NGUYN XUN HO Trng THPT V Quang DANH PHP HU C

I. tn gi hirocacbon no v cc gc hirocacbon tng ng I. 1. Tn ca hirocacbon no mch thng. * Bn hirocacbon u c tn l metan, etan, propan, butan. * Tn cc cht tip theo gm: Phn nn ch s lng nguyn t cacbon(n) v phn ui c trng cho hirocacbon no. Tn tng qut ca hirocacbon no mch h ( thng hoc nhnh) l ankan. n Tn n Tn n Tn 1 Metan 14 Tetraecan 30 Triacontan 2 Etan 15 Pentanecan 31 Hetriacontan 3 Propan 16 Hecxaecan 32 otriacontan 4 Butan 17 Heptaecan 40 Tetracontan 5 Pentan 18 Octaecan 50 Petacontan 6 Hexan 19 Nonaecan 60 Hecxacontan 7 Heptan 20 Icosan 70 Heptacontan 8 Octan 21 Henicosan 80 Octacontan 9 Nonan 22 ocosan 90 Nonacontan 10 ecan 23 Tricosan 100 Hectan 11 Unecan 24 Tetracosan 125 Pentacosahectan 12 oecan 25 Pentacosan 130 Tricontahectan 13 Triecan 26 Hecxacosan 132 otricontahectan

I.2. Tn ca gc hirocacbon no mch thng. Tn gc ankyl = tn ankan tng ng thay ui an bng tip v ng -yl. Vd: CH3-CH2-CH3 CH3-CH2-CH2Propan propyl I.3. Tn hirocacbon mch nhnh. * Chn mch chnh: L mch cacbon di nht. Khi di mch bng nhau th ta chn mch no c nhiu nhnh hn. * nh s th t( bng s Arp) nhng nguyn t cacbon mch chnh bt u t pha no gn nhnh hn v sao cho tng ch s v tr ca nhnh l nh nht. * Gi tn: Trc ht gi v tr, tn bi v tn ca tng loi mch nhnh theo vn a, b, c sau gi tn mch chnh c tn cng bng ui an. Ch : + Tip u ng ch bi: i, tri, tetra khng a vo trnh t ch ci khi gi tn. + Khi vit tn th cc ch s ch v t cch nhau bi du phy , v cc ch s ch v tr cch t ch tn bi nt gch + Nu gc c nhnh ph th khi gi tn gc cng tun theo cch gi tn nh trn, nhng s th t ca cacbon ca gc c nh bt u t nguyn t cacbon lin kt vi mch chnh. + Trong trng hp khng c nhm th, IUPAC vn cho dung tn khng h thng sau y: Isobutan CH3 - CH- CH3 Noptan CH3 CH3 CH3- C- CH3 CH3

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NGUYN XUN HO
Isopentan

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CH3- CH- CH2- CH3 CH3 * Tip u ng iso- biu th c 1 nhnh CH3 lin kt vi C th 2 trong mch chnh. * Tip u ng neo- biu th c 2 nhnh CH3 lin kt vi C th 2 trong mch chnh. I.4. Tn gc ca hirocacbon no mch nhnh ho tr I. * Chn mch cacbon di nht lm gc chnh v nh s bt u t nguyn t cacbon ho tr t do, sau gi tn mch nhnh cng vi v tr ca chng ( nh i vi hirocacbon mch nhnh ) ri n tn gc chnh.
6 5 4 3 2 1

CH3- CH - CH2- CH2- CH- CH2 2- etyl- 5- metyl hecxyl CH3 CH3- CH2 * Trong trng hp khng c nhm th, IUPAC vn dng cc tn khng h thng CH3- CH Isopropyl CH3- CH CH2 CH2 - Isopentyl CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH CH2- Isobutyl CH3 C CH2 Neopentyl CH3 CH3 CH3 CH2 CH- Secbutyl CH3 CH3 CH3 C CH3 Tert Butyl

CH3 CH3 CH2 C - Tert- pentyl CH3 Ch : Tip u ng sec- v tert- xut pht t ting Anh secondary (bc 2) v tertiary (bc 3) II. TN CA HIROCACBON KHNG NO MCH H V GC HIROCACBON TNG NG. I.1. Tn gi ca hirocacbon c mt hay nhiu ni i. * Xut pht t tn ca hirocacbon no mch h (ankan) tng ng, thay ui an bng ui en (nu c mt ni i) ien (nu c 2 ni i), atrien (nu c 3 ni i) c km theo ch s v tr ca tng ni i bt u t nguyn t cacbon ca mch chnh sao cho tng ch s v tr ca v tr l nh nht. * Mch chnh l mch cacbon di nht c cha nhiu ni i nht v c nh s bt u t pha no sao cho tng ch s v tr ca lin kt l nh nht. * Theo quy nh mi ca IUPAC, s ch v tr ca ni i c t trc tip v ng (do thi quen c th t ch s v tr ca ni i sau tip v ng, nu c mch nhnh th t sau mch chnh c dng ph bin hn), CH3-CH2- CH=CH2 But-1-en hoc buten-1 hoc 1-buten CH2=CH-CH=CH2 But-1,3-ien hoc butaien-1,3 Hoc 1,3-butaien 2-metylpenta-1,3-ien hoc isopren

CH2=C-CH=CH2 CH3 Lu : Cc tn khng h thng vn c IUPAC s dng:

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NGUYN XUN HO
CH2=CH2 Etilen CH2=C=CH2 Anlen

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II.2. Tn ca hirocacbon c 1 hay nhiu ni 3. * Tn ca hirocacbon cha mt, hai, ba ni ba cng xut phat t tn ca hiirocacbon no tng ng, ch i ui an bng ui in ( mt ni ba), aiin (hai ni ba), atriin (ba ni ba) Vic chn mch chnh, nh s v gi tn tng t cc trng hp cc hp cht cha ni i. * Tn khng h thng vn c IUPAC s dng: CH CH Axetilen II.3. Tn gi ca hirocacbon cha ng thi ni i v ni ba. * Mch chnh l mch cha nhiu lin kt bi nht. Mch ca cacbon nh s sao cho tng cc ch s ca cc ni I v ni ba l nh nht. Khi c s la chn th u tin cho ni I c ch s thp hn. * Khi gi tn: Tn ca ni i en gi trc tn ca ni ba in , v tr ca lin kt bi vit ngay sau tn ca chng. 4 3 2 1 Buten-1-in-3, C H C C H = C H 2
CH 3 C H = C H C C H CH C CH = CH C H = CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 C H C C = C CH = C H 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3
6 5 4 3 2 1 6 5 4 3 2 1 5 4 3 2 1

Penten-3-in-1 Hecxaien-1,3-in-5

4- etyl-3-propyl hecxaien-1,2-in-5

II.4. Tn ca gc khng no ho tr I * Mch chnh l mch cacbon khng no c nh s bt u t nguyn t cacbon c ho tr t do. * Tn gi c thit lp bng cch thm ui yl v tn ca hirocacbon khng no tng ng. Do vy c tn tng qut l ankenyl ( mt ni i), ankinyl (c mt ni ba), ankanienyl (hai ni i), ankaiinyl (c hai ni i), CH CEtinyl CH3-CH=CHPropen-1-yl CH C-CH2Propin-2-yl CH2=CH-CH=CH- Butaien-1,3-yl * Cc tn thng thng sau vn c IUPAC s dng: CH2=CHVinyl (etenyl) CH2=CH-CH2Anlyl (propen-2-yl) CH2-CIsoprpenyl (1-metylvinyl) CH3 III. TN GI CA GC HIROCACBON MCH H A HO TR III.1. Tn ca gc c hai hoc ba ho tr t do mt nguyn t cacbon c hnh thnh t tn ca gc ho tr mt tng ng bng cch ni thm ien (gc hai ho tr), iin (gc ba ho tr) vo ui yl ca gc ho tr mt CH3 CH= Etylien (CH3)2C= Isopropylien CH2=C= Vinylien CH3 C Elyliin

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III.2. Tn ca cc gc c hai ho tr phn b hai u mch khng nhnh: - CH2 CH2 Etylen - CH2 CH2 CH2 - Trimetylen - CH2 (CH2)2 CH2Tetrametylen - CH2 (CH2)4 CH2Hexametylen - CH2 CH=CHPropenylen - CH = CHVinylen III.3. Tn ca gc a ho tr cha t nht ba nguyn t cacbon mang ho tr t do c thit lp bng cch thm triyl, -tetrayl, - iylien . . . vo cui tn hirocacbon tng ng.
-CH2 - CH - CH2 - CH2 - CH - CH = Propantriyl - 1,2,3 Propandiyl - 1,2,3

IV. TN GI CA HIROCACBON MCH VNG NO HOC KHNG NO V TN GC TNG NG IV.1. Tn gi ca hirocacbon n vng no v khng no, cng nh tn gi ca gc ho tr 1 tng ng ca chng c gi bng cch thm tip u ng xiclo- vo tn hirocacbon mch h c cng s lng nguyn t cacbon so vi vng.

Xiclopropan

Xiclobutan

Xiclopentan

Xiclohexan

Xiclohexen

Xiclohexadien-1,3

* Nu c nhm th lin kt vi n vng no th s th t cacbon trong vng c nh bt u t mt cacbon nhm th sao cho tng ch s v tr l nh nht. * Nu nhm th lin kt vi n vng khng no th s th t ca cacbon ca vng phi nh bt u t ca cacbon ca lin kt i, chiu nh s phi i qua ni i v sao cho tng ch s v tr ca nhnh l nh nht. * S th t ca cacbon ca gc hirocacbon n vng cng nh bt u t cacbon ho tr t do.
6 5 4 1 CH3 CH3 3 1,1-dimetyl xiclohexan
CH3 5

6 5

CH3 1 2

3 CH3 4 1,3 -dimtyl xiclohexan

3 2 CH3 2,5-dimetyl xiclohecxadien-1,3 1

Xiclohecxyl

Xiclopenten-2-yl

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IV.2. Tn ca hirocacbon cha hai vng chung mt nguyn t cacbon mt vng c tn do t hp tn ca hirocacbon mch h c cng nguyn t cacbon v tip u ng spirocng vi cc s ch s lng nguyn t cacbon cn li ca mi vng t trong ngoc vung [ ] theo th t tng dn v cch nhau du phy ,
1 C 3 4 5 2 1 C 4 5 6 7

6 2 spiro[2,3] hexan

8 3 spiro [3,4] octan

IV.3. Tn ca hirocacbon c chung cu ni c gi bng cch thm tip u ng bixiclo cng cc ch s ch s lng nguyn t cacbon mi cu theo th t nh dn v tn ca hirocacbon mch h c cng s lng nguyn t cacbon. Cc ch s c t trong du ngc vung [ ] v cch nhau bi du chm .

Bixiclo[1.1.0] butan

Bixiclo[2.2.1] heptan

Bixiclo[3.2.1]octan

* Mt s hirocacbon l nhng tecpen, thng c gi theo tn thng thng m IUPAC vn chp nhn
CH3 CH3

CH H3 C CH3 H3 C

CH CH3

- Menten 1 p- mentan V. Tn gi ca hirocacbon thm v gc tng ng. V.1. Tn tng qut ca hirocacbon thm (n vng hoc a vng) l Aren. Mt s tn thng thng vn c IUPAC chp nhn Vd:

Benzen
CH3

Naphtalen
H3C
CH

Antraxen
CH3
CH2-CH3

CH3

CH3

Stiren Toluen o-xilen Cumen V.2. Cc hirocacbon thm n vng khc c gi tn nh nhng dn xut th ca benzen. Nu ch c hai nhm th v tr 1,2 hoc 1,4 hoc 1,4 c th thhay th ln lt bng o (ortho), m (meta), p (para).

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CH2CH3
CH=CH2

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CH2CH2CH3

CH3
CH3
CH2CH2CH3

1-etyl-4-propyl benzen (p-etyl propyl benzen)

1,4-divinyl benzen (p-divinyl benzen)

CH=CH2

1,2-dimetyl-3-propyl benzen

V.3. Tn thng gi ca mt s gc thm ho tr 1 v ho tr 2 vn c IUPAC chp nhn:

CH2

CH3
CH CH3 CH3

Phenyl

Benzyl

o-Tolyl

m-Cumenyl

Bi tp vn dng. Hy gi tn cc cht sau theo danh php IUPAC:

1.
Cht: CH3 - CH2 - CH - CH2 - CH3 CH - CH3 CH3 c tn l g ?

A. 3 isopropyl pentan C. 2 metyl 3 etyl petan

2. Cht c CTCT:

B. 3 etyl 2 metyl pentan C. 3 etyl 4 metyl petan

c tn l:

CH3 - CH - CH - CH2 - CH3 CH3 CH3

A. 2,2 - imetyl petan C. 2,2,3 trimetyl petan

B. 2,3 - imetyl petan D. 1,1,2 trimetyl petan

3. Cht c CTCT: CH3 - CH - CH2 - CH - CH2 - CH2 - CH3 c tn l: CH3 CH3

A. 1,1,3 trimetyl heptan C. 2 metyl 4 propyl petan

4. Cht c CTCT: CH3 - CH - CH - CH3 CH3 C2H5

B. 2,4 - imetyl heptan D. 4,6 - imetyl heptan

c tn l:

A. 2,3 - imetyl petan C. 2- metyl- 3- etyl butan

C2H5 5. Cht c CTCT:

B. 3,4 - imetyl petan D. 2- etyl- 3- metyl butan

CH3 - C - CH2 - CH - CH2 - CH3 CH3 C2H5

c tn l:

A. 2- metyl- 2,4- ietylhexan

B. 5- etyl- 3,3- imetylheptan

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NGUYN XUN HO
C. 2,4- ietyl- 2- metylhecxan
6. Cht c CTCT: CH3

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D. 3-etyl- 5,5- imetylheptan
c tn l:

C2H5

A. 1- metyl- 5- etylxiclohecxan C. 1- etyl- 3- metylxiclohecxan VI. Tn gi hp cht c nhm chc. 1). Tn gi ca ancol, anehit v axit. a). Tn thng thng:

B. 1- metyl- 3- etylxiclohecxan C. 1- etyl- 5- metylxiclohecxan.

Ancol Ancol + tn gc ankyl + ( - ic) ANEHIT Anehit + tn axit (c mch cacbon tng ng) AXIT Gn vi lch s khng c quy lut
CH3 - CH - OH CH3 CH3 - COOH HOOC - COOH HOOC - CH2 - COOH Ancol iso - propylic Axit axetic Axit oxalic Axit malonic

V d:

HOOC - (CH2)2 - COOH Axit sucxinic HOOC - (CH2)4 - COOH Axit adipic

b). Tn quc t (IUPAC) : theo cc bc gi tn ging nh hirocacbon, lu thm: * nh s cacbon trn mch sao cho nhm OH gn vi C mang s nh nht. * Nguyn t C trong CHO, COOH lun mang s 1. * Thm t axit trc tn ca axit hu c. * Gi tn theo th t: ANKANOL - OL + v tr (-OH) Tn S ch v tr ANKANAL Tn cc nhnh ankan(cng - AL mch nhnh cacbon) ANKANOIC - IOC V d:
CH3 - CH - CH - COOH CH3 Cl Axit 2 - clo - 3 - metylbutanoic CH3 - CH - CH - CH2 - OH CH3 C2H5 CH2 = CH - CHO Propenal 2 - etyl - 3 - metylbutanol - 1

2. Tn gi ca ete n chc no, xeton. ETE R O R1 XETON R CO R 1 V d:

Tn R, R1 + ete Tn R, R1

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CH3 - O - CH3 CH3 - O - C2H5 CH3 - C - CH3 O imetyl ete etyl metyl ete imetyl xeton (axeton)

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* Ch : Tn cc gc gi theo th t ch ci a, b, c . . . 3. Tn gi ca ete n chc no: RCOOR1 RCOOR1 = tn R1 (ancol) + tn gc RCOO (ca axit i ic at. CH3COOCH(CH3)2 Isopropyl axetat. HCOOCH3 Metyl focmiat.

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