht dng keo thnh cc
ng n pentoza, hexoza v cc sn phm khc.
- H enzym proteaza thy phn protein thnh cc cc peptid nh hn v axit amin.
- H enzym amylaza gm - amylaza v - amylaza phn ct tinh bt thnh
ng n gin v cc dextrin.
*Yu cu ca dch ng sau khi ng ha
Hm lng ng maltoza v cc phn t dextrin bc thp l ch yu. Dch
ng khng c qu, ng u v c nhuyn tt.
II.2.4 Lc dch ng.
* Mc ch.
Cho malt sau khi ng ha xong gm hai phn: phn c v phn long. Phn
c bao gm tt c cc phn t nh khng ha tan ca malt, phn long l dung dch
nc cha tt c cc cht ha tan trong m nu gi l dch ng.
Mc ch ca qu trnh lc l nhm phn tch phn long ring ra khi phn c.
c trng ca cho malt l trong c rt nhiu phn t rn trong qu trnh lc, nhng
phn t ny s to thnh mt lp nguyn liu lc ph. iu ny rt c ngha trong khi
lc.
Mc ch ca qu trnh lc b malt l tch pha lng khi hn hp tip tc cc
bc tip theo ca tin trnh cng ngh, cn pha rn l loi b cc ph liu ra ngoi.
Qu trnh lc b malt c tin hnh theo hai bc: Bc u tin l p tch
dch ct v bc th hai l ra b chit cht ho tan giai on ra b da trn c s
ca s khuch tn.
* Cc phng php tin hnh lc dch ng.
Gii php lc dch ng hin nay c nhiu phng n:
+ S dng thng lc y bng
+ S dng my lc p khung bn
+ S dng nguyn l phn ly ( v d : h Flomaho)
+ Ly tm kiu vt ( v d: h A.P.V)
Dng Ngc Tu CNTP3, K50
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+ p bng vt ti
Trong cc gii php ny, hai thit b c s dng rng ri nht, mc d c in
nht, nhng cho cht lng dch ng cao nht l thng lc y bng v lc p kiu
khung bn.
Trong nh my, ta chn thit b lc l thng lc y bng.
* Cch tin hnh.
Trc lc tin hnh lc, thit b lc c ra bng nc, cc mnh ca y, np,
sng c ghp tht kht vi nhau. L h trn tho b malt v cc van x dch vo
mng c ng cht. Sau ta cho nc nng 76oC chy vo cc ng dn dch ng
sao cho ngp nc so vi li lc khong 1 1,5cm ui khng kh ra ngoi, ng
thi cha y khong khng gia hai lp y ca thng lc. Ngoi ra cn hm
nng thit b khi chuyn dch ng t ni ng ha sang khng b gim nhit .
Tip theo bm ton b lng dch t ni ng ha sang thng lc, khi bm th
bt rng co theo chiu ngc kim ng h trong khong 10 pht. u tin cc ht tm
th v lp v malt lng xung y gi trc to thnh mng lc dy, pha trn lp ny l
lp rt mng nhng phn t tinh bt rt b, mn, nh. Sau khi lng 15 pht th dch
lc i qua lp lp lc xung y, ri dch lc qua h thng ng gp y i vo bnh
trung gian. Tuy nhin lc ny dch ng thu c vn c nn ta cho chy tun hon
tr li cho n khi t trong ri th tin hnh bt bm chuyn dch sang ni nu
hoa houblon ng thi cho mt lng dch lc hi lu tr li thng lc tng kh nng
lc ht dch c trong b v thu c dch c trong m bo k thut.
Thi gian lc dch u thng tin hnh trong 60 pht. Sau khi lc dch u ta
tin hnh ra b, nc dng ra b cng l nc nhit 76oC v ti nhit ny
thch hp cho ng ha tinh bt cn li trong phn h malt cui cng. Nu nhit
xung thp hn s cn tr n tc ra b, cn nu nhit cao hn s xy ra hin
tng h ha tinh bt v trch ly mt s cht ng v cht cht c trong v tru lm cho
bia b c v c v l.
u tin tin hnh ti nc nng 76oC cho n khi mc nc cao hn mc b
khong 2cm, ri tin hnh bt rng co ln th nht. Tip tc ra b ln th hai, ln th
ba tng t nh ln u. Tng thi gian ra b khong 1 gi. Qu trnh ra b tin hnh
nhiu ln cho n khi t lng dch cn thit cng nh nng cht ha tan trong nc
Dng Ngc Tu CNTP3, K50
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II.2.5 Nu hoa
*Mc ch
Nu dch ng vi hoa houblon nhm trch ly cht ng, tinh du thm,
polyphenol vo dch ng, to v ng du v hng thm c trng cho bia sau ny.
Tng bn keo cho sn phm: bn sinh hc, ha sinh v keo: Polyphenol +
protein to thnh cht kt ta v ko cn nh kt ta theo m bo bn keo v n nh
thnh phn bia ng thi lm cho bia trong hn.
Cht ng trong hoa l nhng cht to sc cng b mt v c hot tnh sinh hc
cao, tham gia vo qu trnh to bt v gi bt cho bia.
Tng mu v c c dch ng: lm cho mu sc nc thay i t nht sang
m do hin tng caramen ha,s hnh thnh cc melanol v cc cht mu ca hoa
houblon chuyn t hoa vo dch ng.
Cht ng nng d nh cng c tnh khng khun m bo bn sinh hc
cho bia.
*Cch tin hnh
Trc khi nu, v sinh sch s thit b, kim tra cc ng ng, van x hi, x
y.
Dch ng c bm t thng lc y bng sang ni nu hoa, trong qu trnh
bm phi gia nhit, m bo nhit dch ng ln hn 700C enzym amylaza thy
phn tinh bt cn st li. Trong qu trnh ra b my p lc khung bn cp nhit cho
ni hoa sao cho kt thc qu trnh ra b my p th ni hoa si.
B xung CaCl2 v ton b lng cao hoa vo vi mc ch tng kh nng kt lng
ca cc phn t keo. un si khong 30 pht to cc phc cht protein- tanin kt ta
v to v ng cho bia.
Tip tc cho 1/2 hoa vin vo trc khi kt thc 10 pht th cho nt 1/2 cn li
ng thi kha van hi ca h thng gia nhit trung tm gim cng si gi
Dng Ngc Tu CNTP3, K50
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hng cho bia. Vic b sung hoa 2 ln nhm mc ch to hng tt hn cho bia, bi v
trong qu trnh un hoa th lng tinh du thm s tn hao l 80 90% v vy vic b
sung lm 2 ln nh vy s lm gim bt tn tht.
Lu : trong giai on nu hoa, nu nng cht kh ca dch ng cha t
yu cu th c th b xung ng maltoza vo giai on cho hoa ln 2. Qu trnh gia
nhit phi nhanh nhm t hiu sut kt ta protein khng ng t cao nht v nhm c
c gim th tch dch ng.
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II.2.8.1 Mc ch :
Chuyn ho cc cht ho tan trong dch ln men thnh ru etylic, CO2 v mt s
sn phm ph khc nh s pht trin ca nm men. Sn phm ca qu trnh ln men
chnh l bia non. Bia non c v c hng v c trng tuy nhin lng diacetyl cn cao.
C12H22O11 + H2O 2 C6H12O6
C6H12O6 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 + 28 kcal
Dng Ngc Tu CNTP3, K50
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Nhc im : Thi gian ln men nhanh lm cht lng bia c gim, tuy nhin
khng khc nhiu so vi ln men c in.
y, ta chn phng php ln men gia tc sn xut bia
II.2.8.3 Chun b men ging
Bia l sn phm ca qu trnh ln men nn vic chun b men ging l ht sc
cn thit, mc ch to lng ging ln men l hot ha ging. Nm men s
dng ln men bia l Saccharomyces carbergensis l loi nm men ln men chm.
c im : Loi nm men ny thuc loi nm men n bo, ln men iu kin
ym kh. Chng c hnh dng khc nhau, c th hnh cu, hnh trn, hnh ovan. Kch
thc khong 3 5mm, sinh sn bng ny chi, chng nm men ny c kh nng ln
men c ng glucoza, maltoza, fructoza v dextrin phn t lng thp. Chng cn
c th to chm t bo tt to iu kin thun li cho qu trnh tch men bia, lm trong
bia.
* Cch tin hnh :
- Chun b t chng thun khit :
Qu trnh nhn ging trong phng th nghim tri qua hai giai on l nhn
ging trong phng th nghim v nhn ging ngoi sn xut.
Nhn ging trong phng th nghim : u tin dung que cy v trng cy
truyn t ng thch nghing sang mi trng dch th v trng ng trong ng thu
tinh 10ml, tip tc cy chuyn sang ng 100ml, 1 lt, 10 lt, 20 ltMi trng nhn
ging thng l dch chit t malt, vi mi trng 10 lt c th ly dch t thng ng
ho trong qu trnh sn xut.
Qu trnh nhn ging c th din ra theo nguyn tc 1/10 hoc 1/5 tu
theo cht lng men. Mi trng nhn ging c ly trc tip t thng ng ho,
trong qu trnh nhn men c sc khng kh v trng.
- Ti s sng men sa :
Men sa c kh nng ti s sng v c kh nng ti s dng v c kh nng b
men tt hn. Men sa phi sch, mu vng ng, t l t bo sng cao, khng nhim tp.
K thut thu hi men sa :
Sau khi kt thc qu trnh ln men chnh ta tin hnh h nhit h xung 4C,
gi trong 24 gi thu hi men sa. Khi kt lng bao gm :
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Cch x l men sa :
Lp men sch thu c t y thng ln c lc qua v ra bng nc v
trng 4oC, bm nc lnh vo cc thng ra men ri lng khong 90 pht. Sau
gn phn nc pha trn v phn nc pha trn cha ch yu l cc xc t bo nm
men. Tin hnh ra khong 3 4 ln thu sa men sch. Cc t bo nm men cht s
ni ln trn b mt v c gn ra ngoi. S ln ti s dng men sa khong 6 7 ln
II.2.8.4 Ln men chnh
* Mc ch :
Chuyn ha cc cht ha tan trong dch ng thnh ru etylic, CO2 v mt s
sn phm ph khc nh s pht trin ca nm men. Sn phm ca qu trnh ln men
chnh l bia non. Bia non c v c hng v c trng tuy nhin lng diacetyl cn
cao.
C12H22O11 + H2O 2 C6H12O6
Nm men
C6H12O6
2C2H5OH + 2CO2 +28Kcal
c im ca qu trnh ln men chnh l s tiu hao cc cht din ra mnh m.
Mt lng ln ng chuyn thnh ru, CO2 v mt s sn phm ph khc nh ru
bc cao, glycerin, acid hu c, ester, andehyt, diacetyl gp phn lm nn hng v cho
bia. Thi gian ln men chnh t 5 7 ngy.
* Cc bin i trong qu trnh ln men chnh.
Bin i sinh hc.
* Giai on sinh trng hiu kh:
y l giai on u ca qu trnh ln men. giai on ny nm men ny chi v
pht trin rt nhanh, t cc i l cui ngy th 3 ng thi l s gim nhanh nng
cht ha tan trong dch ng, nhit tng dn v s xut hin ca nhiu bng kh to
ph kn b mt dch nha.
* Giai on sinh trng k kh
Trong giai on ny nm men vn tip tc sinh trng nhng trong iu kin khng
c O2 v nng ng thp. Qu trnh ln men bt u chuyn t kiu ln men hiu
29
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Sau khi kt thc ln men chnh h nhit t t xung 2OC nhm to iu kin cho
qu trnh lng men v to iu kin thch hp cho qu trnh ln men ph.
* p sut ln men
p sut ln men tng dn do s to thnh kh CO2 v t qu trnh chuyn ha ng
glucose. Do tank ln men c np thit b iu p t ng.
Bin i ha sinh.
* Trong qu trnh ln men din ra s trao i glulcid t bo nm men ch yu bao
gm:
- S thy phn ca cc loi ng disacharide, trisaccharide,thnh glucose
di xc tc ca mt s enzym tng ng nh: maliase, invertase, melibiase,
- Chuyn ha glycose thnh etanol v CO2. Ngoi ra cn chuyn ha cc loi
ng khc thnh cc loi ru nh propylic, izopropylic, amilic
- S tng hp vt cht t bo t glucose thnh glucogen cng c th xy ra
trong qu trnh sinh trng v pht trin ca nm men.
Dng Ngc Tu CNTP3, K50
30
n tt nghip
* S trao i lipid:
Trong qu trnh sinh trng v pht trin hiu kh thng km theo qu trnh tng
hp cc acid bo v sterol nm men. Cc cht ny l thnh phn quan trng ca t bo.
* S trao i cc hp cht nit:
Cc hp cht nit c trong dch nha go gm: cc phn on protein (cc
polypeptide, peptid, pepton, acid amin), cc mui amoni, cc purite, nucleotide Trong
s cc hp cht ny th cc mui amoni v c v cc acid amin s c nm men s
dng nh ngun cung cp nit phc v cho qu trnh sinh trng v trao i cht.
Bin i ha hc.
* S thay i hm lng cht kh
trong qu trnh ln men, nm men s dng ng trong dch nha tng sinh
khi v ln men ethanol. Do nng cht kh trong dch ln men s gim dn.
Ngi ta da vo s thay i Balling lm thng s iu khin qu trnh ln men.
Balling trc qu trnh ln men l 130 Balling ( Balling nguyn thy). Ty theo tng
loi bia m kt thc qu trnh ln men chnh v ln men ph c Balling khc nhau.
* S thay i pH:
Sau khi kt thc qu trnh ln men chnh pH gim xung cn khong
4,44,5.
Hin tng gim pH trong qu trnh ln men l do s hnh thnh acid H2CO3 (do CO 2
sinh ra trong qu trnh ln men ha tan vo nc), s vn chuyn ion H+ qua mng t bo
v hnh thnh nn cc acid hu c. Trong qu trnh trao i cht ca nm men nh acetic,
acid, formic, acid lactic, acid citric
* S thay i hm lng khong cht
Trong qu trnh ln men, nm men s dng mt s kim loi cn cho s sinh
trng v pht trin ca nm men nh: Ca2+; Mg2+; Fe2+; Mn2+; Co2+; K+; Ni2+ v Zn2+.
Dch nha c xem l ngun cung cp cc thnh phn khong cn thit cho nm men.
V vy trong qu trnh nu dch nha cn b xung thm Ca 2+ v Zn2+
* S to thnh cc este:
Cc este c to thnh vo cui giai on ln men chnh nh phn ng ester ha
gia alcol (ch yu l ethanol) v cc acid hu c sinh ra trong qu trnh ln men. Cc loi
ester ny to nn hng c trng cho bia thnh phm.
Dng Ngc Tu CNTP3, K50
31
n tt nghip
Bin i ha l.
* S hnh thnh bt:
Bt c to thnh trong qu trnh ln men chnh nh s gii phng cc kh dng
khng lin kt c bit l CO2. Do bn cht ca dch nha l h keo gm cc hp cht c
tnh hot ng b mt nh protein, palyphenol, cht ngCc cht ny to nn mt
lp hp ph trn b mt cc bng kh do kh kh thot khi bng ny v to thnh
bt mn. Nhng bt ny c xu hng thot ln trn b mt to nn s khuy trn trong qu
trnh ln men.
* S ha tan kh CO2:
ha tan ca CO2 trong dch ln men thp hn trong nc ng thi hm lng CO2
sinh ra tng nhanh cng hm lng ethanol. Do , mt phn CO2 tn ti trong dch men
di dng lin kt vi mt s thnh phn khc nh protein, ester. Phn CO2 cn li c
xu hng thot ln trn b mt to ln s t khuy o dch ln men. Ngoi ra s t khuy
o dch ln men cn din ra bi s chnh lch nhit trong qu trnh gi n nh nhit.
* Cch tin hnh :
Bc 1 : thanh trng ng cp men bng nc nng t h thng Cip trung tm
trc khi nhn m dch u tin ca tank ln men khong 40 50 pht. Yu cu nc
thanh trng > 85oC. ng cp men i ti u th thanh trng ti . Thi gian thanh
trng l 30 pht.
Bc 2 : t lng men cn a vo trn cn in t, m y tank ln men v
bt bm cp men vo m u tin ca tank ln men, sau khi nhit dch hm n nh
v t nhit ln men.
Bc 3 : v sinh ng ng v tank cha men ngay sau khi cp men xong lc
u cha cn cp lnh ngay, v nhit ln men chnh yu cu l 14oC, nhng do cn
phi c thi gian ch i gia cc m nu nn 3 m u ta thng ch chy lnh n
khong 12oC, hai m sau c th 13oC khi tank y th nhit trong tank cng t
va n 14oC do nm men pht trin sinh khi lm tng nhit .
Trong qu trnh ln men chnh thng ch cp lnh cho khoang trn cng, mc
ch to ra s chnh lch nhit gia cc khoang, nh to ra s i lu, nm
men s chuyn ng t di ln trn, tng b mt tip xc gia enzym v c cht.
32
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Giai on 2 (logarit) :
33
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trnh kh diacetyl n mc cho php ( < 0,2 mg/l ) ru bc cao gim. V vy hng
v ca bia c hon thin dn.
* Nhng bin i trong qu trnh ln men ph:
Nhng bin i trong qa trnh ln men ph cng ging nh bin i trong qu
trnh ln men chnh. Trong , c nhng bin i rt quan trng nh hng n nhng bin
i bia thnh phm. l s chn ca bia non km theo s iu chnh cc tnh cht
cm quan ca bia thnh phm nh: trong, bn, c trng keo, mu sc v hng v
bia.
+ Diacetyl:
Trong giai on ny, nm men s dng Diacetyl lm c cht v chuyn ho cht
ny thnh aceton v 2,3-butadiol trong iu kin k kh. Qu trnh phn hu Diacetyl ph
thuc vo nhit , nhit cng lnh th cng chm. Thng thng, gii hn cho php
ca diacetyl l 0,2mg/l th mi c gi l chn.
+ Acetaldehyde
V qu trnh ln men ph hm lng Acetaldehyde tip tc gim xung do hot ng
trao i cht ca nm men.
+ Cc axt bo d bay hi.
S tng hp cc axit bo mt ngn (t C4C10) s b nh ch trong giai on u
ca qu trnh ln mn ph. Sau , nm men s kt ni cc axit bo mt ngn thnh
triglycide d tr trong t bo. Tuy nhin, nu qu trnh ln men ph ko di th hm lng
acid bo trong dch ln men s tng do qu trnh thu phn glycide. S c mt cc acid
bo ny nh hng n mi v ca bia thnh phm.
+ S bo ho CO2 trong bia
S bo ho CO 2 ph thuc vo nhit , p sut v thi gian ln men ph.
Trong giai on ny, qu trnh ln men ethanol vn tip tc din ra km theo s gii phng
CO2 vo trong dch ln men. Tuy nhin, ch c 15% lng CO2 to thnh c hp th
trong bia, tn ti dng ho tan hoc lin kt vi cc thnh phn khc ca dng ln men.
Trong qu trnh ln men ph c nhng hp cht khng bn nh este ca acid
cacbonic, chnh nhng cht ny lm cho CO2 tht thot nhanh mi khi thay i p sut t
ngt trong tank ln men. Acid cacbonic c th lin kt vi glycerin v glycol to nn cc
34
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35
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4.
- Lc khng c cht tr lc :
36
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Giai on to b mt lc :
Giai on lc :
Ci thin mi, tng mi thm v CO2 lin kt vi alcol to ester khng bn.
Khi rt bia to bt CO2 v c mi thm kh mnh.
37
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38
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Vng II : Ngm, phun bng dung dch NaOH 2%, p lc phun 3kg/cm2 ra cc
cn bn hu c nhit 65C.
Vng III : Phun nc 30 - 35C trng s b.
Vng IV : Trng nc lnh v trng a nhit chai xung 8 - 10C ri qua b
phn kim tra sch ca chai ( bng cch soi chai ).
Yu cu sau ra
+ Chai phi sch v mt ha l v m bo v mt an ton vi sinh.
+ Gim n mc ti thiu mc tiu hao nng lng v nc.
+ Gim vic s dng ha cht.
+ Gim thiu s nh hng n mi trng
b. Chit chai
Chai sau khi ra c c bng chuyn chuyn n thit b chit chai ( chit
theo nguyn l ng p ). Nhit ca bia l 0 - 1C. Trong qu trnh chit chai cn
trnh tip xc vi khng kh v oxy l nguyn nhn gy nn hot ng sng ca cc h vi
sinh vt trong bia, gy km bn cho bia. ng thi oxy l tc nhn gy ra cc phn ng
oxy ha m sn phm l cc cht kt ta gy c cho bia.
Khi chit chai, vi chit ngom kht vo c chai, gia chai c thng cha bia c
ng thng vi nhau to p sut ng p, ng ny ni gia c chai v mt thong ca
Dng Ngc Tu CNTP3, K50
39
n tt nghip
thng bia, xi lanh vi chit chai c a xung tn y chai v thc hin qu trnh
chit. Phng php chit ny trnh c s tro bt gy tn tht v trnh bia tip xc
nhiu vi khng kh. Khi chit xong bia c cho i qua khu kim tra mc y v rn
nt ( nu c ) v sau quan st b phn dp nt, khi chai bia c dp nt xong, ta
chuyn bia sang b phn thanh trng.
c Thanh trng bia chai
* Mc ch.
Thanh trng l gia nhit chai bia n nhit thch hp, trong khong thi gian
cn thit tiu dit hon ton t bo nm men cn st li trong bia sau khi lc, m bo
t bo nm men khng hot ng tr li ( nhit 20 25oC) gy c cho bia, ko di
thi gian bo qun cho bia.
* Cch tin hnh:
Tin hnh thanh trng bng thit b thanh trng kiu hm tunel phun t ng. Cc chai
bia chy dc theo bng ti qua cc vng ca hm thanh trng. Hm thanh trng c 8 khoang,
mi khoang phun nc nng mt nhit khc nhau.
Gia nhit 419C bng nc 28C
Gia nhit 1933C bng nc 42C
Gia nhit 3347C bng nc 48C
Gia nhit 4764C bng nc 64C
Gi nhit 64C bng nc 68C
H nhit 6459C bng nc 62C
H nhit 5949C bng nc 40C
H nhit 4936C bng nc 32C
Cc bng ti tm bng nn nc sau khi phun vo vng no s c thu gom vo
cc b cha t vng . Cc chai chy trong hm theo mt ng thng ,vo u
hm v ra cui hm.
* Cc bin i trong qu trnh thanh trng.
Vt l :
S thay i nhit trong thit b thanh trng lm xut hin gradien nhit .
40
n tt nghip
Ho l:
Qu trnh thanh trng c th dn ti hin tng vn c trong bia. iu ny ph
thuc vo thnh phn v hm lng protein trong bia, cc hp cht polyphenol, nhit
v thi gian thanh trng.
Ho sinh:
Nhit , thi gian v tc phn ng trong cc vng thanh trng cn tu thuc
vo s thay i hot tnh ca enzyme theo nhit . giai on u ca qu trnh thanh
trng, nhit tng dn. Khi , enzyme bt u hot ng mnh lm tng tc phn
ng. Do , nu nh giai on gia nhit v lm lnh ko di s lm thay i cht lng sn
phm.
Cm quan:
Qu trnh thanh trng lm thay i mu sc, hng v sn phm do s hnh thnh hot
cht mlanoid.
* Ch tiu sn phm
- V chai khng v,khng c du hiu nt.
- Bia trong chai khng c nhng biu hin bt thng nh: bin i mu,c v
c
- Sau thi gian bo n khng c cc bin i gy nh hng n cht lng sn
phm.
d. Dn nhn, in hn s dng.
Sau khi thanh trng bia c kim tra i trn bng ti n my dn nhn, nhn
Dng Ngc Tu CNTP3, K50
41
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phi c ghi ngay ngn, h dn phi cho thm CuSO4 0,1% chng gin.
Sau khi dn nhn, bia c xp vo kt, mi kt 20 chai. Cui cng l nhp kho v em
i tiu th
42
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43
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44
n tt nghip
100
= 103,09(l)
1 0,03
Cng on lng xoy v lnh nhanh tn tht 2,5% ,lng dch ng sau un
hoa ( 200C ) l :
109,02
= 111,81(l)
(1 0.025)
12
= 14,06(kg)
100
Cng on nu, ng ho, lc tn tht cht chit l 3%, lng cht chit ban
u l:
14,06
= 14,5(kg)
1 0,03
Ta c: 0,93219M = 14,5(kg)
Suy ra: Lng malt cn l M = 15,56(kg)
Lng go cn l 0,25M = 3,89(kg)
45
n tt nghip
2. Lng b go v b malt
Lng malt em nu l 15,56kg trong :
Lng cht kh khng ho tan 100% 80% = 20%
m W = 6%
Tn tht khi nghin 0,5%
Suy ra lng cht kh trong b malt:
15,56.(1 0,005).(1 0,06).0,2 = 2,91(kg)
B c hm m 80%, khi lng b malt t l:
2,91
= 14,55(kg)
1 0,8
46
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12
) 117,81 = 103,67(kg)
100
Khi un hoa tn tht 5% th tch dch do nc bay hi, lng nc trong dch
ng trc un hoa:
47
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103,67
= 98,5(kg)
1 0,05
S dng 80% hoa vin 8% axit ng v 20% cao hoa 60% axit ng.
Gi lng hoa vin s dng l m(g) th lng cao hoa s dng l 0,25m(g).
Lng cht ng trch ly c l: m 0,08 + 0,25m 0,60 = 0,23m(g)
Ta c: 0,23m = 7,33(g)
Suy ra: Lng hoa vin s dng l m = 31,87(g)
Lng cao hoa s dng l 0,25m = 7,97(g)
B hoa: coi lng cao hoa ho tan hon ton, hoa vin ho tan 40%, b hoa
vin c m 85% th lng b hoa vin l:
31,87 0,6
= 127,48(g) 0,13(kg)
1 0,85
48
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h ho bng khong 0,06% lng go, v lng acid b sung vo ni malt bng khong
0,04% lng malt.
Tng lng acid b sung l:
0,06% 3,89 + 0,04% 15,56 = 0,006224(kg) = 6,224(g)
ni ng ho cn c b sung mt lng mui n to cho bia v m
, lng mui tng ng vi 100 lt bia l: 20g
* Cc ho cht b sung trong qu trnh lc dch bia:
Bt tr lc: Bt tr lc s dng y ch yu l diatomide (2 loi bt th v
mn c s dng l Hyflosuppercell v Standarlsuppercell) ngoi ra cn c vinyl
polypyriolidone. lc 100 lt bia cn s dng khong 0,08 kg diatomide mi loi v 25
g vinyl polypyriolidone.
Sn phm bia chai cn c b sung cc ho cht chng oxyho, chng c l
polyclarlc, vicant, collupulin cng vi t tr lc ln 2. Lng ho cht b sung tng
ng vi 100 lt bia l: 18g polycarlc, 3g vicant, 2,2g collupulin.
* Lng men ging s dng:
Men ging nui cy trc tip cp bng 10% lng dch a vo ln men:
0,1 .109,02 10,9(l)
Men sa cp bng 1% lng dch a vo ln men:
0,01.109,02 1,09(l)
Men sa ti s dng 7 ln th trong 8 chu k ln men ch cn nhn men ging
cho chu k u cn ti s dng men sa cho 7 chu k sau.
* Sa men kt lng:
C 100l bia cho 2 sa men c m 85%, trong c th ti s dng khong
1l. Lng men ti s dng ca 1 tank c th nhn men cho 2 tank do thc t ch
ti s dng 0,5l sa men cn thi b 1,5l sa men kt lng.
* Cn lng:
Lng cn lng c m 80% chim khong 1,75% so vi nguyn liu. ng
vi 100l bia cn nu 15,56kg malt v 3,89kg go tc tng lng nguyn liu l:
15,56 + 3,89 = 19,45(kg).
49
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Quy v ng maltose, trong giai on ln men chnh coi 55% lng cht chit
c chuyn ho, lng CO2 to thnh l:
13,71
176
0,55 = 3,88(kg)
342
50
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ng thi trong qu trnh tng tr cn tip tc bo ho CO2 trong bia hm lng CO2
t ti 4,5g/l. Lng CO2 cn bo ho 103,61 lt bia sau lc l:
(4,5 2).103,61 = 259,025(g) 0,26(kg)
Th tch CO2 cn bo ho thm l:
0,26
= 0,14(m3)
1,832
Bng tng kt nguyn liu chnh, bn thnh phm tng ng vi bia chai
TT
Tn nguyn liu
100 lt
1 m
1 ngy
1 nm
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Malt
Go
Nc nu cho
Nc ng ho
Nc ra b
B malt v go
Hoa vin
Cao hoa
Dch bt go
Dch cho
Dch malt
15,56 kg
3,89 kg
21,29 lt
60,4 lt
31,38 lt
17,1 kg
31,87 g
7,97 g
25,548 kg
24,457 kg
100 kg
2599 kg
650 kg
3555 l
10087 l
5240,5 l
2,86 tn
5,32 kg
1,33 kg
4,3 tn
4,084 tn
16,7 tn
15,59 tn
3,9 tn
21,33 m3
71,4 m3
31,44 m3
17,13 tn
32 kg
8,0 kg
25,6 tn
24,5 tn
100,4 tn
12
13
14
Dch ng
Dch sau lc
Dch ng
houblon ho
Dch ng em
ln men
Bia ti
Bia sau lc
Bia trc chit chai
Men nhn trc tip
Men ti s dng
96,72 kg
114,28 kg
116,47 lt
16,15 tn
19,08 tn
19,45 m3
96,9 tn
114,48 tn
116,7m3
4677 tn
1170 tn
6400 m3
21420 m3
9432 m3
5140,3 tn
9580 kg
2396 kg
7680 tn
7350 tn
30121,6
tn
2907 tn
34344 tn
35010 m3
109,02 lt
18,2 m3
109,2 m3
32760 m3
104,66 lt
103,61 lt
103,09 lt
10,9 lt
1,09 lt
17,48 m3
17, 3 m3
17,2 m3
1,82 m3
182 lt
105 m3
103,8 m3
103,2 m3
10,92 m3
1,09 m3
31464 m3
31140 m3
30960 m3
3276m3
327,6m3
15
16
17
18
19
51
n tt nghip
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Tn nguyn liu
Acid lactics
NaCl
Diatomide
(mi loi)
Vinyl
polypyriolidone
Men kt lng
Men ti s dng
Men thi b
Polyclarlc
Vicant
Collupulin
CO2 thot ra
12
13
CO2 c th thu hi
CO2 cn bo ho
100 lt
9,1 g
20 g
0,08 kg
1 m
152 kg
3,34 kg
13,4 kg
1 ngy
9,12 kg
20 kg
80 kg
1 nm
1824 kg
4000 kg
16000 kg
25 g
4,2 kg
25 kg
1250 kg
2 lt
0,5 lt
1,5 lt
18 g
3,3 g
2,2 g
1,98 m3
334 lt
83,5 lt
250,5 lt
3 kg
551 g
367 g
330,7 m3
2000 lt
500 lt
1500 lt
18 kg
3,3 kg
2,2 kg
1984 m3
1,38 m3
0,14 m3
230,5 m3
23,38 m3
1382,8 m3
140,28 m3
400 m3
100 m3
300 m3
3600 kg
660 kg
440 kg
595 188
m3
414 828m3
42084 m3
52
n tt nghip
Giai on tng tr v bo ho CO2 trc khi chit bock tn tht 0,5%, lng
bia sau lc l:
101
= 101,51(l)
1 0.005
Cng on lng xoy v lnh nhanh tn tht 2,5% ,lng dch ng sau un
hoa ( 200C ) l :
106,8
= 109,54(l)
(1 0,025)
53
n tt nghip
109,54
= 114,1(l)
1 0,04
Ta c: 0,93219M = 11,98(kg)
Suy ra: Lng malt cn l M = 12,86(kg)
Lng go cn l 0,25M = 3,214(kg)
2. Lng b go v b malt
Lng malt em nu l 12,86 kg.
Lng cht kh khng ho tan 100% 80% = 20%
m 6%
Tn tht trong qu trnh nghin l 0,5%
Lng b malt kh l:
12,86.(1 0,005).(1 0,06).0,2 = 2,4(kg)
B c hm m 80%, khi lng b malt t l:
2,4
= 12,03 (kg)
1 0,8
54
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55
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Trong qu trnh un hoa th tch dch gim 10% do nc bay hi. Lng nc
trong dch ng trc un hoa l:
102,15
= 113,5 (kg)
1 0,1
S dng 80% hoa vin 8% axit ng v 20% cao hoa 60% axit ng.
Gi lng hoa vin s dng l m(g) th lng cao hoa s dng l 0,25m(g). Lng cht
ng trch ly c l: m 0,08 + 0,25m 0,60 = 0,23m(g)
Ta c: 0,23m = 6(g)
Dng Ngc Tu CNTP3, K50
56
n tt nghip
Suy ra:
57
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Quy v ng maltose, trong giai on ln men chnh coi 55% lng cht chit
c chuyn ho, lng CO2 to thnh l:
11,68
176
0,55 = 3,3(kg)
342
Sau ln men chnh th tch dch gim 3%, th tch bia non ng vi 100 lt bia
thnh phm l:
106,8 0,97 = 103,6 (l)
Lng CO2 ho tan trong bia non l 2,5g/l, ng vi 103,6 lt bia non l:
2,5.103,6 = 259 (g) 0,26 (kg)
Lng CO2 thot ra l:
3,3 0,26 = 3,04(kg)
20C, 1atm, CO2 c khi lng ring 1,832kg/m3, th tch ca CO2 bay ra l:
58
n tt nghip
3,04
= 1,66 (m3)
1,832
Tn nguyn liu
Malt
Go
Nc nu cho
Nc ng ho
Nc ra b
B malt
Hoa vin
Cao hoa
Dch bt go
Dch cho
Dch malt
Dch ng
Dch lc
Dch ng
houblon ho
Dch i ln men
Bia ti
Bia sau lc
Bia trc chit
bock
100 lt
12,86 kg
3,214 kg
17,6 lt
49,92 lt
57,68 lt
14,28 kg
26,1 g
6,5 g
21,12 kg
20,22 kg
82,62 kg
79,82 kg
65,54 kg
114,1 lt
1 m
2147,6 kg
537 kg
2939 l
8336 l
9632 l
2,38 tn
4,4 kg
1,1 kg
3,53 tn
3,376 tn
13,8 tn
13,33 tn
10,95 tn
19,05 m3
1 ngy
12,88 tn
3,22 tn
17,63 m3
50 m3
57,8 m3
14,28 tn
26,4 kg
6,6 kg
21,16 tn
20,26 tn
82,78 tn
80 tn
65,67 tn
114,3 m3
1 nm
3866 tn
966 tn
5290 m3
15000 m3
17340 m3
4284 tn
7920 kg
1980 kg
6348 tn
6078 tn
24834 tn
24000 tn
19701 tn
34290 m3
106,8 lt
102,53 lt
101,51 lt
101 lt
17,84 m3
17,12 m3
16,95 m3
16,87 m3
107,04 m3
102,7 m3
101,7 m3
101,22 m3
32112 m3
30816m3
30510 m3
30366 m3
59
n tt nghip
19
TT
1
2
3
Tn nguyn liu
Acid lactics
NaCl
Diatomide
(mi loi)
Vinyl
polypyriolidone
Men kt lng
Men ti s dng
Men thi b
CO2 thot ra
CO2 c th thu hi
CO2 cn bo ho
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
100 lt
7g
20 g
0,08 kg
1 m
1169 kg
3,34 kg
13,4 kg
1 ngy
7014 kg
20 kg
80 kg
1 nm
2104 kg
1000 kg
4000 kg
25 g
4,2 kg
25 kg
1250 kg
2 lt
0,5 lt
1,5 lt
1,66 m3
1,162 m3
0,14 m3
334 lt
83,5 lt
250,5 lt
277,22 m3
194 m3
23,38 m3
2000 lt
500 lt
1500 lt
1663,3 m3
1164 m3
140,28 m3
100 m3
25 m3
75 m3
498996 m3
349200 m3
42084 m3
60
n tt nghip
Tn ho cht
NaOH
HNO3 63%
Cloramin
Trimeta HC
P3 oxonia
1 nm
70230 kg
193 kg
12150 kg
67800 kg
16950 kg
61
n tt nghip
62
n tt nghip
S i trc: 2
Khong cch gia 2 trc: 1,25m
Nc ngm malt c nhit 65C, lng nc dng ngm 60l/100kg. Tng
thi gian ngm v nghin khng qu 30 pht. Khi thu phn ca ht tng ln 20%.
3. Ni h ho
Tng khi lng dch bt trong ni h ho l ng vi mt m nu: 4,3 tn.
Khi lng ring ca hn hp dch bt l 1,07(tn/m3)
Th tch ca hn hp trong ni h ho l:
4,3
= 4,02 (m3)
1,07
63
n tt nghip
4,02
= 5,36 (m3)
0,75
h2
h1
Th tch ni:
V
Vtr
Vy
D 2
D 2
H +(
h1 + h13 )
4
8
6
D 2
D 2
0,6 D +
0,2 D + (0,2 D) 3 = 0,554D3
4
8
6
64
n tt nghip
16,7
= 15,46 (m3)
1,08
h2
h1
Th tch ni:
V
Vtr
Vy
D 2
D 2
H +(
h1 + h13 )
4
8
6
D 2
D 2
0,6 D +
0,2 D + (0,2 D) 3 = 0,554D3
4
8
6
65
n tt nghip
5. Thng lc y bng
Thng y bng, thn tr, np nn h2 = 0,15D.
h2
ng knh thng lc l: D =
4 9,525
3,5 (m)
Qu trnh lc b v un hoa tn tht cht chit l 2%, khi lng cht chit c
trong dch ng trc lc l:
Dng Ngc Tu CNTP3, K50
66
n tt nghip
2348
= 2396(kg)
1 0,02
15,23
Vd
=
= 1,49(m)
10,2
S
hd
1,49
=
= 2,13 (m)
0,7
0,7
D 2
.3,6 2
H =
2,15 = 21,88(m 3 ) .
4
4
67
n tt nghip
20,47
= 29,24 (m3)
0,7
h2
h1
Th tch ni:
V
Vtr
Vy
D 2
D 2
H +(
h1 + h13 )
4
8
6
D 2
D 2
0,6 D +
0,2 D + (0,2 D) 3 = 0,554D3
4
8
6
68
n tt nghip
20,47
= 22,74 (m3)
0,9
h2
h1
Th tch ni:
V
Vtr
Vy
D 2
D 2
H +(
h1 + h13 )
4
8
6
D 2
D 2
0,6 D +
0,2 D + (0,2 D) 3 = 0,554D3
4
8
6
69
n tt nghip
h2
Th tch thng:
V=
D 2
H = 0,628D3
4
70
n tt nghip
Nhit nc vo : 250C.
Nhit nc ra :450C.
Nhit dch vo: 900C.
Nhit dch ra : 600C.
Ban u,dch c nhit 900C i qua tc nhn lnh l nc c nhit 250C, sau qu
trnh trao i nhit v lm lnh th dch c nhit 600C v nc c nhit 450C. Vy
lng nhit cn l:
Q = G x C x ( t2 t1)
Trong : G : Khi lng dch lm lnh mt m nu :
G = 18673 x 1,048 = 19569,3 (kg)
C: T nhit ca dch. Tra s tay ta c C = 0,92 kcal/kg 0C.
t1 : nhit trc ca dch : 900C.
t2 : nhit sau qu trnh trao i : 600C.
Nh vy ta c:
Q = 19569,3 x 0,92 x ( 90 60 ) = 540112,8 (kcal)
Thi gian lm ngui bng nc l 30 pht. Vy lng nhit cp cho 1 gi l :
Q1 = 540112,8 x 60 : 30 = 1080225,6 ( kcal/h)
Tnh b mt truyn nhit
Q1
F=
K x t
Tnh K: H s dn nhit qua thnh. Chn K = 450 (kcal/m2h0C)
Tnh t
Thc cht hnh thc trao i nhit y l trao i nhit gin tip qua tm bn.
Ta c :
t1- t2
ttb =
2,3 x lg t1/t2
t1 : hiu s ln nht gia nhit nc v nhit khi dch
t1 = 90 45 = 45 (0C)
t2 : Hiu s nh nht gia nhit nc v nhit khi dch
71
n tt nghip
t2 = 60 25 = 35 ( 0C)
Vy ta c :
ttb =
45- 35
= 39,84 0C
2,3 x lg 45/35
Tnh F
Din tch b mt truyn nhit :
Q1
F=
1080225,6
= 60,25 (m2)
=
k t
450 x 39,84
72
n tt nghip
58- 22
= 37,18 0C
Ta c ttb =
2,3 x lg 58/22
Tnh F
Din tch b mt truyn nhit :
Q1
1104230
F=
=
= 24,75 (m2)
k t
1200 x 37,18
H s an ton 1,2 nn din tch truyn nhit thc l:
Ft = 24,75 x 1,2 = 29,7 (m2)
73
n tt nghip
Nc ra b: 5,24 (m3)
Nc v sinh khong 8% th tch ni ln nht l ni hoa:
0,08. 30,4 = 2,43 (m3)
Tng cng lng nc cn dng trong mt m nu bia chai l:
3,55 + 11,9 + 5,24 + 2,43 = 23,12 (m3)
*Vi bia hi lng nc s dng l:
Nc ra b: 9,63 (m3)
Nc v sinh: 2,43 m3
Tng cng lng nc cn dng trong mt m nu bia hi l:
2,94 + 8,34 + 9,63 + 2,43 = 23,34 (m3)
74
n tt nghip
Lng CIP ra thng bng 5 8% th tch thng. Ta tnh cho thng nu hoa
l thng c th tch ln nht 30,4m3, th tch s dng ca thng l 80% th th tch cc
thng CIP cn t:
0,08.30,4/0,8 = 3,04(m3).
Ta c: 1,218D3 = 3,04(m3). Suy ra: D = 1,36(m).
Quy chun: D = 1,4m. H = 2,1m; h1 = 0,14m; h2 = 0,14m.
Th tch thc ca mi thng:
V = 1,218D3 = 1,218.1,43 = 3,34(m3)
75
n tt nghip
76
n tt nghip
h4
h3
D
h2
h1
Th tch hu ch ca thit b l:
Vhi =
h
D 2
D 2
0,866 D
( h2 + 1 ) =
(1,5 D +
) = 1,405D3
4
3
4
3
15
D 2
Vhi = 0,248 D3
h3 =
85
4
77
n tt nghip
h
D 2
D 2
0,866 D
( h2 + 1 ) =
(D +
) = 1,012D3
4
3
4
3
D 2
h3 = 0,2Vhi
4
78
n tt nghip
D 2
h3 = 0,25Vhi
4
79
n tt nghip
D 2
h3 = 0,25Vhi
4
80
n tt nghip
D 2 h1 h13
D 2
D 2
D 2 0,1D (0,1D) 3
H +(
+
) =
1,5 D +
+
= 1,218D3
4
8
6
4
8
6
Lng CIP ra thng bng 5-8% th tch thng. Ta tnh cho 1 tank ln men
c th tch 131,42 (m3), h s s dng ca cc thng CIP l 80% th th tch mi thng
cn t:
0,08.131,42/0,8 = 13,14(m3)
Ta c: 1,218D3 = 13,14(m3) Suy ra: D = 2,2(m)
Quy chun: D = 2,2m; H = 3,3m; h1 = 0,22m; h2 = 0,22m
Th tch thc ca mi thng:
V = 1,218D3 = 1,218.2,23 = 13,0(m3)
Cc thng c thnh dy 5mm, ng knh ngoi ca cc thng: Dng = 2,21m
81
n tt nghip
82
n tt nghip
2000
= 209(bock/h)
12 0,8
* My ra chai
Chn my ra chai c thng s k thut:
Dng Ngc Tu CNTP3, K50
83
n tt nghip
Cng sut ng c: 7 kW
* My chit chai
Chn my chit chai c thng s k thut:
Nng sut: 15000 chai/h
15000 np chai/h
S ng ng cng 1 lc :
15 ng
p sut kh :
2,5kg/cm2
Cng sut ng c :
4,5Kw
550vng/pht
p lc ng nt
60kg/cm2
Kch thc :
S lng my :
1 chic
84
n tt nghip
Hi 3 4 bar, 6 8 m3/h
85
n tt nghip
86
n tt nghip
87
n tt nghip
88
n tt nghip
89
n tt nghip
Trm in
Trm x l
nc cp
Nhp
nguyn liu
Kho nguyn
liu
Nghin
nguyn liu
L hi
Than
Nu
Ph phm
Ln men
B phn cp
men
Lc v tng
tr bia
B phn thu
hi CO2
Chit chai,
chit bock
Chai, bock ti
s dng
H thng lnh
Kho tng tr
sn phm
Xut sn
phm
Khu x l
nc thi
90
n tt nghip
Din tch(m2)
36
0,8
91
n tt nghip
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
1,8 x 1,6
0,5 x 0,8
D= 2,4
D= 3,6
D= 3,7
D= 4
D= 3,51
2 x 0,7
D= 4
D= 1,41
D= 1,8
D= 2,4
D= 1,8
D= 2,21
4,5 x 5
My nghin go
Gu ti
Ni h ho
Ni dng ho
Ni lc y bng
Ni nu hoa
Thng lng xoy
My lnh nhanh
Thng nc nu
CIP nu
Thit b gy men cp 1
Thit b gy men cp 2
Thit b ra men
CIP ln men
Phng iu hnh nu
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
1
1
1
3
1
2,88
0,8
4,52
10,17
10,75
12,56
9,68
1,4
12,56
4,68
2,54
4,52
2,54
11,5
22,5
S = S i = 151,2(m 2 )
i =1
Mi thit b t cch nhau 0,5-1m, cch tng 0.5-1m nn tng din tch t chc
sn xut v thao tc l :
Stc = 151,2 + 20 = 171,2 (m2)
Din tch t chc sn xut chim 60% din tch yu cu ca nh sn xut chnh.
Vy din tch yu cu ca nh sn xut chnh l:
S yc =
S tc 171,2
=
= 285,33(m 2 )
0,6
0,6
Din tch giao thng c bit chim 20% din tch yu cu. Vy din tch giao
thng c bit l:
S gt = 0,2 S yc = 0,2 285,33 = 57,07(m 2 )
Din tch m rng nh my chim 20% din tch yu cu. Vy din tch m rng
l:
Smr = 57,07(m2)
Vy tng din tch thit k nh sn xut chnh l:
S sx = S yc + S gt + S mr= 285,33+ 57,07 + 57,07 = 399,47 (m2)
92
n tt nghip
3,14
4,5 2 = 381,51(m2)
4
Din tch t chc sn xut chim 60% din tch yu cu ca khu sn xut chnh.
Vy din tch yu cu ca khu ln men l:
Syc=
381,51
= 545(m 2 )
0, 7
Din tch giao thng c bit chim 20% din tch yu cu. Vy din tch giao
thng c bit l:
Sgt = 0,2 545= 109 (m2)
Din tch m rng nh my chim 20% din tch yu cu. Vy din tch m rng
l:
Smr= 0,2 545= 109 (m2)
Vy tng din tch thit k khu ln men l:
Ssx= Syc+Sgt+Smr
= 545 + 109+ 109= 763 (m2)
Chn khu ln men c kch thc sau:
+ Chiu rng: 23 (m)
+ Chiu di: 33,4 (m)
+ Din tch: 768,2 (m2)
Tn thit b
My ra bock
S lng
1
n tt nghip
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
My chit bock
My ra chai
My chit chai
My thanh trng
My dn nhn
Bng ti
My dp nt
ng lc
Tank tang tr v bo
ha CO2
Khu xp bock, kt
4,15 x 1,6
6,5 x 3,44
3,5 x 2
10 x 2,7
3,56 x 1,2
70 0,7
3,3 x 3
D= 0,6
D= 3,2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
6,64
22,36
7
27
4,272
49
9,9
0,56
16,08
70
S tc = S i = 216,112(m 2 )
i =1
Din tch t chc sn xut chim 70% din tch yu cu ca nh sn xut chnh.
Vy din tch yu cu ca nh sn xut chnh l:
S yc =
Stc 216,112
=
=308, 73( m2 )
0, 7
0, 7
Din tch giao thng c bit chim 20% din tch yu cu. Vy din tch giao
thng c bit l:
S gt = 0, 2 Syc = 0, 2 308, 73 = 61, 75( m2 )
Din tch m rng nh my chim 20% din tch yu cu. Vy din tch m rng
l:
2
Smr = 0, 2 S yc = 0, 2 308, 73 = 61, 75(m )
V khu hon thin cn nhiu din tch cho cng nhn thao tc hn cc nh
khc( xp, gi kt bock, soi chai) ta thm din tch thao tc bng 50% din tch t
chc sn xut
Stt= 0,5 x 308,73 = 154,36(m2)
Vy tng din tch l:
S= 308,73 + 61,75 + 61,75 + 154,36= 586,6(m2)
Chn nh hon thin sn phm c kch thc sau:
+ Chiu rng: 18(m)
+ Chiu di : 36(m)
+ Chiu cao : 8 (m)
Dng Ngc Tu CNTP3, K50
94
n tt nghip
3 2000
= 375(m 2 )
4 4
9260
= 154,33(m 2 )
10 6
529,33
= 661,66 (m2)
0,8
95
n tt nghip
7/Nh xe:
S lng ngi trong nh my khong 150 ngi, trong s cn b v cng
nhn trong mt ca l: 65 ngi.
Trong 60 ngi, c khong 80% i xe my cn 20% i xe p. C 1 xe my
chim din tch 2,25 (m2), 1 xe p chim 0,9 (m2).
Vy din tch nh xe l:
S= 0,8 65 2,25 + 0,2 65 0,9 = 128,7(m2)
Chn nh xe c kch thc nh sau:
+ Chiu rng: 9 (m)
+ Chiu di: 15 (m)
+ Din tch: 135 (m2)
8/Gara t:
Chn gara t c kch thc nh sau:
+ Chiu rng: 12(m)
+ Chiu di: 24(m)
9/Nh hnh chnh-hi trng-phng hp:
Cc cng trnh ny, c xy dng theo kiu hp khi v c thit k 2 tng.
Nh my bao gm 1 G v 2 PG, chim 54 m2.
S cn b l 15 m c 1 ngi chim din tch l 3,5m2. Nh vy, h chim mt
din tch l:
15 3,5 = 52,5(m 2 )
96
n tt nghip
Shc=
375
= 187,5(m 2 )
2
65
= 19,5(m 2 )
20
97
n tt nghip
14/Xng c in:
+ Chiu rng: 12m
+ Chiu di: 18m
+ Din tch: 216m2
15/Phng KCS
+ Chiu rng: 12m
+ Chiu di: 12m
+ Din tch: 144m2
16/Khu cha b:
+ Chiu rng: 12m
+ Chiu di: 18m
+ Din tch: 216m2
17/Khu x l nc sch:
+ Chiu rng: 12m
+ Chiu di: 18m
+ Din tch: 216m2
18/Khu x l nc thi:
+ Chiu rng: 12m
+ Chiu di: 21m
+ Din tch: 252m2
19/Phn xng hi:
+ Chiu rng: 12m
+ Chiu di: 18m
+ Din tch: 216m2
20/Bi than:
+ Chiu rng: 9m
+ Chiu di: 9m
98
n tt nghip
Tn hng mc
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Kch thc
(m)
18 x 36
18 x 30
23 x 33,4
18 x 36
25 x 40
12 x 24
9 x 15
12 x 24
9 x 24
9 x 18
6x6
6 x 12
12 x 18
12 x 18
12 12
Din tch
(m2)
648
540
768,2
648
1000
288
135
288
216
162
36
72
216
216
144
99
n tt nghip
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
12 x 18
12 x 18
12 x 21
12 x 18
9x9
2(6x6)
6 x 12
6x9
216
216
252
216
81
72
72
54
6556
100
n tt nghip
101
n tt nghip
102
n tt nghip
A+ B
S
Trong :
A + B 6556 + 240
=
= 0,28 = 28 %
24000
S
A+ B+C
S
103
n tt nghip
104
n tt nghip
100 12
12
Cn +
C t = 3,830 (kJ.kg-1.-1)
100
100
G1 C1 t1
19074 .3,830.80
=
= 20007(kg)
4,173.70
C 2 t 2
105
n tt nghip
1000
312,3 = 913,1(kJ)
342
1,5
114253 = 1713,8(kg)
100
106
n tt nghip
107
n tt nghip
108
n tt nghip
312,3
3276 = 5,56(kJ)
184
109
n tt nghip
Qmen
= Qra
men
+ Qbo
qun
+ Qhot
ho
672,1.103(kJ)
b. Lng nhit lnh cn cp nhn men
* Nhn men cp II:
Lng dch ng s dng nhn men cp II bng 1/10 lng dch ln men,
tc c th tch 10920(l). Dch ng s dng nhn men c nng cht chit 12Bx,
c khi lng ring 1,048kg/l.
Khi lng dch ng dng nhn ging cp II l:
10920 1,048 = 11444(kg)
Lng cht kh c trong dch ng nhn men cp II l:
0,12 11444 = 1373(kg)
Trong c 80% cht chit l ng c kh nng ln men. Ta coi trong lng
cht chit chuyn ho chim 60% tng lng cht chit c trong dch ng, th khi
lng cht kh chuyn ho l:
0,6 1373 = 824(kg).
Coi cht kh chuyn ho l ng maltose, 1 kg ng maltose ln men to ra
nhit lng 913,1kJ.
Nhit lng to ra l: Q1 = 913,1 824 = 752,4.103(kJ)
Tn tht lnh:
Qtt = K F t (kJ/h)
K: H s truyn nhit qua lp cch nhit K = 1,2(kJ.m-2.-1.h-1)
Nhit khng kh bn ngoi tng = 32C
Nhit nhn men sn xut ttr = 16C
t = tng ttr = 16C
F: Din tch truyn nhit (m2)
Coi tn tht lnh ch yu phn thn tr ca thit b th:
F = Dng H = 2,4 2,77 = 20,9(m2)
Suy ra: Qtt = K F t = 1,2 20,9 16 = 401(kJ/h)
Tn tht lnh trong mt ngy l:
Q2 = 24 Qtt = 24 401 = 9,6.103(kJ)
Lng nhit lnh cn cung cp nhn men cp II l:
QNMcp II = Q1 + Q2 = 752,4.103+ 9,6.103 = 762.103(kJ)
110
n tt nghip
* Nhn men cp I:
Th tch dch nhn men cp I bng 1/3 th tch dch nhn men cp II, tc l c
th tch: 3640 (l), cng nhn men 16C v s dng dch ng c nng cht chit
12Bx.
Ta cng coi lng cht chit chuyn ho chim 60% tng lng cht chit
trong dch ng th nhit lng do nhn men cp I to ra bng 1/3 nhit lng do nhn
men cp II to ra:
Q1 = Q1/3 = 752,4.103/3 = 250,8.103(kJ)
Tn tht lnh:
Qtt = K F t (kJ/h)
K: H s truyn nhit qua lp cch nhit K = 1,2(kJ.m-2.-1.h-1)
Nhit khng kh bn ngoi tng = 32C
Nhit nhn men sn xut ttr = 16C
t = tng ttr = 16C
F: Din tch truyn nhit (m2)
Coi tn tht lnh ch yu phn thn tr ca thit b th:
F = Dng H = 1,8 2,01 = 11,4(m2)
Suy ra: Qtt = K F t = 1,2 11,4 16 = 218(kJ/h)
Tn tht lnh trong mt ngy l:
Q2 = 24 Qtt = 24 218 = 5,2.103(kJ)
Lng nhit lnh cn cung cp nhn men cp I l:
QNM cp I = Q1 + Q2 = 250,8.103 + 5,2.103 = 256.103(kJ)
Lng nhit lnh ln nht cn cp thc hin qu trnh nhn men trong
mt ngy l:
Qnhn men = QNM cp II + QNM cp I = 762.103 + 256.103= 1018.103(kJ)
Men sa c th ti s dng 7 ln, tc l thc hin 8 chu k ln men ch cn
nhn men cho 1 chu k u cn ti s dng men kt lng trong 7 chu k sau. Mt khc ta
c Qnhn men > Qmen sa KL. Do lng nhit lnh ln nht cn cung cp trong mt ngy
cp men ging l:
QCp men = Qnhn men = 1018. 103(kJ)
111
n tt nghip
5. H thng lnh
Tng lng nhit lnh ln nht cn cung cp mt ngy cho h thng sn xut
chnh:
112
n tt nghip
32768
Q
=
= 968.103(kg)
C t 3,76 9
D 2 h1 h13
D 2
D 2
D 2 0,1D (0,1D) 3
H +(
+
) =
1,5 D +
+
= 1,218D3
4
8
6
4
8
6
Ta c: 1,218D3 = 35(m3)
Suy ra: D = 3,06(m)
Quy chun: D = 3,0; H = 4,5m; h1 = 0,3m; h2 = 0,3m
Th tch thc ca thng: V = 1,218D3 = 1,218.3,03 = 32,9(m3)
113
n tt nghip
D 2
D 2
H =
1,5 D = 1,178D3
4
4
114
n tt nghip
II. Tnh hi
Nhit lng cung cp nng nhit khi dch t nhit t1 t2 (C) l:
Q = GCt (kJ)
t = t2 t1 (C)
G: Khi lng dch (kg)
C: Nhit dung ring ca khi dch (kJ.kg-1.-1)
Nhit lng cn duy tr nhit ca khi dch l:
Q = W.L (kJ)
W: Lng nc bay hi (kg)
L: Nhit ho hi ca nc (kJ/kg)
Lng hi cn cung cp:
D=
Q
(kg/h)
0,96 (i h i n )
115
n tt nghip
16700
1,091 = 182,2(kg)
100
957000 + 415000
Q1 + Q2
=
= 1444. 103(kJ)
1 0,05
1 0,05
2. Lng hi cp cho ni ng ho
ni ng ho, trc khi bm dch cho sang, hn hp dch c nhit
khong 52C. Sau khi bm dch cho sang hn dch c nhit khong 65C gi trong
40, nng ln 75C v gi 20 pht, cui cng nng ln 76C v gi 5 pht, t = 24C.
iu kin ny ta ly cc thng s trung bnh sau:
n nhit ho hi ca nc l: L = 2340(kJ/kg)
Nhit dung ring ca nc C1 = 4,182(kJ.kg-1.-1)
Nhit dung ring ca cht tan quy theo tinh bt C2 = 1,305(kJ.kg-1.-1)
Dch bt trong ni c t l bt:nc = 1:4,17
Nhit dung ring ca dch bt khong:
C = (4,17.C1 + C2)/5,17 = 3,626(kJ.kg-1.-1)
ng vi mt m nu bia chai ni malt:
Tng khi lng dch bt G = 16700(kg)
Lng nc bay hi
W=
16700
3,28 = 548(kg)
100
116
n tt nghip
1453300 + 1282000
Q1 + Q2
=
= 2879,3.103(kJ)
1 0,05
1 0,05
16700
(117,18 114,28) = 484,3(kg)
100
Q1 + Q2
= 3841.103(kJ)
1 0,05
117
n tt nghip
Q
= 2412.103(kJ)
1 0,05
Dnu =
Qn
0,96 (ih in )
10576300
= 1270 (kg/h)
0,96 4 (2727,6 558,4 )
118
n tt nghip
Q
= 32220.103(kJ)
1 0,05
D (i h i n )
(kg/h)
Q 1 2
119
n tt nghip
120
n tt nghip
III. Tnh nc
1. Lng nc dng cho phn xng nu
Nc cn cung cp cho mt m nu bia chai k c nc v sinh h thng ni
nu l: 21,895 m3. Mt ngy nu nhiu nht 6 m th lng nc cn cung cp l: 6
21,895 = 131,37(m3)
Lng nc cn lm lnh dch ng houblon ho ng vi mt m nu
bia chai l: 20007(kg). Coi nc c t khi bng 1, lng nc cn lm lnh dch
ng ng vi mt ngy nu bia chai l: 6 20,007 = 120(m3).
Lng nc ny sau khi lm lnh nhanh dch ng tr thnh nc nng c
nhit khong 70 75C s c dng lm nc nu v v sinh h thng ni nu.
Do lng nc ln nht cn cung cp cho phn xng nu thc hin qu
trnh sn xut trong mt ngy khong: 120(m3)
2. Lng nc dng cho phn xng ln men
Lng nc dng v sinh cc thit b ca phn xng ln men trong mt
ngy c th tch bng 8% th tch 1 tank ln men, tc l khong:
0,08 131,42= 10,51(m3)
Lng nc cn cung cp ra men kt lng mt ngy khong 6,7(m3).
Lng nc ln nht cn cung cp cho phn xng ln men trong mt ngy thc hin
qu trnh sn xut khong:
10,51+ 6,7 = 17,21 (m3)
3. Lng nc dng cho phn xng hon thin
S lng chai ng vi mt ngy sn xut ca nh my l: 222223(chai 450ml).
ng vi mi chai cn lng nc v sinh, thanh trng khong 1 lt. Do tng lng
nc cn v sinh chai, thanh trng chai v v sinh kt ng vi 1 ngy sn xut bia
chai khong: 222,2(m3).
S lng bock ng vi mt ngy sn xut ca nh my l: 2000(bock 50l).
ng vi mi bock cn lng nc v sinh khong 10 lt. Do tng lng
nc cn ra bock ng vi mt ngy sn xut bia hi khong: 20(m3).
Nh vy lng nc ln nht cn cung cp cho phn xng hon thin trong
mt ngy thc hin qu trnh sn xut khong: 222,2(m3)
121
n tt nghip
122
n tt nghip
IV. Tnh in
1. Ph ti chiu sng
Trong cc phn xng sn xut lp t h thng n chiu sng bao gm cc
bng n si t cng sut 100w/bng v n neon cng sut 40w/bng.
Cc bng n c lp t cc v tr cao khong 2,5 4m ty thuc v tr lm
vic, kch thc ca thit b khong cch gia mi bng L vo khong 3 4m,
khong cch t cc bng ngoi cng n tng l khong 0,25 0,35L ( y ta ly trung
bnh L = 3,5m; l = 1m).
Nh c kch thc A B(mm) th s bng theo mi hng v s hng bng mt
tng nh l:
n1 =
A 2l
+ 1 = (A 2)/3,5 + 1
L
n2 =
B 2l
+ 1 = (B 2)/3,5 + 1
L
123
n tt nghip
Tn cng trnh
P(W)
Pcs(W)
100
100
100
100
100
3600
4400
4400
9600
1600
100
100
40
40
1600
1600
1680
320
40
100
720
4000
33520
124
n tt nghip
2. Ph ti sn xut
Bng cng sut tiu th in ca cc thit b
TT
Tn thit b
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
My nghin go
My nghin malt t
My nghin malt lt
Ni h ha
Ni ng ha
Thng lc y bng
H thng cp men
H thng lc bia
My ra bock
My chit bock
My ra chai
My chit chai
Hm thanh trng
My dn nhn
My ra kt
My xp kt
H thng lnh
H thng thu hi CO2, kh nn
Bm, gu ti, vt ti, qut gi cc loi v h thng xch ti
H thng x l nc v cc thit b khc
Tng cng sut Psx
Pm
(kW)
6
11
4
4
8
12
4
5
2,5
0,8
7
4,5
4,1
0,8
3
4
70
40
80
70
340,7
Cc loi bm:
Bm dch ng sau lng xoy i lnh nhanh cng sut 20m3/h, Pm = 3kW
125
n tt nghip
Ptt
2
P + Q ph
2
tt
2
Ptt2 + Q ph
=
126
n tt nghip
Acs + Asx
(KWh)
0,95
127
n tt nghip
128
n tt nghip
B. Tnh cc ch tiu d n u t
I. Nhu cu vn u t
1. Vn lu ng
a. Tin lng
Nhn lc ca nh my:
TT
B phn
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
T nghin
T nu
Ln men
Lc bia + bo ho CO2
Ra bock
Chit bock
Ra chai
Kim tra soi chai
Chit chai
Kim tra
Thanh trng
Dn nhn
Kim tra
Vn chuyn bock, kt
Phng th nghim
KCS
X l nc
L hi
Nh cp lnh, kh nn, thu
CO2
Sa cha in, c kh
Trm bin p
X l nc thi
Li xe
Bo v
Th kho
Gii thiu sn phm
V sinh
Nu n
Y t
Ban gim c
ng u cng on
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
nh mc lao
ng
2
3
3
2
2
2
4
1
2
1
1
2
1
4
2
2
2
4
3
S ca/ngy
S cng nhn
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
6
9
9
6
4
4
8
2
4
2
2
4
2
8
4
6
6
12
9
2
1
3
3
4
2
3
2
3
1
3
2
3
2
2
3
3
3
1
2
6
3
2
10
12
4
6
6
9
3
3
2
129
n tt nghip
32 K ton
2
2
4
33 T chc hnh chnh
2
2
4
34 Qun c
5
35
Tng s lao ng
186
Trong :
B phn sn xut: 143
Cn b trc tip qun l sn xut: 5 ngi
Nhn vin bn hng: 6 ngi
Nhn vin qun l chung: 27 ngi
Cn b qun l doanh nghip: 5 ngi
Lng tr cho cn b qun l l 2 triu ng/ngi/thng
Lng tr cho nhn vin 1 triu ng/ngi/thng
Tin lng tr cho b phn sn xut trong mt nm:
12 thng 143 ngi 1 triu ng/ngi/thng + 19% tin bo him = 2042,04
triu ng
Tin lng tr cho b phn trc tip qun l sn xut trong mt nm:
12 thng 5 ngi 2 triu ng/ngi/thng + 19% tin bo him = 142,8 triu
ng
Tin lng tr cho b phn bn hng trong mt nm:
12 thng 6 ngi 1 triu ng/ngi/thng + 19% tin bo him = 85,68 triu
ng
Tin lng tr cho b phn qun l chung trong mt nm:
12 thng (27 ngi 1 triu ng/ngi/thng + 5 ngi 2 triu
ng/ngi/thng) + 19% tin bo him = 528,36 triu ng
Tng chi ph tr lng cho c doanh nghip l:
2042,04 + 142,8 + 85,68 + 528,36 = 2798,88 (triu ng/nm)
b. Chi ph nhin liu, nng lng
Trong mt nm nh my tiu th in nng vo khong 1598454 KWh, v tiu
th than vo khong 1625 tn.
1KWh in gi 984,5 ng VN
1 kg than gi 1342 ng VN
Bng chi ph nhin liu, nng lng ca nh my trong mt nm
TT
Tn
S lng
n gi
Thnh tin
130
n tt nghip
in nng
1598454
984,5
(KWh/nm)
(ng/KWh)
Than
1625000
1342
(kg/nm)
(ng/kg)
Tng chi ph nhin liu, nng lng
1.573.677.963
(ng/nm)
2
2.180.750.000
(ng/nm)
3
3.754.427.963
(ng/nm)
Trong nhng nm u nh my ch hot ng bng 80% nng sut nn chi ph
nhin liu nng lng mt nm l: 3.754.427.963ng/nm.
c. Chi ph marketing: 4000 triu ng
Tng vn lu ng ca nh my:
Vlu ng = 2798,88 + 3003,5 + 4000 = 9802,38 (triu ng)
2. Vn c nh
Vn c nh bao gm vn u t xy dng nh xng, sn bi, ng giao thng,
tng bao quanh nh my v vn u t mua sm dy chuyn thit b.
a. Vn u t cho xy dng
* Tin thu mt bng:
Tng din tch mt bng nh my l 24000m2
Chi ph thu mt bng: 50.000 ng VN/m2/20 nm
Tng chi ph thu mt bng: 50.000 24000 = 1.200.000.000 (ng)
* Vn u t xy dng cc hng mc cng trnh trong nh my c tnh theo gi
chung trn th trng xy dng:
n gi cho nh bao che khung thp mi tn: 1,2 triu ng/m2
n gi cho nh xe bn bi: 400 nghn ng/m2
n gi cho nh hnh chnh, hi trng: 2 triu ng/m2
131
n tt nghip
Tn cng trnh
Din tch n gi
(m2)
(ng)
1
Nh sn xut chnh
540
1200000
2
Khu tank ln men
768,2
1200000
3
Nh hon thin
648
1200000
4
Kho nguyn liu
648
1200000
5
Kho thnh phm
1000
1200000
7
Trm bin p
72
1200000
8
Xng c in
216
1200000
9
Nh lnh, thu CO2
216
1200000
10 Nh l hi
216
1200000
11 Bi than
81
400000
12 Khu x l nc sch
216
1200000
13 Khu x l nc thi
252
1200000
14 Nh hnh chnh
216 2
2000000
15 Nh gii thiu sn phm
72
2000000
17 Nh n cng tin
162
2000000
18 Gara t
288
400000
19 Nh xe ca nhn vin
135
400000
20 Phng bo v
36 2
2000000
21 Nh v sinh
36
2000000
22
Tng cng
23
Chi ph xy dng ng giao thng, h rnh bng
8% tng chi ph
24
Vn u t xy dng cc hng mc cng trnh
Tng vn u t xy dng ca nh my:
Vxy dng = 1200 + 8100,4= 9300,4 (triu ng)
Thnh tin
(triu ng)
648
922
777,6
777,6
1200
86,4
259,2
259,2
259,2
32,4
259,2
302,4
864
144
324
115,2
54
144
72
7500,4
600
8100,4
132
n tt nghip
Tn h thng thit b
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
Gi
(triu ng)
1200
2700
125
1000
500
12000
180
600
500
13500
1800
1350
180
800
540
900
300
700
50
200
135
60
900
39720
133
n tt nghip
134
n tt nghip
135
n tt nghip
Nguyn liu
Khi lng
n gi
Thnh tin
(kg)
(ng/kg)
(nghn ng)
1 Malt
15,56
7000
108,92
2 Go
3,89
4000
15,56
3 Hoa vin
0,3187
60000
19,122
4 Cao hoa
0,0797
200000
15,940
5
Tng chi ph nguyn liu chnh
159,5
6
Chi ph cho nguyn liu ph
6,382
(bng 4% chi ph cho nguyn liu chnh)
7
Tng chi ph nguyn liu
165,88
Trong mt nm sn xut khong 20 triu lt bia chai s cn chi ph nguyn liu
khong:
165,88 200.000 = 33176,4 (triu ng).
Ngoi ra trong mt nm sn xut cn phi chi khong 4000 triu ng cho np
chai, nhn mc.
Tng chi ph nguyn vt liu cho 20 triu lt bia chai l:
33176,4 + 4000 = 37176,4 (triu ng)
Nh vy chi ph nguyn vt liu bnh qun cho bia chai l:
37176,4 /20 = 1858,8 (ng/lt).
Dng Ngc Tu CNTP3, K50
136
n tt nghip
Nguyn liu
Khi lng
n gi
Thnh tin
(kg)
(ng/kg)
(nghn ng)
1 Malt
12,86 kg
7000
90,02
2 Go
3,214 kg
4000
12,856
3 Hoa vin
0,261
60000
15,660
4 Cao hoa
0,065
200000
13,0
5
Tng chi ph nguyn liu chnh
131,536
6
Chi ph cho nguyn liu ph
2,63
(bng khong 2% chi ph cho nguyn liu chnh)
7
Tng chi ph nguyn liu
134,166
Chi ph nguyn liu bnh qun cho bia hi: 1342 (ng/lt).
Trong mt nm sn xut khong 5 triu lt bia hi s cn chi ph nguyn liu
khong:
1858,8 5000 = 9294 (triu ng).
Tng chi ph nguyn vt liu cho 1 nm sn xut ca nh my:
33176,4 + 9294= 42470,4 (triu ng)
Trong 3 nm u nh my hot ng vi 80% nng sut cc i th chi ph
nguyn liu ca nh my mi nm l:
80% 42470,4 = 33976,3 (triu ng)
b. Chi ph nhn cng trc tip
Lng tr cho b phn trc tip sn xut: 2042,04 triu ng/nm.
Sn lng mt nm sn xut ca nh my l: 25 triu lt bia.
Chi ph nhn cng trc tip tnh theo mt n v sn phm l:
2042,04/25 = 81,7 (ng/lt)
c. Chi ph sn xut chung
Chi ph nhin liu nng lng: 3.754,4 triu ng/nm, trong nhng nm u chi
ph nhin liu, nng lng: 3.003,5 triu ng/nm.
Khu hao ti sn c nh: K = 10888,65 triu ng/nm.
Chi ph bo dng my mc, nh xng: 1000 triu ng/nm.
Lng tr cho cn b qun l trc tip: 142,8 triu ng/nm.
Tng chi ph sn xut chung:
3.754,4 + 10888,65 + 1000 + 142,8 = 15785,85 (triu ng/nm)
Dng Ngc Tu CNTP3, K50
137
n tt nghip
138
n tt nghip
3. Gi thnh sn phm
* i vi sn phm bia chai:
Gi thnh phn xng (gi thnh sn xut) =
= CPnguyn vt liu + CPnhn cng trc tip + CPsn xut chung TNbn sn phm ph + CPtin vn
= 1858,8 + 81,7 + 631,4 79,4 + 632,18 = 3124,68 (ng/lt)
Gi thnh cng xng = Gi thnh sn xut + CPqun l doanh nghip
= 3124,68 + 21,1 = 3145,78 (ng/lt)
Gi thnh ton b (z1) = Gi thnh cng xng + CPtiu th sn phm =
= 3145,78 + 163,4 = 3309,18 (ng/lt)
* i vi sn phm bia hi:
Gi thnh phn xng (gi thnh sn xut) =
= CPnguyn vt liu + CPnhn cng trc tip + CPsn xut chung TNbn sn phm ph + CPtin vn
= 1342+ 81,7 +631,4 68,12 + 632,18 = 2619,19 (ng/lt)
Gi thnh cng xng = Gi thnh sn xut + CPqun l doanh nghip
= 2619,19 + 21,1 = 2640,29 (ng/lt)
Gi thnh ton b (z2) = Gi thnh cng xng + CPtiu th sn phm =
= 2640,29 + 163,4 = 2803,69 (ng/lt)
4. Gi bn
Gi:
gi thnh ton b ca mt n v sn phm l z1 (bia chai) z2 (bia hi),
gi bn mt n v sn phm l p1 (bia chai), p2 (bia hi).
Thu gi tr gia tng (VAT): 10%p1 (bia chai), 10%p2 (bia hi),
Thu tiu th c bit: 40%p1 (bia chai), 40%p2 (bia hi)
Li nhun mong mun trn mt n v sn phm: 20%p1(bia chai), 10%p2 (bia
hi)
Dng Ngc Tu CNTP3, K50
139
n tt nghip
* i vi bia chai:
Ta c:
p1 = z1 + (0,1p1 + 0,4p1) + 0,2p1 = z1 + 0,7p1
Suy ra:
z1 = 0,3p1 hay p1 = z1/0,3 = 3309,18 /0,3 = 11030,6 (ng/lt)
Gi bn cha tnh thu mt n v sn phm:
z1 + 0,2p1 = 0,3p1 + 0,2p1 = 0,5p1 = 5515,3 (ng/lt)
* i vi bia hi:
Ta c:
p2 = z2 + (0,1p2 + 0,4p2) + 0,1p2 = z2 + 0,6p2
Suy ra:
Z2 = 0,4p1 hay p2 = z2/0,4 = 2803,69 /0,4 = 7009,22 (ng/lt)
Gi bn cha tnh thu mt n v sn phm:
z2 + 0,1p2 = 0,4p2 + 0,1p2 = 0,5p2 = 3504,61 (ng/lt)
140
n tt nghip
Nm 0
0
0
Nm 1
20000000
5190,04
Nm 2
20000000
5190,04
Nm 3
20000000
5190,04
103800,8
103800,8
103800,8
64161,43
64161,43
64161,43
105375,45
25606,89
25080,11
24553,32
9802,38
95573,067
0
9802,38
9802,38
9802,38
15804,51
15277,73
14750,94
-105375,45
-105375,45
14032,48
-91342,97
14559,26
-76783,71
15086,05
-61697,66
141
n tt nghip
Ch tiu
Cng sut
Gi
Doanh thu (Rt)
Tng chi ph vn hnh
nh my
Vn u t (It)
Vn lu ng
Vn c nh
Chi ph vn
Thu nhp ca d n (At)
NPV
Nm 4
25000000
5190,04
127823,05
Nm 5
25000000
5190,04
127823,05
Nm 6
25000000
5190,04
127823,05
Nm 7
25000000
5190,04
127823,05
64161,43
24026,54
64161,43
23499,74
64161,43
22972,96
64161,43
22446,17
9802,38
9802,38
39066,667
13697,36
40161,88
18626,08
9802,38
9802,38
13170,58
40688,66
59314,74
12643,79
41215,45
100530,19
14224,16
39635,08
-22062,58
142
n tt nghip
Ch tiu
Cng sut
Gi
Doanh thu (Rt)
Tng chi ph vn hnh
nh my
Vn u t (It)
Vn lu ng
Vn c nh
Chi ph vn
Thu nhp ca d n (At)
NPV
Nm 8
25000000
5190,04
127823,05
Nm 9
25000000
5190,04
127823,05
Nm 10
25000000
5190,04
127823,05
64161,43
21919,38
9802,38
64161,43
21392,6
9802,38
12117
41742,24
142272,43
11590,22
42269,02
184541,45
64161,43
20865,81
9802,38
39566,67
11063,43
42795,81
227337,26
143
n tt nghip
20
NPV qua 10 nm =
At
(1 + r )
t =0
Trong :
r = MARR: sut thu li ti thiu chp nhn c hay li sut thp nht m
nh u t yu cu
r = 12%
At: gi tr dng tin mt cui nm t = thu nhp ca d n
At = Rt Ct (It Vn lu ng)
Rt: doanh thu ca d n nm t,
Rt = cng sut thit k gi bn cha tnh thu.
Ct: chi ph vn hnh ca d n nm t
It: chi ph u t nm t
Ta c:
NPV = 227.337.260.000 (ng) > 0
Theo bng trn ta thy thi gian thu hi vn khong 5 nm.
Kt lun: D n c hiu qu.
144
n tt nghip
145
n tt nghip
146
n tt nghip
147
n tt nghip
- Phi thc hin tuyt i ni quy an ton v in trnh xy ra s c hay tai nn. Cch
in tt cc phn mang in, c bit l ti cc khu vc c m cao v nhiu nc nh
phn xng ln men, phn xng hon thin sn phm...
- B tr cc ng dy cch xa tm tay hoc li i li ca ngi sn xut. B tr cu dao
in hp l c th ngt mi khi c s c.
5. Phng chy cha chy
Mi phn xng u phi c thit b cha chy, t v tr hp l c th d
tm khi c s c.
148
n tt nghip
Kt lun
Trong nhng thc ung gii kht hin nay th bia l sn phm c a chung v
dng ph bin trn ton th gii, sn xut bia em li li nhun kinh t cao v y cng
chnh l ng lc thc y ngnh cng nghip sn xut bia ngy cng pht trin. Lch s
ngnh bia nc ta tuy cha lu song vi quy m v sc pht trin hin nay khng
nh cng nghip sn xut bia l mt ngnh kinh t quan trng c ch ng vng chc
trong nn kinh t quc dn v cn nhiu tim nng pht trin. Chnh v vy thit k
nh my bia l mt yu cu ph hp vi nhu cu thc tin.
Nh my sn xut bia theo cng ngh ln men hin i bao gm nhiu phn xng
vi cc my mc, trang b hin i. Do thit k mt nh my bia hon chnh vi y
cc b phn l mt cng vic rt phc tp i hi nhiu thi gian v phi c kin thc
tng hp v nhiu lnh vc. iu ny cng ni ln rng thit k nh my bia l mt yu
cu v cng l iu kin cn thit rn luyn k nng v tip cn gn hn vi cng
nghip sn xut thc phm v c bit l ngnh cng ngh sn xut cc sn phm ln
men.
c s gip tn tnh ca PGS.TS Nguyn Xun Phng, ThS Lng Thy
Nga, ThS Nguyn Vit H n ca em hon thnh. Do kinh nghim bn thn cn t
v thi gian c hn, n ca em chc chn khng trnh khi thiu st. Rt mong c
s ng gp kin ca cc thy, c em hon thin kin thc v rt ra c nhiu
kinh nghim hn.
Em xin chn thnh cm n!
H Ni thng 05 nm 2010
Sinh vin
Dng Ngc Tu
149
n tt nghip
150
n tt nghip
151