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Associate Professor Vu Van Yem, Ph.D. Vice Dean Head of Department of Telecommunication Systems, School of Electronics and Telecommunications, Deputy Director of the Center for Innovation Technology,
Hanoi University Of Science and Technology
Email:yemvv-fet@mail.hut.edu.vn
Ha Noi January 2012
2/27/2012 RADAR 1
PART I- RADAR
A- Basic radar theory
Outline
1.
2.
3.
4. 5. 6.
Principles of radar Radar antenna Radar modes Pulsed radar Doppler radar FM-CW radar
Lecture on Radar
1. Principles of radar
Lecture on Radar
Lecture on Radar
built the first ground-based early warning system called Chain Home.
of the magnetron permits high power transmission at high frequency, thus making airborne radar possible.
Lecture on Radar
1940
Invention
Currently
Radar
is the primary sensor on nearly all military aircraft. Roles include airborne early warning, target acquisition, target tracking, target illumination, ground mapping, collision avoidance, weather warning. Practical frequency range 100MHz-100GHz.
Lecture on Radar
Lecture on Radar
Lecture on Radar
Lecture on Radar
Lecture on Radar
target
range, R = ct / 2
Lecture on Radar
continuous
wave
Lecture on Radar
2. Radar antenna
A basic principle of radar is that it directs energy (in the form of an EM wave) at its intended target(s). Recall that the directivity of an antenna is measured as a function of its gain. Therefore antenna types most useful for radar applications include parabolic and array antenna.
Lecture on Radar
Early airborne radars typically consisted of parabolic reflectors with horn feeds.
The
dish effectively directs the transmitted energy towards a target while at the same time gathering and concentrating some fraction of the returned energy.
Lecture on Radar
is electronically steerable as a transmit or receive antenna using phase shifters. It has the further advantage of being capable of being integrated with the skin of the aircraft (smart skin).
Lecture on Radar
The main lobe of the radar antenna beam is central to the performance of the system.
The
Lecture on Radar
Airborne radars are designed for and used in many different modes. Common modes include:
air-to-air
search air-to-air tracking air-to-air track-while-scan (TWS) ground mapping continuous wave (CW) illumination multimode
Lecture on Radar
3.1 Air-to-air
search
Lecture on Radar
3.2
Air-to-air tracking
Lecture on Radar
3.3
Air-to-air track-while-scan
Lecture on Radar
3.4
Ground mapping
Lecture on Radar
3.5
Lecture on Radar
3.6 Multimode
Lecture on Radar
4. Pulsed radar
A pulsed radar is characterized by a high power transmitter that generates an endless sequence of pulses. The rate at which the pulses are repeated is defined as the pulse repetition frequency. Denote:
width, , usually expressed in sec pulse repetition frequency, PRF, usually in kHz pulse period, Tp = 1/PRF, usually in sec
pulse
Lecture on Radar
Lecture on Radar
Lecture on Radar
Lecture on Radar
In the frequency domain, the transmitted and received signals are composed of spectral components centered on the radar operating frequency, f0, with a sin(x)/x shape. The practical limits of the frequency response is f0 1/, and therefore the bandwidth of the receiver must be at least: BWRx 2/
Lecture on Radar
Since a pulsed radar only transmits for a small portion of the time, the average power of the radar is quite low: Pav = Ppeak / Tp
For
example a pulsed radar with a 1 sec pulse width and a medium PRF of 4 kHz that transmits at a peak power of 10kW transmits an average power of: Pav = (10000 W) (0.000001 sec) (4000 /sec) = _____ W = _____ dBW
Lecture on Radar
The range resolution of a radar is its ability to distinguish two closely spaced targets along the same line of sight (LOS). The range resolution is a function of the pulse length, where pulse length, Lp = c.
For
Lecture on Radar
Lecture on Radar
The PRF is another key radar parameter and is arguably one of the most difficult design decisions. The range of a target becomes ambiguous as a function of half the pulse period; in other words targets that are further than half the pulse period yield ambiguous range results. Ramb = c / (2 PRF) = cTp / 2
Lecture on Radar
Lecture on Radar
Lecture on Radar
return time
PRF
Lecture on Radar
PRF
?
20 30
Lecture on Radar
Lecture on Radar
5. Target tracking
A target that is tracked is said to be locked on; key data to maintain on locked targets is:
range, azimuth
A frame of reference using pitch and roll from aircraft attitude indicators is required for angle tracking. Three angle tracking techniques are:
sequential
Lecture on Radar
Lecture on Radar
Lecture on Radar
Lecture on Radar
Lecture on Radar
Lecture on Radar
In-class exercises
Given a 10.5 GHz intercept radar and a transmitter capable of providing a peak power of 44 dBW at a PRF of 2 kHz:
What
pulse width yields an average power of 50W? What is the bandwidth in MHz and in % of this signal?
Lecture on Radar
Design the pulse parameters so as to achieve maximum average power for an unspecified Ku band pulsed radar given the following component specifications and system requirements:
the receiver has a bandwidth of at least 0.5% across the band the required range resolution is 50m The required range ambiguity is 25 km For cooling purposes, ensure that the duty cycle of the transmitter does not exceed 0.2%
Lecture on Radar