Chuyen Mach PDF

"Don't study, don't know - Studying you will know!
" NGUYEN TRUNG HOA
Ngi son: Nguyn Duy Nht Vin
Chng 1
Tng quan
I. Lch s pht trin :
Trong sut lch s pht trin ca loi ngi, u tin trao i nhng tm t, tnh cm, nhng kinh nghim sng v u tranh sinh tn, ngi ta dng nhng c ch, hnh ng, ting ku n gin truyn t cho nhau, lc ny s giao tip l rt kh khn. Vic pht minh ra ngn ng c th xem l mt cuc cch mng truyn thng u tin ln nht. Ngn ng c th biu t hu ht nhng g c th xy ra trong cuc sng, tuy nhin, ting ni ch c th c truyn i vi mt khong cch ngn. Sau khi tm thy la, con ngi dng n lm phng tin truyn tin i xa c nhanh chng v c hiu qu, nhng vn cn mt s hn ch nh thi tit, i hnh... v tnh an ton thng tin l khng cao. Mi n khi ch vit ra i th con ngi c th truyn thng tin m khng b gii hn v ni dung v khng gian nh trc y na. T pht sinh nhng dch v th bo c kh nng truyn i t nhng ni rt cch xa nhau. Tuy nhin, con ngi lc ny cn n mt h thng truyn thng an ton hn, cht lng hn v hiu qu hn. Nm 1837, Samuel F. B Morse pht minh ra my in tn, cc ch s v ch ci c m ho v c truyn i nh mt phng tin truyn dn. T kh nng lin lc, trao i thng tin c nng cao, nhng vn cha c s dng rng ri v s khng thn thin, tng i kh gi nh ca n. Nm 1876, Alecxander Graham Bell pht minh ra in thoi, ta ch cn cp ngun cho hai my in thai cch xa nhau v ni vi nhau th c th trao i vi nhau bng ting ni nh m c ca con ngi t ngn xa n thi by gi. Nhng cho nhiu ngi c th trao i vi nhau ty theo yu cu c th th cn c mt h thng h tr. n nm 1878, h thng tng i u tin c thit lp, l mt tng i nhn cng in t c xy dng New Haven. y l tng i u tin thng mi thnh cng trn th gii. Nhng h tng i ny hon ton s dng nhn cng nn thi gian thit lp v gii phng cuc gi l rt lu, khng tha mn nhu cu ngy cng tng ca x hi. gii quyt iu ny, nm 1889, tng i in thoi khng s dng nhn cng c A.B Strowger pht minh. Trong h tng i ny, cc cuc gi c kt ni lin tip tu theo cc s in thoi trong h thp phn v do gi l h thng gi theo tng bc. EMD do cng ty ca c pht trin cng thuc loa ny. H thng ny cn gi l tng i c in v nguyn tc vn hnh ca n, nhng vi kch thc ln, cha nhiu b phn c kh, kh nng hot ng b hn ch rt nhiu. Nm 1926, Erisson pht trin thnh cng h tng i thanh cho. c c im ho bng cch tch hon ton vic chuyn mch cuc gi v cc mch iu khin. i vi chuyn mch thanh cho, cc tip im ng m c s dng cc tip
Bi ging mn Tng i in t
Trang I.1

xc c dt vng v cc c tnh ca cuc gi c ci tin nhiu. Hn na, mt h thng iu khin chung iu khin mt s chuyn mch vo cng mt thi im c s dng. l cc xung quay s c dn li vo cc mch nh v sau c kt hp trn c s cc s quay c ghi li chn mch ti sinh. Thc cht, y l mt tng i c sn xut da trn c s nghin cu k thut chuyn mch v hon thin cc chc nng ca tng i gi theo tng bc, v vy, n khc phc c mt s nhc im ca chuyn mch gi theo tng bc. Nm 1965, tng i ESS s 1 ca M l tng i in t c dung lng ln ra i thnh cng, m ra mt k nguyn cho tng i in t. Chuyn mch tng i ESS s 1 c lm bng in t, ng thi, vn hnh v bo dng tt hn, c bit, tng i ny trang b chc nng t chun on v vn hnh theo nguyn tc SPC v l mt tng i ni ht. Cng M, hng Bell System Laboratory cng hon thin mt tng i s dng cho lin lc chuyn tip vo u thp k 70 vi mc ch tng cao tc ttruyn dn gia cc tng i k thut s. Thng 1 nm 1976, tng i in t s chuyn tip hot ng trn c s chuyn mch s my tnh thng mi u tin trn th gii c lp t v a vo khai thc. K thut vi mch v k thut s pht trin y nhanh s pht trin ca cc tng i in t s vi kh nng phi hp nhiu dch v vi tc x l cao, ngy cng ph hp vi nhu cu ca mt thi i thng tin.
II. II.1.
Khi nim chung v mng vin thng : Dch v vin thng :
II.1.1. Khi nim :

Thng tin Bu chnh Vin thng Thoi Telex Teletex Facximine VideoText S liu
Hnh 1.1 : Vin thng, mt trong cc dng t bit ca truyn thng
Trang I.2

Truyn thng : l s trao i thng tin ca cc i tng c nhu cu trao i thng tin vi nhau bng con ng ny hoc ng khc. Vin thng : l mt trong s cng c truyn thng. Truyn thng l mt khi nim rng. Vin thng c th coi nh l mt b phn ca ton b x hi truyn thng. Gi s, ta t hng bng in thoi, th l dng truyn thng rt t bit. Vin thng l m ch mt khong cch a l c bc cu trao i thng tin t xa . Dch v vin thng : l hnh thi trao i thng tin m mng vin thng cung cp. Vt mang ca dch v : Vt mang dch v cho ta kh nng s dng cc dch v vin thng. V d : Khi ta gi th, th h thng bu chnh dch v nh thng th, phng pht th, chuyn th ... hnh thnh vt mang dch v gi th. Chng ta c cc vt khc ca vt mang trong vin thng. Mng in thoi l vt mang dch v in thoi. Cng ging nh vy, mng Telex l vt mang ca dch v telex v.v... Tuy nhin, thng c s ln ln v vt mang cc dch v vin thng, nh cp ca cc c quan ch qun in thoi c th s dng lm vt mang ngoi dch v in thoi. Trong mt cp, c th c cc i hon ton chng dnh dng g n mng in thoi nh mt vt mang. V d c mt s i cho telex hoc truyn s liu t nhn. S khc bit gia dch v v vt mang l n gin nu ta hiu c khi nim ny.
Dch v vin thng
Dch v xa
Dch v vt mang
Hnh 1-2 : Dch v xa v dch v vt mang.
Dch v vt mang ch l s cung cp ca mt h thng truyn ti cho s trao i thng tin. Dch v xa c tnh bao hm hn, n khng ch cung cp m h thng truyn ti m cn cc chc nng nh ni kt, nh a ch, ng nht ngn ng, dng thng tin ...
II.1.2. Cc dch v vin thng :

- Thoi : S trao i thng tin bng ting ni, vi u cui l my in thai. Dch v thoi l dch v tri rng nht trong loi hnh vin thng. Dng in thoi, trn thc t ta c th gi mi ni trn th gii. - Telex :Thit k mng telex da trn thit k mng in thoi, vi cc u cui l my telex thay v my in thoi. Tuy nhin, vic truyn cc k t khng phi l m
Trang I.3

thanh m bng cc m do cc mc in p to nn. Tc chm (50bits/s), khng k mt s k t c bit th ch c ch ci mi c truyn i. - Teletex : N c th s dng nh telex thng thng nhng tc l 2400 bits/s thay v 50 bits/s. Hn na, n c b k t bao gm ch ci v ch con. Cng c th lin lc cho vi cc thu bao Telex. Vn bn c thu bao tho ra, bin tp, lu gi v gi n thu bao khc trong mng. Do , tc truyn cao, dch v ny thch hp vi cc t liu ln m vi cc dch v telex c l qu t v tn thi gian. C cc s dch v c a ra, nh cc con s rt gn, truyn t ng n mt hoc nhiu a ch lu gi ... Khng cn phi gim st thit b v n c m lin tc. Thng tin c nhn lp tc c ct gi cho n khi c c v c x l. - Facsimile : Dch v ny cho php truyn thng tin hnh nh gia cc thu bao. Cn c mt thit b c bit c v pht nh tnh. - Videotex : Dch v Videotex c khai thc trn mng in thoi. S dng cc thit b tng i n gin nh my tnh c nhn l c th tm gp s lng ln cc c s d liu. Videotex lm vic tc 1200 bits/s trn hng c s d liu n thu bao v 75 bits/s trn hng thu bao n c s d liu. i vi ngi cung cp thng tin trong h thng, tc truyn l 1200 bits/s trn c hai hng. - S liu : Bao gm tt c cc loi hnh truyn thng, , my tnh c dng trao i, truyn a thng tin gia cc ngi s dng.
II.1.3. Mng s a dch v (ISDN) :

Telex Computer
Teletex
ISDN
in thoi s
FACSIMILE VIDEOTEX
Hnh 1-3 : Mng ISDN lin kt dch v.
y l phng tin vt mang cho cc dch v khc nhau, nhng n l mt th thng nht m khng phi l t hp ca cc h thng khc nhau. Chng ta ch c mt vt mang l ISDN. l mng s lin kt dch v v mi hnh thi dch v u c
Trang I.4

cung cp. Ct li ca ISDN l mt mng vin thng s ho hon ton, , cc thit b u cui u l cc thit b s dng k thut s v thu bao s ni tt c thit b ca mnh vo cng mt i dy.
II.2.
Mng vin thng :
II.2.1. Khi nim :

Mng vin thng l tt c nhng trang thit b k thut c s dng trao i thng tin gia cc i tng trong mng. Cng vi s pht trin ca x hi, nhu cu thng tin lin lc ngy cng tng. Nhim v thng tin lin lc l do mng li bu chnh vin thng m nhim. p ng nhu cu thng tin th mng phi ngy cng pht trin. Qu trnh pht trin tri qua nhiu giai on. Ban u l mng in thoi tng t dn dn in bo, telex, facsimile, truyn s liu ... cng c kt hp vo. Vi s ra i ca k thut s thc y s pht trin tin mt bc di tr thnh mng vin thng hin i vi rt nhiu dch v.
II.2.1. Cc thnh phn ca mng vin thng :
Thit b pht
Node chuyn mch
Node chuyn mch
Thit b thu
Hnh 1-4 : Cc thnh phn mng vin thng. Mt mng thng tin phi c cu thnh bi cc b phn sau :
Thit b thu / pht :

Thit b vo ra, thit b u cui.
Node chuyn mch :

Thu thp thng tin ca cc i tng v x l tho mn cc yu cu . Bao gm hai nhim v : + X l tin (CSDL) : X l, cung cp tin tc. + Chuyn mch. Node chuyn mch hay tng i l ni nhn thng tin ri truyn i. Ty theo loi tng i m ta c th thm nhp trc tip hay gin tip vo n. V d : vi tng i ni ht, thu bao c th trc tip thm nhp vo tng i cn i vi tng i chuyn tip th khng, n ch nhn tn hiu ri truyn i t tng i ny sang tng i khc. Cng c loi va chuyn tip va ni ht.
Trang I.5

B phn chnh ca node chuyn mch l trng chuyn mch. Vi mt s iu khin th bt k u vo ca trng chuyn mch c th ni ti bt k u ra ca n, iu ny m bo bt k trong mng c th giao tip vi bt k mt thu bao khc ang ri.
H thng truyn dn (mng truyn dn) :

Lin kt thnh phn 1 vi thnh phn 2 (thu bao) hoc thnh phn 2 vi thnh phn 2 (trung k). Truyn dn l phn ni cc node chuyn mch vi nhau hoc node chuyn mch vi thu bao truyn thng tin gia chng. Ngi ta s dng cc phng tin truyn dn khc nhau nh thng tin dy trn, thng tin viba s, thng tin cp quang, thng tin v tinh ... Hin nay nc ta ch yu l viba s v cp quang. Thng tin v tinh s dng trong lin lc quc t, cn thng tin dy trn hin nay hu nh khng s dng. Ton b cc ng ni gia cc node chuyn mch ti thu bao l ng dy thu bao, cn ni gia cc node chuyn mch l ng dy trung k.
Phn mm ca mng :
Gip cho s hot ng ca 3 thnh phn trn c hiu qu. Trong , s hot ng gia cc node chuyn mch vi nhau l c hiu qu cao cn s hot ng gia node v thu bao l c hiu qa thp.
II.2.2. Cc phng php t chc mng :

Mng li (Mesh) :
Nu bn c giao cho mt nhim v thit k mt mng in thoi th bn phi lm g ? Nu s thu bao vng A l khng nhiu lm, c th bn s xy dng mt mng nh hnh sau:
Hnh 1-5 : Mt tng i cho nhiu thu bao.
Nhng vi s thu bao mt vng ln cn (B) cha c tng i mun trao i thng tin vi vng A th c hai gii php t ra l : Th nht, thm cc b tp trung ng dy t vng ln cn (B) v ni trc tip n tng i ang hat ng vng A. Cch ny n gin, nhng ch p ng c vi mt s lng thu bao vng B nh v nhu cu trao i thng tin
Trang I.6

sang vng A l t v tnh kinh t khng cao i vi s lng thu bao ca vng B l ln. Th hai, thm mt tng i nh sau :
A B
Hnh 1-6 : S ni kt gia hai tng i.
Vi gii php trn, thng tin c tnh an ton cao hn, ng thi chi ph ca mng t hn nu s lng thu bao vng B l nhiu. Trong mng li, tng i c cng mt cp. Cc tng i u l tng i ni ht c thu bao ring. Cc tng i dc ni vi nhau tng i mt. Nh vy mi thu bao ca tng i khc u i bng ng trc tip t tng i ny n tng i kia m khng qua mt tng i no trung gian c.
Hnh 1-7 : Mng li.
Mng ny c u im l thng tin truyn trc tip t thu bao ny n thu bao kia ch qua tng i ch ca thu bao y thi. Tuy nhin khi s lng tng i tng ln kh ln th vic ni trc tp gia cc tng i l phc tp v cn nhiu tuyn truyn dn. Mc khc, khi tuyn truyn dn gia cc tng i b hng th s khng c ng thay th bng cch qua tng i khc. Trong thc t, mng ny khng tn ti n c.
Trang I.7

Mng sao (star) :
Mng sao l loi mng phn cp, c mt tng i cp cao v nhiu tng i cp di. Tt c cc tng i cp di u c ni vi cc tng i cp cao v gia cc tng i cp di khng ni nhau. Tng i cp cao l mt tng i chuyn tip, khng c thu bao ring. Giao tip gia cc thu bao trong cng mt tng i l do tng i m nhn, khng nh hng n tng i khc. Tng i cp cao Tng i ni ht ! ... ! ! ... !
Hnh 1.8 Mng sao.
Khi thu bao ca tng i ny mun ni vi tng i khc th vic chuyn tip thng qua tng i chuyn tip v khng c ng trc tip. Mng sao c m t nh hnh trn. u im ch yu ca mng l tit kim ng truyn, cu hnh n gin. Nhng i hi tng i chuyn tip phi c dung lng cao, nu tng i ny hng th mi lin lc b ngng tr.
Mng hn hp :
tn dng u im v khc phc nhc im ca hai loi tng i trn, ngi ta a ra mng hn hp, trong mt phn l mng sao v phn kia l mng li, vi cc cp phn chia khc nhau. Tuy nhin, mt mng quc gia khng phi lc no cng tun th theo chun CCITT m n cn c th thay i sao cho ph hp vi c im kinh t, x hi v quan trong nht l nhu cu trao i thng tin. V d mt mng quc gia tiu biu nh sau : + Tng i chuyn tip quc gia NTE : L tng i cp di ca tng i chuyn tip quc t (ITE). Tng i ny c hai nhim v: - Chuyn tip cuc gi lin vng. - Chuyn tip cc cuc gi ra tng i quc t. + Tng i chuyn tip vng LTE : Tng t nh tng i chuyn tip quc gia, nhng n qun l theo vng, Tng i ny c th c thu bao ring. + Tng i ni ht LE : Tip xc trc tip vi thu bao. Lin lc gia cc thu bao ca n l do n qun l, khng lin quan n cc tng i cao hn. Khi thu bao mun gi ra th n chuyn yu cu n tng i cp cao hn. Loi ny va c thu bao ring va c ng trung k.
Trang I.8

+ Tng i PABX : i vi thu bao th n l tng i cn i vi tng i cp trn th n li l thu bao v dy truyn dn l dy thu bao. S thu bao thng nh, nhu cu lin lc trong l ln. + Tp trung thu bao : Gii quyt trng hp qu nhiu ng dy t thu bao ti tng i.
IC
QC
TC
SC
IC QC TC
: International Center : Quaternary Center : Tertiary Center : Secondary Center : Primary Center : Local Exchange
PC
SC PC LE
LE
Hnh 1-9 : Mng hn hp theo phn cp theo chun ca CCITT
ITE
NTE
NTE
LTE LE PABX
LTE LE
... !
! !
RSS
...
...
Hnh 1-10 : Mng hn hp ca quc gia tiu biu.
Trang I.9

m bo tin cy, ngi ta t chc cc tuyn d phng. N c nhim v phn ti, p ng nhu cu thng tin ln v trnh hin tng tc nghn.
III.
Tng i in t s SPC :
III.1. c im :
Tng i s dng b x l ging nh my tnh iu khin hot ng ca n. Tt c cc chc nng iu khin ca n c c trng bi mt lot lnh ghi sn trong b nh. Cc s liu trc thuc tng i nh s liu v thu bao, cc bng phin dnh a ch, cc thng tin to tuyn, tnh cc, thng k... cng c ghi sn trong b nh s liu. Qua mi bc x l gi s nhn c cc quyt nh tng ng vi cc loi nghip v, s liu ghi sn a ti cc loi thit b x l nghip v . Cc chng trnh ghi sn trong b nh c th thay i khi cn thay i nguyn tc iu khin hay tnh nng ca h thng. Nh vy, ngi qun l c th linh hot trong qu trnh iu hnh tng i. Khi s dng b x l th ngoi vic iu khin chuyn mch n cn c th kim thm vi chc nng khc. Cc chng trnh iu khin cng nh cc s liu c th thay i nn cng vic iu hnh p ng nhu cu thay i ca thu bao tr nn d dng. Vic a dch v ti thu bao v thay i cc dch v c d dng thc hin qua trao i ngi my. Mt s dch v c bit c th thc hin bng cc thao tc t my thu bao. Cng vic iu hnh bo dng tr nn d dng nh trung tm iu hnh v bo dng trang b cc thit b trao i ngi my. ng thi trung tm cn thm cc chc nng qun l mng nh lu lng cc tuyn, x l ng vng... ti y cng nhn c cc thng tin tnh cc, hng hc, s c... t cc tng i khu vc. Cng vic kim tra o th c tin hnh thng xuyn v c chu k nng cao s an ton v tin cy ca tng i.
III.2. S khi chc nng ca tng i s SPC :

III.2.1. S khi :
Khi giao tip Cp thu bao Cp trung k Giao tip thu bao Giao tip trung k Gim st ng dy iu khin trung tm iu khin u ni Trng chuyn mch
Bo hiu iu hnh, khai thc & bo dng
Hnh 1-11: S khi chc nng tng i SPC.
Trang I.10

Mt tng i SPC bao gm cc khi chnh sau (S hnh 1-11).
III.2.2. Chc nng

iu khin trung tm:
iu khin trung tm bao gm b x l trung tm v cc b nh ca n. Thc hin cc chc nng sau: - X l cuc gi : Qut trng thi thu bao, trung k; nhn xung quay s v gii m xung quay s; tm ng ri; truyn bo hiu kt ni/ gii to cuc gi; tnh cc.... - Cnh bo: T th, pht hin li phn cng; cnh bo h hng;... - Qun l: Thng k lu lng; theo di cp nht s liu; theo di ng b...
Trng chuyn mch :

- Chc nng chuyn mch: Thit lp tuyn ni gia hai hay nhiu thu bao ca tng i hay gia cc tng i vi nhau. - Chc nng truyn dn: Truyn dn tn hiu ting ni v cc tn hiu bo hiu gia cc thu bao v gia cc tng i vi yu cu chnh xc v tin cy cao.
Giao tip thu bao :

Gm mch in ng dy v b tp trung. Mch in ng dy thc hin cc chc nng BORSCHT. Khi tp trung thu bao lm nhim v tp trung ti thnh mt nhm thu bao trc khi vo trng chuyn mch.
Giao tip trung k :

m nhn cc chc nng GAZPACHO. N khng lm chc nng tp trung ti nh giao tip thu bao nhng vn c mch in tp trung trao i khe thi gian, cn bng ti, trn bo hiu v tn hiu mu th.
Bo hiu :
Cung cp nhng thng tin cn thit cho tng i nhn bit v tnh trng thu bao, trung k, thit b... Trong tng i phi c chc nng nhn, x l, pht thng tin bo hiu n ni thch hp.
iu hnh, khai thc v bo dng :

s dng tng i mt cch c hiu qu, c kh nng pht trin cc dch v mi, phi hp s dng cc phng thc d dng trong tng i.
Trang I.11

Gim st kim tra cc phn cng v ngoi vi, a ra nhng thng bo cn thit cho cn b iu hnh. Kh nng khai thc mng, thay i nghip v,qun l s liu cc...
Gim st trng thi ng dy :

Pht hin v thng bo cho b x l trung tm cc bin c mang tnh bo hiu. N qun l ng dy theo phng php qut ln lt. Sau mt khong thi gian nht nh, cng trng thi ng dy c c mt ln.
iu khin u ni :
Thit lp v gii phng cc cuc gi di s iu khin ca b iu khin trung tm.
Trang I.12
Chng 2
K thut chuyn mch

I. Tng quan :
Chuyn mch l mt trong 3 thnh phn c bn ca mng thng tin (bao gm : cc thit b u cui, cc h thng truyn dn v cc h thng chuyn mch).
Mc ch ca chuyn mch :
Thit lp ng truyn dn t ngun thng tin n ch theo mt cu trc c nh hoc bin ng thng qua cc mng v cc trung tm.
Cc phng thc chuyn mch chnh :

Chuyn mch knh. Chuyn mch tin. Chuyn mch gi.
I.2.
Chuyn mch knh (Circuit Swithching) :
I.2.1.
Khi nim :
L loi chuyn mch phc v s trao i thng tin bng cch cp knh dn trc tip cho hai i tng s dng.
Chuyn mch
i tng s dng
. .
. .
i tng s dng
iu khin
Hnh 2-1 : Chuyn mch knh.
Ty theo yu cu ca cc u vo m khi iu khin s iu khin chuyn mch thit lp knh dn vi u kia. Knh dn ny c duy tr cho n khi i tng s dng vn cn c nhu cu. Sau khi ht nhu cu th knh dn c gii phng. Vic thit lp chuyn mch knh thng qua 3 giai on sau :
Trang 2.1

Thit lp knh dn : Trc khi d liu c truyn i, mt knh dn im ti im s c thit lp. u tin, tng i (node) pht hin yu cu ca i tng, xc nh ng truyn dn n i tng kia, nu ri, bo cho i tng kia bit v sau ni thng gia hai i tng. Duy tr knh dn (tuyn d liu) : Duy tr trong sut thi gian 2 i tng trao i thng tin vi nhau, trong khong thi gian ny, tng i cn truyn cc tn hiu mang tnh bo hiu nh : gim st cuc ni v tnh cc lin lc. Gii phng knh dn : Knh dn c gii phng khi c yu cu ca mt trong hai i tng s dng, khi phc li trng thi ban u.
I.2.2.
c im :
Thc hin s trao i thng tin gia hai i tng bng knh dn trn trc thi gian thc. i tng s dng lm ch knh dn trong sut qu trnh trao i tin. iu ny lm gim hiu sut. Yu cu chnh xc khng cao. Ni dung trao i khng cn a ch. c p dng trong thng tin thoi. Khi lu lng trong mng chuyn mch knh tng ln n mt mc no th mt s cuc gi c th b kho (blocked), mng t chi mi s yu cu ni kt cho n khi tI trong mng l gim.
I.3.
Chuyn mch tin (Message Swithching) :
I.3.1.
Khi nim :
C 2 A B 1 5 4 7
Hnh 2-2 : Mng chuyn mch tin.
3 6 F
D E
Loi chuyn mch phc v s trao i gia cc bn tin (nh in tn, th in t, file ca my tnh ) gia cc i tng vi nhau c gi l chuyn mch tin. Chuyn mch tin khng cn thit lp mt ng dn dnh ring gia hai trm u cui m mt bn tin c gi t ni pht ti ni thu c n nh mt l trnh trc bng a ch ni nhn m mi trung tm c th nhn dng chng. Ti mi trung tm chuyn mch (nodes chuyn mch), bn tin c tm lu vo b nh, x l ri truyn sang trung tm khc nu tuyn ny ri. Phng php ny gi l phng php tch ly trung gian hay store-and-
Trang 2.2

forward. Kh nng lu li c th trong thi gian di do i x l hay trung tm tip theo cha sn sng nhn. Thi gian tr gm : thi gian nhn bn tin, thi gian sp hng ch v thi gian x l bn tin.V d : Thu bao A mun gi 1 bn tin n thu bao E, th a ch ca thu bao E c gn vo bn tin ca thu bao A v gi i n Node 4. Node 4 gi bn tin v tm nhnh tip theo (chng hn nhnh n Node 5) v bn tin c sp hng v ch truyn n ng ni 4-5. Khi ng ni ny l ri, bn tin c gi n Node 5 v c nh th, n c gi n 6 v n E. Nh vy, h thng chuyn mch tin l h thng lun gi v gi tip thng bo.
I.3.2.
c im :
Chuyn mch tin khng tn ti s thit lp v cung cp knh dn trc tip gia 2 trm u cui nn thi gian tr ln. Do , khng c s lin h theo thi gian thc. i tng s dng khng lm ch knh dn trong sut qu trnh trao i thng tin. Yu cu chnh xc cao. a ch ca thu bao c gn vo bn tin v bn tin c chuyn qua mng t node ny qua node khc. Ti mi node, bn tin c nhn, tm gi v truyn sang node khc bi cc b m ca my tnh. Tc l ni dung c mang a ch. Tc chuyn tin khng ph thuc vo i tng s dng. Hiu sut cao do knh dn c th dng chung cho nhiu i tng s dng khc nhau. T , dung lng tng cng ca knh dn yu cu khng cao, n ch yu ph thuc vo yu cu s dng ca cc i tng. c p dng cho truyn s liu, ch vit, hnh nh. Khi lu lng trong mng chuyn mch tin cao, n vn chp nhn cc yu cu ni kt mi nhng thi gian truyn dn c th di, tr ln. Mt h thng chuyn mch tin c th gi mt thng bo n nhiu ch khc nhau. iu ny chuyn mch knh khng thc hin c.
I.4.
Chuyn mch gi :
I.4.1.
Khi nim :
Chuyn mch gi li dng u im ca chuyn mch knh v chuyn mch gi, ng thi khc phc c nhc im ca hai lai chuyn mch ny. Mng chuyn mch knh khng thch hp truyn s liu, bi v n c thit k phc v nhng yu cu tng i tha hn so vi tr s thi gian tng i ln (trung bnh 3 n 4 pht). i vi cc bn tin rt ngn th mng chuyn mch knh li cng khng thch hp v khng c hiu qu. Vi lu lng truyn s liu ch m thoi vi cc h s hat ng thp th cc chc nng chuyn mch knh khng cn ph hp na. Ch lm vic tt nht ca mng lc by gi l khi cc yu cu phc v c a ti theo tng gi nh, do ph hp vi mt mng chuyn mch tin ln hn l chuyn mnh knh.
Trang 2.3

i vi chuyn mch tin th ton b ni dung ca bn tin u phi i qua cc trung tm chuyn mch vi kch thc bt k, nn trung tm chuyn mch ging nh mt im dng c chai, hu qu l tr phn hi v thng lng ca mng d dng b suy gim khi lng thng tin n qu ln. T , vic s dng ng dn l khng linh hat. A B C D A Trung tm lu tr trung gian D A B C D Ngun tin
Hnh 2-3 :Mng chuyn mch gi.
My thu d liu B
Mng chuyn mch gi hot ng ging nh mng chuyn mch tin nhng trong , bn tin c ct ra thnh tng gi nh. Mi gi c gn cho mt tiu (header) cha a ch v cc thng tin iu khin khc. Cc gi c gi i trn mng theo nguyn tc tch ly trung gian ging nh chuyn mch tin. Ti trung tm nhn tin, cc gi c hp thnh mt bn tin v c sp xp li a ti thit b nhn s liu. chng li, mng chuyn mch gi s dng phng thc t ng hi li, nn cc gi truyn t trung tm ny n trung tm khc tht s khng c li. Qu trinh ny i hi cc trung tm khi nhn c cc gi th x l cc tn hiu kim tra li cha trong mi gi xc nh xem gi c li hay khng, nu li th n s pht yu cu pht li cho trung tm pht.
I.4.2.
c im :
c im chnh ca mng chuyn mch gi chnh l phng php s dng kt hp tuyn truyn dn theo yu cu. Mi gi c truyn i ngay sau khi ng thng tin tng ng c ri. Nh vy, cc ng truyn dn c th phi hp s dng mt s ln cc ngun tng i t hot ng. Mc s dng ca cc tuyn cao hay thp ty thuc v khi lng b nh s dng v phc tp ca cc b iu khin ti cc trung tm. tr trung bnh ca cc tuyn truyn dn ph thuc vo ti trong mng. Thi gian tr lin quan ti vic tch ly trung gian ca mng chuyn mch gi rt nh so vi chuyn mch tin. Thng tin thoi c th c thit lp chnh xc cng ging nh thit b thit lp mt knh t thit b u cui ny n thit b u cui khc. Mng chuyn mch gi khng m bo cho vic lu tr thng tin ngoi tr cc trng hp ngu nhin xut hin vic nhn li cc gi t trung tm ny sang trung tm khc. N c thit k m bo vic kt ni qua tng i gia 2 trung tm, trong , 2 trung
Trang 2.4

tm u tch cc tham gia vo qu trnh thit lp thng tin. Khng lu tr truyn nu u cui khng hot ng hay bn.
I.4.3.
u im :
tin cy cao :
y l mt mng truyn tin rt tin cy c th chn ng bnh thng khc bng n v gi c th gi thay th ngay c khi h thng chuyn mch hay mng chuyn mch gi c li v c a ch ca i tc trong gi c truyn i. Cht lng cao : V chuyn mch gi hot ngtheo ch truyn dn s biu hin bng 0 v 1, cht lng truyn dn ca n l tuyt ho. N cng c th thc hin truyn dn cht lng cao bng cch kim tra xem c li khng trong khi truyn dn gi gia cc h thng chuyn mch v gia thu bao vi mng. Kinh t : H thng chuyn mch gi dng cc ng truyn tin tc cao ni vi cc h thng chuyn mch nm trong mng nhm ghp knh cc gi ca cc thu bao khc nhau tng tnh kinh t v hiu qu truyn dn ca cc ng truyn dn. Cc dch v b sung : H thng chuyn mch gi c th cung cp nhng dch v b sung nh trao i thng bo, th in t v dch v khp kn khi cc gi c lu tr trong h thng chuyn mch. Hn na, mt dch v la chn nhanh chng a d liu vo cc gi yu cu cuc thoi ca thu bao ch gi, quay s tt v cc dch v thay th tip vin c th c thc hin.
II. II.1.
Chuyn mch knh : Phn loi :
Ty thuc vo s pht trin ca lch s chuyn mch cng nh cch thc, tn hiu m ta c th phn loi nh sau (Hnh 2-4):
II.1.1.
Chuyn mch phn chia khng gian (SDTS) :
(SDS : Space Division Type Switch) L loi chuyn mch c cc u ra, u vo c b tr theo khng gian (cch qung, thanh cho). Chuyn mch c thc hin bng cch m ng cc cng in t hay cc im tip xc. Chuyn mch ny c cc loi sau:
Trang 2.5

Chuyn mch kiu chuyn ng truyn :
Thc hin chuyn mch theo nguyn tc vn hnh c tng t nh chuyn mch xoay. N la chn dy ri trong qu trnh dn truyn v tin hnh cc chc nng iu khin mc nht nh. Do n gin nn n c s dng rng ri trong tng i u tin.
Chuyn mch knh Chuyn mch knh phn chia theo khng gian Chuyn mch ghp
C/m c C/m c Chuyn Chuyn kiu kiu mch mch ng ng rle in t truyn m in t
FDM
TDM
PCM
FDM
Hnh 2-4 : Phn loi chuyn mch.
Nhc: Tc thc hin chm, tip xc mau mn, thay i hng mc tip xc gy nn s rung ng c hc.
Chuyn mch c kiu ng m :
n gin ho thao tc c hc thnh thao tc m ng. Chuyn mch ny khng c chuyn mch iu khin la chn v c thc hin theo gi thit l mch gi v mch gi v mch iu khin l hon ton tch ring nhau. u: Kh nng cung cp iu khin linh hot v c coi l chuyn mch tiu chun.
Chuyn mch r le in t :
C r le in t mi im ct ca chuyn mch thanh cho. im ct c th la chn theo hng ca dng in trong r le. Do thc hin nhanh hn kiu m ng.
Chuyn mch in t kiu phn chia khng gian :
C mt cng in t mi im ct ca chuyn mch thanh cho. Nhc : Khng tng thch vi phng php c do khc nhau v mc tn hiu hoc chi ph v cc c im thoi kh xu nh mt ting, xuyn m.
II.1.2.
Chuyn mch ghp (MPTS):
(MTS : MultiPlexing Type Switch) L loi chuyn mch m thng tin ca cc cuc gi c ghp vi nhau trn c s thi gian hay tn s trn ng truyn.
Trang 2.6

Chuyn mch phn chia theo tn s (FDM) :
Phng php phn chia theo tn s l tch cc tn hiu c cc tn s cn thit bng cch s dng b lc c th thay i. Phng php ny c cc vn k thut nh pht sinh cc loi tn s khc nhau v trong vic cung cp ngt cc tn s ny cng nh trong cc b lc c th thay i. ng thi n li khng kinh t. Do phng php ny c nghin cu trong thi k u ca s php trin tng i nhng cha c s dng rng ri.
Chuyn mch phn chia theo thi gian (TDM) :
Thc hin chuyn mach trn c s ghp knh theo thi gian, ta c th phn thnh cc loi : Chuyn mch PAM. Chuyn mch PCM. Chuyn mch PAM c u im l n gin, khng cn phi bin i A/D, nhng ch thch hp trong tng i nh hay va do tp m, xuyn m ln. Chuyn mch PCM c cht lng truyn dn hu nh khng l thuc khong cch, tnh m v kinh k cao trong mng thng tin hin i, c kh nng lin kt vi IDN hay ISDN . Do ta xt chuyn mch PCM phn sau.
II.2.
Chuyn mch PCM :
L loi chuyn mch ghp hot ng trn c s dn knh theo thi gian v iu ch xung m. Trong h thng tng i, chng ta gp phi mt s thut ng v chuyn mch nh : chuyn mch, mng chuyn mch, trung tm chuyn mch, trng chuyn mch. trnh s ln ln, chng ta xt cc khi nim sau : Chuyn mch : M t mt nguyn t chuyn mch n gin. Trng chuyn mch : M t s hp thnh ca mt nhm cc chuyn mch. Trung tm chuyn mch (tng i) cha trng chuyn mch. Mt mng chuyn mch gm cc trung tm (nodes) chuyn mch, cc thit b u cui v h thng truyn dn.
ng dy t tng i
Giao tip ng dy Hnh 2-5 : Trng chuyn mch.
Trng chuyn mch
ng dy t tng i
Giao tip ng dy
ng dy n thu . bao
ng
n dy
thu bao
Trang 2.7

Mt trng chuyn mch s cung cp s ni kt gia cc knh trong cc lung PCM 32. Cc lung PCM n trng chuyn mch trn cc buses hay highways. Nh vy, chuyn mch s bao gm s truyn dn ca cc t PCM lin quan n 1 knh trong 1 khe thi gian 1 bus ng vo v 1 khe thi gian bus ng ra. Vic trao i gia cc khe thi gian thc hin theo hai phng php v c th tch bit hoc phi hp nh sau: Chuyn mch thi gian. Chuyn mch khng gian.
II.2.1.
Chuyn mch thi gian (T) :
Chuyn mch T v c bn l thc hin chuyn i thng tin gia cc khe thi gian khc nhau trn cng mt tuyn PCM. V mt l thuyt c th thc hin bng 2 phng php sau:
Dng b tr :
Nguyn tc :
Trn ng truyn dn tn hiu, ta t cc n v tr c thi gian tr bng 1 khe thi gian.

Ma
TSA TSB
Ma
TSA
Qua n b tr
TSB
Mb Mb
TSA TSB
Mb Mb
TSA TSB
Qua R-n b tr
Hnh 2-6 Phng php dng b tr.
AT AR
(B-A) khe thi gian n-(B-A) khe thi gian
BR BT
Hnh 2-7 : Chuyn mch gia hai khe thi gian A v B dng b tr.
Trang 2.8

Gi s trong khung c R khe thi gian, trong cn trao i thng tin gia 2 khe thi gian A v B Ta cho mu Ma (8 bit PCM) qua n b tr th u ra mu Ma s c mt khe thi gian TSB. V mu Mb qua R-n b tr s c mt thi im TSA. Nh vy vic trao i thng tin c thc hin. Nhc : Hiu qu km, gi thnh cao.
Phng php dng b nh m :
Da trn c s cc mu ting ni c ghi vo cc b nh m BM v c ra nhng thi im mong mun. a ch ca nh trong BM ghi hoc c c cung cp bi b nh iu khin CM.
Ghi vo
BM
c ra
CM
Hnh 2-8 : Phng php dng b nh m.
Thng tin phn knh thi gian c ghi ln lt vo cc t bo ca BM. Nu b l s bt m ho mu ting ni, R s khe thi gian trong mt tuyn (khung) th BM s c R nh v dung lng b nh BM l b.R bits. CM lu cc a ch ca BM iu khin vic c ghi, v BM c R a ch, nn dung lng ca CM l R.log2R bits. Trong , log2R biu th s bit trong 1 t a ch v cng l s ng trong 1 bus. Vic ghi c vo BM c th l tun t hoc ngu nhin. Nh vy, trong chuyn mch T c hai kiu iu khin l tun t v ngu nhin. iu khin tun t : iu khin tun t l kiu iu khin m trong , vic c ra hay ghi vo cc a ch lin tip ca b nh BM mt cch tun t tng ng vi th t ng vo ca cc khe thi gian. Trong iu khin tun t, mt b m khe thi gian c s dng xc nh a ch ca BM. B m ny s c tun t tng ln 1 sau thi gian ca mt khe thi gian. iu khin ngu nhin : iu khin ngu nhin l phng php iu khin m trong cc a ch trong BM khng tng ng vi th t ca cc khe thi gian m chng c phn nhim t trc theo vic ghi vo v c ra ca b nh iu khin CM. T , chuyn mch T c hai loi : Ghi vo tun t, c ra ngu nhin v Ghi ngu vo nhin, c ra tun t.
Trang 2.9

A B C N C B A N BM
m khe thi gian
A, iu khin ghi tun t
N C B A
N C B A BM
CM
B, iu khin ghi ngu nhin
Hnh 2-9 : iu khin tun t v ngu nhin.
Ghi tun t / c ngu nhin : B m khe thi gian (Time slot counter) xc nh tuyn PCM vo ghi tn hiu vo b nh BM mt cch tun t, b m khe thi gian lm vic ng b vi tuyn PCM vo, ngha l vic ghi lin tip vo cc nh trong b nh BM c m bo bi s tng ln mt ca gi tr ca b m khe thi gian. B nh iu khin CM iu khin vic c ra ca BM bng cch cung cp cc a ch ca cc nh ca BM. in M 0 A B
R-1 BM S/P
a ch c 0 A B B A
CM
out
P/S R-1
a ch ghi
m khe thi gian
Hnh2-10 : Ghi tun t, c ngu nhin.
Cc knh thng tin s c ghp vi nhau theo thi gian bi b MUX, sau , a n b chuyn i t ni tip sang song song a ra cc t m song song 8 bits (Mi t m chim 1 khe thi gian). Cc t m ny c ghi tun t vo b nh BM do gi tr ca b m khe thi gian tng ln lt ln 1 tng ng vi khe thi gian u vo. Xen k vi qu trnh ghi l qu trnh c thng tin t b nh BM vi cc a ch do b nh iu khin CM
Trang 2.10

cung cp. Thng tin sau khi c ra khi BM, c chuyn i t song song ra ni tip tr li v sau c tch ra thnh cc knh a ra ngoi. Nh vy, vic ghi c BM thc hin 2 chu trnh sau : - Ghi vo BM nh c a ch do b m khung cung cp (gi l chu trnh ghi). - c ra t BM t nh c a ch do CM cung cp (chu trnh c). i vi tn hiu thoi, fs = 8 KHz do c 125 ms th nh BM ghi c 1 ln. S knh cc i Rmax=125/(TW+TR). trong TW v TR l thi gian ghi v c ca b nh BM do nh sn xut quy nh. Xt v d : hai khe thi gian A v B mun trao i vi nhau, a ch ghi vo BM chnh l s th t ca khe thi gian (ghi vo tun t) trong mt khung. Khi ta mun trao i thng tin gia 2 khe A v B, ta cn ghi vo CM gi tr A vo ngn nh B v gi tr B vo ngn nh A. Ti TSA, khi b m m n gi tr A ( BM n nh A) : Trong chu trnh ghi, a ch c cung cp bi b m khe thi gian v chu trnh c c CM cung cp a ch. Qu trnh c tin hnh nh sau : B iu khin ghi ln lt vo cc nh ca BM cng vi s tng ln 1 ca b m khung. thi im TSA, mu MA c ghi vo nh A v do CMA c ni dung B nn nn mu Mb c c ra t nh B ca BM. Trong thi gian TSB, mu Mb c ghi vo BMB v do nh CMB c ni dung A nn mu Ma c c ra t nh BMA. Nh vy, c s trao i gia cc khe thi gian A v B, qu trnh c tip din cho n khi c s thay i ca CM. Ghi ngu nhin/ c ra tun t : B nh CM cung cp a ch ca cc nh ca BM trong chu trnh ghi cn b m khe thi gian cung cp a ch cho vic c thng tin ra khi b nh BM. Gi s 2 khe thi gian A v B mun trao i thng tin vi nhau th nh A trong CM lu gi tr B v nh B trong CM s lu gi tr A. Qu trnh thc hin c tin hnh nh sau : B m khe thi gian qut ln lt BM v CM v do , u ra ni dung trong cc nh BM c c ra ln lt. Trong khe thi gian TSA, Mb c c ra v do CMA c a ch B nn mu Ma c ghi vo nh BMB . Trong khe thi gian TSB, Ma c c ra v do CMB c a ch A nn mu Mb c ghi vo nh BMA. Nh vy, vic c thng tin t BM l tun t v ghi vo l do CM iu khin v s trao i thng tin gia hai khe thi gian A v B trn cng mt tuyn PCM c thc hin.
Trang 2.11
in
...
M 0 A B
R-1 BM
S/P
a ch ghi 0 A B B A
CM
out
...
P/S R-1
a ch c
m khe thi gian
Hnh 2-11 : Ghi ngu nhin, c ra tun t.
c tnh ca chuyn mch T:
Thi gian tr ph thuc vo quan h khe thi gian vo, khe thi gian ra, tuyn PCM vo, tuyn PCM ra ... Nhng n lun c gi mc thu bao khng nhn thy c v thi gian tr ny lun nh hn thi gian ca 1 khung ca tuyn PCM. u im ni bt l tnh tip thng hon ton. Mi knh c phn b vo mt khe tng ng. Nh vy, bt k u vo no cung c kh nng chuyn mch n ng ra mong mun. Hot ng ca CM c lp vi tin tc, c kh nng chuyn i thm cc bits chn l, bo hiu cng vi cc byte mu ting ni. Nhc : S lng knh b hn ch bi thi gian truy cp b nh. Hin nay, cng ngh RAM pht trin 1 cp T c th chuyn mch 1024 knh.
Nng cao kh nng chuyn mch T :

Ghp knh vi cc bits song song :
Vic nng cao kh nng chuyn mch ca tng T thc hin phng thc truyn song song tn hiu s ca 1 knh qua tng T. Qu trnh chuyn mch qua tng T vi vic ghi c ln lt 8 bits/knh vo b nh c thc hin nh hnh 2-12. Ta nhn thy rng, nu thi gian truy xut ca b nh l ln th dung lng ca chuyn mch b hn ch rt nhiu. khc phc iu ny, trc khi a vo trng chuyn mch, bao gi tn hiu cng c ghp knh v chuyn i sang song song.
Trang 2.12

TSW
ghi vo 8 bits 1 knh 1 knh c ra 8 bits
Hnh 2-12 : Ghi / c song song 8 bits.
n gin, xt v d 1 khung ch c 2 knh. Nhn vo s ta thy: Khi thc hin bin i khung t ni tip ra song song th 8 bt s c 7 bt trng. Khong thi gian ny tng ng vi 7 bits c s dng truyn tn hiu cc knh khc ca cc tuyn PCM khc.
line0 S/P 1 frame
7 bt trng khong trng 5 bits
line0 S/P knh 1 knh 2 line0

8 bits
M U X
S/P 1 khung
Hnh 2-13 : Ghp 3 tuyn PCM S/P.
Qu trnh ghp 6 tn hiu 3 tuyn PCM khc nhau cng c m t trong hnh trn. Ti mi b S/P c 1 u vo v 8 u ra. Nh vy, ta c 24 u ra khi 3 b S/P tng ng vi line0, line1, line2 v c ghp b MUX. Ti u ra ca b MUX, 6 tn hiu s c ghp nh trn. Khong thi gian trng ng vi 5 bits. Vic thay i khe thi gian trng hp ny c thc hin ti tng T m ti u ra v u vo c 8 ng ni v tng T c 8 chuyn mch T. Ti mt nhnh chuyn mch T c mt bit ca 8 bits song song trn mt knh c ghi vo. Thm nhp song song vo tng chuyn mch T :
Trang 2.13

tng dung lng cho cp chuyn mch T, ngoi vic s dng phng thc truyn s liu song song cn kt hp phng thc thm nhp song song vo b nh. Trong phng php thm nhp ln lt th s ln thm nhp gp 2 ln s khe thi gian trong mt khung tn hiu. Phng php thm nhp song song vo tng T s cho php gim s ln thm nhp gn bng na so vi thm nhp truyn thng. lm c iu ny, b nh thng tin c chia thnh cc khi (block). Nh vy, vic c thng tin ra khi b nh c th ng thi. RAM c chia thnh 16 khi, mi khi gm 256 a ch. Nh vy, tng dung lng ca b nh T l 256*16 = 4096 a ch. Xt v d m t qu trnh thc hin chuyn mch qua tng T theo phng thc : ghi tun t, c song song vi phng php truy cp b nh song song.
1 2 3
. . .
Block 1 Block 2 .. ... 8 bits . Block 16
256
. c ra . ng thi
Hnh 2-14 : Thm nhp song song.
R256 Block1 Block2
...
1 khung R1 W15 ...
W2 W1 Block
16
... Block 16
d liu c u tin a ch 1
...
2 1
Hnh 2-15 : D liu c ra trong truy cp song song.
Vic ghi vo RAM thc hin trong khong 15 khe thi gian theo nhng a ch xc nh trc ca 16 block. Khi hon thnh qu trnh ghi vo RAM TS15, qu trnh c c thc hin ng thi cho tt c 16 khi TS16. a ch ln c u tin cho khi 1 l a ch 1. Tn hiu s c ra t block 1 n block 16 c sp xp ln lt trn tuyn PCM ra ca tng T. Tip tc khe th 17 n khe th 31 l ghi vo c iu khin v TS32 l c ra ton b 16 block ng thi. Nh vy, c 15 khe ghi v khe th 16 l dng c. Do , kh nng chuyn mch ca tng ny trong 1 khung l 4096*15/16 = 3840 knh.
Trang 2.14

S ln thm nhp l 4096 ln. i vi phng thc thm nhp truyn thng th vi 4096 ln thm nhp th ch c kh nng chuyn mch c 2048 knh m thi, ngha l phng thc thm nhp song song tng kh nng pht trin dung lng hn 15/32 ln so vi phng thc thm nhp truyn thng.
II.2.2.
Chuyn mch khng gian ( S ) :

Nguyn l :
N u vo
N u vo
M u ra
M u ra
Hnh 2-16 : S chuyn mch khng gian tip thng hon ton v khng hon ton.
Nguyn l lm vic ca chuyn mch khng gian da trn c s chuyn mch khng gian dng thanh cho. Chuyn mch khng gian s l chuyn mch thc hin vic trao i thng tin cng mt khe thi gian nhng hai tuyn PCM khc nhau. Trong s chuyn mch tip thng hon ton, ta thy rng bt k u vo no cng c kh nng ni vi u ra mong mun, cn trong s chuyn mch tip thng khng hon ton th ch c mt s u vo no th mi c kh nng ni vi mt s u ra tng ng no m thi. Thng thng, cc s tip thng khng ha ton c thit k vi mc ch kinh t nhng ni c nhu cu trao i thng tin khng ng u. Khi s knh thoi ln, ta phi ghp chung nhiu tuyn PCM. Vic u ni gia cc knh khng ch l trao i thng tin trn cc tuyn khe thi gian ca tuyn PCM m cn trao i gia cc tuyn vi nhau. Chuyn mch khng gian lm nhim v ni mch cho cc tuyn PCM khc nhau u vo v u ra. N to ra mi quan h thi gian thc cho 1 hay nhiu khe thi gian. Xt mt chuyn mch khng gian PCM c ma trn mxn vi ng vo v ng ra mang cc tn hiu PCM. S ni kt bt k gia cc khe thi gian ca bus ng vo vi khe thi gian tng ng ng ra c thc hin qua im thng ca ma trn chuyn mch khng gian phi c tin hnh trong sut thi gian ca khe thi gian ny v lp li trong cc khung k tip cho n khi cuc gi kt thc. Trong thi gian cn li trong thi gian mt khung, im thng ny c th c s dng cho mt cuc gi khc c lin quan. Do vic iu khin l phi theo 1 chu k no tu thuc vo thi gian cuc gi. iu ny c thc hic nh b nh ni kt CM cc b kt hp vi mch chuyn mch khng gian.
Trang 2.15
1
B u s v o 1 2 3 n
...
m }bus ra
im thng
Bus a ch
B nh iu khin CM
Hnh 2-17 : Chuyn mch khng gian s.
3 2 1 2 1 3
E
2 1
A
1 2 3
B
3
001 010 011
010 001 010
CM-E
CM-F
CM-G
CM-H
Hnh2-18 : Chuyn mch S ma trn 4*4.
Chuyn mch gm ma trn m*n im thng ng / m l c iu khin bi CM. Mi a ch nh phn nh du 1 in thng thch hp thit lp ni kt gia ng ra v ng vo trn bus. Kch thc mi t ca CM phi p ng c yu cu ct gi a ch nh phn cho 1 trong n im thng v c th thm 1 i ch th hin rng mi im thng trong ct l m. Nh vy gm n+1 a ch. Vy, mi t CM gm log2(n+1) bits. Mi b nh CM phi lu c ton b a ch im thng trong 1 khung v CM lm vic mt cch ng b vi ma trn chuyn mch nn cc nh ca CM s tng ng
Trang 2.16

vi th t cc khe thi gian vo, cho nn, n phi c t nht R nh (R l s khe thi gian trong mt khung). Nh vy, a ch ca im thng s c ni trong khe thi gian TS1 s c lu tr trong nh u tin trong CM. Qu trnh chuyn mch xem xt ni dung ca t bo sut khe thi gian tng ng v dng a ch ny xc nh im thng ca khe thi gian ny. Qu trnh c tip din nh vy cho ht khung, tip tc cho ht mt cuc gi sau trong CM c s thay i v mi vic s c t chc li. Gi s c mt ma trn chuyn mch PCM 4x4 vi 1 khung c 3 khe thi gian, vy, mi CM c 3 t bo. Mi t 3 bits( log2(4+1)). Ti mi im thng, ta t cc cng AND v cng ny c m hay ng l do CM quyt nh. a ch 000 biu th mi im thng trn ct l khng c ni. a ch 001 biu th im thng u tin (cao nht) trn ct l ni. a ch 010 biu th im thng th hai trn ct l ni. a ch 011 biu th im thng th ba trn ct l ni. a ch 100 biu th im thng cui cng (thp nht) trn ct l ni. Khe thi gian ng vo TS1/busA ni vi khe thi gian ng ra TS1/busE. Khe thi gian ng vo TS1/busB ni vi khe thi gian ng ra TS1/busF. Khe thi gian ng vo TS2/busA ni vi khe thi gian ng ra TS2/busF. Khe thi gian ng vo TS2/busB ni vi khe thi gian ng ra TS2/busE. Khe thi gian ng vo TS3/busB ni vi khe thi gian ng ra TS3/busH. Khe thi gian ng vo TS3/busD ni vi khe thi gian ng ra TS3/busE.
Gi s, cc nhu cu trao i gia cc khe thi gian nh sau :
Qu trnh chuyn mch c tin hnh nh sau :

Trong thi gian ca khe thi gian TS1 :
Cc nh ca CM lm vic ng b vi cc khe thi gian ng vo. nh 1 ca CM-E c gi tr 001 nn im thng u tin ca n (A-E) ng, cc tn hiu t ng vo A c chuyn sang ng ra E trong khong thi gian ny. nh 1 ca CM-F c gi tr 010 nn im thng th nh (B-F) ca n ng v cc tn hiu t ng vo B c chuyn sang ng ra F. Trong thi gian ca khe thi gian TS2 : nh 2 ca CM-E c gi tr 010 nn im thng th nh ca n (B-E) ng, cc tn hiu t ng vo B c chuyn sang ng ra E trong khong thi gian ny. nh 2 ca CM-F c gi tr 001 nn im thng th nht (A-F) ca n ng v cc tn hiu t ng vo A c chuyn sang ng ra F. Trong thi gian ca khe thi gian TS3 :
Trang 2.17

nh 3 ca CM-E c gi tr 011 nn im thng th ba ca n (C-E) ng, cc tn hiu t ng vo C c chuyn sang ng ra E trong khong thi gian ny. nh 3 ca CM-H c gi tr 010 nn im thng th nh (B-H) ca n ng v cc tn hiu t ng vo B c chuyn sang ng ra H. Nh vy bng cch s dng b nh CM , ta c th to ra 1 ma trn chuyn mch c th l m*n hay n*n tu vo yu cu.
iu khin trong chuyn mch S :

iu khin theo u vo: Xc nh u ra no s ni vi u vo tng ng. iu khin theo u ra: Xc nh u vo no s ni vi u ra tng ng.
Vic xc nh im chuyn mch c th thc hin bng hai cch :
Trong chuyn mch S iu khin theo u ra th trn cc ct ng ra s c cc b nh CM v ni dung trong cc nh ca CM s chn cc dng ng vo cho ct ng ra ca n. iu khin theo u vo th mi dng s c mt b nh CM iu khin v ni dung ca n s xc nh cc ct ng ra cho dng ng vo ca n.
1 2 .. . N
... N ng vo
... ... ...
MUX CM-2
MUX
...
CM-N
MUX
CM-1
... 2 ...
M ng ra
Hnh 2-19 : iu khin theo u ra.
Theo nguyn l trn, iu khin ng ra c th s dng cc b ghp knh logic s. B ghp knh logic s ny cho php ni n ng ra ca n t mt trong n ng vo ty thuc vo a ch nh phn c cung cp bi b nh iu khin CM ca n. S bits nh phn yu cu cho n u vo l log2n. Dung lng tng cng ca b nh CM l : CCM = R.log2n (vi R l s khe thi gian trong 1 khung). Nu chuyn mch S c m u ra th dung lng b nh CM tng cng ca n s l : CCM = m.R.log2n. iu khin theo u vo s dng b tch knh logic s, n cung cp s ni kt gia mt ng vo vi 1 trong m ng ra theo a ch nh phn xc nh trc trong CM n ng vo. S bits nh phn yu cu cho tng dung lng ca b nh CM l :
Trang 2.18

CCM = n.R.log2m.
1 2 ... N
... ... ...
N ng vo
DEMUX CM-1 DEMUX CM-1
...
DEMUX CM-1 ...
...
...
...
... ...
2 M ng ra
Hnh 2-20 : iu khin theo u vo.
Chuyn mch T khng thun li trong cc h thng tng i c dung lng ln, tuy nhin, chuyn mch S dng c lp l khng c hiu qu. Bi v n ch thc hin c s trao i gia cc tuyn khc nhau c cng khe thi gian, iu ny khng c tnh thc t. Trong thc t, ngi ta ghp chuyn mch T v S to nn cc trng chuyn mch c dung lng ln.
II.3.
Phi php cc cp chuyn mch:
Thng thng, chuyn mch T ch p ng c trong h thng tng di c dung lng ln nht l 512 knh giao thng, nng cao dung lng chuyn mch, ngi ta phi phi ghp gia cp S v cp T. S kt hp khc nhau dn n cc trng chuyn mch c tnh cht khc nhau, ng thi, chng nhng n lm tng dung lng h thng m cn lm gim gi thnh thit b. Trong cc tng i dung lng ln thng c trng chuyn mch ghp gia cc cp nh:
Tng i Php: E10 B : TST. E12 : TSSST. Tng i Thy in AXE : T, TST. Tng i Nht HTX10: TST. Tng i Sitel : SSTSS.
II.3.1.
Chuyn mch ghp TS :
Nguyn l chuyn mch TS i khi cn gi l nguyn l nh TS v khng c chuyn mch khng gian trnh by trn tht s c p dng. Cc knh c to nhm theo thi gian thnh N tuyn PCM v c a n trng chuyn mch. Trn mi tuyn PCM c mt b nh thng tin BM vi R nh ng bng s knh trn mt khung mi tuyn. Thng tin nm trong cc khe thi gian c ghi mt cch tun t vo b nh BM, cn c ra do b nh iu khin CM quyt nh.
Trang 2.19

PCM0
0 1 R-1 REG 0 REG 1 PCM1
PCM0
BM-0
PCM1
0 1 R-1
PCMN REG N-1 iu khin thi im c ra
BM-1
CMS
0 1 R-1
PCMN
1,R-1
BM-N
0 N-1 0 N-1
Khe thi gian TS0 Khe thi gian TS1
0 N-1
Khe thi gian TSR-1
Khe thi gian ni b 0 Khe thi gian ni b N-1
0,1
CM
Hnh 2-21 : Chuyn mch TS.
B nh CM c chia thnh R khi nh, ng vi R knh mi tuyn. Mi khi c N nh ng vi N tuyn ra. Dung lng ca CM l : CCM=R.N khi nh. Thng tin trong khi nh CM c qut ln lt ng thi vi khe thi gian ni b. Nh vy, trong thi gian ca mt khe thi gian c chia lm N khe thi gian ni b nh hn. C ngha l, trong 1 khe thi gian c N nh ca b nh iu khin chuyn mch CM c ra. Chng cho bit cn phi c thng tin ra t nh no trong N nh ca b nh thng tin BM. Trong 1 khe thi gian, cc thanh ghi u ra c np 1 cch ln lt. Tn hiu iu khin c b nh ra thanh ghi biu din nh hnh 2-22. Nu mi tuyn PCM c R knh th rng khe thi gian l 125/R, khi c N tuyn thi gian c b nh CM phi nh hn 125/(R*N) . Chnh v hn ch ny m loi chuyn mch ny ch dng cho tng i c dung lng nh. Do phi chn CM l loi b nh c thi gian thm nhp nh.
Trang 2.20

Mun trao i thng tin gia khe thi gian 1 ca PCM0 vi khe th gian R-1 ca PCM1, n v iu khin u ni ghi gi tr 1, R-1 vo nh 0 ca vng nh ng vi khe thi gian 1 v ghi gi tri 1,0 vo nh ca vng nh ng vi khe thi gian ra R-1. Trong mt khe thi gian, cc thanh ghi u ra c np ln lt theo N khe thi gian ni b. Cc thanh ghi lm vic nh cc b m hiu chnh li ng h ng b vi cc thng tin trn N tuyn PCM u ra. Trong khe thi gian TS1, khi CM qut n nh 0 (ng vi khe thi gian ni b 0); gi tr 1,R-1 trong nh ny s iu khin c thng tin trong nh 1 ca BM1, ng thi c tn hiu m cng cho php ghi s liu vo REG0.
1 khe thi gian Np REG0 Np REG1
. . .
Np REGN-1 Khe thi gian ni b
Hnh 2-22 : Tn hiu iu khin c ra thanh ghi.
Sau , trong khe thi gian R-1, khi CM qut n nh 1 (ng vi khe thi gian ni b 1); gi tr 0,1 trong nh ny iu khin c thng tin trong nh 1 ca BM0, ng thi tn hiu m cng cho php ghi s liu vo REG1. Nh vy, khe thi gian ca PCM0 c ra khe thi gian R-1 REG 1 v khe thi gian R-1 ca PCM1 c c ra khe thi gian 1 REG 0. Vic trao i thng tin gia 2 khe thuc 2 tuyn c thc hin. B chuyn mch ny khng xy ra hin tng tc nghn v n lun tm ra 1 ng ri dn n mt ng ra ri. Tuy nhin, s khe thi gian ni b t l vi dung lng chuyn mch, do , tc bit cng t l vi dung lng chuyn mch, c ngha l vi mt h thng c dung lng ln th tc truy cp b nh phi rt nhanh.
II.3.2.
Chuyn mch STS :
Trong trng chuyn mch STS, cc khe thi gian trn cc tuyn PCM khc nhau cn trao i thng tin s uc a v cng mt tuyn nh cp chn S1. Sau , cp T s hon v cc khe thi gian ny cho nhau v vic phn ng li l do cp S2 m nhim. Chuyn mch khng gian ng vo S1 s ni bus ng vo vi chuyn mch T trong sut thi gian ca 1 khe thi gian v chuyn mch khng gian ng ra cng s ni kt chuyn mch T vi bus ng ra trong sut thi gian ca 1 khe thi gian. Xt s trao i thng tin gia thu bao A mang tin tc Ma trong khe thi gian TSr1 vi thu bao B mang tin tc Mb trong khe thi gian TSr2 ca cc tuyn PCMi v PCMj tng ng. n gin, ta xt s chuyn mch c 2 tuyn PCM u vo cng nh u ra.
Trang 2.21
1i j r
1 i j r
1 i j r
1 i j r
.. M
.. M
.. D
.. D
S T T
Hnh 2-23 : S trao i thng tin trong mng STS.
iu khin chuyn mch ca cp T v S, ngi ta cng s dng b nh chuyn mch CMT v CMS nh hnh sau : Trn s ny, b nh thng tin BM c s dng kp. u tin, a ch c np vo CMS, CMT a ch A,B. Gi s ti BM, nh r c np thng tin Mb.
r1 r2 I i JJ ...
CMS T i j r i BM j Ti B BM r1 r2 r
r
Ti A
T B
CMT
Hnh 2-24 : S nguyn l STS.
Trang 2.22

Trong khe thi gian TSr1, b nh CMS qut n nh r1, gi tr i trong nh ny s iu khin chuyn mch S1 ni vi ng i nhn tn hiu Ma t thu bao A v ghi vo b nh BM mt nh r nht nh. Tin tc Ma c cha y cho n khe thi gian TSr2, lc , do nh r2 ca CMT c gi tr r nn n ch nh c nh r ca BM v do nh r2 ca CMS c gi tr j nn n ch nh S2 u ni vi ng j a thng tin v n thu bao B. Cng trong khe thi gian TSr2, do CMS c gi tr j nn n ch nh ni BM vi ng j ng vo, tin tc Mb c ghi vo nh r ca BM. Tin tc ny c lu y cho n khe thi gian TSr1, lc , do nh r1 ca CMT c gi tr r nn n ch nh c nh r ca BM v do nh r1 ca CMS c gi tr i nn n ch nh S2 u ni vi ng i a thng tin v n thu bao A. Nh vy, vic u ni thng tin Ma v Mb gia 2 tuyn c thc hin. Vic nghn mch trong s STS ph thuc vo vic tm ra 1 nh ri trong b nh chuyn mch thi gian. Cng nhiu chuyn mch thi gian th cng gim kh nng nghn mch.
II.3.3.
1 ... R
Chuyn mch TST :

Module 1 ... M
T 1 2... N
... ... D
T
...
...
... Module N
1 ... ... R Thanh dn ra ...
Hnh 2-25 : Cu trc chuyn mch TST.
Cc tuyn PCM vo c gi li tng vo ca chuyn mch T, cho n khi cn cha thy ng ri trn ng dn tng ng qua tng chuyn mch khng gian ti tng ra tng ng ca chuyn mch thi gian. V n c gi li cho n khi bt u khong thi gian yu cu thc hin thng tin cho. Gi thit tng chuyn mch thi gian l tip thng hon ton, th khi thit lp cuc ni trn tng chuyn mch khng gian c th s dng khong thi gian bt k. im quan trng ca tng chuyn mch STS l tng chuyn mch khng gian lm vic vi s phn chia thi gian mt cch c lp vi cc tuyn PCM vo.
Trang 2.23

S phong to trong s TST c th xut hin trong trng hp khng c cc khong thi gian ri bn trong tng chuyn mch khng gian m trong sut khong thi gian c tng ni trung gian ti cc tng ra ca chuyn mch thi gian cng ri ng thi. Xc sut phong to s cc tiu nu s khong thi gian ca chuyn mch khng gian ln. Cu trc tng chuyn mch STS thng c xy dng theo module, mi module c 2 cp chuyn mch T vo ra v 1 cp S. Cc module lin lc vi nhau bng cc thanh dn ra c ni vo cp S. u im ca phng n ny l cc module chuyn mch c lp vi nhau nn vic m rng dung lng tng i c th thc hin mt cch d dng. Dung lng ti a ca trng chuyn mch l do s lng thanh dn quyt nh.
Module 1 1 ... R ... D
T
Module S
T
... M
... S ...
... S
... Module N
1 ...
Hnh 2-26 : Cu trc module.
Phng n ny s dng rng ri trong cc mng chuyn mch c dung lng nh n trung bnh t 16 n 32 module. Khi ni vi dung lng cao s vp phi kh khn v truyn dn v tr truyn dn khng ng u. khc phc nhc im ny, ngi ta tch S ra khi module to nn mt cp S c lp. Tt c cc module u thng qua 2 thanh dn ni vi cp S. Khi tr ca cc thanh dn c coi nh ng u. kho st s hat ng ca chuyn mch TST, ta xt s trao i tin tc gia hai thu bao A vi tin tc Ma trn khe thi gian TSr1 (thuc module Tki) v thu bao B mang tin tc Mb trn khe thi gian TSr2 (thuc module TKj). S trao i thng tin gia 2 knh thuc 2 module TKi v TKj qua cp chuyn mch SM. Mi module c 2 b nh thng tin BMT v BMR ct gi thng tin pht v thu. Mi b nh c b iu khin thu v pht tng ng. Vic iu khin cp chn trong chuyn mch khng gian SM do cc b nh CMS m nhim.
Trang 2.24

thc hin vic , cn 1 khe thi gian ni b ang ri v pha A cng nh v pha B ca chuyn mch S. Gi s khe thi gian ri u tin c tm thy l TSr, b iu khin u ni thc hin ghi thng tin iu khin vo cc b nh nh sau : Ghi gi tr r1 vo nh r ca CMTTi. Ghi gi tr i vo nh r ca CMSj. Ghi gi tr r2 vo nh r ca CMTRj. Gi s r1<r2, cc b nh c qut ln lt theo cc khe thi gian ni b. Thng tin Ma, Mb c ghi ln lt b nh pht BMTi v BMR j cc nh r1, r2 tng ng. TKi Ma
0 r1 R-1
SM
BM T i
Mb
0 r2 R-1
SMi
0 r+R/2 r1 j
0 r+R/2 R-1
BM R i
r1
R-1 R-1
CMT T i
CMTR i
CMS i
Mb
0 r2 R-1
Ma
BM T j
0 r2 R-1
SMj
0 r2 i
0 r R-1
BM R j
r2
r+R/2 r R-1 R
CMT T j
CMT R j
CMS j
i ... j
Hnh 2-27 : Chuyn mch TST.
Trong khe thi gian ni b TSr, ng vi khe thi gian ni b ang ri r, khi cc b nh c qut n nh r, gi tr r1 trong b nh iu khin pht CMTTi i khin vic c thng tin trong Ma ct trong nh r1 trong BMTi sang SM. ng thi, gi tr i trong nh r
Trang 2.25

ca CMSj iu khin SMj chn ng i ly thng tin Ma ghi vo b nh thu BMRj ca TKj. a ch ca BMRj do CMTR j cung cp. Do , Ma c ghi vo nh r2 ca BMRj. N c c ra thi im ng vi khe thi gian r2, v hng thng tin t TKi n TKj c thc hin. Tuy nhin, khng c ng thng tin theo hng ngc li. t chc c ng thng tin theo hng ngc li, c 2 phng thc c th s dng l : Thit lp ng mi hon ton c lp bng 1 khe thi gian ni b ri no . Vic thit lp ph thuc vi hng ban u.
Phng thc th nht to nn mt h thng m do hn, nhng phng thc th hai tit kim c phn cng hn. Li dng tnh cht i xng ca chuyn mch, nh vy, vic chn ng ch cn tin hnh 1 ln l . S dng phng thc o pha, l : nu tm c mt khe thi gian ni b ang ri cho hng t A n B l r th ng quay v s thc hin vo ng khe thi gian ni b na khung thi gian sau (r+R/2). Nh vy, nu thc hin theo phng thc o pha th b iu khin u ni thc hin ghi thng tin iu khin vo cc b nh nh sau : Ghi gi tr r2 vo nh r ca CMTTj. Ghi gi tr j vo nh r ca CMSi. Ghi gi tr r1 vo nh r ca CMTRi. Trong khe thi gian ni b TSr+R/2, ng vi khe thi gian ni b ang ri r+R/2, khi cc b nh c qut n nh r+R/2, gi tr r2 trong b nh iu khin pht CMTTj iu khin vic c thng tin trong Mb ct trong nh r2 trong BMTj sang SM. ng thi, gi tr j trong nh r ca CMSi iu khin SMi chn ng j ly thng tin Mb ghi vo b nh thu BMRi ca TKi. a ch ca BMRi do CMTRi cung cp. Do , Ma c ghi vo nh r1 ca BMRi. N c c ra thi im ng vi khe thi gian r1, v hng thng tin t TKj n TKi c thc hin. u im ca phng php ny l 2 hng thng tin c lp nhau. Sau khi c xc nh hng t TKi n TKj th vic xc nh theo hng ngc li l khng cn thit. Do , n thng c s dng tit kim b nh; ta ch cn s dng 1 trong 2 b nh CMTT hay CMTR( gi chung l CMT). a ch c BMT v ghi BMR c ly ra trong 2 nh CMT, a ch ca chng thng cch nhau mt khong R/2. Kh nng nghn mch ph thuc vo vic tm cp khe thi gian ri cho ng truyn gia 2 chuyn mch thi gian. Xc sut tm cp khe thi gian ri ny l ln nu s khe thi gian ni b l ln. Kh nng tip thng hon hon c th c thc hin bng hai cch : Tng gp i tc bit ni b (tng s khe thi gian ni b). Thit lp thit b chuyn mch trn hai mt phng song song.
Tm li, c hai phng thc u tng gp i thit b chuyn mch.
Trang 2.26

II.3.4. Nhn xt :
Tm li, khi xt v phng din chuyn mch v iu khin th cp T l u im hn c. Tuy nhin, n b hn ch v dung lng. Do , i vi nhng ttng i c dung lng nh, tng i u cui, tng i c quan thng hay dng chuyn mch T. Vi tng i cp cao hn, thng s dng chuyn mch ghp TST hay STS. Mch STS c kh nng chn nhiu ng ni khc nhau cho 1 cuc gi. C ngha l STS c tin cy cao hn ST. Chuyn mch STS thng dng cho thit b chuyn mch nh, c tc ln. Mng TST c tnh cht chuyn mch u im, kh nng chn ng ri nhiu hn, cu trc iu khin n gin. Da vo bng ny m ta c th s dng loi no cho tng i thch ng. i vi cc mng ln, ngi ta s dng ghp cc cp nhiu hn nh TSST, SSTSS... Cc mt so snh tin cy Gi thnh K thut chn ng phc tp Mi trng ng b STS (+) +1 + + + +2 TST
III.
Chuyn mch gi :
III.1. C s mng chuyn mch gi :
III.1.1.
M hnh tng th :
Mng chuyn mch gi
Node chuyn mch Thit b u cui
Hnh 2-28 : M hnh tng th.
Trang 2.27

Thit b u cui : S dng cc dch v do mng cung cp. Cc node chuyn mch gi : To tuyn cho cc gi tin gia cc tuyn ni khc nhau ca mng m chng ni ti node chuyn mch gi ny.
III.1.2.
T chc phn lp ca mng chuyn mch gi :
S dng m hnh 7 lp ISO OSI m t hi nim c s dng mng chuyn mch gi v ch yu da trn 3 lp bc thp : Lp Lp 3 : Lp mng Lp 2 : Lp tuyn d liu Lp1 : Lp vt l Hnh thc truyn Gi Khung Bit
Lp vt l :
Dnh cho tuyn ni vt l gia thit b trong mng. Thng tin trao i di dng bit, bao gm cc thng tin v s liu, bo hiu (iu khin) dng iu khin thao tc ca tuyn ni v xc nh trng thi so th s dng ca tuyn, ng h nhp ghp ni cc tn hiu s liu khi khi phc cu trc tin pht my thu. Cc tn hiu ny dng trao i tin tc cp cao hn gia hai thit b.
Lp tuyn d liu :
Chuyn tin gia cc thit b, theo , yu cu bn tin c chuyn i khng bi li v theo 1 trinh t chnh xc. Pht hin li trong khung tuyn bng phng php ARQ (Automatic Repeat reQuest), bao gm 3 phng thc : Phng thc dng v ch : Bn pht pht 1 khung v phi ch t pha thu. Nu nhn c s xc nhn l : ACK : Bn pht tip tc pht khung tip theo. NAK : Bn pht pht li khung pht. Phng thc quay li : Bn pht pht lin tc tng khung, nu nhn c ACK th tip tc pht, nu l NAK th n s xc nh th t khung li v pht li lin tc khungny. dang. Mng chuyn mch gi (X.25) thng dng phng thc kch c ca s 7, tc l bn pht pht 7 khung mi cn 1 khung xc nhn t bn thu. Phng thc lp li c chn lc : Pht lin tc cc khung, nu li th pht li khung b li v tip tc cng vic ang d
Trang 2.28

Lp mng :
Lp tuyn lm cng vic sa li, iu khin lung theo tuyn gia hai thit b u ni vi nhau. Lp mng to iu kin cho thng tin gia cc thit b m chng khng c u ni trc tip vi nhau (ngha l qua mng). thit lp tuyn ni lp mng gia hai thit b, th chng cn c kh nng thch ng vi nhau. Thng thng,mi thit b u ni vo mng c a ch ring, mi thit b c th da vo a ch ca thit b khc m yu cu thit lp thng tin gia chng. C 2 cch xy dng lp mng : Mi thit b c mt a ch ring. Dng tuyn ni gia 2 thit b xy dng mt a ch.
III.1.3.
Thit lp tuyn ni :
S4 S2 A
S5 S1 S3 B
Hnh 2-29 : Thit lp tuyn ni t A n B.
Xt mt qu trnh thit lp tuyn ni t A n B nh sau : Yu cu gi : Thu bao A gi mt gi tin yu cu gi (Call Request) n node chuyn mch gi S4. Gi yu cu gi cha a ch ca thit b cn gi. Trong mt vi giao thc, gi yu cu gi lun cha a ch ca thu bao ch gi bit c gc ca cuc gi. Gi tin xp hng trong S4 v sau chuyn n cc node khc v cui cng n S1. Gi n : Gi tin t S1 chuyn n thit b ch B. Tip nhn cuc gi : Sau khi nhn c gi tin thit lp, thu bao B tip nhn cuc gi bng cch gi mt gi tin tip nhn (Call Accepted), gi tin ny c gi tr li v A cho bit B c chp nhn phng tin A yu cu hay khng. Chuyn tin : Ngay sau khi thit lp, u cui A nhn c gi tin chp nhn t B, qu trnh chuyn tin bt u. Nu chiu di bn tin ln hn kch thc mt gi tin th bn tin s c chia thnh cc gi tin c kch thc c nh ri truyn i. Gii ta : Nu B t chi cuc gi, n pht i mt bn tin yu cu gii ta (Clear Request) bo cho thu bao A bit l cuc gi khng c tip nhn.
Trang 2.29

III.1.4. Knh logic :
Trong vic truyn d liu, qu trnh tuyn tin gia hai thu bao khng c thc hin mt cch t ng ngay c khi ng thng tin c kt ni bng in. Trong chuyn mch knh, ch c knh vt l c thit lp. Trong chuyn mch gi, knh ni c thit lp l knh logic. Knh logic c th l mch o (VC), mch o vnh vin (PVC), d liu biu (DG), chn nhanh (FS) ty theo t tnh dch v ca chng.
III.1.5.
Cc hnh thi dch v :

Mch o (VC : Virtual Circuit) :
S ni logic ca mch c thit lp trc khi truyn cc gi. y l cung on sn sng, sau l cung on chuyn s liu khi knh (mch) o c thit lp v cui cng l cung on gii phng cuc gi o. Nh vy, knh o c xem l knh logic sau khi c thit lp v duy tr n khi gii phng cuc gi. B d, thu bao A gi 1 hay nhiu gi n B, u tin, n truyn Call Request ti node S4, ti y, S4 s dng bng to tuyn quyt nh chuyn gi ti node k tip no (chng hn node S2). Qu trnh ny li tip tc xy ra trong S2 n c S1. S1 gi gi yu cu gi n B v B tr li bng gi chp nhn cuc gi theo hng ngc li. By gi, d liu t A n B c truyn theo con ng trn m khng phi tin hnh tm ng cho mi gi na. Knh o ny c xa bng gi Clear Request. Cng mt thi gian, 1 node chuyn mch c th c nhiu VC n node chuyn mch khc.
Mch o vnh vin (PVC : Permanent Virtual Circuit) :
Mch o vnh vin l phng thc thit lp mch o c nh gia hai thu bao. V mt logic c th so snh vi ng dy cho thu trong mng chuyn mch knh, v kiu chuyn mch ny khng cn thit lp hay gii phng cuc gi qua mng. i vi nhng mng s dng vic nh tuyn theo kiu mch ny th chc nng nh tuyn ti lp mng bao gm hai phn : nh tuyn khi mch o c khi to v m bo gi tin i n tuyn chn. Ni chung, thut ton nh tuyn s ph thuc v hnh thi dch v ca ngi s dng. iu khin lung hay iu khin tc ngon trong trng hp ti a vo qu kh nng phc v ca mng.
D liu biu (DG : DataGram) :
Khng nh nhng knh o trc ay, y l phng php khng cn thit lp 1 knh logic gia hai thu bao. Thu bao ch gi ch cn gi mt gi km theo a ch ca thu bao b gi v da vo a ch , mng s chuyn n n cuc gi ch. V nh vy, kh nng cc gi s truyn bng nhng con ng khc nhau.
Trang 2.30

Phng php ny thun li cho nhng bn tin rt ngn. Tuy nhin, n c mt s nhc im sau : Kh pht hin v sa li trn ng truyn. Khng c kh nng bo mt. Mi gi u phi mang a ch ch, i khi chim mt kch thc ng k.
Chn nhanh (FS : Fast Selection) :

Gi u tin c truyn theo DG (c a ch ch), ng thi yu cu thit lp knh o VC. Nu bn tin ngn th kt thc lun vic truyn d liu. Nu bn tin di th duy tr knh o v chuyn sang VC.
y l s kt hp gia VC v DG, vi nguyn tc sau :
III.1.6.
Phng thc nh tuyn trong mng chuyn mch gi :

nh tuyn c nh :
y l phng thc nh tuyn n gin nht, trong , thit b chuyn mch gi ca mng cha cc bng nh tuyn c nh chm cung cp cho chng tt c cc thng tin cn thit phn hng cc gi qua mng. Thc ra, bng to tuyn ny c cu to sn v c np vo cc node chuyn mch gi khi mng c cu trc ln u. Nu c mt thit b u cui mi c a vo mng th bng to tuyn ny phi c cp nht phn tuyn c nh cho thit b . Ni chung, cc bng to tuyn mi node chuyn mch l khc nhau. Do , cc mng ln, qun l nhiu tp hp bng to tuyn tr thnh mt cng vic kh nhc cho ngi iu khin v qun l mng. khc phc iu ny, ngi ta chia khu vc nh trong mng in thai. a ch ca thit b u cui cha mt s thng tin v to tuyn. u im : n gin. Nhc im : Cc bng to tuyn cn c thit lp nhn cng, ng thi qu trnh thit lp chng cn phi bit kh r v tnh hnh mng v lu lng ti. Tuy nhin, s phn chia ti cho cc hng ghp c th to chc nng t ng ct khi c li trong mng. Ngoi ra, ngi ta c th s dng bng to hng ph, phng khi hng chnh c s c. Tuy nhin, gii php trn l rt phc tp.
nh tuyn ng :
i vi phng thc ny, cc thit b chuyn mhcgi c th a ra nhng quyt nh to hng v da vo trng thi ca mng khi chuyn mch cho cc gi. Mt s mng c mc hiu dng rt quan trng, c ngha l thi gian s dng ng ni gia cc thit b cng nhiu cng tt. Nh vy, mun tng hiu dng th mng
Trang 2.31

cn c kh nng t ng s dng tuyn ph gia cc thit b u cui trong trng hp c s c tuyn hoc node chuyn mch. Mt khc, s dng mng ti u, cn tch lu lng cho cc hng khc nhau (hay cn gi l phn ti). V nh vy, phng thc to tuyn ng thun tin cho vic iu chnh lung ti cho mi hng m bo s dng ti da cc tuyn v thi gian t cc gi tin l thp nht. Mun vy, cc node chuyn mch gi phi to ra cc quyt nh thng minh khi chuyn mhc cho tng gi mi tnh hung. Phng thc to tuyn ng ny l n gin, nht l mi node chuyn mhc ca mng ch hiu bit v ti ca tuyn v tng thi ca cc tuyn u ni trc tip vo node. Chng khng cn phi bit trng thi ca mi tuyn v cc node chuyn mhc khc trong mng. Phng thc to tuyn ng c lu ton b trong mi node chuyn mch, n c s dng hu hiu trong mng X.25.
III.2. Giao thc X.25 :
III.2.1.
Khi nim chung :
Giao thc l mt tp hp cc quy tc, quy c m cc thc th tham gia tuyn thng tin trn mng phi tun theo m bo mng hot ng tt. Giao thc CCITT X.25 (84) : y l giao thc quan trng nht trong cc giao thc chuyn mch gi. 84 th hin nnm xut bn ca ti liu khuyn ngh X.25 ny. Tng ng vi 3 lp cp thp ca m hnh 7 lp OSI, X25 c 3 cp l : X.25 cp 1 : Cp vt l. X.25 cp 2 : Cp tuyn s liu. X.25 cp 3 : Cp mng.
III.2.2.
X.25 cp 1 : Cp vt l :
Cp vt l ca giao thc ny xc nh cc vn nh bo hiu in v kiu ca cc b u chuyn c s dng. N cho php 2 kiu giao tip chnh l X.21 v X.21bis. N cng cho php giao tip ni tip V khi cn.
III.2.3.
X.25 cp 2 : Cp tuyn s liu :
Cung cp 1 ng thng tin iu khin, ng thi m bo khng c li gia hai u cui ca tuyn lin lc. N to iu kin cho cp cao hn cng nh cp di iu khin lung. C hai kiu giao thc X.25 cp 2 : + LAP (Link Access Procedure : Th thc thm nhp tuyn). + LAPB (Link Access Procedure Balanced : Th thc thm nhp tuyn cn bng).
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LAPB hon thin hn LAP mt t v l kiu c s dng rng ri hin nay. LAPB c hai kiu giao thc : SLP (Single Link Procedure : Th thc n tuyn) : Giao thc gia DTE v TCE dng mt uyn thng tin. MLP (Multi Link Procedure : Th thc a tuyn) : Cho php s dng a tuyn lin lc gia DTE v DCE. Nu mt trong cc tuyn c s c th cc tuyn khsc c s dng m khng b mt s liu. iu ny cho php phn ti gia cc tuyn v t ng khc phc li cho mt hoc nhiu tuyn.
1!8 F
Th thc khung LAPB :
1!8 A 8 bits
1!8/16 C 8/16 bits
1!N.8 INFO N.8 bits
16!1 FCS 16 bits
1!8 F 8 bits
01111110 -
Trng c F (Flag) :
Gm mt byte 8 bits, khi cc khung cha c pht i th cc byt c F c chuyn i di dng t hp bits 01111110. C bt u ca mt khung v kt thc ca mt khung khc. Vy, gia hai khung ch c duy nht 1 c. trnh s phng to tn hiu c ca thng tin, ngi ta s dng phng php sau : Khi pht hin thng tin c 5 bits 1 lin tip th ngi ta chn vo 1 bit 0 ngay sau bit 1 th 5 v khi thu, ngi ta pht hin ra v loi b bit 0 ny. Trng a ch A (Address) : C kch thc 1 byte cha a ch gi tin. Vng ny c th l 00000011 (a ch A) hoc 00000001 (a ch B). Cc lnh v cc p ng c phn bit nh gi tr trng ny. Trong qu trnh o ng, a ch lun l a ch ca trm th cp. Nu DCE pht lnh th dng a ch A cn DTE pht lnh th dng a ch B. Trng iu khin C (Control) : Xc nh xem khung cha nhng g, kch thc thng thng l 8 bits, nhng nu c s thay i v giao thc th c th l 16 bits. Trng thng tin INFO (Information) : Trng FCS (Frame Check Stream) : Dng chuyn tin tc cp cao hn (cp mng). Cha dy kim ta khung pht hin li trong khung truyn. Bn thu s dng trng ny kim tra khung chm m bo ni dung khung thu c l khng c li.
Cc kiu khung LAPB :
Kiu khung LAPB c xc nh trng iu khin.
Trang 2.33

Giao thc LAPB xc ch mt kiu khung chnh thng c dng chuyn tin theo giao thc LAPB v giao thc cao hn. Ch yu c hai kiu khung, l khung lnh v khung p ng. Khung p ng dng xc nhn cng vic thu khung lnh. V d : Khung I l khung lnh, sau khi thu c mt khung I hay nhiu khung I th mt p ng cn c chuyn i xc nh rng khung hoc cc khung thu l chnh xc. Th thc
Chuyn tin I (tin) RR (sn sng thu) Gim st (S) RNR (cha sn sng thu) REJ (khng chp nhn) SABM (thit lp phng thc cn bng khng ng b) Khng nh s (U) DISC (gii ta tuyn ni) DM (phng thc khng u ni) UA (xc nhn khng nh s) FRMR (khng chp nhn khung) RR (sn sng thu) RNR (cha sn sng thu) REJ (khng chp nhn)
Lnh
p ng
0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 N(S) 0 1 0 1
M ha
P 0 0 1 1 P/F P/F P/F P 1 N(R) N(R) N(R) N(R) 0 0
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
0 1 0 1
0 1 0 0
P F F F
0 0 1 0
1 0 1 0
0 0 0 1
Cc lnh v cc p ng c phn bit nh trng A ca khung. p ng ca lnh thu c lun c cng trng A ca lnh ny. Nu DCE pht lnh th dng a ch A. Nu DTE pht lnh th dng a ch B v cp tuyn s liu th y l s khc bit gia DTE v DCE. Khung I : Khung tin, l mt khung lnh, n dng chuyn tin cho giao thc cp cao hn. Khung S : Khung gim st, l khung lnh hoc khung p ng. N lin quan n vic iu khin lung cho khung tin (I) v khc phc li tuyn thng tin do hng khung. Khung U : L khung khng nh s v chng khng cha cc a ch dy. Cc khung ny c dng khi xng chn tuyn (SABM, SABME, DISC, DM, UA) v bo co nhng phm vi giao thc. Khung lnh SABM (Set Asynchronous Balanced Mode : thit lp phng thc cn bng khng ng b) v SABME (Set Asynchronous Balanced Mode Extended : thit lp phng thc cn bng khng ng b m rng) : Dng thit lp tuyn vo trng thi chuyn tin (tc l tng thi ti cao). S khc bit gia hai lnh ny l SABM i hi phng thc lm vic thng thng (vi kch c ca s ti a l 7) v SABME i hi phng thc lm vic m rng (kch c ca s ti a l 127).
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Khung lnh DISC (Disconect : gii ta) : Dng a tuyn v trng thi thp, mt chng mc no , n ngc vi SABM v SABME. Khung p ng DM (Disconect Mode : phng thc gii ta) : Dng tr li cho trng SABM v SABME thu nu my pht DM khng mun ua tuyn vo trng thi chuyn tin. p ng UA (xc nhn khng nh s) : Dng khng nh lnh DISC hoc SABM thu c. p ng FRMR (khng chp nhn khung) : Dng ch th lnh sau cng hoc p ng sau cng khng hp l v mt no . FRMR mang thng tin m t l do.
Cc trng N(R) v N(S) :
Cm N(R) do b pht khung s liu s dng bo cho my thu s th t ca khung tip theo m my thu ang i. Cc khung RR v RNR dng cm ny khng nh cng vic thu cc khung tin c th t ti N(R). Khung REJ dng yu cu pht li cc khung tin c th t bt u t N(R). Cm N(S) dng ch s th t ca mt khung tin.
li.
Bit P (Poll/Final) :
Bit P (Poll/final : u / cui) c s dng chung ch th mt khung c pht Khi s dng mt lnh th bit ny l bit u, cn khi s dng mt p ng th bit ny gi l bit cui. Khi mt p ng c to ra cho mt lnh th bit cui phi bng bit u ca lnh. Tng qut: Lc u pht mt lnh th bit u bng 0. Khi lnh c pht i, cn c mt p ng. Nu khng thu c p ng trong mt khong thi gian nht nh th lnh s c pht li. Ln ny bit u c lp (1). Khong thi gian xc nh ny l T1, l 1 trong cctham s cu hnh tuyn c bit.
Thao tc cp tuyn s liu :
Thao tc cp tuyn s liu c hai cung on chnh : cung on lp tuyn v cung on chuyn tin. Cc cung on ny c chia thnh cc trng thi ty thuc vo c im hnh thi ca giao thc. V vy, giao thc ny c xc nh theo bng trng thi. iu ny c ngha l nu bin c xy ra theo trng thi ny th lm nh vy v chuyn sang trng thi mi . Bng trng thi ch cn thit cho nhng ngi thc hin trng thi, v vy chngs ta khng quan tm n bng trng thi. Thao tc i vi DTE v DCE l nh nhau, v vy, chng ta s dng thut ng DXE.
Trang 2.35

Cung on lp tuyn :
L cung on khi mt DXE mi c khi ng. i vi trng thi ny, ph bin nht l pht DISC theo chu k vi ngha ti ang vo cuc. Nu khng nhn c p ng trong khong thi gian T1 th DISC c pht ln na nhng c lp bit P. N c vit l DISC(P). Nu mt DXE thu 1 DISC hay DISC(P) mun khi ng tuyn, n tr li bng 1 UA hay UA(F) (l mt UA c thit lp bit cui F). DXE thu c UA hoc UA(F) s ch 1 khong thi gian T3. Nu trong khong thi gian ny thu c 1 SABM hhoc SABME th p ng UA c pht i v tuyn s liu chuyn sang cung on chuyn tin. Nu l 1 SABM(P) hay SABME(P) nhn c th 1 UA(F) c pht i v tuyn cng chuyn sang cung on chuyn tin. Lu : nu s chm tr hn xy ra th c ngha l SABM hay SABME b mt, v s thit lp bit u ch th rng khung c pht i.
DTE DCE Pht DISC
T1
Pht DISC(P)
T1
Pht DISC(P)
Hnh 2-30 : Thit lp tuyn.
Cung on chuyn tin :

DTE DCE Pht DISC Thu DISC Pht UA(F) Pht SABM Thu UA(F) Thu SABM Pht UA(F) Thu UA(F) Pht DISC Thu DISC Pht UA Thu UA Trng thi thit lp Trng thi chuyn tin
Hnh 2-31 : Thit lp tuyn sau khi gii ta.
Trang 2.36

Trong cung on chuyn tin I, cc khung RR, RNR, REJ c dng iu khin cng vic chuyn giao s liu giao thc cp cao hn qua tuyn. Nu thu c 1 khung I chun xc v DXE c th tip nhn na th n tr li cho khing I ny bng mt khung p ng RR. Nu DXE khng th tip nhn na, n tr li bng khung p ng RNR, bo cho DXE kia bit n ang bn v khng th tip nhn t nht trong thi im ny. p ng REJ dng yu cu pht li 1 hay nhiu khung I m n ngh l b mt (c th b loi b do li FCS sinh ra trong khi thu). Cc khung RR, RNR, REJ dng tr li khung I v cc p ng. Dng lnh ca cc khung RR, RNR, REJ dng hi DXE kia v trng thi hin ti ca n, hoc bo cho n nu trng thi DXE thay i. Khi s dng l lnh th lun c s thit lp bit u. V vy, cc p ng to ra bn kia lun thit lp bit cui.
DTE DCE Pht khung I Thu khung I Pht p ng RNR Pht lnh RR(P) Thu p ng RNR Thu lnh RR(P)
Thu p ng RR(F) Thu khung I
Pht p ng RR(F) Pht khung I
Hnh 2-32 : V d s dng RR(P).
Gi s mt DXE tr li cho khung tin bng mt p ng RNR do n khng th tip nhn s liu c na. Khi li c th tip nhn, n c th pht lnh RR(P) cho DXE kia, thng bo v trng thi mi ca n. Sau , DXE thu c th tr li bng mt p ng RR(F), RNR(F) hay REJ(F) ty thuc vo trng thi ca n v c th pht tip tc khung I. C DTE v DCE c th chuyn sang trng thi thit lp nh pht lnh DISC bt k lc no. Nu mt DXE i hi phc hi tuyn th n pht lnh SABM hoc SABME, v iu ny cng c th xy ra bt k lc no. Phi thu pht 1 UA tr li tuyn tr li cung on chuyn tin.
Trng thi t chi khung :
Xy ra khi thu mt khung khng hp l. iu c ngha 1 khung khng c thu nhn cng vi a ch A hoc B trng a ch A v khng c li FCS, nhng ni dung ca khung vn khng chun xc hoc khng tng ng vi trng thi ca my thu. ay l trng thi tng i trn trng, c th hin s vi phm giao thc v cn phi ti lp tuyn. Mc d tuyn c th ti lp ngay sau khi pht lnh SABM hoc SABME, nhng khng th bo cho DXE kia bit v sao phi khi ng. V vy, khi 1 DXE thu 1 khung khng hp l th n pht p ng FRMR bo cho DXE kia bit ci g b sai.
Trang 2.37

p ng FRMR l mt bit t bit v n l mt p ng duy nht c th pht i tr li mt p ng tt-c phi khng? Ngay trng thi t chi khung, tuyn c th c ti khi ng bng 1 lnh SABM hoc SABME.
Cc tham s h thng :
Cc tham s h thng l cc tham s cu hnh, n xc nh cc kha cnh no ca s thao tc cp tuyn s liu. i lng T1 l khong thi gian my pht khung lnh ch mt p ng trc khi pht mt lnh c gn bit u. i khi gi l thi gian ti th. T1 phi ln hn thi gian dng pht mt khung c di cc i. N ty thuc vo tc pht cc bit theo tuyn thng tin v khong tr x l my thu. T2 c xc nh nh thi gian cc i cn dng khi my thu thu mt khung v pht i 1 khung xc nhn vic thu khung ny. N lun nh hn T1. iu ny thc t thch hp pht i 1 khung xc nhn vic thu 1 khung cng sm cng tt. Khong nh thi gian T3 xc nh mt DXE phi ch bao lu i vi lnh thit lp tuyn trc khi bt u pht i cc DISC cung on lp tuyn. Gi tr ny l T1.N2. N2 l s ln cc i mt khung lnh c pht li trc khi tuyn c ti khi ng. Thc cht, nu T1 ht N2 ln th my pht t b v ti khi ng tuyn bng SABM hoc SABME. N1 l s bit cc i c th c trong khung I. N bao gm cc cm F,A, C, INFO v FCS. V d, nu kch c cm I cc i cho mt tuyn l 128bytes th N1 s l 1064. Tham s h thng k l s lng cc i cc khung I nh s tun t m mt DXE c th pht i nhng khng c xc nhn bt c ln no, tc l kch c ca s.
III.2.4.
X.25 cp 3 : Cp mng :
X.25 cp 2 to ra phng thc chuyn giao tin tc cp cao hn (trong cc khung tin) gia hai u cui ca tuyn thng tin m bo chun xc, ng thi n cn c nhim v iu khin lu lng chuyn s liu. X.25 cp 3 to ra s liu c pht i trong cc khung tin. n v s liu cp mng l gi. Gi Gi cp 3 Cp mng
Khung F A C INFO FCS F
Cp tuyn
Hnh 2-33 : Cp mng a gi vo khung cp tuyn.
Trang 2.38

Giao thc cp mng trn c s xc nh thao tc gi o qua giao thc cp tuyn. Mi cuc gi o c lp mng to ra cho giao thc cp cao hn l 1 tuyn c iu khin theo lung gia DXE ni ht v mt DXE xa qua mng. DXE X.25 cp 2,3 Mng bt k
X.25 cp 2,3 DXE

Hnh 2-34 : DXE giao tip ti mng.
Khung mu gi cp mng :
Mt gi cp mng c cng khung mu vi phn u (header) 3 bytes. Cm nhn dng khung mu GFI l khi 4 bits c dng ch th khung mu chumng cho phn cn li ca u . Cm th hai ca byte u l a ch nhm knh logic (LCGN), n ko sang c byte th hai to thnh knh logic (LCN) vi tng cng 12bits dng nhn dng cho tng cuc gi o ring. Cm nhn dng kiu gi PTI : nh ra chc nng ca gi.
GFI+LCGN 1 byte LCN 1byte PTI 1byte Phn cn li ca gi
Hnh 2-35 : Khung mu gi cp mng.
Cc kiu gi cp mng :
Mt gi c th gi tn khc nhau ty thuc vo DCE hay DTE pht n i. Trong c hai trng hp, m ha cm PTI l ging nhau v khi chuyn ti th cc gi u ging nhau. Khc vi cp tuyn s liu, DCE y c th lm mt s vic m DTE khng th lm, v vy, trong lp ny, s phn bit DCE v DTE l quan trng. Cc gi thit lp v xa cuc gi : Gi gi vo v yu cu gi dng thit lp mt cuc gi o gia DXE pht gi ny v DXE thu gi ny. Gi ch cuc gi c u ni hay cuc gi c tip nhn c dng tr li cho gi yu cu gi hoc ch cuc gi vo ch th rng cuc th ni c tip nhn v by gi, cuc gi c tin hnh. Gi yu cu gii ta biu th gii ta c dng kt thc mt tuyn ni ang lm vic hoc t chi mt yu cu thit lp gi (tc l tr li cho gi yu cu gi hoc gi vo).
Trang 2.39

Gi xc nhn gii ta dng xc nhn thu c gi ch th gii to trc hoc yu cu gii ta.
8 1 2 3 4 5 Cc bits 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Nhn dng th thc chung a ch nhm knh logic a ch knh logic Nhn dng kiu gi 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 di a ch DTE ch gi di a ch DTE b gi (Cc) a ch DTE 0 0 0 0 Chiu di m dch v Cc dch v S liu thu bao gi
Hnh 2-36 : Gi gi vo, yu cu gi.
1 2 3 4 5
7 6 3 2 1 Nhn dng th thc chung a ch nhm knh logic a ch knh logic Nhn dng kiu gi 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 di a ch DTE ch gi di a ch DTE b gi (Cc) a ch DTE 0 0 0 0 Chiu di m dch v Cc dch v S liu thu b gi
Hnh 2-37 : Gi ch cuc gi c u ni, c tip nhn.
Cc bits 5 4
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Cc bits 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Nhn dng th thc chung a ch nhm knh logic a ch knh logic Nhn dng kiu gi 0 0 0 1 0 0/1 1 0/1 Nguyn nhn gii ta M phn on li Chiu di a ch DTE ch gi Chiu di a ch DTE b gi (Cc) a ch DTE 0 0 0 0 Chiu di dch v Cc dch v S liu thu bao xa 8
Hnh 2-38 : Gi ch th xa, gi yu cu xa/gi xc nhn xa.
Cc gi s liu v ngt :
Trang 2.40

Cc bits 1 Cc Bytes 2 3 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Nhn dng th thc chung a ch nhm knh logic Q D 0 1 a ch knh logic P(R) M P(S) 0 S liu thu bao
A, module 8.
Cc bits 1 Cc Bytes 2 3 4 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Nhn dng th thc chung a ch nhm knh logic Q D 1 0 a ch knh logic P(S) 0 P(R) M S liu thu bao
B, module 128. D :bit xc nhn phn pht; Q :bit nh tiu chun; M : bit tng s liu Hnh 2-39 : Gi s liu.
Cc gi s liu c dng chuyn s liu cho giao thc cp cao hn gia 2 DXE u ni vi nhau bi cuc gi o. Gi ngt c dng chuyn mt phn nh s liu (ti a 32 bytes) gia 2 DXE vi u tin rt cao. Gi ngt c kh nng nhy qua cc gi s liu v khng ph thuc vo s iu khin lu lng cp mng. Gi xc nhn ngt c dng xc nh vic thu mt gi ngt. Ch c th c mt gi ngt khng c xc nhn bt k ln no.
1 2 3 4 Cc bits 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Nhn dng th thc chung a ch nhm knh logic a ch knh logic Nhn dng kiu gi 0 0 1 0 0 0/1 1 1 S liu thu ngt 8 Cc Bytes
Hnh 2-40 : Gi ngt/gi xc nhn ngt.
Cc gi iu khin lung v ti lp : Cc gi RR, RNR c dng xc nhn vic thu cc gi s liu. RR khi my thu c th thu thm cc gi s liu, RNR khi my thu tm thi bn, khng th thu thm. Gi REJ c th c DTE s dng yu cu chuyn cc gi s liu. Dch v REJ khng nht thit h tr cho tt c cc DCE v thc t n khng cn thao tc chun ca nghi thc. S dng gi REJ vi ng l 1 gi s liu thu c chun xc bi cp tuyn s liu b DTE lm mt v mt l do no , c th do n b y ra khi vng nh m dnh cho gi tin thu c. Gi ch th ti lp, yu cu ti lp dng chuyn cuc gi o v tng thi trc ca n khi cuc gi c thit lp lc ban u. Ton b cc vic cha gii quyt xong ca s
Trang 2.41

liu b vt b,cc a ch dy c lp 0 v cc trng thi iu khin lung b xa. Gi ny thng s dng khi li giao thc c pht hin hoc iu g xa s liu b mc kt mt cuc gi m khng cn phi xa cuc gi hin thi.
Cc bits 8 1 Cc Bytes 2 3 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Nhn dng th thc chung a ch nhm knh logic 0 0 0 1 a ch knh logic Nhn dng kiu gi P(R) 0/0/0 0/0/1 0/1/0 0/0/0 1/1/1
A, module 8.
1 Cc Bytes 2 3 4
Cc bits 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Nhn dng th thc chung a ch nhm knh logic 0 0 1 0 a ch knh logic Nhn dng kiu gi 0 0 0 0 0/0/1 0/1/0 0/0/0 1/1/1 P(R) D 8
B, module 128. Hnh 2-41 : Gi RR/RNR/REJ.
Gi xc nhn ti lp c dng xc nhn vic thu ca gi ch th ti lp, yu cu ti lp v nh vy, th thc ti lp c thc hin.
Cc bits 8 Cc Bytes 1 2 3 4 5 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Nhn dng th thc chung a ch nhm knh logic a ch knh logic Nhn dng kiu gi 0 0 0 1 1 0/1 1 1 L do ti lp M on li
Hnh 2-42 : Gich th ti li, yu cu ti lp/xc nhn ti lp.
Gi ti khi ng : Gi ch th ti khi ng , yu cu ti khi ng c dng xa i tt c cc cuc gi o ang xc tin v chuyn ton b ti cp mng v trng thi khi u ca n. Gi ny l gi u tin c cp mng pht i khi cp tuyn s liu chuyn sang cung on chuyn tin.
Cc bits 1 2 3 4 5 7 6 5 4 3 Nhn dng th thc chung 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Nhn dng kiu gi 1 1 1 1 1 0 Nguyn nhn ti khi ng M phn on li 8 2 0 0 1 1 0 0 1
Cc Bytes
Trang 2.42

A, Gi ch th ti khi ng, gi yu cu ti khi ng.
Cc bits Cc Bytes 1 2 3 7 6 5 4 Nhn dng th thc chung 0 0 0 0 0 0 Nhn dng kiu gi 1 1 1 1 1

B, Gi xc nhn ti khi ng. Hnh 2-43 : Cc gi ti khi ng.
3 0 0 1
2 0 0 1
1 0 0 1
Gi xc nhn ti khi ng c dng xc nhn cng vic thu mt gi ch th ti khi ng, yu cu ti khi ng v ch th rng cp mng hin ang hot ng.
Kiu gi T DCE ! DTE T DTE ! DCE Thit lp v gii ta cuc gi Yu cu gi Tip nhn cuc gi Yu cu gii ta Xc nhn gii ta DTE S liu v ngt S liu DTE Ngt ca DTE Xc nhn ngt ca DTE iu khin lung v ti lp DTE RR(module 8) DTE RR(module 128) DTE RNR(module 8) DTE RNR(module 128) DTE REJ(module 8) DTE REJ(module 128) Yu cu ti lp Xc nhn ti lp DTE Ti khi ng Yu cu ti khi ng Xc nhn ti khi ng DTE Phn on ng k Yu cu ng k Xc nhn ng k
Hnh 2-44 : Cc tr s ca cm m PTI.
Byte 3 (PTI) 8 7 Cc bits 6 5 4 1 0 0 0 0 X 1 1 0 0 1 1 X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 X 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 X 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 3 2
Gi vo u ni cuc gi Ch th gii ta Xc nhn gii ta DCE S liu DCE Ngt ca DCE Xc nhn ngt ca DCE DCE RR(module 8) DCE RR(module 128) DCE RNR(module 8) DCE RNR(module 128)
0 0 0 0 X 0 0
0 0 0 0 X 0 0
1 1 1 1 X 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1
1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Ch th ti lp Xc nhn ti lp DCE Ch th ti khi dng Xc nhn ti khi ng DCE Phn on
X X X 0 0 0 X X X 0 0 0 X X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Cc gi phn on li v ng k dch v :
Trang 2.43

Gi phn on li do DCE pht cho DTE khi thu mt gi tin b li trm trng. V d : Khi thu mt gi c trng GFI khng chun xc, DCE v th pht mt gi phn on li cho DTE, gi ny cha m phn on li thch hp. Khng phi ton b cc DCE u to ra gi phn on li. Gi yu cu ng k dch v c th c DTE pht i cho DCE yu cu c s dng hay khng s dng mt s dch v no trong khong thi gian no . Gi xc nhn ng k do DCE pht cho DTE tr li cho mt gi yu cu ng k dch v t DTE.
Cc bits 7 6 5 4 3 2 Nhn dng th thc chung 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Nhn dng kiu gi 1 1 1 1 0 0/1 1 Chiu di a ch DTE Chiu di a ch DCE a ch DCE v DTE 0 0 0 0 Chiu di ng k ng k 8
Hnh 2-45 : Gi yu cu ng k/gi xc nhn ng k.
1 2 3 4
1 0 0 1
Cc a ch dy cp mng :
Cng nh cp tuyn s liu, cc kiu gi xc nh u mang theo n cc a ch dy. Cc a ch ny (ch s th t) c dng m bo cho cc gi s liu c chuyn i khng b mt v theo mt th t chun xc. C hai loi a ch dy c ti i, l a ch dy P(S) v a ch dy P(R). a ch dy P(S) ch c mng cho cc gi s liu v dng nhn dng tng gi s liu ring. a ch dy P(R) c mang theo gi s liu, gi RR, gi RNR v gi REJ. Vng m P(R) cc gi ny chuyn a ch dy gi s liu tip theo m my pht s chuyn cho my thu. Ging nh cp tuyn s liu c h thng nh s dy thng dng, n s dng cm 3 bits cho a ch dy t 0!7 v h thng m rng 7 bits cho a ch dy t 0!127.
Trng nhn dng khung mu :
Trng nhn dng khung mu c cha trong cm GFI. Bit Q ch xut hin trong cc gi s liu v c dng phn bit gi s liu theo hai loi khc nhau : cc gi s liu thng thng v c gi s liu nh phm cht. Cc gi s liu nh phm cht thng c s dng cho php chuyn thng tin iu khin giao thc cp cao hn m khng nh hng ti s liu giao thc cp cao hn m chng c pht i cc gi s liu thng thng.
Trang 2.44

Bit D l bit xc nh chuyn giao. Bt ny c th xut hin cc gi thit lp gi nhng thc t, chc nng ca n ch lin quan n vic chuyn giao cc gi s liu. Bit 5 v 6 ca trng GFI c s dng ch h thng nh s dy no c s dng. H thng nh s dy m rng l mt trong cc kiu t chn, gi l kiu t trc. Tc l h thng nh s c dng phi cn c quyt nh khi tuyn X.25 c thit lp. Tan b cc cuc gi o trn tuyn cn phi s dng h thng nh s ny c t trc n. Nu dch v ng k c hiu lc th n c th chuyn i h thng nh s hin thi theo hng iu kin nht nh. Phn ln cc trng hp s dng h thng nh s thng thng v ch cn rt t iu b sung b tr cho h thng nh s m rng. Byte 1, cc bits 8 7 6 5 Cc gi thit lp H thng a ch dy module 8 0 0 0 1 H thng a ch dy module 128 0 0 1 0 Gi gii ta, iu khin lung, H thng a ch dy module 8 0 0 0 1 ngt, ti lp, ti khi ng, ng H thng a ch dy module 128 0 0 1 0 k v phn on Cc gi s liu H thng a ch dy module 8 0 0 0 1 H thng a ch dy module 128 0 0 1 0 M rng nhn dng khun mu thng thng 0 0 1 1 Dng cho cc ng dng khc X X 0 0
Hnh 2-46 : Tr s ca cm m GFI.
Trang 2.45
Chng 3
K thut iu khin
I. Tng quan :
i vi cc tng i in c, cc chc nng bo hiu, x l cuc gi, tnh cc...c thc hin da vo cc s liu c ghi trn c s u ni cng cc mch vi cc phn t logic. Nh s hot ng ca cc tip im rle m cc chc nng logic nh trc c thc hin, nh vy, khi cn phi thay i s liu hoc a s liu mi b sung thay i qu trnh iu khin hoc thay i cc nghip v thu bao th cn phi thay i cch u ni cng. Vic l rt bt tin, c khi khng thc hin c. i vi tng i in t s SPC, mt s b vi x l c dng iu khin cc chc nng ca tng i. Vic iu khin c thc hin thng qua vic thi hnh mt lot cc lnh ghi sn trong b nh. Trnh t thc hin thao tc chuyn mch c lu trong mch nh di dng lnh chng trnh sau thc hin thao tc chuyn bng cch kch hot cc mch c s nhiu ln. V vy, cc s liu trc tip thuc tng i nh cc s liu v h s thu bao, cc bng phin dch a ch, cc thng tin v to tuyn, tnh cc, thng k cc cuc gi...c lu tr li trong b nh nh n v bng t, n v a t. Cc chng trnh iu khin trong cc b x l iu khin cc thit b ca tng i nh ngoi vi thu bao, ngoi vi bo hiu, trng chuyn mch, ngoi vi trao i ngi-my, thit b tnh cc...cng c lu tr li trong cc b nh. Cc s liu v chng trnh ny c th b sung, sa i hoc thay th mt cch d dng thng qua cc thit b giao tip ngi my nh bn phm v my vi tnh. iu ny to kh nng linh hot cao trong qu trnh iu hnh tng i.
Yu cu phn cng v phn mn iu khin :
Tng i in t s SPC c iu khin bi cc b x l v cc chng trnh, cc chng trnh phi c tnh thng minh tht s v cc b x l phi c kh nng p ng thc hin cc chc nng iu khin.
X l d liu trong thi gian thc :
V d : Mt ngi ang li xe vi mt an ton giao thng cao th mi gic quan, suy ngh ca anh ta u tp trung vo vic lu thng trn ng. Tt c cc bin c, s kin xy ra trn ng u c anh ta ghi nhn v x l trong u c nhng thao tc thch hp nht trong tc th. S xc nh cc tnh hung giao thng, x l v quyt nh thao thc, thc hin cc thao tc y ngay lp tc gi l x l thi gian thc. Trong tng i cng i hi nh vy, tc l phi iu khin theo thi gian thc nhng tc nhanh hn nhiu ln. Hng trm ngn thao tc trn mt giy phi c thc hin. c im ca cc thao tc ny l thng n gin v c tnh n iu nh : qut tt c cc ng dy thu bao, trung k xc nh tn hiu nhc my . Tuy nhin vn c mt s thao tc l phc tp nh chn ng dn trong chuyn mch thit lp cuc gi, bo dng
Trang 3.1

II. II.1. Cu trc phn cng h thng iu khin tng i SPC : Cu trc chung :
II.1.1.
S khi :
a ch lnh tip theo
B phn phi lnh Ghi pht lnh B nh chng trnh a ch vo ra
a ch s liu
Ghi pht thao tc B nh s liu v phin dch
Thit b giao tip vo ra Ra Vo T cc thit b cn iu khin a ti

Hnh 3-1 : Cu trc chung h thng iu khin.
II.1.2.
Chc nng :
B phn phi lnh : Phn phi lnh thch hp thc thi trn c s cc loi thit b ngoi vi chuyn mch, th t u tin ca chng v thng tin a vo. N a ti b nh chng trnh a ch lnh cn thit phi x l theo nguyn tc gi m, tc l, trong thi gian thc thi lnh ny th a ch lnh tip theo c ghi ti b nh chng trnh. Ngoi ra, cc s liu cn thit lin quan n tng lnh cng c gi i t y n b nh s liu va phin dch. B ghi pht lnh : Lm nhim v ghi m cc lnh cn thc hin. B nh chng trnh : Nhim v ghi li tt c cc chng trnh cn thit cho nhim v iu khin m n m nhn. B nh ny thng c cu trc kiu ROM. Cc chng trnh ny c th l chng trnh x l gi hoc bo dng vn hnh. B nh s liu v phin dch : Ghi li cc loi s liu cn thit phc v cho qu trnh thc hin lnh. Ngoi nhng s liu nh thu bao, trung k... cc h thng x l trong tng i in t nh x l iu hnh v bo dng (OMP) c b nh s liu phc v cng vic iu hnh v bo dng, b x l chuyn mch th c cc b nh s liu phin dch, to tuyn ghi li cc bng trng
Trang 3.2

thi tuyn ni, h s thu bao...di dng bn c nh.Ngoi cc b nh ny, cn c cc b nh tm thi, n ch ghi li cc s liu cn thit cho qu trinh x l gi, v d s liu v a ch thu bao, s liu v trng thi thu bao bn hay ri. Cc s liu ny thay i trong qu trnh x l cuc gi. B ghi pht thao tc : Lm nhim v thc thi cc thao tc logic v s hc theo cc lnh v s liu thch hp a cc lnh iu khin tng ng, qua thit b giao tip vo ra ti ngoi vi iu khin nu lnh ny ch th ti kt qu cng vic. Trong trng hp cc lnh sau khi thc thi y cn phi thc hin cc lnh tip theo phc v mt cng vic th b ghi pht thao tc chuyn yu cu x l tip theo ti b phn phi lnh v chuyn kt qu ti b nh s liu nu cn thit. Thit b giao tip vo ra : Lm nhim v m v chuyn cc thng tin t thit b ngoi vi vo b nh iu khin v chuyn lnh t b nh iu khin ti thit b ngoi vi.
II.1.3.
Nguyn l lm vic :
Tng i s SPC thng c cu trc iu khin phn b v do c nhiu b x l, tuy c khc nhau v chc nng x l, cng sut v lu lng nhng chng u c cu trc tng qut nh trn. thc hin mt thao tc iu khin, thit b iu khin nhn thng tin t thit b ngoi vi thng qua thit b vo ra ti b phn phn phi lnh. Cn c vo tng cng vic c th v mc u tin ca n m b phn phn phi lnh a a ch cn thit ti b nh chng trnh. Ti y, chng trnh cn thc hin c gi ra t b ghi pht m. Thng thng, khi mt lnh c gi ra v ghi v b ghi pht lnh th a ch lnh tip theo c chuyn giao ti b nh chng trnh. Khi lnh lu b ghi pht lnh chuyn ti b ghi pht thao tc th lnh ng vi a ch va lu s c a n b ghi pht lnh v a ch ca lnh tip theo li c chuyn n b nh chng trnh. Qu trnh c tip tc nh vy. ng thi vi vic a a ch ti b nh chng trnh, b phn phi lnh cng a a ch s liu km theo cho lnh ti b nh s liu. Khi lnh c a ti b ghi pht thao tc th s liu tng ng cng c a ti y. Ti y lnh c thc thi v kt qu l mt thng s iu khin c a ra. Thng s logic ny nu l kt qu ca mt cng vic x l th n c chuyn ti thit b ngoi vi thc hin cng vic. Nu cha phi l mt kt qu cng vic th thng s ny c ghi li b nh s liu cho lnh sau v thng bo vic ny cho b phn phi lnh. B phn phi lnh s quyt nh tip tc thc hin lnh tip theo hon thnh cng vic hay tm dng v cha s liu cn thit.
II.2.
Cc loi cu trc iu khin:
Tu theo dung lng v phng thc iu khin c phn b cc cp iu khin khc nhau m b iu khin trung tm c th s dng l n x l hay a x l.
Trang 3.3

II.2.1. Cu trc iu khin n x l :
Ton b hot ng ca tng i c iu khin bng mt b x l duy nht. Do khi b vi x l ny b hng th dn n s ngng lm vic ca ton b h thng. nng cao tin cy cn phi c h thng d phng. Lin lc gia khi vi x l vi cc module ca tng i bng ng truyn s liu ring. B x l lin lc vi iu khin ngoi vi bng 2 loi bus : thng tin v iu khin. Bus iu khin bao gm bus a ch, bus iu khin thng bo. B x l ny can thip vo mi giai on thit lp cuc gi v mi cuc gi phi x l qua n nhiu ln trc khi kt thc. u im : n gin, can thip vo tng i ch mt v tr, thc hin cc chc nng c nh trong sut thi gian hot ng ca tng i. Nhc im : Phn mm phc tp, phi dng nhiu lnh ngt, khng c kh nng m rng dung lng tng i, ch thch hp tng i dung lng nh. Memory B x l I/O
iu khin ngoi vi Giao tip u cui Trng chuyn
Hnh 3-2 : Cu trc n x l.
II.2.2.
Cu trc a x l :
Phn ln, cc tng i dung lng ;ln ngy nay u s dng cu trc a x l. N khc phc nhng nhc im ca n x l, tuy nhin vic tng thch ga cc b x l l gp kh khn. Xt v mt v tr, ta c th phn loi nh sau :
iu khin tp trung :
Cc b x l c cng mt cp , vai tr ca chng l nh nhau. Hat ng ca cc b x l c iu khin bi b iu khin phi hp hot ng. Mi b x l c b nh ring. Cc b x l lm vic theo kiu phn chia ti ng, ngha l lu lng ca mi b x l khng c nh v mi b x l m nhim ton b qu trnh ca cc cuc gi do n x l. Do c im tp trung nn vic iu khin ton b hot ng ca tng i ph thuc yu t thi gian (thi gian nh hng trc tip n dung lng). u im :
Trang 3.4

- Tn dng ht nng sut. - Trao i gia cc b x l l nh nht. Nhc : - Mi b x l lm ht cng vic ca tng i, nn cn rt nhiu lnh ngt, v trong b nh cn lu tr cc lai phn mm cho b x l .Do , n rt t c p dng hoc ch c p dng mt phn.
Memory chung I/O
iu khin phi hp hot ng

P1 M1 Pn Mn
iu khin ngoi vi Giao tip thu bao & trung k Mng chuyn mch
Hnh 3-3 : iu khin tp trung.
iu khin phn tn :
XLTT
XLSB1
XLSB1
XLSB1
XLSB2
XLSB2
XLSB2
Hnh 3-4 : iu khin phn tn.
Trong iu khin phn tn lun tn ti mt b x l trung tm gi l Master, gii quyt nhng nhim v c tnh cht chung ca h thng v u nhim 1 s nhim v c tnh cht b phn cho x l s b. phc tp v ti iu khin trung tm c th c cu thin nu khng cn x l nhng vn n gin hoc khng yu cu v thi gian m chng c cung cp nhng s liu c x l s b. Vic x l s b thc hin theo nhiu cp. Cc b x l thc hin nhng chc nng n gin hoc khng quan trng vn thi gian th c t cp thp nht ca cu trc. Chng c nhim v chuyn thng tin cn thit s dng cho vic x l cp cao hn. V tr cao nht l n v x l trung tm. Nhng c s cn c phn chia chc nng cc cp x l rt khc nhau. Trong in thoi phc tp v tn sut ca cc chc nng iu khin thay i trong phm vi rng. (Mi quan h gia tn sut v phc tp c biu din nh hnh 3-5).
Trang 3.5

+ on 1 biu din nhng iu khin c phc tp thp, nhng hay xy ra. V d : Vic gim st ng dy, chn ng ri, iu khin chuyn mch... + on 2 ng vi vic phn tch s liu, chn hng ri v cc chc nng qun l cuc gi. + on 3 ng vi chc nng khai thc v x l li. Nhng vn ny rt phc tp nhng t xy ra. Tn sut 1 2 3 phc tp
Hnh 3-5 Quan h gia tn sut v phc tp.
So vi iu khin tp trung phn giao tip ca h thng c t duy mnh hn v c tnh module. Master gi vai tr iu khin h thng v mi thng tin gia cc slaver. C th ni master l giao im ca mi lu lng, do y cng l im yu ca iu khin ny. Vic x l qu nhiu qu trnh song song m phi m bo qu trnh ng b v trnh va chm l kh khn. Tuy nhin, do c tnh module cao, nn vic thay th, m rng v phi hp vi cng ngh phn cng mi l thun tin. T n n nhng c s phn chia theo chc nng cc cp khc nhau. A, Phn theo chc nng : B nh trung tm KTT I/O
iu khin phi hp hot ng M1 P1 M2 P2 M3 P3
Giao tip thu bao v trung k
Trng chuyn mch
Hnh 3-6 : Phn theo chc nng.
Mi mt chc nng ca h thng c giao cho mt nhm b x l. Cc b x l ny n lc chng li lm vic theo b chia ti. V d : P1:B x l cuc gi. m nhim khu gim st thu bao. P2:B x l bo hiu, hot ng nh b ghi pht.
Trang 3.6

P3: X l chuyn mch, iu khin mng chuyn mch. iu khin trung tm lm nhim v iu hnh cc b x l s b, i khi n cn lm cng vic x l vn hnh v bo dng. B x l trung tm c th l n x l hay a x l. u im : - Vit phn mm c h thng, c th chuyn mn ho. - Kim tra cng vic d dng. - B x l c b nh ring v ch lu phn mm ring mnh nn vic nh a ch l n gin. - Ph hp vi dung lng ln. Nhc im : - Trao i s liu gia cc b x l phi cn thn. - S lng cc b x l khng ph thuc vo dung lng tng i m ph thuc vo s chc nng, khi tng i c dung lng nh th khng tn dng ht kh nng ca b x l . - Khi tnh ton phi tnh n kh nng ti ln nht ca h thng, v cc b x l khng h tr nhau. - Khi mt b x l hng th c th ton b h thng ngng hot ng. B, Phn theo module : B nh trung iu khin trung tm I/O
iu khin phi hp hat ng Module Giao tip thu bao Module Giao tip trung k Module Trng chuyn mch
Hnh 3-7 : Phn theo module.
Cc module ca tng i ( Giao tip thu bao, giao tip trung k, trng chuyn mch...) u c b x l ring x l hu ht chc nng ca module, ton b h thng ny do iu khin trung tm m trch. u im : Vic pht trin dung lng l d dng, vic thay i, iu chnh, kim tra, o th l thun tin. Nhc im :
Trang 3.7

Vic trao i thng tin gia cc module thng qua ng truyn s liu l khng thun tin. Trong thc t, ngi ta dng phng thc t hp, tc l nhng vn n gin th theo module phc tp th dng chc nng.
II.3.
iu khin trung tm v s trao i gia cc b vi x l :
II.3.1.
iu khin trung tm :
Ty theo dung lng tng i v phng thc iu khin m b iu khin trung tm c th s dng mt hay nhiu b x l. Thng cc b x l cuc gi c mc u tin ngang nhau, c khi chn ra 1 b x l ch. N c nhim v pht hin, x l li. i khi, bn thn n khng cn chc nng x l cuc gi. Quyn lm ch c trao cho b x l cuc gi tip theo tng ng vi mc u tin xc nh trc.Vic iu hnh v iu khin vo ra s dng b x l ring. trnh nhiu b x l tip nhn cuc gi cng 1 lc, ngi ta s dng bit c lm cho b x l thc hin chc nng trn hot ng v cm cc b x l khc. Phn b iu khin cc b x l trung tm theo phng thc trn c u im l cc b x l ging nhau nn m rng tng i t tn km v h thng t b qu ti.
Nhc im :
Mi b x l phi c ton b phn mm h thng, xc sut xy ra ng nhiu hn. Li xy ra b iu khin trung tm rt quan trng v c nhiu nguyn nhn gy ra li. m bo tin cy ca b iu khin trung tm, cn thc hin cc bin php chng li thch hp, ngn chn li lan truyn v cn c h thng d phmg. Chn kiu d phng l quan trng trong la chn cu hnh h thng.
II.3.2.
S trao i thng tin gia cc b x l :
S t chc v phng thc trao i thng tin gia cc b nh v vi x l ca chng vi nhau l iu quan trng trong tng i.
Lng tin tc trao i
T l phn chia chc

Hnh 3-8 : Quan h gia lng tin tc trao i gia cc b x l v t l phn chia gia chng.
Trang 3.8

i vi iu khin phn b, phng thc trao i tin gia cc cp c tc ng n khi lng thng tin cn truyn. N chnh l chc nng x l ca b x l s b. Tc ng ca phn b chc nng vo khi lng tin cn truyn th hin th Hnh 3-8. Lng thng tin cn truyn gia cc b x l gim nu ta tng t l phn chia chc nng cho cc cp x l s b. Khng p dng phng thc trao i thng tin trc tip trong cng 1 cp. Vic trao i thng tin gia cc cp iu khin c th c thc hin trn ng truyn s liu ring, hoc thng qua trng chuyn mch. Khi dng ng truyn ring, cc b x l giao tip vi nhau qua h thng bus. H thng bus c phn cp ng vi cp iu khin .
Trng chuyn mch
TS16
B x l ng dy
X l cuc gi
B x l Hnh 3-9 : Truyn thng tin chnhcc b x l. gia
Thng tin gia cc b x l c gi trn cc lun PCM vo khe thi gian TS16. Ka/Kb 1
0,5 S b x l
Hnh 3-10 : Mi quan h gia t s kinh ph v20 b x l. s 5 10 15
Trong : Ka : Phng thc dng ng truyn s liu ring, Kb : qua trng chuyn mch. i vi cc tng i c dung lng nh, ngi ta dng phng thc ng truyn s liu ring, khng qua trng chuyn mch l c tnh kinh t hn v ngc li. Cc vn lin quan n vic t chc b nh, xut pht t yu cu lu tr mt khi lng ln d liu chung dng cho cc chc nng iu khin. Trong h thng a x l, trng thi chy ua gia cc b x l l thng xuyn xy ra, v cng mt thi im, cc b x l c th cn n mt lot d liu. Trong trng hp ny, cc b x l phi c sp hng ch i, iu ny lm gim hiu sut gia chng. Nu b iu khin trung tm thc hin phng thc phn b theo chc nng, th xc sut xy ra va chm s nh hn, v mt phn mn ch dng cho mt b x l hay mt nhm b x l no . Phn chng trnh ny s c lu tr
Trang 3.9

ti cc b nh ring ca cc b x l s b. S chc nng x l cp di cng nhiu th dn n s tng ti v tng dung lng b nh ca cc b x l cp ny. Trong h thng phn b theo ti, tt c cc chng trnh v s liu chung cho cc b x l, v vy, thng p dng phng php lu tr cc chng trnh v s liu trong b nh chung. Tuy nhin, nhng chng trnh c th trang b c lp cho tt c cc b x l. Thi gian ch i ca cc b x l cn tip tc gim nu nh cc s liu chung c phn thnh nhiu khi c lp, v vic truy nhp n chng c thc hin ng thi. Cc mch iu khin phi hp hot ng bo m chc nng ny. Vic phn chia khi nh phi tun theo quy nh : cc chng trnh hay s liu c ghi trong cng mt khi khng c trit tiu nhau. Vic gim thi gian ch i ca cc b x l c nghi l tng hiu sut hat ng ca cc b x l .
III.
C cu d phng:
m bo tin cy cao v an ton trong qu trnh lm vic, mt s cp iu khin phi trang b d phng. Tc l trang b 2 hay 3 cho b x l cho thit b iu khin. Cc b x l bao gm c n v x l trung tm v cc mch in h tr nh cc loi b nh, mch in giao tip, gim st, phi hp...
III.1. D phng cp ng b :
Ti cn x l Pa C Pb
Ma
Mb
Hnh 3-11 : D phng cp ng b.
Trong : C: To nhp ng h. M: B nh. P: B x l. Hai b x l Pa, Pb c x dng x l ti cho khu vc chng m nhim. Pa, Pb c cc b nh Ma v Mb ring c th tip cn ti ton b ti cn l. Hai b x l cng m nhim 1 cng vic x l ng b vi nhau, kt qu c so snh vi nhau. Nu khc, chng trnh phn on li s tin hnh c th pht hin ra b x l c li trong thi gian ngn nht. B x l cn li tip tc cng vic ca mnh. Nhc : Trng hp c li phn mm th khng th pht hin v lc ny c th kt qu ca 2 b x l l ging nhau. Mt khc, cng sut phi ln x l ton b ti khu vc chng m nhim. Do , hiu sut s dng khng cao.
Trang 3.10

III.2. D phng phn ti :
Ti cn x l Pa Pb
Ma
Ex
Mb
Hnh 3-12 : D phng phn ti.
Ex : C cu bo dng t ng. Hai b x l lm 2 cng vic khc nhau, t mt s ngn ti nht nh. Nh chc nng bo dng t ng EX ngn nga c hai tip cn mt thit b ngoi vi v kim tra qu trnh ca chng. Mi b x l c cc b nh ring gm b nh chng trnh , b nh phin dch v b nh s liu. Trong b nh chng trnh c ni dung ging nhau. Hai b x l c phn ti ngu nhin, v khng trng nhau nh b Ex gim st. Khi xy ra s c th ton b ti tp trung vo b x l cn li, b hng t ng tch ra. u: Thi gian cao im th cng sut ca hai b x l vn m bo c klu lng ln. Thng c s dng cc cp tng i cp cao.
III.3. D phng nng :

Ti cn x l Pa Pb
Ma
Cm
Hnh 3-13 : D phng nng.
Mb
Hai b x l Pa, Pb c cng sut ln m nhim ton b cng vic thuc khu vc. Trong mt trong hai b lm vic cn b kia d phng. Hai b ny x l c lp nhau. Thng thng b x l d phng khng th lm vic tc thi ngay sau khi xy ra s c. khc phc ngi ta s dng b nh chung CM m c hai b x l iu c th tip
Trang 3.11

cn. Cc trng thi tc thi ghi vo CM nh b x l d phng c th ly thng tin mt cch tc thi d hot ng ngay sau khi xy ra s c. Nhc : Mt s cng vic ang thc hin trc khong chu k sao chp ca b nh chung b xo nu s c xy ra.
III.4. D phng n+1:

P1 n Pn lm nhim v x l ti tc thi cho h thng, b x l Pn+1 d phng. Bnh thng b x l ny c th m nhn mt s cng vic. Khi xy ra s c th Pn+1 tip tc cng vic ca b x l c s c ny. u: D dng cu trc h thng theo module, thun tin pht trin h thng c dung lng ln. Mt khc, gi cao im th Pn+1 c th x l bt mt s cng vic trnh hin tng qu ti. Ti cn x l P1 B nh chung P1 P2 P2 Pn Pn+
Pn
Pn+
Hnh 3-14 : D phng n+1.
Trong cc loi d phng trn th d phng phn ti c x dng nhiu nht. N trnh c s gin on hot ng. Bnh thng th nng lc x l ca n li cao hn yu cu, nh vy khng xy ra ti.
IV.
Cu trc phn mm ca tng i :
IV.1. Khi nim chung :

Tnh cht quan trng ca cuc gi l khng th lu tr v lm chm li c. Ti mt thi im li c nhiu cuc gi cn c p ng ngay, nu ch cn c mt thao tc thiu chun xc hoc khng tc th th c th ko theo lm tr hon hoc mt cc cuc gi khc, trm trng hn, c th lm ngng c h thng. T , phn mn ca 1 tng i in t s SPC cn phi tha mn nhng yu cu sau : Chng trnh phi c thi hnh trong thi gian thc. Cc qu trnh lin quan n thit lp cuc gi, duy tr, gii phng phi c x l song song tng chnh xc. Phi gi vng thng tin trong mi tnh hung, thm ch chp nhn mt mc gim cht lng no . Chun on v x l li cn phi nhanh chng v chnh xc. iu ny gip h thng khi phc hot ng c nhanh chng, khng ng thng tin. Phn mm phi linh hat, d thay i thun tin cho vic pht trin cc dch v thu bao.
Trang 3.12

D liu phi c cu trc gn nh nhng y , sao cho vic truy cp tht nhanh chng v chnh xc.
IV.2. Cc vn v thit k phn mm :
IV.2.1.
Cc c tnh ch yu ca phn mm :
Phn mm ca tng i SPC phi c h iu hnh thi gian thc. N phi c kh nng x l ng thi mt s lng ln cc cuc gi, ng thi, n phi c cc c tnh ring m bo cc dch v in thoi khng b ngt khi vn hnh hoc c khi ang m rng h thng.
Tnh thi gian thc :
Phn mm phi p ng c kh nng x l lu lng nh trc v cc c tnh ca dch v. Cc kh nng x l lu lng ca cc b x l tng i c biu th trong s lng cuc gi c x l trong 1 giy hoc 1 gi.
Cht lng ca dch v :

c nh gi qua hai thng s : Phn trm cc cuc gi ri so vi cc cuc gi thnh cng ti mc ti c nh trc v cc vn bn trong tng i nh sai li trong x l tc nghn trong h thng. Phn trm cc cuc gi phi ch tn hiu mi quay s lu hn thi gian ch nh trc.
a chng trnh :
Cc b x l iu khin trong tng i SPC hot ng theo kiu a chng trnh c ngha l nhiu cng vic c hot ha ng thi (hu ht lin quan n x l gi). V d, trong tng i c 30000 ng, th c th c 3000 cuc gi ang c tin hnh tin trnh m thoi, trong khi c 500 cuc gi c gii phng, c ngha l 3500 cng vic ang c thc hin ng thi. Ngoi ra, h thng gim st, qun l mi cuc gi trong b nh, khi xut hin bt k mt thay i no trong mi trng in thoi bn ngoi, c lin quan n cuc gi th trng thi ca n cng c thay i theo.
B lu gi chng trnh :
Trong phn ln cc tng i SPC, kch c tng th ca mi chng trnh c kt hp vi nhau ln hn nhiu so vi kch c ca b nh chnh. Do , khng th to mi chng trnh thng tr trong b nh chnh, tuy nhin, mt chng trnh ch c th thc hin c ch khi n thng tr trong b nh. Do , a ra kh nng s dng tt nht ca b nh, th ch nhng phn sng ca cc chng trnh h thng v cc chng trnh p dng mi c lu gi c nh trong b nh chnh, cn tt c cc chng trnh kh khng hat ha c lu ngoi b nh chnh trong cc kho lu gi ngoi cn gi l cc b nh ln nh a, bng t
Trang 3.13

IV.2.2. V cu trc :
H thng phi c thit k theo kiu t trn xung, phn nh cc h thng con, cc module chc nng, cc n v chng trnh, cc th tc mt cch r rng, sao cho ch tn ti mt con ng duy nht thm nhp vo mt khu no .
Module ha cc chc nng :
Mt phn mm c coi l module ha tt nu n c xy dng t cc module c lp nhau, ng vi mt s ng dng c th la chn mt chng trnh tng ng khc nhau. N cho php trnh c nhng va chm gia cc module v d dng hn trong vic chun an, pht hin cc sai st.
Khng gian vng nh xc nh :
iu ny xc nh nhng yu t cn thit cho s hot ng tt ca mi module chc nng, chng hn nh vic phn chia s dng b nh, phng thc trao i thng tin gia cc module iu ny m bo s hot ng c lp gia cc module, dn n s chun ha v giao din gia cc module. Mi thng tin v s liu, phn cng, phn mm thuc mt module ch c th c truy cp qua giao tip ca module vi module cp trn ca n. S truy nhp ny cng t cng tt. S ghp lng ca cc module nh vy s hn ch tc ng ca cc sai st, tc ng ca s thay i cng ngh phn cng. t c ti a kh nng s dng nhiu ln mt module s tng hiu sut s dng.
IV.2.3.
sau : -
Phn chia chng trnh :
Nu phn chia chng trnh theo chc nng th phn mm tng i bao gm hai loi Phn mm vn hnh. Phn mm h tr.
Phn mm vn hnh :
L t hp cc chng trnh cn thit vn hnh tng i. N c th c phn tip nh sau : Cc chng trinh h thng. Cc chng trnh p dng.
Cc chng trnh h thng hu nh tng ng vi h thng iu hnh ca mt my tnh thng thng. Phn mm h thng gm cc chng trnh ph hp vi cng vic vn hnh v s dng b x l theo cc chng trnh p dng. Cc chng trnh p dng nh iu khin x l gi, qun l v bo dng tng i.
Phm mm h tr :
Gm cc chng trnh hp ng, np v m phng chng c ci t v tr trung tm thng gi l trung tm phn mm, phc v mt nhm tng i SPC.
Trang 3.14

Phn ny m t t chc tng qut v cc c tnh ch yu ca phn mm vn hnh trong tng i SPC.
IV.2.4.
Cc chng trnh h thng :
Cc chng trnh h thng hot ng nh giao tip gia phn cng ca tng i v cc chng trinh p dng. Chng qun tr v phi hp cc hot ng v cc c tnh ca phn cng v cc chng trnh p dng. thc hin c iu ny phi m bo cc chc nng khc nhau sau :
Lch trnh cng vic :
Phn chia thi gian ca b x l cho nhiu cng vic p dng (chng trnh) khc nhau ph hp vi mc u tin nh trc. Chng trnh h thng c gi l mt lch trnh. Lch trnh l phn trung tm ca h iu hnh, n iu khin vic thc hin cc chng trnh p dng. N quyt nh b x l s phi iu khin chng trnh no. Sau khi chng trnh c thc hin xong, hoc chng trnh vn cn trong hng ch, iu khin phi gi tn hiu tr li cho lch tnh han thnh hot ng vo / ra hoc yu cu ch. Lch trnh thc hin chc nng ca n bng cch sp hng mi chng trnh ang ch thc hin. My tnh l mt thit b tun t, n ch c th thc hin mt lnh ti mt thi im, v v th ch mt chng trnh c th c hot ha ti mt thi im m thi. Cn tt c cc chng trinh khc phi ch nhn tn hiu t CPU. Trong thi gian ch, thng tin v trng thi hin thi ca chng c gi trong hng ch chy.
Hng ch chy :
Hng ch chy c t chc nh sau :
Mi chng trnh hin thi sn sng c thc hin c mt khi gi l khi m t trong hng ch chy. Trong khi m t ny ghi mi ni dung v ch s cc thanh ghi, trng thi b ch th (qu ti, b ch th 0), gi tr b m chng trnh (hng ti lnh tip theo c thc hin trong chng trnh v gi tr u tin. a ch ca khi ch th u tin trong hng ch c lu trong mt t (a ch k hiu READY). Lch trnh tip tc qut t READY bit a ch khi cp ti nh ca hng.
T READY a ch khi u tin a ch khi th 2 Cc ni dung thanh ghi Ch th trng thi B m chng trnh Mc u tin Khi u tin a ch khi th 3 Cc ni dung thanh ghi Ch th trng thi B m chng trnh Mc u tin Khi th 2
0 Cc ni dung thanh ghi Ch th trng thi B m chng trnh Mc u tin Kt thc m t hng ch ca cc khi
Hnh 3-15 : Hng ch chy.
Trang 3.15

Hng ch ca cc khi t do :
Cc khi c s dng trong hng ch chy c ly t hng ch ca cc khi t do. Hng ch ny u tin nm gi cc khi t do cn thit cho hng ch chy, hng ch ng h v cc hng ch khc trong h thng.
T READY a ch khi u tin a ch khi th 2 a ch khi th 3 0
Khi FREE u tin
Khi FREE th 2
Kt thc m t hng ch ca cc khi
Hnh 3-16 : Hng ch cc khi t do.
a ch ca khi u tin trong hng ch c lu tr trong mt t (a ch k hiu FREE). Khi mt chng trnh c bt u theo yu cu RUN, th mt khi c ly ra t hng ch ca cc khi FREE. Khi c ly ra ny s ci cc thng tin cn thit gm c mc u tin ca n, chng trnh c th chy c. Sau , khi ny c chn vo v tr tng ng trong hng ch chy, ph thuc vo mc u tin, mc u tin cng cao th khi cng c sp gn vi nh hng ch. Lch trnh s lun chn chng trnh c mc u tin cao nht thc hin. l chng trnh vi khi m t nm ti nh ca hng ch sn sng chy. Trc khi bt u chng trnh, lch trnh s thit lp mt yu cu v b ch th trng thi n cc gi tr c biu th trong khi m t. T , mt lnh nhy c thc hin, chuyn iu khin n a ch do b m a ra trong khi m t. Sau , chng trnh s thc hin cc lnh ca n, lnh ny tip lnh kia, cho n khi n t ti im m to ra mt yu cu a ti h thng iu hnh. Nu l yu cu ch th cc khi ca n s chuyn ra khi hng ng h. Nu l yu cu chy i vi chng trnh ny th mt khi mi c chn vo trong hng ch chy ti v tr thch hp trong hng v nu l yu cu kt thc th sau khi mi lnh c thc hin cc khi ca n trong hng ch chy c chuyn ra khi v c t vo hng ch cc khi t do, thng thng ti v tr nh ca hng ch t do, do vy, khng cn tm kim ton b hng ch ca khi cui cng.
Ngt :
Khi xut hn ngt, chng trnh ang chy s dng v vng iu khin ngt s lu gi ni dung ca cc thanh ghi trong khi m t ti nh ca hng ch chy. Vng ngt c th to ra mt yu cu chy, to nn khi mi chn vo hng ch chy cng c th ti nh ca hng ch ny. Vng ngt s chuyn kin iu khin ti kch trnh sau khi thc hin ngt mt cch thch hp. Lch trnh s chn chng trnh c mc u tin cao nht thc hin, tc l chng trnh c hot ha khi xut hin ngt. Mt chng trnh c mc u tin cao hn c th ngt chng trnh c mc u tin thp hn, nhng khng c chiu ngc li. Cc chng trnh c cng mc u tin khng b ngt ln nhau v hot ng theo nguyn l FIFO.
Trang 3.16

Khi mi chng trnh khng hot ng, hng ch s rng. Trong trng hp ny, lch trnh s tin hnh vng ri, ti , n to cc o kim lp ti nh ca hng ch vi t READY. Ch c mt cch thot ra khi vng ri l thc hin ngt ng h thi gian thc hoc t thit b vo ra. Khi , mt khi m t t hng ch ng h hoc hng ch thit b vo ra s chuyn ra hng ch chy.
Qun tr hot ng vo ra :
Cc chng trnh h thng qun tr cc hot ng vo ra thng c gi l qun tr thit b vo ra. Chng l s l chn cc vng u ni h thng vi cc thit b ngoi vi. C mt b iu khin cho tng loi thit b ngoi vi trong cu hnh phn cng chuyn s liu gia thit b v b nh chnh. Cc chc nng qun tr gm : Phn nhim b nh v cc thit b ngoi vi hot ha cc qu trnh. Bo v h thng t cc sai li phn cng v phn mm. Qun tr thng tin ngi-my. Cung cp vic xm nhp n s liu m t trng thi ca h thng.
IV.2.5.
Cc chng trnh p dng :
Cc chng trnh p dng c th phn thnh 3 loi chnh :
Cc chng trnh x l gi :
Cc chng trnh x l gi c nhim v thit lp, gim st, gii phng v tnh cc cho cuc gi ph hp vi cc t tnh ca dch v in thai.
Cc chng trnh qun l :
Thc hin chc nng gim st, o lng lu lng, o kim ng thu bao, trung k, thay i cc s liu bn c nh c lin quan n ng thu bao, trung k, xc nh cu hnh phn cng ca tng i, thay i s liu trong bng phin dch, bng to tuyn, lu gi cc s liu ca dch v nh dch v quay tt, chuyn gi.. .
Cc chng trnh bo dng :
Thc hin chc nng nhn bit li v v tr li bng bin php o kim phn cng ca tng i, bao gm c bn thn ca b x l.
IV.2.6.
Cp nht phn mm hin hnh :
Mc ch c bn ca mt tng i l thit lp v gii phng cc cuc gi in thai. Chc nng quan trng nht ca phn mm vn hnh l x l gi. X l gi bao gm nhn bit pha ch gi, x l tn hiu, tm ng gi qua mng chuyn mch, bin dch a ch v cc con s, tnh cc, gim st v cui cng l gii phng cuc gi hon thnh.
Trang 3.17

Mc d x l gi chim phn chnh thi gian x l, nhng phn mm ch chim 15% trong tng th phn mm vn hnh.
Qun l 25% Bo dng 40%
X l gi 15%
Bo dng
H thng 20%
H thng X l gi Qun l
Hnh 3-17 : T l cc chng trnh trong tng i SPC.
Cc chng trnh qun l v bo dng chim 2/3 ca tng th phn mm. iu quan trng ca cc chc nng qun l v bo dng l kch c ca phn mm tng ng pht trin theo tng ngy, do , tng i cng ngy cng phc tp.
IV.3. Cc module chnh ca phn mm :

Nu phn theo module, phn mm c th c phn nh sau :
IV.3.1.
Module iu khin chnh :
Module chng trnh ny c vit cho khi iu khin chnh. N c np vo b nh ROM trn khi ny. CPU m nhim vic cnh bo h thng, bo hiu, sa sai, qun l vic trao i thng tin v phi hp hot ng gia cc b x l, qun l thi gian khi lp h thng, qun l trng chuyn mch, giao tip ng dy, giao tip my tnh, iu khin cc cng vo ra, cc bus v cc b nh trong khi.
IV.3.2.
Module giao tip ng dy :
Module ny c thit k cho b x l ng dy (LP) thc hin cc chc nng sau : Qun l thu bao, qut s liu v trng thi ca thu bao, trung k. Tt c cc trng thi ca thu bao, trung k c lu tr trong b nh d liu RAM. Thc cht cc nh ca b nh RAM l bc tranh phn nh trnh trng bn ri ca thu bao, trung k ng vi nhng a ch tng ng. V d thu bao bn th nh s c gi tr 0 cn nu ri th c gi tr 1. Vic qut nhn bit trng thi c qut theo chu k qut, nn cc s liu trong b nh RAM cng b thay i theo chu k. CPU thc hin vic thay i cc s liu ghi trong RAM bng lnh c ghi sn trong ROM. Ngoi ra trong module cn c cc chng trnh thu nhn s quay t thu bao, phn tch v iu khin cc mch cht u ra cp cc tn hiu cho thu bao.
IV.3.3.
Module lin lc ni b :
Khi thu bao nhc my, tng i nhn bit c trng thi ny ca thu bao v pht m mi quay s. Sau , thu bao ch gi quay s ca thu bao b gi, tng i nhn bit s
Trang 3.18

quay, phn tch ri iu khin chuyn mch ni ti thu bao b gi v cp tn hiu chung cho thu bao b gi, ng thi pht m hi m chung v thu bao ch gi. Khi thu bao b gi nhc my, tn hiu chung v hi m chung s b ct, cuc m thoi bt u. Khi mt trong hai thu bao t my, thu bao kia s nhn c m bo bn t tng i. trnh li c th xy ra v gim thi gian ch i, mt chng tnh con s m thi gian t khi nhc my n khi bt u quay s. Nu qu thi gian m thu bao khng quay s th thu bao cng s nhn c m bo bn v mi t my xung. Khi thu bao b gi chung qu thi gian nh trc no , th tng i cng s t ng ct khung v gi m bo bn ti thu bao ch gi.
IV.3.4.
Module lin lc ra ngoi :
Khi thu bao mun gi ra ngoi phi quay s gi ra trung k. Nu trung k ri, thu bao s nghe m mi quay s t tng i bn ngoi bo cho thu bao bit ni thng c vi trung k bn ngoi. Tin trnh tip tc din ra gn ging nh cuc gi ni ht. Khi cuc gi kt thc, chng trnh tr li trng thi ban u. Khi c cuc gi t bn ngoi vo, tng i xc nh xem thu ao ca n l bn hay ri m pht nhng tn hiu bo hiu thch hp cho tng i pha thu bao ch gi bit, tin trnh tip sau ging nh cuc gi ni ht. Ngoi ra, c chng trnh phc v kim tra ng dy trung k ca in thoi vin, trung k nghip v in thoi vin, hoc k thut vin c th c kh nng nghe xen khi mun kim tra 1 ng dy no .
IV.3.5.
Module nhn bit v x l li :
Hat ng da trn cu trc ca chng trnh nh gi, x l li, t sa cha v t phc hi.
IV.3.6.
Module giao tip my tnh :
m nhn nhim v m phng li chc nng x l cuc gi ca tng i.
Trang 3.19
Ngi son : Nguyn Duy Nht Vin
Chng 4
K thut bo hiu
I. I.1. Tng quan : Khi nim :
Mt mng vin thng c nhim v ch yu l thit lp, gii ta v duy tr knh gia thu bao vi node chuyn mch hay gia cc node chuyn mch vi nhau. thc hin c iu ny, cn phi c mt h thng thng tin h tr c trao i gia h thng chuyn mch vi cc thit b u cui v gia cc h thng chuyn mch vi nhau, h thng thng tin ny gi l h thng bo hiu. Thng tin bo hiu c th c nhiu dng khc nhau thun tin cho vic iu khin cc thao tc chuyn mch, x l gi... Thc cht, mt s trao i tin gia ngi s dng v cc thit b trong mng cn phi c mt s t chc chng c th lin lc vi nhau mt cch an tan. Cho nn, thng tin bo hiu c trc, trong v sau mt cuc gi. tng hiu sut lm vic, thi gian lm vic ca h thng bo hiu cng nh cng tt, n ph thuc vo cc thit b hin i trong mng.
I.2.
Cc chc nng bo hiu :

Ta c th nu cc chc nng bo hiu tng qut nh sau :
I.2.1.
Chc nng gim st :
Chc nng gim st c s dng nhn bit v phn nh s thay i v trng thi hoc v iu kin ca mt s phn t (ng dy thu bao, trung k).
I.2.2.
Chc nng tm chn :
Chc nng ny lin quan n vic thit lp cuc gi v c khi u bng thu bao ch gi gi thng tin a ch ca thu bao b gi. Cc thng tin a ch ny cng vi cc thng tin ca chc nng tm chn c truyn gia cc tng i p ng qu trnh chuyn mch. Chc nng ny phi c tnh hiu qu, tin cy cao m bo vic thc hin chnh xc cc chc nng chuyn mch.
I.2.3.
Chc nng vn hnh :
Nhn bit v chuyn thng tin v trng thi tc nnghn trong mng, thng thng l trng thi ng cho thu bao ch gi. Thng bo v cc thit b, cc trung k khng bnh thng hoc ang trng thi bo dng. Cung cp cc thng tin tnh cc.
Trang 4.1

Cung cp cc phng tin nh gi, ng chnh, cnh bo t tng i khc.
I.3.
c im cc h thng bo hiu :
Mt h thng bo hiu c c im chung nh sau : - C tnh quc t. - Ph hp vi cc thit b m n phc v. - Kh nng phi hp vi cc h thng bo hiu khc.
I.4.
H thng thng tin bo hiu :

H thng thng tin bo hiu cng l mt h thng thng tin in, n cng gm :
- Ngun tt c cc tn hiu cn thit cho vic thit lp cuc gi v cung cp cc dch v khc. - Cng vic truyn dn chuyn tn hiu t ngun ti ch. PT Ni dung Tn hiu
X l Knh dn X l
NT
Phng php bo Tn hiuthu

Hnh 4-1 : H thng bo hiu.
Ni dung
I.5.
K thut bo hiu :
Nh vy, k thut bo hiu nghin cu v : - Ni dung bo hiu. - Phng php truyn bo hiu. - K thut x l bo hiu.
II. II.1.
Ni dung ca bo hiu : Phn tch cuc gi :
Trong mng in in thoi, khi mt thu bao mun ni vi mt thu bao khc bt k trong mng th bo hiu s thng bo cho mng chuyn mch bit rng thu bao yu cu phc v, v sau trao cho chuyn mch ni ht cc s liu cn thit nhn bit thu bao xa cn n v t nh tuyn cuc gi mt cch chnh xc. Bo hiu cn gim st cuc gi v trao cho thu bao cc thng tin trng thi nh mi quay s, m bo bn, hi m chung
Phn loi :
C th phn loi bo hiu theo cc cch nh sau :
Trang 4.2
!
Hook off Dialling 0 for external
PABX
PABX
EX
seizure Seizure acknowledgement Dialling
Address info. Address info. seizure Seizure acknowledgement Address info. Ring b.tone B answer Conversation Hook on PABX disconnection Clear forward Clear back Hook on Hnh 4-2 : Phn tch mt cuc gi thnh cng thng thng. Ring signal B answer
Phn theo chc nng : - Bo hiu nghe - nhn (thng bo). - Bo hiu trng thi (gim st). - Bo hiu a ch (chn s). Phn theo tng quan : - Bo hiu gia tng i vi thu bao. - Bo hiu gia tng i vi tng i.
II.2.
Phn theo chc nng :
II.2.1.
Bo hiu nghe - nhn :
L loi bo hiu nghe thy c i vi thu bao trong tin trnh cuc gi. l cc loi thng tin nh sau ch yu t tng i n thu bao nh sau :
Trang 4.3

m mi quay s :
Khi thu bao nhc t hp, tr khng ng dy gim xung t ngt. Dn n dng in trn dy tng ln. iu ny c tng i nhn bit thu bao yu cu thit lp cuc gi v n pht cho thu bao m mi quay s vi tn s khong 425Hz lin tc.
m bo bn hoc thng bo :
Trng hp 1 thu bao bn, hay sau khi kt thc cuc gi, thu bao ny t my, tng i pht m bo bn cho thu bao kia vi tn s 425 HZ, t l 1:1. m bo bn cn c gi cho thu bao ch gi khi thu bao ny sau 1 khong thi gian sau khi nhn c m mi quay s m vn cha quay s Trng hp thu bao b gi i vng hoc c cc dch v c bit ca n th tng i thng bo cho thu bao ch gi cc bn tin tng ng.
Dng chung :
Dng chung c pht cho thu bao b gi khi thu bao ny ri vi tn hiu xoay chiu khong 75VAC, 25Hz.
Hi m chung :
Hi m chung c pht cho thu bao ch gi qua tuyn thoi t tng i khi ang chung cho thu bao b gi. Tn hiu hi m chung c tn s 425Hz, t l 1:3.
Cc bn tin thng bo khc :
Nu trong tng i c cc bn tin c bit c ghi sn v cc l do cuc gi khng thnh nh tnh trng tuyn, hng hc th tng i pht cho thu bao ch gi cc bn tin tng ng. Trng hp ny l do cuc gi khng thnh khng phi bi cc l do ca thu bao b gi.
Tn hiu gi phc hi v gi my qu lu :
Tn hiu ny truyn ti thu bao ch gi khi thu bao b gi t my v tng i gi tn m bo bn m thu bao ch gi khng ngh n vic gii ta tuyn gi. Sau mt khong thi gian tr th tuyn mi c thc s gii ta. Tn hiu ny cng c pht khi thu bao duy tr trng thi chn s qu lu. Tn hiu ny thng l sau m bo bn.
II.2.2.
Bo hiu trng thi (bo hiu gim st) :

Xc nh trng thi ng dy ca thu bao v cuc gi.
Trng thi nhc t hp :
Xut hin khi thu bao nhc t hp hoc tn hiu chim dng t mt ng trung k gi vo; n biu th yu cu thit lp cuc gi mi. Sau khi thu c tn hiu ny, tng i s
Trang 4.4

u ni vi mt thit b thch hp thu thng tin a ch t thu bao ch gi hoc t ng trung k.
Trng thi t t hp :
Xut hin khi thu bao t t hp hoc tn hiu yu cu gii ta t ng trung k a ti. Thng tin ny ch rng cuc gi kt thc, yu cu gii ta tuyn gi. Khi nhn c thng tin ny, tng i gii phng tt c cc thit b dng u ni cuc gi ny v xa cc thng tin dng thit lp v duy tr cuc gi, ng thi thit lp thng tin tnh cc.
Trng thi ri - bn :
Da vo tnh trng t hp ca thu bao b gi hoc ng trung k l ri hay bn hoc tuyn tng i pht thng tin v trng thi ca thu bao b gi hoc ng truyn cho thu bao ch gi.
Tnh trng hng hc :
Bng cc php th tng i xc nh trnh trng ca ng dy c th thng bo cho thu bao hoc cho b phn iu hnh v bo dng.
Tn hiu tr li v :
Khi chung, ngay sau khi thu bao b gi nhc my, mt tn hiu dng o ngun c truyn theo ng dy ti thu bao ch gi. Tn hiu ny dng thao tc mt thit b t thu bao ch gi nh b tnh cc hoc i vi thu bao dng th.
II.2.3.
Bo hiu a ch :
Thng tin a ch gm mt phn hoc ton b a ch ca thu bao b gi, i khi cn km theo cc s liu khc. Sau khi nhn c m mi quay s, thu bao tin hnh pht cc ch s a ch ca thu bao b gi. Cc ch s ny c th c pht di dng thp phn hay dng m a tn.
Tn hiu xung thp phn :
Cc ch s a ch c pht di dng chui ca s gin on mch vng mt chiu (DC) nh a quay s hoc h thng phm thp phn.
mA 40mA 66,6ms 33,3ms
Hook off
Quay s
ms
Hnh 4-3 : Quay s bng xung thp phn (S 42).
Trang 4.5

S lng cc ln gin on ch th ch s a ch tr s 0 ng vi 10 ln gin on. Tc gin on l 10 ln mi giy v t s xung l 1:2. C mt khang thi gian gia cc s lin tip khong vi trm ms trc ch s k tip tng i phn bit cc ch s vi nhau. Ch : Phng php pht cc ch s thp phn ny khng th pht khi ang hi thoi.
Tn hiu m a tn ghp cp (DTMF) :

679Hz 1 2 3 A
770Hz
852Hz
7 "
1029Hz
941Hz
0
1336Hz
#
1477Hz
D
1633Hz
Hnh 4-4 : Quay s bng m a tn.
Phng php ny khc phc c nhc im ca phng php trn. N s dng 2 trong 6 tn s m tn chuyn cc ch s a ch. Khi n mt phm, ta nhn c mt tn hiu bao gm s kt hp ca hai tn s : mt nhm ny v mt nhm kia gi l a tn ghp cp (Dual Tone Multifrequency :DTMF). Cc tn s c chn sao cho s phng to tn hiu l b nht. Tn hiu truyn i di hay ngn ph thuc v thi gian n phm. Thi gian ny chnh l thi gian ko di ca tn hiu. Phng php ny c u im l : Thi gian quay s nhanh hn. C th quay s trong khi m thoi (s dung cho in thoi hi ngh).
II.3.
Phn theo tng quan :
II.3.1.
Bo hiu gia tng i vi thu bao :

Tn hiu ng dy thu bao ch gi :
- Tn hiu yu cu gi. - Tn hiu yu cu gii ta tuyn gi.
Trang 4.6

- Tn hiu a ch. - Tn hiu bo bn. - Tn hiu bo ri. - Hi m chung. - Tn hiu tr li v. - Tn hiu gi my qu lu.
Tn hiu ng dy thu bao b gi :

- Tn hiu chung. - Tn hiu tr li. - Tn hiu phc hi :
Tn hiu ng dy thu bao th 3 :
Ging nh tn hiu ng dy thu bao b gi. c s dng cho in thoi hi ngh. N lm gin on thu bao ch gi trong mt khong thi gian nh hn tn hiu gii ta gi khong 200ms n 320ms.
II.3.2.
Bo hiu lin tng i :
C th c truyn dn tn hiu bo hiu theo ng dy bo hiu ring hoc i chung vi ng dy thai. Chng s dng tn s trong bng tn ting ni (trong bng) hoc ngoi di tn ting ni (ngoi bng). Thng s dng 2 k thut truyn sau : - Bo hiu knh kt hp (CAS). - Bo hu knh chung (CCS). Dng ca tn hiu : Dng xung : Tn hiu c truyn i di dng xung, v d nh tn hiu a ch. Dng lin tc : Truyn lin tc v mt thi gian nhng thay i v trng thi c trng nh tn s Dng p ch : Tng t nh truyn xung nhng khong truyn dn khng n nh trc m ko di cho n khi c s xc nhn ca pha thu qua mt thit b xc nhn truyn v.
III.
Phng php truyn dn bo hiu :
C nhiu cch phn loi phng php truyn bo hiu, nhng y, ta phn thnh hai loi sau : - Bo hiu knh kt hp (CAS : Chanel Associated Signalling). - Bo hiu knh chung (CCS : Common Chanel Signalling).
Trang 4.7
Bo hiu Bo hiu tng i thu bao Bo hiu lin tng i CAS

Hnh 4-5 : Phng php truyn bo hiu.
CCS
III.1.
Bo hiu knh kt hp (CAS : Chanel Associated Signalling) :

SIG
Tng i A
Tuyn trung k
SIG SIG SIG SIG :Thit b bo hiu

Tng i B
SIG SIG
Hnh 4-6 : Bo hiu knh kt hp.
Bo hiu knh kt hp l loi bo hiu m trong , cc ng bo hiu c n nh trn mi knh thng tin v cc tn hiu ny c th c truyn theo nhiu cch khc nhau.
III.1.1.
Phn loi :
C hai loi thng tin bo hiu trong bo hiu knh kt hp l : - Bo hiu ng dy. - Bo hiu thanh ghi (a ch).
Bo hiu ng dy :
Bo hiu ng dy l phng php bo hiu c truyn dn gia cc thit b kt cui v thng xuyn kim tra ng truyn hoc tt c cc mch kt cui, v d cc trng thi bn, ri
Bo hiu thanh ghi :
Bo hiu thanh ghi l s truyn tt c cc thng tin c lin quan n tuyn ni cuc gi bao gm cc con s thu bao b gi, nhng c tnh ca thu bao .
Trang 4.8

III.1.2.
Phng php truyn :

im ni im (end-to-end) :
Theo phng php bo hiu ny, thng tin lun c truyn i gia cc u cui ca tuyn ni theo tin trin ca n. V d khi thit lp tuyn ni qua 3 tng i A-B-C, thng tin bo hiu u tin c truyn t A ti B v sau khi qung ni B-C c thit lp th bo hiu li c truyn t A ti C.
ng tip ng (link-to-link) :
Tn hiu lun c truyn i v tm lu tng qung ca tuyn ni. u tin thng tin bo hiu c truyn i t A n B v sau khi qung ni t B n C c thit lp th thng tin bo hiu tip tc truyn i t B n C. Ni chung, thng tin bo hiu gim st v cc kiu thu bao c truyn dn theo phng thc ng tip ng cn thng tin a ch th c truyn i theo phng php im ni im hoc ng tip ng ty thuc v cu trc mng.
III.1.3.
Cc k thut truyn cc tn hiu bo hiu trong CAS :
Mt cch chnh xc, bo hiu knh kt hp phi l mt s kt hp vnh vin vi knh mang cuc gi tht s. T , ta c cc dng khc nhau ca tn hiu bo hiu : Tn hiu bo hiu nm trong knh thoi (DC, trong bng). Tn hiu bo hiu nm trong knh thoi nhng phm vi tn s khc (ngoi bng). Tn hiu bo hiu trong 1 khe thi gian, m trong , cc knh thoi c phn chia mt cch c nh theo chu k (bo hiu PCM trong TS16).
Bo hiu knh kt hp c th s dng gia cc loi tng i khc nhau. Nh vy, k thut truyn bo hiu ny gm cc tn hiu bo hiu : - Bo hiu DC. - Bo hiu AC. - Bo hiu PCM.
Cc tn hiu bo hiu c bn :
Cc tn hiu bo hiu gia tng i vi tng i bao gm mt s tn hiu c bn sau cho mt cuc gi hon thnh : Tn hiu chim dng (Seizure) : Yu cu chim dng mt ng vo tng i B (1 knh thai) v cc thit b nhn thng tin a ch. Tn hiu xc nhn chim dng (Seizure aknowledgement): Thng bo cho tng i A bit rng tng i B nhn c tn hiu chim dng t A. Thng tin a ch (Address Information): S a ch ca thu bao B.
Trang 4.9

Tn hiu tr li (B answer): Tng i B bo cho tng i A bit thu bao B nhc my. Xa v (Clear back): Tng i B bo cho tng i A bit B gc my. Xa i (Clear forward): Tng i B nhn thng bo cuc gi kt thc, gii ta thit b v ng dy.
Ex A Ex B
!
Seizure Seizure acknowledgement
Address Information B answer
Conversation Clear back
Clear forward
Hnh 4-7 : Cc tn hiu bo hiu c bn ca mt cuc gi thnh cng.
Bo hiu DC :
Tn hiu ny c truyn dng xung nh thay i cc tnh hoc tr khng ca dy dn. Thng thng, h thng lm vic vi 3 trng thi hng ti v vi 2 trng thi hng v. Cc trng thi c s dng hng ti l : - Tr khng ng dy thp. - Tr khng ng dy cao. - Cc tnh tch cc. Cc trng thi c s dng hng v l : - Cc tnh bnh thng. - Cc tnh o. Bo hiu DC c th c dng trn i dy vt l. Do thit b DC r tin, nn h thng ny c s dng rng ri.
Trang 4.10
Sending Exchange
Line
Receiving Exchange
Sending of : Seizure Digits Clear forward
Reception of : Seizure acknowledgement B answer Meter pulses Clear back
Reception of : Seizure Digits Clear forward
Sending of : Seizure acknowledgement B answer Meter pulses Clear back
Hnh 4-8 : Bo hiu DC.

Seizure Low res (+a,-b) B Seizure ack. Digit pulsing aswer Low res (+a,-b) 60ms 40ms Meter Clear back Clear forward pulses Idle (+a,-b) (-a,+b) Low res (-a,+b)
200-300ms
Low res High res 0 High res Low res
160ms
B replaces handset first Clear Clear forward back
A replaces handset first
Hnh 4-9 : Bo hiu DC : v d v cc tn hiu.
Bo hiu AC :
Vi chiu di ng trung k l ln th tn hiu DC l khng c kh nng truyn i c mt tin cy cao c, c th truyn tn hiu bo hiu i vi hai tng i cch xa nhau, ngi ta dng tn hiu AC vi tn s tn hiu nm trong bng tn ting ni hoc ngoi bng tn ting ni. Cc thng tin bo hiu c m ha theo cc phng php khc nhau. Phm vi cho php ca tn s l 4KHz. Bo hiu trong bng :
Trang 4.11

i vi tn hiu trong bng, tn s thng c chn l 2400Hz, y l tn s c xc sut phng to b nht. Vi loi bo hiu ny, c th c cc gii php k thut sau phn bit vi thng tin thoi : - Thc hin bo hiu vi tn s 0,3-3,4KHz nhng thi gian tn ti lu hn. - Phn bit bo hiu v m thoi v mc in. Phng php ny t c dng v d gy qu ti ng dy. - Dng nng lng ph ca tn hiu. - Chn t hp 2 tn s. Bo hiu ngoi bng : Bo hiu ngoi bng s dng tn s thng l 3825Hz. Cc b lc d dng lc cc bng tn thoi v pht hin tn hiu bo hiu chnh xc. V vy khng nh hng n knh thai. Nhng trng hp ny c th lm tng chi ph ca thit b.
Idle A-B Seizure Seizure ackn Digit pulses Register ready signal B answer Clear back Clear forward Idle
Tone
B-A
Tone
~250ms
~250ms
Hnh 4-10 : V d v h thng tn hiu AC.
Bo hiu PCM :
Phng thc bo hiu knh kt hp cc h thng PCM cn phi tip cn tng knh trong trung k v tng tuyn trung k. Nh vy, thit b bo hiu phi c cu trc phn b. Trng hp ny, thng tin bo hiu c chuyn i trn mt knh ring bit v n lin kt vi knh truyn ting ni. Tc ly mu ting ni l 8Khz nhng thng tin bo hiu khng bin thin nhanh bng ting ni nn ch cn ly mu tc 500Hz l s ha tn hiu bo hiu. T quan im , ngi ta s dng khe thi gian s 16 TS16 trong mi khung tn hiu 125s ti thng tin bo hiu cho 2 knh ting ni, mi knh s dng 4 bits. TS0 TS1 TS16 TS31 F0 FAW Ch1 MFAW Ch31 F2 FAW Ch1 1/17 Ch31 F15 FAW Ch1 15/31 Ch31
FAW : T ng b khung n. MFAW :T ng b a khung. Hnh 4-11 : Tn hiu PCM 32.
Trang 4.12

i vi h thng PCM 32 c 15 khung th ti thng tin bo hiu cho 30 knh. Ngoi ra cn mt thi gian ti thng tin ng b a khung 2ms. Nh vy, cc khung t F0 ti F15 to thnh mt a khung. Trong , TS16 ca khung F0 dnh cho tn hiu ng b a khung, TS16 ca F1 ti thng tin bo hiu cho khe TS1 v TS17, TS16 ca F2 ti thng tin bo hiu cho khe TS2 v TS18, ti TS16 ca F15 ti bo hiu cho khe TS15 v TS31. Cn TS0 dng cho tn hiu ng b khung n v cnh bo. Mc d c th s dng 4 bits cho bo hiu m knh, nhng ngi ta ch s dng 2 bits. V thng tin bo hiu chia thnh bo hiu hng i v hng v tch bit nn cc bits bo hiu hng i gi l af v bf, cn bo hiu hng v gi l ab v bb. Gi tr cc bits ny nh sau : Cc bits bf trng thi bnh thng duy tr trng thi 0, gi tr 1 ch th li. Theo phng thc bo bo hiu knh kt hp nh trn th mi knh ting ni cn mt knh bo hiu chuyn dng, v vy hiu sut knh bo hiu khng cao v chng khng c dng trong giai on hi thoi. nng cao hiu qu, ta s dng phng thc bo hiu knh chung.
III.2.
Bo hiu knh chung (CCS) :

Tng i C Tng i D
B x l
B x l
CCIS CCIS SIG SIG CCIS SIG :Thit b bo hiu knh chung
Hnh 4-12 :Bo hiu knh chung.
III.2.1.
Khi nim chung :
Bo hiu knh chung (Common Channel Signalling) khc phc c nhc im ca bo hiu knh kt hp v mt hiu sut s dng knh bo hiu. i vi bo hiu knh chung, knh bo hiu c phn pht cho knh ting ni ch trong mt khong thi gian bo hiu. Ngi ta s dng mt tuyn ring bit cho knh bo hiu. Ni cch khc, h thng bo hiu knh chung c mt chm knh bo hiu. Chm knh ny ch c cp cho knh ting ni khi c nhu cu bo hiu trc nht. V vy, knh ting ni cn xp hng ch knh bo hiu ri. Do , dung lng chm knh bo hiu ph thuc vo cp phc v c th chp nhn c, ni dung bo hiu, tn sut s dng mi knh ting ni. Nh s dng k thut ny, thit b c th tp trung ha v ch to gn gng hn. iu ny to ra u im v mt kinh t v tit kim c khng gian lp t thit b.
Trang 4.13

Tuy nhin, phng thc ny ch c th s dng cho cc tng i SPC trao i bo hiu lin tng i gia cc b x l. Trong h thng PCM, knh bo hiu c th s dng bt k khe thi gian no m khng nht thitphi l khe thi gian TS16. Cc bn tin bo hiu c truyn i di dng cc gi, tc knh truyn l 64Kbps.
III.2.2.
Cu trc bn tin CCS :

a ch ngun S gi Trng s liu Trng kim tra
Mt bn tin bo hiu CCS bao gm :

a ch ch
Hnh 4-13 : Cu trc bn tin CCS.
a ch ch :
a ch ny c phn tch ti bt k my thu no v c so snh vi a ch ca n. Nu khng trng th bn tin c truyn n im khc cho n khi n ch thc ca n.
a ch ngun :
a ch ny gip cho my tnh bit c khi c nhu cu cp pht li bn tin th c a ch yu cu pht li.
S gi :
S gi ch ra tt c cc s liu ca bn tin c sp xp ln lt mt cch chnh xc. S liu ny c kim tra lin tc v ch c ly ra khi c ch dn.
Trng s liu :
Cha nhng thng tin ca bo hiu.
Trng kim tra li :

Cho php s liu c kim tra trc khi truyn n ch.
c im ni bt ca bo hiu knh chung l cc u cui khng ch dnh ring cho mt cuc ni m mt bn tin tun t c th c trang b bt c u cui no vi nhng cuc gi khc nhau v ch khc nhau. Tt c cc bn tin ca cuc gi khng nht thit phi cng hng. Cc bn tin tiu biu c truyn i mt cch ph hp vi nhng tuyn c nh ra bng thut ton da trn c s ch, tnh sn sng v ti ca mch. Khi bn tin c thu thp, n c truyn n nhng im chn trn mng. Khi ti ch, n c tin hnh, so snh v iu chnh, kim tra li. Nu c li, n yu cu pht li bn tin. V CCS khng chuyn bo hiu trn cc trung k m thoi thit lp v gim st, nn tuyn gi phi c kim tra lin tc mi khi cuc gi ang thit lp. iu ny c thc
Trang 4.14

hin nh b thu pht m thanh c ni ti thi im thit lp nhm m bo s lin tc ca tuyn.
III.2.3.
-
u im :
Kinh t. Nhanh. Tin cy. Dung lng cao. Linh hat.
III.3. H thng bo hiu R2 (MFC) :
III.3.1.
Khi nim chung :
H thng bo hiu R2 l h thng bo hiu knh kt hp c CCITT tiu chun ha lin lc cc tuyn quc gia v quc t. Thng tin bo hiu gm : Bo hiu ng dy : Gm cc tn hiu v tng thi ng dy nh tn hiu chim dng, gim st, gii ta Bo hiu thanh ghi : Gm cc tn hiu c lin quan n cc chc nng tm chn, khai thc
III.3.2.
Bo hiu ng dy :
Cc tn hiu bo hiu ng dy c phn theo hng i v hng v. Hng i gm cc tn hiu : Tn hiu chim dng (seizure). Tn hiu gii phng hng i (clear forward). Tn hiu xc nhn chim dng (seizure acknowlegement). Tn hiu gii phng hng v (clear back). Tn hiu tr li (B answer). Tn hiu kha (blocked). Tn hiu gii phng / ri (canh phng nh) (disconnect/idle). Phng php Analog dng cho h thng truyn dn tng t. Phng php Digital dng cho h thng truyn dn s.
Hng v gm cc tn hiu :
Phng php s dng trong bo hiu ng dy :
Trang 4.15

Phng php Analog :
S dng tn s ngoi bng (3825Hz) trnh s phng to tn hiu thoi v truyn i theo kiu c tone khi ri v khng c tone khi bn lin tc theo c hai hng. iu kin bo hiu ca ng dy Trng thi ca mch Hng Hng i Hng v Ri Hng i/v C tone C tone Chim dng Hng i Khng c tone C tone Xc nhn chim dng Hng v Khng c tone Khng c tone Tr li Hng v Khng c tone Khng c tone Gii phng hng i Hng i C tone C tone hoc khng Gii phng hng v Hng v Khng c tone C tone Canh phng nh Hng v C tone Khng c tone Kha Hng v C tone Khng c tone Khng kha Hng v C tone C tone
Hnh 4-14 : Cc tn hiu trong phng php Analog.
Ch : Thi gian nhn bit s thay i trng thi c tone sang khng c tone l 407ms. Thi gian nh nht nhn bit c tn s ca tone hng i v khng c tone hng v l T1=25050ms. Thi gian gii phng mch in l T2=45090ms. Gi tr T1, T2 s dng tt cho tuyn mt t cng nh cp bin vi thi gian tr truyn dn mt chiu cc i l 30ms. Cn i vi knh truyn v tinh T1=1000200ms v T2 =1600320ms ng vi thi gian tr truyn dn cc i l 27020ms.
Phng php Digital :
Trong h thng PCM 30/32 knh, h thng bo hiu ng dy cho php s dng 4 bits bo hiu cho mt knh thoi. Trong h thng bo hiu R2, ngi ta s dng 2 trong 4 bits bo hiu cho 1 hng : 2 bits bo hiu cho hng ti (hng i) af, bf v 2 bits bo hiu cho hng v ab, bb. Cc bits ny to thnh knh bo hiu, trong : Knh af : Xc nh trng thi ra ca ng dy v my thu bao ch gi, trng thi thit b bo hiu gi ra. Knh bf : Cung cp cc thng tin cnh bo trong tuyn hng i. Knh ab : Xc nh trng thi ng dy v my thu bao b gi. Knh bb : Xc nh bo hiu l ri hay bn. Thi gian cn thit cho vic chuyn trng thi t 0#1 v ngc li l 2010ms. Sai s thi gian khi truyn ng thi cc m bo hiu trong mt hng khng vt qu 2ms.
Ch :
Trang 4.16
Trng thi ca mch Ri Chim dng Xc nhn chim dng Tr li Gii phng hng i Gii phng hng v Canh phng nh Kha
Hng Hng i/v Hng i Hng v Hng v Hng i Hng v Hng v Hng v
iu kin bo hiu ca ng dy Hng i Hng v bf ab bb af 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1
Hnh 4-15 : Cc tn hiu trong phng php Digital.
III.3.3.
Bo hiu thanh ghi :

Khi nim chung :
Khi thc hin chuyn mch c lin quan n nhiu tng i, cn phi chuyn thng tin v nhng con s gia cc tng i kt ni cuc gi chnh xc n thu bao mong mun. Thng tin bo hiu c chuyn theo hng i, nhng iu khin qu trnh thit lp cuc gi cn phi c mt s tn hiu bo hiu theo hng ngc li. Cc tn hiu theo hng i : a ch thu bao b gi. Thuc tnh thu bao ch gi. Thng bo kt thc gi a ch b gi. Thng tin v con s ca thu bao ch gi cho tnh cc chi tit. Tn hiu thng bo tng i b gi sn sng nhn cc con s a ch ca thu bao b gi. Cc tn hiu iu khin : Xc nhn kiu ca thng tin. Thng tin kt thc qu trnh tm chn : Thng tin ny dng gii phng thanh ghi v thit lp tuyn thai, ng thi n cn a ra cc thng tin v trng thi t hp ca thu bao b gi. Thng tin tnh cc : Chuyn cc thng tin cn thit phn tch tnh cc (cho cc cuc gi quc t nht nh).
Cc tn hiu hng v gm :
Trng s m :
Bo hiu thanh ghi R2 MFC Vit Nam l kiu bo hiu b p ch (khng ch). Ngi ta chia cc tn s bo hiu thnh 2 nhm, mt nhm 6 tn s cao cho cc tn hiu
Trang 4.17

bo hiu hng ti (hng i) v mt nhm 6 tn s thp cho cc tn hiu bo hiu hng v. Mi tn hiu trong thanh ghi l tng hp ca 2 trong s 6 tn s ny.
Cc t hp Ch s tn hiu 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Gi tr trng s 0+1 0+2 1+2 0+4 1+4 2+4 0+7 1+7 2+7 4+7 0+11 1+11 2+11 4+11 7+11 Hng i Hng v Tn s (x) Trng s (y) F0+F1 F0+F2 F1+F2 F0+F3 F1+F3 F2+F3 F0+F4 F1+F4 F2+F4 F3+F4 F0+F5 F1+F5 F2+F5 F3+F5 F4+F5 1380 1140 F0 0 x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Hnh 4-16 : Trng s m. Tn s 1500 1620 1020 900 F1 F2 1 2 x x x x 1740 780 F3 4 1860 660 F4 7 1980 540 F5 11
x x x X x x x X X X X X
Cc t hpt 1 #10 thng c s dng cho cc thng tin bo hiu quc gia. Cc t hp t 11#15 thng c dng cho cc thng tin bo hiu quc t.
ngha cc tn hiu bo hiu :

Cc tn hiu hng i phn thnh hai nhm : Nhm I : Ch yu mang thng tin v a ch thu bao b gi, tc l s dng cc con s t 1#9. Nhm II : Mang thng tin v thuc tnh ca thu bao ch gi. Nhm A : Mang cc tn hiu iu khin. Nhm B : Mang thng tin v trng thi ng dy ca thu bao b gi.
Cc tn hiu hng v c phn thnh hai nhm :
Cc tn hiu hng v nhm A c s dng cng nhn tn hiu nhm I v cc tn hiu nhm B c s dng cng nhn tn hiu nhm II v chuyn thng tin v thu bao b gi. Ch : $ i vi cc tn hiu bo hiu hng i : Vi cc cuc gi t thu bao ngoi v t in thoi vin tn hiu II-2 v II5 c gi mng quc gia.
Trang 4.18

i vi cc cuc gi quc t, tng i Gate Way s thc hin bin i sau : T hp
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Tn hiu II-1#II-4 chuyn thnh tn hiu II-7. Tn hiu II-5 chuyn thnh tn hiu II-10. Tn hiu II-6 chuyn thnh tn hiu II-8.
Hng i Nhm I Nhm II Tn hiu
II-1 II-2 II-3 II-4 II-5 II-6 II-7 II-8 II-9 II-10 II-11 II-12 II-13 II-14 II-15
Tn hiu
I-1 I-2 I-3 I-4 I-5 I-6 I-7 I-8 I-9 I-10 I-11 I-12 I-13 I-14 I-15
ngha ca tn hiu
Ch s 1 Ch s 2 Ch s 3 Ch s 4 Ch s 5 Ch s 6 Ch s 7 Ch s 8 Ch s 9 Ch s 0 Truy cp n trung tm chn (in thoi vin phc v in bo) Truy cp n cc phc v in bo (yu cu khng c chp nhn) Truy cp n cc thit b kim tra (bo dng) Cha s dng Kt thc
ngha ca tn hiu
Thu bao khng c u tin Thu bao c u tin Cuc gi t trung tm bo dng Cuc gi t trung tm chn (interception) Cuc gi t in thoi vin Truyn s liu trong nc Thu bao quc t Truyn s liu quc t Thu bao u tin i quc t in thoi vin phc v cc cuc gi i quc t Cuc gi t my in thoi cng cng Lai ch gi khng c dng D phng lin lc quc gia
T hp
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Tn hiu
A-1 A 2 A 3 A 4 A 5 A 6 A 7 A 8 A 9 A 10 A 11 A 12 A 13 A 14 A 15
Hnh 4-17 : Cc tn hiu hng i. Hng v Nhm A Tn ngha ca tn hiu hiu

Gi ch s tip theo Gi ch s (n-1) trc ch s cui Nhn xung a ch, chuyn sang thu tn hiu nhm B Tc nghn trong mng quc gia Gi thuc tnh v s thu bao ch gi Thu bao b gi ri, thit lp tnh cc Gi ch s (n-2) trc 2 ch s cui Gi ch s (n-3) trc 3 ch s cui Gi s thu bao b gi Gi s b gi dng thp phn B-1 B-2 B-3 B-4 B-5 B-6 B-7 B-8 B-9 B-10 B-11 B-12 B-13 B-14 B-15
Nhm B ngha ca tn hiu

ng dy thu bao b gi ri S my i, gi tone c bit ng dy thu bao b gi bn Tc nghn S thu bao khng c danh b Thu bao b gi ri# tnh cc Thu bao b gi ri khng tnh cc ng dy thu bao b gi c s c ng dy thu bao b chn ng dy thu bao b gi ri#tnh cc
D phng cha s dng Tc nghn trong mng quc t
D phng cha s dng
Hnh 4-18 : Cc tn hiu hng v.
Trang 4.19

$ i vi cc tn hiu bo hiu hng v : Tn hiu B-4 c gi i nu xy ra tc nghn trong mng sau khi gi i tn hiu A-3. Tn hiu B-1 c gi i nu thu bao b gi c ci t dch v bt gi cuc gi m tng i bn gi khng th cung cp s my thu bao ch gi, nu s my thu bao ch gi bit c th c th gi B-6 hoc B-7.
III.4. Bo hiu s 7 (CCITT No 7) :
III.4.1.
Khi nim chung :
Bo hiu s 7 c quc t cng nhn l h thng CCS gia cc tng i s dng trong mng quc gia v quc t. Thng tin bo hiu c truyn i trn mt khe thi gian c phn pht trn 1 trong cc tuyn PCM mang cc knh thoi. Tng i A TCM S/R CCS
Phn h iu khin li Phn h u cui bo hiu
30 knh thai 30 knh thai + knh bo hiu trong TS16 Truyn cc n v bo hiu
Tng i B TCM S/R CCS

Phn h u cui bo hiu Phn h iu khin li
Phn h iu khin bo hiu
Truyn cc bn tin bo hiu
Phn h iu khin bo hiu
H thng iu khin tng i
Hnh 4-19 : S tiu biu h thng bo hiu s 7.
V d : Hai tng i trao i vi nhau bng 2 lung 2 Mbps, nh vy, kh nng dung lng knh thng tin gia 2 tng i ny l 60 knh, trong , 1 lung 2 Mbps mang bo hiu s 7 trong TS16 ca n. Thng tin bo hiu c tch, ghp qua trng chuyn mch ca tng i hoc DLTU (Digital Line Terminal Unit). Thng tin bo hiu c gi t tng i ny sang tng i khc c xc nh bi h thng iu khin qua S/R CCS cho bo hiu s 7. S/R CCS bao gm 3 phn h trn c s ca cc b x l. Thng tin t h thng iu hin tng i nhn t phn h iu khin bo hiu di dn thc thch hp. Cc bn tin c xp hng y, cho n khi c th c truyn i. Khi khng c cc bn tin truyn i th phn h iu khin bo hiu pht cc bn tin chn lc gi tuyn lun trng thi tch cc.
Trang 4.20

Cc bn tin c gi qua phn h u cui bo hiu, s dng cc bits kim tra c pht i t phn h iu khin li to thnh cc n v bo hiu s 7 hon chnh. Ti tng i thu, qu trnh ngc li c thc hin.
III.4.2.
Cc khi nim c bn :
im bo hiu (SP : Signal Point) :
im bo hiu l mt node chuyn mch hoc mt node x l trong mng bo hiu, c kh nng thc hin cc chc nng bo hiu. im chuyn tip bo hiu (STP : Signal Transport Point) : L im bo hiu m thng tin bo hiu thu c trn mt knh bo hiu v sau chuyn giao cho knh khcm n khng x l c ni dung ca tin bo.
Knh bo hiu :
Bo hiu s 7 s dng cc knh bo hiu chuyn ti thng tin bo hiu gia hai im bo hiu. V mt vt l, knh bo hiu bao gm kt cui bo hiu mi u knh v vi loi mi trng truyn dn (thng l cc khe thi gian ng truyn PCM). Mt s cc knh bo hiu u song song trc tip gia 2 im bo hiu to thnh chm knh bo hiu.
Cc phng thc bo hiu :

Kiu kt hp (Associated):
Cc tn hiu bo hiu lin quan n s kt ni cc knh giao thng gia hai tng i A, B c truyn trn cc tuyn bo hiu trc tip gia chng. ng bo hiu ng thoi A B
Hnh 4-20 : Kiu kt hp.
Kiu khng kt hp (Non-Associated) : C D C D
Hnh 4-21 : Kiu khng kt hp.
Trang 4.21

Cc tn hiu bo hiu lin quan n s kt ni cc knh giao thng gia hai tng i A, B c nh tuyn qua mt vi tuyn trung k ty thuc vo mng nhng thi im khc nhau, trong khi knh giao thng c ni trc tip gia A v B. Cc thi im khc nhau th s nh tuyn ca cc tn hiu bo hiu c th theo cc ng dn khc nhau. Phng php ny t c s dng v n kh xc nh c s nh tuyn mt cch chnh xc ca cc bn tin bo hiu mi thi im. Kiu ta kt hp (Quasi-Associated) : Kiu ny l trng hp gii hn bi kiu khng kt hp, thng tin bo hiu gia hai node A v B c nh tuyn xc nh trc qua 1 tuyn bo hiu node trung chuyn (tandem) trong khi cc knh giao thng c nh tuyn trc tip gia A v B. im quan trng ni bc nht ca kiu ta kt hp l tnh sao lu d phng. A B
C
Hnh 4-22 : Kiu ta kt hp.
III.4.3.
Phn mc trong bo hiu s 7 :

Bn tin ngi s dng Bn tin ngi s dng Bn tin ngi s dng Mng bo hiu Tuyn d liu Tuyn vt l
Hnh 4-23 : Cu trc 4 mc ca bo hiu s 7.
Bn tin ngi s dng Bn tin ngi s dng Bn tin ngi s dng Mng bo hiu Tuyn d liu
UP
MTP
UP (User Part) : Phn ngi s dng. MTP ( Message Transfer Part) : Phn truyn bn tin bo hiu.
Mc 1 : Mc tuyn vt l :
Mc 1 l mc y ca chng phng thc. Tng quan, n l phng tin gi dng cc bits ca thng tin t im ny n im khc trn mt ni kt vt l. Mc ny nh ngha cc c tnh vt l, in v cc chc nng ca tuyn s liu bo hiu v phng tin
Trang 4.22

truy cp n hoc yu cu 1 cu trc thng tin m n c cung cp bi thit b truyn dn hoc tm li c kh. Trong mi trng mng s liu, CCS7 thng c s dng khe thi gian bo hiu TS16/PCM32 hoc TS24/PCM24 vi tc knh bo hiu 64Kbps. Trong mi trng tng t, CCS7 c th truyn trn cc ng modem vi tc thp khong 4,8Kbps.
Mc 2 : Mc tuyn d liu :
Cung cp cc chc nng v cc th tc cho vic truyn thng tin bo hiu. Mt bn tin bo hiu c truyn trn tuyn theo cc n v bo hiu vi chiu di thay i. Mt n v bo hiu bao gm thng tin iu khin truyn tin thm vo trong ni dung ca bn tin bo hiu. Chc nng bao gm : Gii hn ni dung n v bo hiu bng cc c. Chn thm bits chng nhm ln vi c. S dng cc bits kim tra. Chng li bi phng thc t ng hi li. D tm ng bo hiu sai bng cch gim st tc li trn cc ng bo hiu.
Mc 3 : Mc mng bo hiu :
nh ngha cc chc nng v th tc truyn chung v c lp cc tuyn bo hiu ring l. Cc chc nng chnh sau : X l bn tin bo hiu. Trong khi truyn bn tin bo hiu, nhng chc nng ny hng ti tuyn bo hiu hoc phn ngi s dng tng ng. Qun l mng bo hiu : iu khin xc nh hng theo thi gian thc, iu khin v ti to li cu hnh mng khi cn thit.
Mc 4 : Mc ngi s dng :
Mi phn cho ngi s dng xc nh cc chc nng v cc th tc c trng cho tng ngi s dng ring bit.
III.4.4.
n v bo hiu :
Trong h thng bo hiu s 7, cc bn tin bo hiu c truyn i di dng cc n v bo hiu. Cc n v bo hiu c hnh thnh mc 2 v mang thng ip ca ngi s dng t mc 4 v thng ip t phn qun l mng mc 3.
Trang 4.23

MSU (Messaghe Signal Unit : n v bo hiu bn tin) :
L n v bo hiu c cha cc thng ip c chuyn i gia phn ngi s dng hay gia cc khi chc nng qun l mng ca tng i. MSU c 1 octet thng tin dch v SIO v di thng tin bo hiu SIF. MSU l rt qquan trng, nn c truyn li khi c li xy ra do n mang thng tin ca ngi s dng mun truyn i.
F 8 Mc 2 CK 16 SIF 8n,n2 Mc 4 SIO 8 Mc 3 2 LI 6 FIB 1 FSN 7 BIB 1 BSN 7 F 8
Hnh 4-24 : Cu trc bn tin MSU.
LSSU (Link Status Signal Unit : n v bo hiu trng thi tuyn) :
Cha cc thng tin nh gi s hot ng ca tuyn bo hiu (v d nh ng b). LSSU c truyn qua li lp 2 ga 2 MTP k cn v n ch c truyn khi tuyn bo hiu c lihay khng cn c dng truyn MSU. F CK SF LI FIB FSN BIB BSN F 8 16 8,16 2 6 1 7 1 7 8 Mc 2 Mc 3 Mc 2
Hnh 4-25 : Cu trc bntin LSSU.
F 8
FISU (Fill in Signal Unit : n v bo hiu chn thm) :

CK 16 Mc 2 2 LI 6 FIB 1 FSN 7 Mc 2 BIB 1 BSN 7 F 8
Hnh 4-26 : Cu trc bntinFISU.
Cha thng tin iu khin sai v inh hn. N ch c truyn khi khng c MSU v LSSU c truyn. FISU c truyn ti lp 2 gia 2 MTP k cn. Cc trng : F (Flag : Trng c) : L im bt u v kt thc ca 1 n v bo hiu. BSN (Backward Sequence Number : Dy s li) : Th hin dy s ca n v cui cng thu nhn c mt cch chnh xc. BIB (Backward Indicator Bit : Bit ch th li) : Dng yu cu pht li cc n v c li. FSN (Forward Sequence Number : Dy s tin) : Th hin dy s ca dn v bo hiu s c pht. FIB (Forward Indicator Bit : Bit ch th tin) : Ch th vic pht li ca n v bo hiu bng BIB. LI (Length Indicator : Ch th di) : Ch ra s octet ca trng LI v CK. H thng u cui b gi thc hin CRC so snh trnh trng b li ca n v bo hiu nh gi nh trng ny.
Trang 4.24

SF (Status Field : Trng trng thi) : Th hin trng thi ca tuyn bo hiu. SIO ( Service Information Octet : tt thng tin dch v) : Xc nh phn ngi s dng m trong bao gm thng tin c pht i. SIF (Signalling Information Field : Trng thng tin bo hiu) : M im ch, m im ngun, m tuyn bo hiu v b 8 bits t 2#272 c th thay i.
IV. IV.1.
x l bo hiu trong tng i: Tng quan :
H thng bo hiu c s dng nh mt ngn ng cho 2 thit b trong h thng chuyn mch trao i vi nhau tht lp tuyn ni cho cuc gi. Ging nh bt k ngn ng no, chng cng c t vng vi nhng chiu di khc nhau v chnh xc khc nhau. Tc l cc bo hiu cng c th thay i v kch thc v dng c php ca n theo cc quy lut ghp ni v to thng tin bo hiu. X l bo hiu trong tng i l s x l cc dng tn hiu bo hiu thu bao v tng i trn cc ng dy thu bao v trung k trong tng i. Bo hiu trong tng i in thoi bao gm khng ch l bo hiu gia tng i vi thu bao v bo hiu lin i m cn mang cc thng tin v trng thi cuc gi bng cc tones v cc bn tin thng bo khc.
! ! % ! ! %
Dy thu bao tng t
SLTU D/SLTU
Tone v thng bo
N Dy thu T bao s U s cp
I Dy thu S bao s P th cp B
DLTU
nh tuyn tn hiu
Thu pht bo hiu
Dy trung Tng i khc k s
DLTU ALTU
iu khin tng i
Tng i khc Dy trung

k tng t
DLTU (Digital Line Termination Unit) SLTU (Subcriblel Line Termination Unit ) NTU (Network Termination Unit ) ISPBX (Intergrated services PBX)
: n v ng dy u cui s. : n v ng dy u cui thu bao . : n v mng u cui. : Cc dch v tch hp tng i c quan.
Hnh 4-27 : Tng quan x l bo hiu trong tng i.
Trang 4.25

Nh vy, ta thy rng : qu trnh x l bo hiu bao gm cc phn chnh sau : - nh tuyn trong tng i. - Cc b thu pht bo hiu. - To tones v cc bn tin thng bo.
IV.2.
S nh tuyn trong tng i :
IV.2.1.
Bo hiu tng i - thu bao :
Trong tng i SPC c kh nng cho php hai loi thu bao : tng t v thu bao s. ng vi mi lai, ta c cc tn hiu, phng pht nh tuyn khc nhau.
Thu bao tng t :
Trn mng in thoi hin nay, v l do kinh t thng s dng thu bao tng t. S nh tuyn thu bao tng t nh hnh sau :
!
LD
SLTU
SLTU controller
MF
SLTU
Tn hiu chn s
Tn hiu ng dy v chn s
Khi chuyn mch tp trung thu bao
Khi chuyn mch nhm
SLTU controller Tn hiu ng dy
B thu tn hiu MF
Tn hiu a ch

Hnh 4-28 : nh tuyn bo hiu ca thu bao tng t n thit b thu tng ng.
S nh tuyn gm hai thnh phn bo hiu : - Tn hiu bo hiu ng dy (gim st) : mang trng thi ca mch in. - Tn hiu bo hiu a ch (chn s) : ch th s thu bao b gi. Tn hiu bo hiu ng dy c nhim v gim st mch in ng dy thu bao. Vi cc thu bao tng t, dng tn hiu ny dng LD (ct mch vng). Tn hiu bo hiu chn s (a ch) c th c thu bao pht bng 2 cch : LD hoc MF (m a tn). i vi in thoi dng a quay s, c bo hiu ng dy v chn s u c thc hin theo kiu ct mch vng (Loop disconnection). Cc tn hiu bo hiu ny c tch ra t ng dy thu bao bi SLTU. Sau , chng c thu thp ti khi iu khin SLTU bin i t trng thi LD sang cc tn hiu trng thi v ch s a ch ri gi n h thng iu khin tng i x l v t a ra nhng thao tc thch hp.
Trang 4.26

i vi in thoi n phm, tn hiu ng dy c tin hnh theo kiu LD cn tn hiu chn s theo kiu MF. Nh vy, tn hiu ng dy c tch ra khi SLTU v qua b SLTU n h thng iu khin tng i nh in thoi a quay s. S truy cp n b thu MF thng thng qua khi chuyn mch tp trung thu bao. B thu MF c th dng chung cho 1 s ln ng dy thu bao vi mc ch gim chi ph thit b.
Thu bao s :
y l s nh tuyn bo hiu n 2 kiu thu bao s ISDN v ISPBX trn s truy cp ng dy s cp v th cp. Trong s truy cp s cp, 1 knh bo hiu 16Kbps kt hp vi 2 knh giao thng 64Kbps to thnh tc 144kbps dng (2B+D) cho mi hng. Knh bo hiu mang thng tin bo hiu ng dy v chn s cho c 2 knh giao thng nh thng tin x l cuc gi v cc thng tin bo dng. Trong s truy cp th cp bao gm 1 ng dn 2Mbps t 1 ISPBX, 1 knh bo hiu knh chung tc 64kbps cho 30 knh giao thng 64Kbps c mang trong TS16.
64Kbps TS1 Dy s s cp 144Kbps
N T U
D/SLTU No1
16Kbps
I S P B X
1..15 B to trung bo hiu thu bao

Dy s th cp 2Mbps
TS2 . . . . . TS30 . . TS16
M U X
D L T U
2Mbps
SCSB
64Kbps
D L T U
Thu nhn bo hiu knh chung thu bao 2Mbps
SCSB (Subscriber Concentrator Switching Block) : Khi chuyn mch tp trung thu bao. D/SLTU (Digital / Subscriber Line Terminal Unit) : n v kt cui ng dy thu bao s
Hnh 4-29 : nh tuyn thu bao s.
Xt s truy cp th cp : Knh bo hiu 16Kbps c tch ra bi D/SLTU. Cc tn hiu bo hiu c th ni trc tip n b thu pht CCS thu bao, tuy nhin, lc ny yu cu s lng ng ni kh ln t S/R CCS n thu bao gy ra s khng hiu qu v mt s dng v kinh t. Do , t mt hiu qu cao, ngi ta ghp cc knh bo hiu t 1 s cc D/SLTU. S ghp knh c thc hin qua 2 tng. u tin, s dng b tp trung bo hiu thu bao kt hp vi mt nhm D/SLTU. S dng mt kiu ghp knh c hiu qu rt cao,
Trang 4.27

l ghp knh thng k. V d, trong hnh, vic ghp knh thng k thc hin c t s 15:1 (m i vi ghp knh phn chia thi gian th ch t c t s n 4:1). Trong ghp knh thng k, mt s nhnh c kt hp bi s phn chia ng ph thuc vo ni dung ca n. Qu trnh ghp knh thng k khng theo quy lut no c m n ty thuc vo ni dung ca nhnh mi thi im. Tuy nhin, nu nh mi nhnh c thi gian chim gi cao th ghp knh thng k khng ci thin tye l ghp so vi ghp knh phn chia theo thi gian. Nhng do s lu thng ca cc knh bo hiu l thp, khng b trn hay mt ni dung trc khi n b thu pht bo hiu nn ghp knh thng k c s dng khai thc trit hiu qa ca n. Tc l to mt knh bo hiu 64Kbps phi ghp 4 knh bo hiu ti u vo v nh vy, bn tin t 4 knh ny c xen k 2 bits mt ln trong t m 8 bit. Do , nu c mt bn tin bo hiu gm 368 bits th yu cu 184 khung. Nh vy mt 23ms(184x125s) truyn n. Trong sut thi gian , nu c bn tin khc xut hin th n c th b trn hay mt, do , cn t s tp trung cao hn. iu ny t c b ghp th 2. B ghp th 2 thc hin ghp cc khe bo hiu 64Kbps vi cc knh thoi t 15 D/SLTU theo cu trc khung 32 khe thi gian vi TS16 hoc mt TS na dng truyn dn thng tin bo hiu.
TS16
PCM1
TS16
SCSB
2Mbps
TS16
PCM2
64Kbps
PCM31
Hnh 4-30 : Ghp knh ti SCSB.
Subscriber CCS S/R
Cc lung 2Mbps a ti b chuyn mch tp trung thu bao t cc b MUX, mi b MUX phc v 15 D/SLTU hay 30 SLTU. Khi chuyn mch tp trung thu bao c th tin hnh vic ghp knh ln th 2 ghp cc TS16 t ti a 31 b MUX thnh 1 bus bo hiu 2Mbps truy nhp n b thu pht bo hiu knh chung thu bao.
IV.2.2.
Bo hiu lin tng i :
Cc h thng bo hiu khc nhau trn cc ng trung k c nh tuyn n cc b thu pht bo hiu tng ng c thc hin nh b chuyn i tn hiu hoc kt hp trong ATTU (Analogue Trunk Terminalting Unit) cho cc kiu bo hiu LD, DC v 1VF. H thng bo hiu 1VF l h thng bo hiu n tn trong bng, n c th l bo hiu ng dy hoc bo hiu a ch (nhng ch yu l ng dy). S chuyn i bo hiu trong bng sang dng thch hp a n cc b thu pht bo hiu (thng l CAS) c th c thc hin bi mt thit b kt hp mi ng vo tng t n 1 ATTU hoc s
Trang 4.28

dng mt n v n gin m n tch cc tones t dng s 2Mbps. Phng thc th 2 thng c s dng nhiu hn v tnh kinh t ca n. B chuyn i thc hin chia mt ng vo 2Mbps cha 30 knh vi m bo hiu n tn 1VF thnh ng ra 2Mbps vi bo hiu mang trong TS16. Thit b do phi c kh nng tm kim s xut hin ca cc tones c m ha s (v d 2280). iu ny c thc hin bi k thut lc s. i vi hng ngc li, thit b chuyn i cc bits CAS trong TS16 thnh cc tones tng ng chn vo lung 2Mbps. Bo hiu MF c nh tuyn trn c s call-by-call qua khi chuyn mch nhm t ng dy ang gi n b thu pht MF bng ni kt thi gian gi ngn (short-holding-time). Ni kt thi gian gi ngn l mt ni kt trong thi gian rt ngn thng vi mc ch thu nhn cc ch s a ch, ni kt ny c gii phng ngay sau khi tn hiu a ch kt thc. Lc ny mt ng dn thoi c thit lp qua trng chuyn mch n ng ra yu cu.
LC,DC line and selection 1VF line and selection DC line and MF selection 1VF line and MF selection TS16 line and selection TS16 line and 1VF selection TS16 line and MF selection CCS line and selection
ATTU DC-TS16 ATTU 1VF ATTU DC-TS16 ATTU 1VF DLTU TS16 1VF-CAS Convertor 1VF-TS16 DLTU TS16 DLTU CCS DLTU TS16 1VF-CAS Convertor 1VF-TS16 1VF-CAS Convertor 1VF-TS16
TS16 line and selection TS16 line and selection TS16 line and MF selection TS16 line and MF selection TS16 line and selection TS16 line and selection TS16 line and MF selection CCS line and (in TS16) selection : ng ni bn vnh vin : ng ni vnh vin
Thu pht CAS
Thu pht MF
Thu pht CCS
Hnh 4-31 : nh tuyn bo hiu vi cc ng trung k.
Ty theo phng thc truyn thng tin bo hiu m c phng php bin i khc nhau. truy nhp ti b thu pht bo hiu CAS l cc ng ni bn c nh. Cn cc ng ni ti cc b thu pht MF l cc tuyn c nh thc hin nguyn tc trao i gia cc khe thi gian TS16 vi nhau v ni dung cc TS ny c cha thng tin bo hiu. i vi bo hiu knh chung, thng tin bo hiu c cha trong cc TS16 ca cc lung 2Mbps truy nhp n b thu pht CCS qua ng ni bn vnh vin (semipermanent) qua trng chuyn mch. Ni kt ny cho php cc khe thi gian t lung 2Mbps truy cp n CCS S/R qua 1 cng 2Mbps.
Trang 4.29

Ni kt ny l bn vnh vin v n duy tr trong mt thi gian di (c th l vi nm) cho n khi c s c hoc c s thay i ln trong tng i th h thng iu khin s thit lp tr li.
IV.3.
Cc b thu pht bo hiu :
IV.3.1.
Thu pht MF :
nh tuyn bo hiu MF t thu bao hoc cc ng trung k ti b thu pht MF, yu cu mi b thu pht cn phi giao tip vi 30 knh thoi v s b thu pht yu cu ph thuc vo tc s dng v thi gian chim dng ca mi cuc gi. i vi bo hiu thu bao, mt ng dn n hng c thit lp qua b tp trung thu bao gia SLTU ang gi v 1 khe thi gian ri trong ng cao tc ti b thu pht MF, trong khi tone mi quay s c a n thu bao qua 1 ng thoi n hng khc qua b tp trung. n v MF phi c kh nng xc nhn c ch s u trong tone mi quay s. Khi cc s quay l y , h thng iu khin tng i s gii phng ng dn qua b tp trung thu bao ny. Khe thi gian trong ng cao tc lc ny l ri v c th c s dng cho cc cuc gi khc. Qu trnh bo hiu lin i cng din ra tng t. B thu pht MF c th s dng k thut tng t hoc k thut s.
B thu pht MF dng tng t :

Chuyn mch
PMUX
1..30
MF S/R
MF S/R
Hnh 4-32 : Cc b thu pht MF tng t.
Phng php ny s dng nhiu trong cc tng i th h u v tnh kinh t cao. 30 b thu pht MF c ni v bin i ti PMUX (MUX th cp) to ra lung s 2,048Mbps theo cu trc khung. Trong , TS0 chc tn hiu ng b khung v TS16 bo hiu cho cc knh cn li.
B thu pht bo hiu MF dng s :
B thu lm vic theo nguyn tc phn chia theo thi gian cho mt s knh ( y l 4). Cc s thu c t mi knh qua b thu n n v iu khin, , chng c nh dng vo trong mt bn tin ri gi n h thng iu khin tng i. B pht MF th lm vic mt cch n gin hn, mnh n c s dng cho tt c cc knh thoi v trong TS16 ca lung 2Mbps. Vi kiu thu pht MF s, ch cn 8 b thu MF cho 30 knh u vo v mt b pht cho tt c cc knh. B thu MF s da trn c s b lc s. Yu cu kh nng nhn bit v
Trang 4.30

phn tch 2 tone t mt t hp a tn (2 tn s), b qua cc tn hiu ngoi bng tn 4Khz xc nh c cc tn hiu bo hiu khc nhau suy ra ngha ca n. Sau , b thu s tm ra tn hiu c t hp tn s tng ng gi n b iu khin thu pht MF a n h thng iu khin tng i c nhng x l thch hp. PMUX
1 2 3 4 27 28 29 30
Thu (Ch 1-4)
Thu (Ch 27-30)
Pht (All Chs)
n v iu khin thu pht MF H thng iu khin tng i

Hnh 4-33 : Cc b thu pht MF s.
B pht MF c th thc hin bng cc t hp tn s c m ha v lu tr trong ROM v c c ra cc ng vo thi im thch hp.
IV.3.2.
Thu pht bo hiu knh kt hp :
PCM1 PCM2
TS161 TS162
Chuyn mch tp trung

TS0 TS161 TS162 TS1630
PCM30
TS1630
Hnh 4-34 : Ghp knh tn hiu bo hiu ti chuyn mch tp trung .
H thng PCM 32 c tc 2Mbps s dng TS16 mang thng tin bo hiu cho 30 knh thai. Tc mi knh bo hiu l 2Kbps. Vic sp xp cc knh bo hiu theo cu trc khung v a khung. Trng chuyn mch ni kt ti a 31 TS16 qua cc ni kt bn vnh vin trong bus ng ra 2Mbps ni vi b thu pht PCM/CAS.
Trang 4.31

Bo hiu PCM/CAS trong cc TS16 ca cc lung 2Mbps t cc ng kt cui c ly ra ti cc b chuyn mch tp trung, sau , thc hin tp hp cc knh bo hiu TS16 t cc lung 2Mbps thnh 1 lung 2Mbps vi 31 khe thi gian c ni dung l cc TS16 ca 31 lung 2Mbps u vo a ti b pht CAS. Qu trnh xp cc TS16 thnh cu trc a khung nh sau :
Frame 0 Frame 1 Frame 2 Frame 3 Frame 4 Frame 15 TS0 ng b a khung FAW FAW TS1 ng b a khung ABCD1ABCD17 ABCD2ABCD18 ABCD3ABCD19 ABCD4ABCD20 ABCD15ABCD31 TS16 t lung 2Mbps th nht TS2 ng b a khung ABCD1ABCD17 ABCD2ABCD18 ABCD3ABCD19 ABCD4ABCD20 ABCD15ABCD31 TS16 t lung 2Mbps th 2 TS31 ng b a khung ABCD1ABCD17 ABCD2BCD18 ABCD3ABCD19 ABCD4BCD20 ABCD15ABCD31 TS16 t lung 2Mbps th 31
Hnh 4-35 : Cu trc a khung trong lung bo hiu CAS 2Mbps n S/R CAS.
1 . . . . . . 31
D E t khi chuyn M mch 2Mb/s U (930 ch cho 2ms) X
ng b a d liu CAS store 1 khung (30cell) d liu

reset
m chu k
/c ghi
R
/c c
ng b a d liu CAS store d liu 30 khung

reset
THU CAS
n h thng iu khin tng i
(30cell)
m chu k
/c ghi
R
/c c
a. Thu tn hiu.
vo TS16
n khi chuyn mch 2Mb/s M
Pht ng b a khung
Lu tr CAS (930 cell)
data Pht iu khin CAS tng i
H thng
U X
vo TS0
Pht ng b
reset
Clock tng i
m chu k
/c
b. Pht tn hiu
Hnh 4-37 B thu pht PCM /CAS .
Bao gm 31 nhm TS16 (t TS1-TS31). Trong mt nhm TS16 th 1 knh c cha ni dung l ni dung ca TS16 c phn b theo nguyn tc bo hiu (CAS-TS16). Do vy, 1 tuyn PCM 2Mbps c kh nng ti ti a 930 knh ti b thu pht CAS.
Trang 4.32

y, ta ch xt bo hiu knh kt hp mang trong TS16. B thu pht PCM/CAS tin
hnh 3 chc nng sau: a. Tch / ghp knh cho 31 nhm TS16. b. Tch / ghp cu trc a khung trong vi mi nhm TS16 thnh 15 nhm vi 2 cp knh. c. Xc nhn, gii ngha v truyn t bo hiu. Hng t a n c cho b pht v ngc li cho b thu. Nh vy, mt nhm c kh nng cho 30 knh bo hiu v ln nht l 31(nhm)x30(knh)=930 knh bo hiu. Nu s dng mt TS16 cha thng tin kim tra thit b th tuyn PCM c kh nng bo hiu cho 900 knh thoi. Bo hiu theo hng thu: Trn hng thu, 1 trong 32 dng PCM c ngun gc khc nhau v c ng b a khung trong TS16 ca n.Mi TS16 trong 1 bus c th mang tn hiu ng b a khung ca tng i. Chc nng ny nh b thu pht CAS bng cch tch dng 2Mb/s thu c t bus vo khe thi gian 64kb/s v a vo b m ng khung li. Dng 2Mb/s ( TS16 mang thng tin ) c lu tr trong b m, bt u chu k ghi ti thi im khi u mu ng b a khung ca ring TS16. Ni dung ny c c ra ti thi im bt u ca a khung. Nh vy, n nh hng n s tr TS16 trong b m bng s li ca thi im bt u a khung ca ring n v tng i. Tr ln nht l 128 bits (16*8 bits = 128 bits). 10 67ms 120ms thi 33 67ms 200ms ms gian ms 0011 0011 0011 1111 1111 0011 ri1111 1111 tn hiu bt u mch ri
mch b
s 2
a. tn hiu theo hng thu. mch bn m ABCD trong TS16 tr li bn tr li mch t do
0111 free
1011 busy
0011 answered
1111 guard
0111 free
b. tn hiu theo hng pht. Hnh 4-38 Tn hiu theo hng thu v pht
Trong hnh m t chun m 4 bits trong mi a khung (16*125ms =2ms) mang theo bo hiu 1 knh giao thng. Khi tnh trng ng dy l ri, m 1111 tn ti trong TS16 phn tng ng ca a khung. M ny tip tc lp li trong TS16 nu ng dy vn ri.
Trang 4.33

Tng i c th xc nhn rng mch c chim bng s xut hin ca m mi 0011 vi thi gian khong 10ms (c ngha l 5 ln lp li ti thiu ca m, mi ln 2ms). S kim tra trong khong thi gian ti thiu thit lp s iu khin tch cc trong pht m li bng s phng to ca tnh trng ng dy. Da vo kim tra ny, h thng iu khin tng i bt u ch nhn s th nht. S c ch th bng 67ms ca m 1111 v 32ms ca m 0011 tng ng vi tnh trng ng dy gy v bnh thng. Hnh 4-18 m t nhn s 2 v s cui trong m 0011 trong 120ms. Cn li ca v d m t tn hiu xo hng i v ri ti thi im kt thc cuc gi. Bo hiu theo hng pht: Tng t nh theo hng thu.
IV.3.3.
Chuyn i 1VF sang CAS :
pht mu ng b a khung Sp xp khung
D E M U X
Xc nhn tone 1VF s 1 Xc nhn tone 1VF s 4
. .
TS16
.
8 . 27 30 .
M U X
khi chuyn mch
TS0
TS16
TS0
TS0 +130 knh thoi

a. theo hng thu.
TS0 + 30 knh thoi

Lu tr CAS (32 cell 2 rng)
+
bo hiu
pht tone 1VF s
D E M U X
t khi ng b chuyn mch a khung reset
R
Mu 8 bits trong TS1Ts15 v Ts17-Ts31
m vng
ch c ch ghi
1-32 mi 125s
reset t ng h tng i
m vng
b. theo hng pht. Hnh 4-39 : Chuyn i 1VF sang CAS.
Hai i tng ca chuyn i 1VF sang CAS s kt hp vi dy u cui tng t v s trong tng i. Chc nng chuyn i 1VF-CAS c tch ra t b m ho tn hiu tone n ( thng thng 2280Hz) t mi knh v cy vo trong 4 bt tng ng m ho trong TS16 theo hng thu. S tin hnh l ngc li theo hng pht. Bo hiu theo hng thu:
Trang 4.34

B bin i trc tin sp xp khung dng 2Mb/s nhn c, cho php mi knh c ng b. B nhn tone s tng t nh m t trong phn MF v tone 2280Hz cho mi knh. B nhn bit tone hon tt thit b. H thng kinh t hn c th li dng bng nh thi gia s knh (mu l 8) ; 4 l c yu cu chuyn i . Ng ra t b nhn tone l tn hiu ng m n theo s c mt hay vng mt ca tone. Xc nhn ny chuyn i m t 0011 sang 1111 cho bo hiu knh kt hp. M ny chn vo 4 bits tng ng ca TS16 thch ng ca knh. Ni dung TS16 c t vo 30 knh thoi vo trong dng 2Mb/s bng b ghp knh. Bo hiu theo hng pht : 4bits c m ho c t trong TS16 t dng 2Mb/s c ghi lin tc vo b lu tr CAS mi mt a khung . Mi b lu tr tn hiu c c trong khe thi gian tng ng trong mi khung. Tone c lp l on hay off trc tip bng 0011 hay 1111 ca mu 4 bits c t mi t bo knh bo hiu. Tone s l c chn vo khe thi gian thch hp chuyn i tn hiu 1VF cho mi knh. N mang ra ngoi tt c cc khe thi gian trong khung tr li cung cp cho c 30 knh.
IV.4.
Cc b to tone v bn tin thng bo :

Khi chuyn mch tp trung thu bao Khi chuyn mch nhm Tone Tone Bn tin thng bo
Hnh 4-40 : S nh tuyn cho tone v bn tin thng bo.
IV.4.1.
S nh tuyn tones v cc bn tin thng bo :
Tng i cn phi bo cho thu bao v trng thi cuc gi cng nh cc tin trnh ca n t khi bt u n khi kt thc. Tc l mt thu bao bnh thng mun trao i thng tin th phi c p ng m xc nhn yu cu hoc yu cu khng c chp thun v nhiu m khc nhau trong tin trnh x l cuc gi nh thng bo, tr gip... Thng thng, thng tin trng thi c th nghe thy c dng tones hoc li thoi thng bo. Do , mi thu bao cng nh cc ng trung k v cc n v khc thuc tng i phi c truy nhp n cc b to tone v thng bo. t hiu qu kinh t v k thut cho vic phn phi cc m bo n tng thu bao, cn phi phn loi theo chc nng ca tng dng m m phn b v tr ca cc b to m. V d : cc tnh trng thng thng c bo hiu bng cc tones, cn cc trng hp c bit th bng cc bn tin. Trong tng i SPC, cc b m bo thng c phn b ti cc b tp trung thu bao theo phng php 1 ng phn b ti nhiu ng. Cn b lu tr bn tin thng bo c phn b ti khi chuyn mch chnh, v cc bn tin ny mang tnh cht dch v, t lin quan n tin trnh x l cuc gi. Vic nh tuyn cho cc m bo ti cc thu bao c thc hin bng lung s PCM. Nh vy, ti u ra ca thit b to m l cc tn hiu s, mi 1 m bo khc nhau
Trang 4.35

c cha trong mt TS ring v n c qua khi chuyn mch tp trung thu bao hay khi chuyn mch nhm nh qu trnh chuyn i tn hiu thai. S khc bit y l tn hiu t b to m phi m bo v ln n thc hin chuyn mch ti nhiu u ra c yu cu cng lc. Vi cc bn tin thng bo, thng thng n c truy cp ti khe thi gian trung gian ca khi chuyn mch chnh v c thc hin chuyn mch nh tn hiu thai.
IV.4.2.
l :
Cc tones x l cuc gi :
Trong tng i s, c hai cch to tones x l cuc gi a vo ng dn thai, Pht lin tc cc tones dng tng t, ri sau a qua b chuyn i A/D. Pht lin lc cc tn hiu s tng ng vi cc tones bo hiu khc nhau.
Phng thc u tin c s dng cho cc h tng i trc y v n khai thc thit b to tones trong tng i tng t m cha thay bng k thut s c. S lai tp gia cc b pht tones c-in t trong tng i in t s gy nn s cng knh v kch thc v km hiu qu v mt kinh t. Khi k thut s l pht trin th phng thc th 2 c s dng nhiu hn vi cc tnh nng cao hn. Cc b to tones phc v cho chuyn mch tp trung thu bao c yu cu trong thi gian u trc thit lp cuc gi, cn b to tone phc v chuyn mch nhm dng mang p ng ca thu bao trong thi gian thit lp cuc gi.
IV.4.3.
OSC
B to tone v cc bn tin thng bo :

Dng k thut tng t :
425Hz
Bo ri Bo bn
Coder Coder n TCM
1:1 1:3
To bn tin thng bo
Hi m chung
+
Coder Coder
n v iu khin
Hnh 4-41 : S dng k thut tng t.
C nhiu loi cu trc b to tone. Vi cc tng i analog th ta c cc b to tone analog vi cu trc n gin l cc b to dao ng vi cc mch iu khin ngt nhp khc nhau nh rle hoc cc cng in t. Cc tn hiu bo hiu ny phi c chuyn i sang
Trang 4.36

dng s chn vo cc khe thi gian trong cc tuyn PCM a n cc u cui qua trng chuyn mch. Nhc im : Kch thc ln, cng knh. Khng kinh t. Khng c tin cy cao.
Dng k thut s :
To tones :
i vi tng i SPC hin nay th cc b to m thng l b to tone s. Cc b to tone ny c kh nng cho ra nhiu loi tone khc nhau. Vic phn bit cho cc loi tone ny cho tin trnh x l cuc gi c thc hin bng cch thit lp cc di ngt nhp khc nhau cho cc tone. Cu trc ny ph thuc vo cch qun l khc nhau. Cc phn t b to tone s bao gm : Cc b nh ROM dng lu tr cc loi tone tng ng bng cc tn hiu s, mch iu khin tone theo chu k, b iu khin c ROM v cc thit b iu khin khc. Cc b nh ROM lu cc loi tones tng ng m ha v c ra vi a ch do bm chu k xc nh. Thi im pht tones qua trng chuyn mch do n v iu khin iu khin b SELECTOR. B SELECTOR bao gm cc b ghp knh logic s m chuyn mch gia ng vo v ng ra ph thuc vo a ch c cung cp bi n v iu khin. Nh vy, cc tones khc nhau c s ha (vi tn s ly mu l 8Khz) v np vo ROM, sau c c ra thi im thch hp theo yu cu ca thu bao. i vi tn hiu c chu k th ch cn np vo chu k l . i vi tn hiu khng c chu k th phi np tt c tn hiu . iu ny lm gim dung lng ca ROM, do , tnh kinh t phng pht ny rt cao. ROM 1
m vng
ROM 2
m vng
ROM 3
m vng
. . .
S E L E C T O R
Ti khi chuyn mch 2Mbps
n v iu khin
Hnh 4-42 : S b to m bo s.
To cc bn tin thng bo : Mt trong kh nng cung cp dch v ca tng i SPC l vic cung cp cc bn tin thng bo vi nhng ni dung mang tnh cht thng bo ch dn Cc bn tin thng bo
Trang 4.37

c lu tr trong cc thit b bng t, a t, b nhsao cho kh nng truy cp c d dng. Trn thc t c hai phng php lu tr sau : - Phng php 1 : Tt c cc bn tin c s ha vi tng bit nh phn v ghi vo thit b lu tr. - Phng php 2 : Kiu ca bn tin thng bo c dng cc cu, cc t hp ch ci c chung nht mt m tit, cc t vng chung c ghi vo v mch ROM, RAM truy xut theo mt a ch thch hp. Phng php 1 n gin nhng tn km v khng gian b nh, phng php 2 kinh t hn, nhng vn iu khin li phc tp hn rt nhiu. Cc bn tin c nh th c th lu vo trong ROM, cn cc bn tin c th thay i hoc cc dch v mi th thng c lu vo RAM tng tnh linh hat, thun tin trong vic sa i b sung.
Trang 4.38
Chng 5
Giao tip kt cui
I.
tng quan :
Group Switch Unit

digital trunk analogue trunk DLTU ATTU DSLTU M D F SLTU Telephone SBSC controler tones & ann. DLTU M U X DLTU S B S C DLTU CAS tones MF sig. MF sig. CCS D D F DLTU DLTU DLTU DLTU Group Sw. Block
N T U
M U X
DLTU
Subscriber Concentrator Unit Exchange control system
GSB controler
Hnh 5-1 : Giao tip kt cui ng dy.
MDF (Main Distribution Frame) : Gi phi dy chnh. SLTU (Subscriber Line Terminal Unit) : n v kt cui ng dy thu bao. MUX (Multiplexer) : Ghp knh. DLTU (Digital Line Terminal Unit) : n v kt cui ng dy s. SCSB (Subscriber Concentrator Switch Block) : Khi chuyn mch tp trung thu bao. GSB (Group Switch Block) : Khi chuyn mch nhm. DDF (Digital Distribution Frame) : Gi phi s. SCU (Subscriber Concentrator Unit) : n v tp trung thu bao. GSU (Group Switch Unit) : n v chuyn mch nhm.
Trang 5.1

Cc h thng chuyn mch s hin nay l nhng h thng chuyn mch ln, nn n i hi khng ch giao tip vi cc thit b mi, hin i m cn phi c trang b kh nng giao tip vi mng tng t. Yu cu c kh nng x l c nhiu li trang b khc nhau k c tng t c. Do , mch giao tip n phi giao tip c vi thu bao s ln tng t, trung k s v tng t. Thit b giao tip ng dy l phn giao tip gia mch in ng dy thu bao v trung k vi tng i. Mt s thit b analog li l 1 trong nhng nhn t quan trng quyt nh gi c, kch thc, mc tiu th in ... Gi ca nhng thu bao tng t chim 80% gi thnh sn xut h thng. V vy, cc nh sn xut h thng chuyn mch s dng mch VLSI thay cho giao tip analog gim gi thnh . Thng tin tng t c a vo h thng chuyn mch s qua b MDF vi cc b phn hn ch in th cao do st hay ngun cao th khc, cung cp cc a im thun li cho vic chuyn mch vi cc ngun bn ngoi.
II. II.1.
giao tip ng dy thu bao : Tng quan v cc kt cui ng dy thu bao :
ng dy thu bao ngoi vic mang tn hiu thoi m n cn mang cc tn hiu khc nhau ca cc h thng bo hiu vi cc yu cu v dng chung, cp ngun, bo v v kim tra. S a dng v phc tp ca ng dy thu bao cn th hin qua cc hnh thc ca chng cng nh khong cch t cc thu bao n tng i lun khc nhau. Kt cui ng dy thu bao l phn chim t l gi thnh cao nht. Hin nay, a s ng dy thu bao l tng t, s dng i dy xon t tng i n thu bao. Tuy nhin, vi s pht trin ca k thut v cng ngh cng vi nhu cu ngy cng tng ca x hi v mt h thng thng tin an ton v cht lng nn yu cu cc tng i phi giao tip c vi cc thu bao s. Lc ny, s phc tp trong giao tip thu bao cng tng ln. Ta c th lit k mt s kiu kt cui ng dy thu bao nh sau :
II.1.1.
ng dy thu bao Analogue :

Ni trc tip n tng i :
Bo hiu LD. Bo hiu MF.
ng dy tng i PBX :
Bo hiu LD. Bo hiu MF.
Trang 5.2

in thoi dng th. Cc thit b ph tr.
II.1.2.

ng dy thu bao s.
Ni trc tip n tng i :
Thu bao ISDN.
ng dy tng i PBX :
Truy cp 1,5Mbps hoc 2Mbps trn 4 dy truyn dn s.
II.2.
Thit b giao tip thu bao tng t :

64kbps
(H) (R)
Ring relay & trip detector
(C)
Encoder
(T)
Telephone Test access relay
(O)
Over volt protection
(B)
Line battery feed
(S)
Supervi -sion unit
Balanced
2Mbps
Decoder
SLTU other
SLTU other
SLTU other
...
SLTU other
M U X
...
...
...
line feed bus
test bus ring bus
...
...
SLTU controler
Hnh 5-2 : Giao tip ng dy thu bao tng t.
II.2.1.
Chc nng cp ngun (Battery feed):
Micro trong my in thoi yu cu phi c cung cp 1 nng lng vi dng ti a l 80mA, in p khong -50V so vi t. Do , tng i s dng ngun mt chiu cp cho thu bao trn i dy thoi gim kinh ph, ng thi, n cn c s dng mang cc tn hiu bo hiu nh DC, LD. Dng in cung cp cho thu bao khong 20!100mA ty thuc vo tnh trng t hp. hn ch tp m, ngi ta dng mch cu cp ngun v s dng cun chn ngn s on mch tn hiu tn s in thoi n ngun chung. Ngoi ra, n cn c dng nhn bit tnh trng ng dy thu bao. Dng in c xc nh bi in tr ng dy v my nh sau:
Trang 5.3

I = U/ (2*(RM+RD). Trong , Rm, Rd l in tr my v in tr dy. in tr cho php ti a ca ng dy v my in thoi l 1800. Do khong cch gia cc thu bao n tng i l khc nhau, do , ngi ta s dng b n dng cp ngun cho thu bao. in p ln nht cung cp cho ng dy l 50VDC, ty thuc vo cc tng i khc nhau m cc tng i cp cho thu bao cc gi tr in p sau : 50, 48, 24VDC khi thu bao trnh trng t t hp, cn khi thu bao nhc t hp th gi tr in p lc khong 5!6V.
II.2.2.
Chc nng bo v qu p (Over Voltage Protection):
Tng i yu cu c s bo v khi c in p cao xut hin trn ng dy nh st, in p cm ng, chp ng dy thoi vi ng dy in p li ... Ngi ta s dng cc bin php sau: ng phng, ht n ni vi t, gi u dy, diode, bin p cch ly ... i hi phi c thi gian phng in nh hn 1 ms.
II.2.3.
Chc nng rung chung (Ringging) :
Tng i pht tn hiu chung cho thu bao vi in p xoay chiu, gi tr in p ln

-48V
Nhn bit nhc my

Telephone
nht khong 80VAC, dng 200mA vi tn s khong 16!25Hz.

Hnh 5-3 : Protect Over Volt, Battery Feed and Ringging.
Pht tn hiu chung cho thu bao v pht hin thu bao tr li trong giai on cp chung. Khi thu bao b gi nhc t hp, tng i s xc nhn trng thi ny v ngng cp chung, ni dy thu bao vi mch thoi. Thng thng s dng rle hay diode cp chung.
II.2.4.
Gim st (Supervision):
Theo di, nhn bit tnh trng thu bao bng cch da vo in tr mch vng nhn bit cc trng thi nh quay s, nhc, t my... ca thu bao, t a n b iu khin c nhng x l thch ng. S dng cc photo-diode cch ly masse tng t v s.
Trang 5.4

-48v
5v
Telephone
HSO
Hnh 5-4 : Supervision.
Yu cu c tin cy cao. Trng thi ca thu bao c qut vi chu k nh hn s bin ng ca xung quay s (<33ms).
II.2.5.
Gii m, m ho (Codec) :
Thc hin chuyn i tn hiu thoi sang PCM v ngc li. Thc cht l chuyn i A/D. Cn c cc tn hiu syn, clock vo v ra.
Txclk Txsyn
ENCODER
Ain Tx
PCM out
Rx Aout
DECODER
PCM in
HSO Rxclk Rxsyn
Hnh 5-5 :CODEC.
Trang 5.5

Trong , Txclk, Rxclk : ng h pht v thu, c tn s 2MHz. Txsyn, Rsyn : ng b pht v thu l tn hiu c tn s 8KHz.
II.2.6.
Sai ng (Hibrid) :
Tn hiu thoi c truyn trn ng dy thu bao trn 2 tuyn dy nhng n tng i c tch ra ring l thng tin pht v thng tin thu tin hnh gii m v m ho. Do , n i hi phi chuyn i 2 dy sang 4 dy v ngc li. chuyn i 2 dy-4 dy, n gin nht l s dng bin p cch ly, loi b ting vng, thng s dng mch cu bin p, in tr cn bng hay IC.
2 dy n Codec
BALANCED
2 dy thoi
2 dy t Decodec Pht
Tuyn hai dy
Mch cn bng
Tuyn 4 dy
Thu
Hnh 5-6 : Hybrid.
II.2.7.
Kim tra (Test) :
tng an ton v tin cy ca tng i yu cu phi trang b cho mnh chc nng t kim tra. Yu cu: - Mi dy thu bao phi c kh nng kim tra. - Kim tra c th thit lp hay gii to khi c yu cu a n. - Truy cp gia giao tip thu bao v thit b kim tra c th qua bus hay qua khi chuyn mch. Cc khong o th vo bao gm: Bin dng tn s, tiu hao i v, dng in mch vng, o nh cc, pht hin m mi quay s, ct dng chung... Cc khong o th ra bao gm: o th inp xoay chiu, in p 1 chiu, cch in, in dung gia trip - ring trip, ring - t v cc m thanh pht ti thu bao ang t t hp...
Trang 5.6

II.2.8.
Cc khi lin quan ln cn :

iu khin SLTU :
L thit b chung cho mt nhm SLTU, cung cp mt s chc nng tp trung chLTU, bao gm : iu khin gim st. iu khin dng chung. Kim tra truy cp. Cp ngun.
Ghp tch cc SLTU :
Mi SLTU giao tip vi 4, 8, 16, 32 thu bao, do , n cn phi uc ghp li to thnh cc lung s 2Mbps.
II.3.
Giao tip u cui thu bao s :

dy thu bao 144kbps
TA "
Codec & Hybrid MUX & truyn dn s Bo v qu p
D/SLTU
Tx Nhn cp ngun Kim tra Cp ngun MUX & truyn dn s 64kbps 1
Giao tip d liu Rx H thng bo hiu c 16kb/s bn
NTU thu bao
Bus kim tra
Bus ngun
. . . . . . . . . .
30
M U 2Mbps X
tng i
H thng bo hiu thu bao
Hnh 5-7 : Giao tip u cui thu bao s.
Mc d trong h thng hin nay, thit b thu bao ch yu l tng t nhng vn c 1 vi giao tip thu bao s giao tip vi CPU. ng dn s s cp cung cp 2 knh giao thng 64Kbps v mt knh bo hiu 16Kbps.
Trang 5.7

Cc knh giao thng c tch ra bi D/SLTU n trng chuyn mch. D/SLTU thc hin cc chc nng T, O, B v MUX. Trong , khi MUX tch tn hiu bo hiu t thu bao n h thng iu khin bo hiu thu bao. Chc nng H v C (Hybrid v Codec) c t bn trong b tng hp kt cui (TA : Terminal Adapter) gn vi n v u cui mng NTU (Network Terminal Unit). NTU khng thc hin chc nng H v C v xu hng hin nay l truyn dn s trn hai i dy thu pht ring bit. Chc nng gim st ng dy c tin hnh trong TA. Dng chung cng khng c cp t tng i m tng i gi 1 thng bo bng bo hiu knh chung n TA v lc ny, TA s cp dng chung cho thu bao. i vi u cui d liu, yu cu phi c 1 s phn mm ph tr trong h thng iu khin tng i x l qa trnh gi phi thoi. NTU s dng giao tip d liu tiu chuun kt cui nh X.21, X.21bis v y khng c sai ng v m ha.
III.
Thit b tp trung :
Thit b tp trung lm nhin v tp trung ti t cc ng dy thu bao c lng ti nh thnh cc ng c lng ti ln hn a vo trng chuyn mch chnh. Nh vy, nng cao c hiu sut s dng thit b trong tng i. Trong tng i s, thit b tp trung s tp trung ti t cc ng dy thu bao ti trng chuyn mch s v n x l trao i khe thi gian u ni cho cc thit b ng dy thu bao, trng chuyn mch v cc bo hiu theo s iu khin ca thit b iu khin chuyn mch.
Thit b ng b
Cc mch GTTB Thit b to m bo
B tp trung s
Thit b chuyn mch nhm Thit b cnh bo
Thit b iu khin ngoi vi
Thit b giao tip my n phm a tn
Hnh 5-8 : Giao tip thit b tp trung s v cc thit b khc.
III.1. Giao tip thit b ng b :

Cung cp cc ng h nhp cn thit cho b tp trung nh tn hiu ng b khung, ng h nhp ghp knh PCM tc cao. h thng ghp PCM khc nhau th tn hiu ng b cng khc nhau.
Trang 5.8

III.2. Giao tip thit b chuyn mch nhm :
Thc hin giao tip ny bng cc tuyn truyn dn PCM t b tp trung s ti thit b chuyn mch nhm to tuyn ni cho cc cuc gi.
III.3. Giao tip vi khi mch giao tip thu bao :

u ra ca cc khi chuyn mch giao tip thu bao ca tng i s, tn hiu ting ni c truyn sang dng s vi tc 64kb/s cho hng i v chuyn i t tn hiu s sang tng t hng v. V vy giao tip ny cng l cc tuyn truyn dn PCM c s . S lng cc tuyn truyn dn PCM tu thuc vo dung lng mi module in thu bao ca tng i.
III.4. Giao tip thit b to m bo :

Cc loi m bo cung cp cho thu bao trong qu trnh x l gi c to ra t b dao ng m bo. Chng c chuyn sang PCM trc khi phn phi cho cc tuyn ni thu bao cc tng i s. Cc m bo ny c th a qua b tp trung s hay qua tng chuyn mch thi gian ra thit b chuyn mch nhm.
III.5. Giao tip vi thit b my in thoi chn s a tn :

Giao tip ny nhm thu thng tin chn s thu bao. Ngoi ra, tn hiu ng b khung v bit tuyn PCM c s cng c cung cp cho thit b giao tip ny.
III.6. Giao tip vi thit b cnh bo :

Cc ngun cnh bo t thit b tp trung s ( t cc phin mch ghp knh, tch knh, chuyn mch, ngun...) c u ni vi thit b cnh bo thng bo s c xy ra trong thit b tp trung.
III.7. Giao tip thit b iu khin :

t ch.mch nhm t g.t t.b t to m bo
T.B ghp knh
T.B chuyn mch thi gian
T.B m tiu hao
T.B tch knh
n c.m nhm n g.t t.b n to m bo
Hnh 5-9 : Tp trung s.
Qua giao tip ny, thit b iu khin b tp trung c th iu khin thit lp v gii to cc tuyn ni m thoi, o kim... Ngoi ra, trong tng i s thit b tp trung cn c giao tip vi thit b o th trong u ni vi thit b o th vo v cc tuyn thoi ca mch thu bao o th cc
Trang 5.9

tham s ca tuyn thoi. y cng l cc tuyn dn PCM xm nhp cc tuyn thoi, pht i v thu v cc tn hiu o kim cn thit. B tp trung s thng c cu to t cc thit b chuyn i ni tip / song song, ghp knh th cp, chuyn mch thi gian, m tiu hao v tch knh.Thit b ghp knh bao gm 2 nhim v : - Chuyn i ni tip / song song cho cc tuyn truyn dn PCM vo. - Ghp cc t hp m 8 bis song song vo 1 tuyn truyn dn PCM 8 mch dy cao tc dn ti thit b chuyn mch thi gian. V vy, n bao gm cc khi chc nng: chuyn i ni tip song song cho tng tuyn PCM, cht, gii m v kim tra chc nng. Tn hiu u ra ca b gii m lm nhim v c cc t hp m 8 bt song song cc cht ra tuyn PCM a ti b chuyn mch thi gian. B gii m ny thng l cc b 1/4, 1/8, 1/16... a s liu t cc cht ra 1 cch ln lt, to thnh tuyn dn PCM 8 mch dy. Module kim tra chc nng so snh 8 bits u vo v 8 bt u ra sau khi chuyn i ni tip song song. B chuyn mch thi gian : Lm nhim v chuyn i khe thi gian s liu ting ni cng nh s liu m bo v tn hiu a ch a tn dng PCM. Thng b chuyn mch thi gian ny lm vic theo nguyn l iu khin theo u ra. Khi m tiu hao : Lm nhim v nh gi tr tiu hao cho s liu ting ni ng s ph hp vi tuyn truyn dn ti b tch knh. B tch knh PCM : Lm nhim v tch, chun tn hiu s cao tc trn mch 8 dy thnh tuyn PCM c s 32 knh(2.048Mb/s) v chuyn i cc t hp m 8 bits song song thnh ni tip. Cu to b tch knh bao gm : b cht, gii m, chuyn i song song / ni tip.
IV.
Giao tip thit b kt cui trung k:
IV.1. Phn loi :
IV.1.1.
Trung k t thch :
S dng ng truyn dn tng t 2 dy. i dy ny ch truyn tn hiu xoay chiu. Cc tng i bo hiu vi nhau bng cc tn hiu bo hiu tng t. Vai tr ca hai tng i l nh nhau. Qu trnh kt ni cuc gi c thc hin theo hai chiu.
Trang 5.10

IV.1.2. Trung k hai dy CO-line :
y l trung k tng t. Hai tng i ni vi nhau c vai tr khc nhau. Mt tng i xem ng dy ny l dy thu bao, cn tng i kia xem n l ng dy trung k. Tng i th hai ng vai tr nh 1 thu bao. N bo hiu cho tng i th nht bng s chp nh ng dy. V vy, vic kt ni cuc gi, gi xung quay s thc hin theo mt chiu. Tng i th nht c nhim v ni kt thu bao ca n vi ng dy trung k ny mt cch my mc m khng cn bit cuc gi c thnh cng hay khng. thc hin tch cc, tng i th hai to ra sn xung trn mch vng ng dy sau khi kt ni xong cuc gi v tng i th nht s da vo tnh cc.
IV.1.3.
Trung k E&M (4 dy) :
Lai na c mt i dy dnh cho tn hiu thoi. Bo hiu c truyn i trn mt cp E/M (4 dy), hai dy ny cho nhau. Hai tng i c vai tr nh nhau v vic kt ni cuc gi c thc hin theo c hai chiu. Tng i ny bo hiu cho tng i kia bng dy M v nhn bo hiu bng dy E. Vic tnh cc cng c thc hin theo c hai chiu.
IV.1.4.
Trung k depart (3 dy) :
Ging nh trung k E&M nhng ch c 1 u pht M n u thu E ca tng i kia. Nh vy, vic truyn bo hiu cng nh kt ni cc gi ch theo mt hng.
IV.1.5.
Trung k 6 dy :
Ging nh trung k E&M nhng c 2 i dy cho tn hiu thoi.
IV.1.6.
Trung k s :
S dng ng truyn dn s. Tn hiu truyn l cc tn hiu PCM c ghp knh, ghp tc , m ha ng dy. Thng dng nht l s dng m ng dy HDB3. Gia tng i ny vi tng i kia c th s dng cc h thng truyn dn khc nhau nh : quang, v tinh, viba
IV.2. Giao tip thit b kt cui trung k tng t :

Cha cc mch in gi ra, gi vo, gi chuyn tip. Chng cn lm nhim v cp ngun, gim st cuc gi, phi hp bo hiu...ging nh thu bao tng t. Truy cp kim tra Bo v qu p Gim st tch bo hiu
C o d e c
Cp ngun
Sai ng
Hnh 5-10 : Giao tip trung k tng t.
Trang 5.11

IV.2.1. Bo hiu :
S cung cp trn dy ca b thu pht bo hiu l khng hiu qu v t tin, t bit l cc b phn cu thnh hay cc rle logic c s dng. D vy, vic s dng logic bn dn tc cao cng vi b iu khin trung tm cho h thng bo hiu n gin ng b bng 1 nhm ca mch. Do , vic iu khin bo hiu analog trong tng i s l tp trung li trong thit b. Bo hiu DC trong mch trung k c chuyn sang CAS TS16 trong lung 2Mb/s tin hnh bng ATTU. Bo hiu c x l ring vi CAS t trung k PCM bng s gp chung li ca bo hiu knh kt hp cc thit b trong tng i. Bo hiu 1VF hay MF trong trung k analog khng nh hng n b tch bo hiu DC.
IV.2.2.
Cp ngun :
Thng thng, mch trung k l 2 dy hay 4 dy mang ra ngoi bng gia tng i v thit b FDM trong trm truyn dn. Trung k analog s dng h thng truyn dn FDM phi s dng tn hiu thoi bi v trng thi DC khng th truyn i xa c.
IV.2.3.
Sai ng :
c yu cu trong mch 2 dy trong ATTU. Bin p sai ng tng t nh SLTU.
IV.2.4.
Ghp knh v iu khin :
Ghp knh hot ng ging nh SLTU, ngoi tr ATTU gii quyt ti a l 30 knh ( mt knh bt k ca h thng c th c mang tn hiu iu khin).
IV.3. Giao tip thit b kt cui trung k s :
IV.3.1.
S khi :
T thit b u cui ti n thit Cy bo hiu b chuyn vo mch ng h b chuyn mch
To m, ng b khung
Trit dy0 ng h
Khi phc ng h
m ng h n thit b iu khin
Nhn dng cnh bo
iu khin ti lp ng h
Tch bo hiu
Hnh 5-11 : Trung k s.
Trang 5.12

Thit b nhnh thu gm :
Khi khi phc ng h : Lm nhim v khi phc ng h v cuyn i t m ng dy sang m nh phn. Khi m ng h : Thit lp s ng b gia khung trong v khung ngoi. Khi nhn dng cnh bo : nhn dng tn hiu cnh bo. Khi iu khin ti lp khung : iu khin s hot ng ca b nm ng h. Tch tn hiu bo hiu : Lm nhim v tch thng tin bo hiu t dy tn hiu s chung.
Thit b nhnh pht gm :

Khi cy bo hiu : D a cc dng bo hiu cn thit vo dng s . Khi trit dy 'O' : Lm nhim v to tn hiu ra khng c nhiu s 0 lin tip. Khi to m khung : chuyn i tn hiu nh phn thnh ng dy.
IV.3.2.
Hot ng :
Thng tin s t ng trung k a vo thit b chuyn mch qua thit b giao tip nhnh thu . Dng tn hiu s a vo c a ti mch in khi phc ng h v dng sng ca tn hiu vo c chuyn i t dng lng cc sang mc logic n cc tiu chun. Tn hiu n cc ny l dy tn hiu nh phn. Thng tin a ti thit b chuyn mch c lu vo b m ng b khung bi ngun ng h va c khi phc t dy tn hiu s. Tn hiu ly ra t b m c ng b khung vi b chuyn mch nh ng h t b chuyn mch. Dng thng tin s ly ra t b chuyn mch c cy thng tin bo hiu ri a ti thit b trit '0'. Cc dy s '0' di lin tip trong dy tn hiu s mang tin c kh ti khi chc nng ny m bo s lm vic ca b lp trn truyn dn. H thng bo hiu knh ring th khng c nhim v phi chn tch bo hiu. Chc nng kt cui trung k s c m t qua tp hp cc t vit tt sau: GAZPACHO:
Trang 5.13

G: to m khung. A: Sp xp khung. Z:Kh dy '0' lin tip. P: o nh cc. A:X l cnh bo. C: Ti to ng h. H: Ti lp ng h. O: Bo hiu lin tng i.
V. V.1.
B tp trung xa: Cu trc:
H tp trung xa bao gm 2 b phn chnh: Mt b phn t ti tng ai trung tm v 1 b phn xa. Hai b phn ny u ni nhau bng cc ng truyn PCM nh hnh v. Khi in thoi "
Mch in ng dy
Mng chuyn mch

B iu khin u ni
B chuyn i PCM
Kt cui tng i
Kt cui tng i iu khin vng
TCM
B qut
B x l bo hiu
iu khin vng
B iu khin xa B phn xa ng truyn PCM
B iu khin trung tm
B phn trung tm
B chn s
Hnh 5-12 : S khi b tp trung xa
B phn trung tm :
Bao gm b iu khin vng v 1 phn chc nng ca b iu khin trung tm iu khin b tp trung.
Khi kt cui tng i :
Lm nhim v giao tip gia tng i v ng truyn. N lm nhim v nh hnh khung v tch khung ng h, a thng tin bo hiu vo v tch bo hiu ra cho cc tuyn PCM pht v thu.
Trang 5.14

Phn ra ca h thng tp trung :
Thng c coi l b tp trung tht s. N c chia thnh khi in thoi v khi iu khin. Khi in thoi gm c : -Cc mch in ng dy thu bao, n m nhim cng vic bo hiu ng dy thu bao cho cc loi bo hiu khng th cp cho trng chuyn mch. Ngoi ra, chng cn lm nhim v bin i tn hiu ting ni sang dng ph hp vi trng chuyn mch. - Trng chuyn mch : Lm nhim v tp trung ti ca 1 s lng ng dy thu bao vo 1 s lng knh ting ni t hn. - B chuyn i PCM : B chuyn i ny ch cn khi tn hiu qua mng chuyn mch cha phi l PCM. Trng hp ny ch cn thit khi phi bin i sang PCM v ngc li, v u cui tng i cn tn hiu PCM chun c hai pha ng truyn v pha trng chuyn mch. Khi iu khin xa bao gm : - B qut: Lm nhim v d th cc ng dy thu bao pht hin trng thi nhc hay t t hp v tn hiu chp dy. - B iu khin u ni: Thc hin thao tc chuyn mch mng chuyn mch. - B x l bo hiu : Thu cc lnh b iu khin trung tm qua knh bo hiu, kim tra li cc tn hiu ny, nu ng th c chuyn ti cc khi chc nng thc thi tng ng. Nu lnh c pht hin l sai th yu cu pht li. Thng tin bo hiu theo hng ngc li cng c x l tng t.
V.2.
Phn phi cc chc nng iu khin :
C hai phng php phn phi chc nng cho phn xa v phn trung tm ca h thng iu khin:
V.2.1.
Phng php phn b :
Cc chc nng iu khin lnh cn c t b phn iu khin xa. Cc chc nng iu khin phc tp v i hi tr tu th t b phn trung tm v b iu khin trung tm.
V.2.2.
Phng php tp trung :
Ton b chc nng iu khin t b phn tp trung ca tng i trung tm. Phng php ny ph hp vi cc b tp trung dung lng nh. Vi b tp trung c th dung chung 1 b vi x l. Tuy vy, h thng bo hiu gia b phn xa v b phn trung tm rt phc tp. Phng php iu khin phn b thch hp vi cc b tp trung dung lng ln.
Trang 5.15

V.3. Bo hiu :
C hai loi bo hiu c th c truyn dn thng tin bo hiu gia b phn xa v b phn trung tm ; l bo hiu knh ring v bo hiu knh chung. Hiu qu thng tin bo hiu s cao hn nu ta to lp cc bn tin di hn nhng lc th thc hiu chnh li s phc tp hn v chi ph cao hn.
V.4.
Cc c im ng dng ca h thng tp trung xa :
Mng li tp trung xa cng vi tng i ch to ra nhiu u im v hiu qu kinh t v d dng cho cng tc quy hoch mng khng ch cc vng ngoi vi m cn cho c cc vng nng thn c mt dn c tha tht.
V.4.1.
H thng ti 3 thu bao v cc b tp trung phn b :
nng thn, do khong cch gia cc thu bao ln nn p dng 1 kiu ghp knh no . V d ti 3 thu bao : 1 vi thu bao c ghp trn ng truyn TDM hay FDM. Nu thu bao phn b ri rc th c th s dng 1 h thng ghp knh (m c th tch ra 1 ch no dc theo tuyn. Gi thnh cao do ng truyn cao m ti thp). Khc phc bng cch dng nhiu b tp trung nh trn ng truyn. Ci thin mc an ton cho h thng nh cc tuyn b tr lm vic theo phng php phn ti hoc d phng. Mt n v nng lng nh cn phi c trang b 1 mng chuyn mch khng gian hay thi gian. Mi b tp trung cn c b iu khin t xa. Trng hp ny n gin cho khi iu khin ta dng gii php tp trung ho phn b chc nng iu khin.
V.4.2.
Gi ni b :
Khi nhu cu gi ni b ln, ta s dng b tp trung lm tng i c quan PABX hoc cho tng lng xm nh tit kim ng k ng truyn v ca vo ca b chn nhm s DGS khi c cng lu lng tng th. n gin nht l nu s dng b chuyn mch thi gian th ta tng tn s trong b tp trung to ra cc khe thi gian ngoi l dng ring cho u ni ni b. c kh nng to tuyn ni ni b th b tp trung phi c b thu a ch kiu thp phn hay a tn v cng sut tnh ton phn tch cho cc ch s, a ch thu c. Mt khc, tng tin cy v an ton th ton b cuc gi ni b phi c x l v lp tuyn khi h thng truyn dn hoc b chn nhm s DGS b ngng tr hon ton. Kt lun : Mch in kt cui thu bao v trung k l b phn khng th thiu ca cc tng i in t s SPC. Mch in kt cui thu bao ngoi nhim v BORSCHT cn lm chc nng tp trung ti, x l bo hiu thu bao. Mch in kt cui trung k m nhim chc nng GAZPACHO, n khng lm chc nng tp trung ti nhng n vn c mch in tp trung trao i khe thi gian cn bng ti, trn tn hiu bo hiu v tn hiu mu dng o th.
Trang 5.16

linh hot trong cng tc quy hoch mng v tng hiu qu kinh t cho mng, ngi ta s dng b tp trung xa. Cc b tp trung c th s dng cho cc khu vc nng thn, thnh th tu thuc vo mt ti m c nhng phng thc phn b thch hp.
Trang 5.17
Chng 6 iu hnh khai thc v bo dng .

I. Tng quan : Mt d tng i in t s SPC, cc chc nng chuyn mch l t ng nhng s can thip nhn cng vn cn thit duy tr hot ng chun xc cho tng i. Cc cng vic iu hnh ny bao gm qun l, gim st v bo dng.
Cng vic qun l :

Chuyn i cc iu kin khai thc mch thu bao.
Cng vic gim st :

Bao gm kim tra cc dch v cung cp nh cc php th khc nhau trn ng dy, o th lu lng v ti.
Cng vic bo dng :

Gm cc cng vic cn li nh pht hin, nh v s c phn cng v phn mm, duy tr h thng lm vic mt cch bnh thng. Thc t, chc nng gim st v qun l c ghp vo 1 nhm chung gi l cng vic iu hnh. Nh vy, cc chc nng trn gi l chc nng iu hnh v bo dng (OM). II. iu hnh v khai thc trong tng i spc: Bao gm ton b cc cng vic lin quan n qun l v gim st tng i, n gm 5 nhm sau: II.1. iu hnh trang thit b tng i : Ph thuc cc yu t sau: - S liu ghi trong tng i . - Chng trnh ghi trong b x l. - Trng thi lm vic ca cc thit b phn cng (lm vic, khnglm vic, o th...). Qun l trang thit b tng i c ngha l chuyn i, thit lp hay xo i cc s liu tng i. II.2. Qun l mng thu bao :
II.2.1. To lp thu bao mi :

a vo h thng tng i lnh thao tc thit lp quan h ca cc a ch danh b ri (DN) v 1 a ch thit b (EN) cha c phn phi s dng, p ng cho thu bao dch v thch ng m nghip v (COS) v kiu s liu thu bao (TOL) ; phn phi b tnh cc cho thu bao.
II.2.2. Chuyn i thu bao :
Bi ging mn Tng i in t Trang 6.1

Thay i a ch thit b EN nhng vn lu tr DN, COS, TOL, s liu b cc. Ngoi ra, tin hnh cng vic cn bng lu lng ca nhm mch ng dy v b phn lin quan ca mng chuyn mch.
II.2.3. Thay i dch v thu bao :

Thay i m dch v, s liu, kiu ng dy thu bao cn a vo h thng cc lnh thch hp cng vi DN, EN ca b.
II.2.4. nh ch thu bao khai thc :

Cng vic nh ch bao gm ct mi quan h DN v EN. Tuy nhin, a ch danh b DN c vn gi cho thu bao ny. Cc cuc gi ti thu bao ny chuyn cho in thoi vin hay thng bo t ng. M dch v COS v s liu TOL ghi h s thu bao b xa i. Trng hp bi b quyn khai thc ca 1 ng dy th DN v EN c th t do s dng. II.3. Qun l s liu, phin dch v to tuyn : H s phin dch nh ra mi quan h gia a ch v nhm mch kt cui lp tuyn cho cuc gi. H s gm: Ch s a ch thu t thu bao ni ht hay trung k, thng tin lin quan n thu bao ch gi, kiu to tuyn v tnh cc. II.4. Qun l s liu cc : - S liu tnh cc : Xc nh ga cc ca cuc gi. - N dung b tnh cc : Ring tng thu bao ghi li s lng n v thu bao thc hin. Ni dung cc b tnh cc c t ng in ra mi khi cn b iu hnh to lp 1 ng dy thu bao, thay i a ch, danh b, ph b hay tm nh ch khai thc cho 1 ng dy thu bao. II.5. Gim st, o th ti v lu lng : Chc nng gim st gi, o lu lng hon ton nm h thng chuyn mch ca tng i . Cng vic o th thng xuyn hn, phm vi gim st hot ng rng hn, kt qu cp nht tin cy hn.
II.5.1. Cc phng thc gim st :

Gim st thng xuyn : Theo di cht lng thng xuyn ca cc dch v v ti lin lc ca cc thit b ch yu. o th lu lng trung k: ra/ vo, hin th tham s c bn. To cnh bo khi vt gi tr cho php ca tham s. Gim st tc thi : Lin quan ti 1 s b phn phn cng ca h thng tng i nh ng dy thu bao, trung k, b phn chuyn mch... Cng vic thao tc ny c th do thao tc vin khi xng v nh ra cc tham s cn gim st. Khi tng i c ti cao, cng vic gim st tc thi b dng li nhng khng nh hng n gim st thng xuyn.

II.5.2. Cc c ch o th :
C ch m: B m c to nn di dng b nh v c iu khin bi chng trnh x l gi. C 2 loi b m: m tin dng ghi li s lng bin c v m ti : ghi li s lng trung k b chim (tin) v xo khi trung k b gii to (li). Chng trnh gim st lu lng c th dng c ni dung b m nhng khng th thay i ni dung ny. C ch ly mu : o th ti cho cc b phn tng i bng cch ly mu. chnh xc ph thuc vo khong cch gia cc ln ly mu. C ch ghi chp lin tc : Mt s thit b c chn ra o th lu lng v ti, chng c khai bo cho phn mm x l cuc gi bng cc du hiu c bit. Tng i s ghi li cc thng tin cho cc cuc gi i qua b phn nh du ny. III. bo dng tng i : III.1 Bo dng ng dy thu bao : o th 1 hay 1 nhm ng dy thu bao v cc thit b lin quan thng qua giao tip ngi my. Bo dng ng dy thu bao v my in thoi: - Gim st ng dy thu bao : Khi ng dy thu bao xy ra s c tng i lu th chng trnh x l gi s pht hin ( tr trng thi t). Chng trnh ny tch ng dy y ra khi tng i. S kim tra l theo nh k. Khi s lng ng dy b kho vt qu ngng th cnh bo c to. Ngng c th thay i nh giao tip ngi my. Khi tin hnh kim tra c th nhn c cc thng bo ch th nguyn nhn v v tr xy ra s c. o th hng ngy : Cng vic o th l do cn b qun l quyt nh, kt qu c th nhn c thi gian xc nh trc nhn dng hng hc ng dy. o th c s tr gip ca ngi qun l : Xc nh ngun gc v nguyn nhn ca s hng hc. Tng php o ring cho tng tham s, lnh thc hin php o lp li cho 1 tham s vo tng khong thi gian u n. o th t my in thoi thu bao : Cn thit khi u ni hay kim tra k thut v hiu qu cng vic sa cha. Gm 1 in tr cch in ng dy, dng mch vng, pht chung, iu chnh chung khi nhn chung pht t tng i. III.2. Bo dng ng trung k : o kim trung k c th thc hin theo phng thc t ng v kt qu o th c ly ra bn in. Tuy nhin, khng iu kin phn on khi phc trng thi lm vic bnh thng cho cc ng trung k c s c.

III.3. Bo dng trng chuyn mch : Bao gm vic th gi, theo di cc cuc gi, o th cc b chuyn mch, nh v s c trng chuyn mch to tuyn thoi. III.4. Bo dng dng h thng iu khin : Bo dng phn cng : Phn cng ca tng i SPC ch yu l cc tm mch in, cc b kt ni. Tiu chun ca s c phin mch in l s lng s c phin ,mch in trong 1 thng nh hn 1 cho 1000 thu bao. tin cy ca h thng : Cc thit b quan trnng thng c cu trc kp nng cao tin cy. Tuy nhin, 1 phn ln khng c cu trc kp. Do cn phi pht hin nhanh li v loi tr nhanh trnh xy ra hin tng li lan truyn. III.5. Cc phng sch bo dng :
III.5.1. Phn cng :

Cc b pht hin s c : Cc mch in c bit c hp nht vo trang b gim st, chng bao gm : - Cc mch in ngoi vi iu khin gim st tin tc trao i vi cc b x l trung tm v pht quay v 1 bn tin xc nhn i vi mi bn tin thu c. - Cc mch in kim tra ng ng kim tra s li trong lc truyn trong tng i. - Cc mch in thit b ngoi vi iu khin gim st qa trnh gii m a ch, m bo ch 1 trong s n a ch c gii m. - Cc b to nhp khi xng cnh bo nu khng phc hi nh k. phng li vng chng trnh v li quy nh. - Cc mch in pht hin dng in qu ln hay qu nh b iu khin u ni v b phn phi bo hiu trong cc h thng chuyn mch khng gian. - Cc mch in ch th mt ng b thit b giao tip vi mng ngoi trong trng hp mng s. - Cc mch xc nh b x l c s c trong trng hp lm vic ch cp ng b hay d phng nng. Thit b o kim t ng : Thit b ny c b iu khin trung tm iu khin v iu khn u ni tc thi vo cc thit b khc ca tng i o kim s lm vic ca chng theo phng thc phng to. Thit b o th gim st c lp : Thng tin ly t cc thit b li c phn tch bi phn mm iu khin trung tm. Tuy nhin, 1 s s c c th nh hng n s lm vic ca b iu khin trung tm. Do

m phi c thit b theo di v o kim c lp, n to ra cnh bo n v m. Mc ch pht hin s c nghim trng. Thit b ny gm cc mch in sau: - Pht hin mt ngun hay ngun bt thng. - Pht hin mt tn hiu bo hiu nh mi quay s, hi m chung, dng chung... - Thit b phng to cuc gi gim st tng th qu trnh x l gi. - Pht hin s c v h thng iu ho, ho hon. Ngoi ra, cn c 1 b x l ring dng hin th cnh bo.
III.5.2. Phn mm:

Chng trnh x l gi : Pht lnh ti cc thit b ngoi vi v thu v nhng thng tin v cuc gi. Do , cc s c c th pht hin sm. Thng tin v s c bt thng c lu tr nh qu trnh m cc bin c nghi vn hoc ghi cc ng cnh v chng. Cc s liu c chng trnh bo dng s dng, n xc nhn theo di s c. Chng trnh gim st : Chng trnh x l gi b rng but v thi gian cht ch, nn cng vic pht hin li khng th thc hin hon ton. V vy, n i hi phi c chng trnh gim st, chng trnh ny xc tin qu trnh c bit nhm pht hin li m chng trnh x l gi kh pht hin to ra iu kin ngng cho cc b m bin c bt thng, c ch th li... Chng trnh ny thc thi nhanh v u tin cao. Chng kim tra s lm vic ca cc thit b v c cu qu trnh, c cu vo ra, cnh bo. Khi pht hin li, n gi ra chng trnh o kim vi th thc d phng thch hp. Chng trnh o kim : o kim thit b v xc tin c hiu qu 1 s chc nng ca n kim tra thao tc thit b ny. Ch yu kim tra s c ghi i vi c s liu v a ch, kim tra cng vic gii m a ch v cng vic nhn a ch, pht hin li ng ng. c thc hin di s iu khin ca cn b iu hnh mc u tin thp nht. N thng c chng trnh gim st x l gi gi n. Chng trnh tm li : Nhn dng phin mch b li c chng trnh gim st v chng trnh o th ch th. Gm cc chng trnh con phn tch thng tin d on li v kim tra ph tr nh li chnh xc hn. Khi pht hin li, thit b c li s t ng tch ra khi cng vic ca n. Chng trnh d on li cn thi gian phn tch s liu, o kim nhiu ln hoc chy cc chng trnh khc xc nh chnh xc hn v phin mch b li. IV. Nguyn tc x l chng ngi: Khi pht hin li, chng trnh o kim khng nh th cc thit b lin quan cn tch ra khi cng vic v khng c s dng cho cng vic x l lin lc. Sau , chng trnh tm li tin hnh cc php o nh v module c li. Sau a ra thng tin cho nhn vin iu hnh. IV.1. Tm li bng phng thc nhn cng :

Trong thc t, c 1 s khuyt tt khng th c chng trnh x l x l n mt cch c hiu qu nh sau: -Li nm ngoi phm vi cc chng trnh x l li. -Li xut hin dng khc vi cch xc nh khi vit chng trnh. -X l li thiu chun xc. loi tr cc s c ny, yu cu cn b iu hnh c kinh nghim v hiu bit v cu trc phn cng ca n. IV.2. Bo dng phng nga : Phm vi bo dng phng nga kh hn ch tng i in t. S gim st l lin tc. Mt s thit b phi kim tra nh k phng hin tng tri. Bo dng phng nga cn tin hnh theo k hoch v quy m h thng hng tun, hng thng ... Ch yu l : - Kim tra in p ra, tn s ca cc b dao ng. - Chm sc thng xuyn thit b c kh. ... V. Bo dng phn mm: Mc d phn mm c kim tra cn thn nhng vn c th xy ra li do iu kin lm vic m h khng xem xt khi son tho chng trnh. Chng trnh gi by thc hin sai chc nng, khi chy chng trnh s b dng v 1 lnh phn nhnh c iu khin s c thc hin ti khi ng 1 lnh no . Nu li vn tn ti th n tip tc ri vo by. Sau vi ln c th b treo th phi khi ng bng phng thc nhn cng. Ni chung, bo dng phn mm bao gm cng vic qun l tng i, trung tm iu hnh v bo dng OMC v trung tm phn mm phi thc hin m bo chc nng nh bng thao tc ca chng trnh v s liu. V.1. Cu to v nhim v : Trung tm phn mm trang b cng vi c cu phn cng hon chnh. Phn cng ph tr, phn mm b tr xy dng chng trnh v o kim cng vi cc chuyn gia phn mm. - Pht trin, thay i v cp nht s liu phn mm cng nh cc chng trnh. - Hnh thnh cc c trng ca h thng nh s liu lu lng, cc yu cu dch v. - To lp c cu phn cng v phn mm pht trindung lng. - Duy tr th vin phn mm vi t liu thch hp. V.2. Bo co v li : Khi xy ra 1 li v phn mm, cn b bo dng tng i cn bo co cho trung tm x l phn mm vi cc s liu sau:

- M t hot ng h thng lc li nhng ang chy chng trnh o kim, thao tc vo ra. - Trng thi trang b lin quan. - Ni dung ghi pht, cc b m quan trng. - S vic lin quan n vic ly hay sao trung k. Nh vy bit c thng tin vng nh lin quan. V.3. Lnh vc hot ng trung tm phn mm : Phn tch cc bo co nu t trung tm chuyn mch. Tu theo nhng rng but c th m a ra nhng gii php thch ng . Gii php thng thng l pht trin chng trnh con. Chng trnh con ny c kim nh trung tm phn mm v bn sao c gi ti cc n v chc nng thc hin. iu ny m bo cht lng phn mm thng nht cho ton b tng i. gim thiu hin tng gin on khai thc th cc chng trnh hiu chnh hoc kiu chng trnh mi cn np vo thi gian t ti v ch 1 b x l, cn b khc vn gi chng trnh c trng thi d phng. Nh vy, nu c li cp nht th chng trnh c vn duy tr lm vic. V.4. Th vin phn mm : Trung tm phn mm cn lu tr h s nht k v th vin lu tr ton b phn mm s dng cho h thng chuyn mch. Nh vy, cn b qun k c th qu trnh din bin ca vic a phn mm vo tng thi k. N cn phi c 1 bn sao ca cc loi chng trnh trc y v mi nht ca n v phn mm vo cng c lu tr li mi ln thay i.

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"Don't study, don't know - Studying you will know!

" NGUYEN TRUNG HOA

Ngi son: Nguyn Duy Nht Vin

Ngi son: Nguyn Duy Nht Vin

Khi nim chung v mng vin thng : Dch v vin thng :

II.1.1. Khi nim :

Ngi son: Nguyn Duy Nht Vin

Hnh 1-2 : Dch v xa v dch v vt mang.

II.1.2. Cc dch v vin thng :

Ngi son: Nguyn Duy Nht Vin

II.1.3. Mng s a dch v (ISDN) :

Ngi son: Nguyn Duy Nht Vin

Mng vin thng :

II.2.1. Khi nim :

II.2.1. Cc thnh phn ca mng vin thng :

Node chuyn mch

Node chuyn mch

Thit b thu / pht :

Node chuyn mch :

Ngi son: Nguyn Duy Nht Vin

H thng truyn dn (mng truyn dn) :

II.2.2. Cc phng php t chc mng :

Hnh 1-5 : Mt tng i cho nhiu thu bao.

Ngi son: Nguyn Duy Nht Vin

Hnh 1-6 : S ni kt gia hai tng i.

Hnh 1-7 : Mng li.

Ngi son: Nguyn Duy Nht Vin

Hnh 1.8 Mng sao.

Ngi son: Nguyn Duy Nht Vin

Hnh 1-9 : Mng hn hp theo phn cp theo chun ca CCITT

Hnh 1-10 : Mng hn hp ca quc gia tiu biu.

Ngi son: Nguyn Duy Nht Vin

III.2. S khi chc nng ca tng i s SPC :

Bo hiu iu hnh, khai thc & bo dng

Hnh 1-11: S khi chc nng tng i SPC.

Ngi son: Nguyn Duy Nht Vin

III.2.2. Chc nng

Trng chuyn mch :

Giao tip thu bao :

Giao tip trung k :

iu hnh, khai thc v bo dng :

Ngi son: Nguyn Duy Nht Vin

Gim st trng thi ng dy :

Ngi son: Nguyn Duy Nht Vin

K thut chuyn mch

Cc phng thc chuyn mch chnh :

Chuyn mch knh (Circuit Swithching) :

Ngi son: Nguyn Duy Nht Vin

Chuyn mch tin (Message Swithching) :

Ngi son: Nguyn Duy Nht Vin

Ngi son: Nguyn Duy Nht Vin

Ngi son: Nguyn Duy Nht Vin

Chuyn mch knh : Phn loi :

Chuyn mch phn chia khng gian (SDTS) :

Ngi son: Nguyn Duy Nht Vin

Hnh 2-4 : Phn loi chuyn mch.

Chuyn mch c kiu ng m :

Chuyn mch in t kiu phn chia khng gian :

Chuyn mch ghp (MPTS):

Ngi son: Nguyn Duy Nht Vin

Chuyn mch phn chia theo thi gian (TDM) :

Chuyn mch PCM :

Trng chuyn mch