HOC MATtA ANG THl D

Trnh Anh Ngoc

8/5/2009
Hoc MATLAB bang th du I
Tai lieu nay c viet vi muc ch hng dan cac sinh vien hoc nhanh ve Matlab.
Phan au tai lieu la noi dung bai giang cua tac gia ve Matlab trong hoc phan "Giai
phng trnh bang may tnh". Mot so th du, chng trnh tnh toan so c lay t bai
giang "Giai tch so 1" cho lp c nhan tai nang, "C hoc chat long" cung cua tac gia.
Matlab la phan mem tr giup tnh toan so va ky hieu, do o tai lieu gom hai phan: (1)
tnh toan ky hieu, va (2) tnh toan so. Sau khi oc xong tai lieu nay, sinh vien co the:
- Dung Matlab giai cac bai toan giai tch, ai so va ai so tuyen tnh;
- Dung Matlab e viet chng trnh tnh toan cho cac mon nh Phng phap phan
t hu han, Giai tch so, C hoc vat ran bien dang, C hoc chat long . . .
1 Vai tro coa may tnb trong ngbicn coo va ong
dong toan boc
Con cu tro iup tinh toan so va ky hieu.
\e tinh toan so: iup mo phon cac lai toan thuoc lanh vuc khoa hoc va ky
thuat, phan tich du lieu.
\e tinh toan ky hieu: cho phep thuc hien, kiem tra cac phep lien doi toan
hoc; du doan, thu nhiem cac du doan toan hoc; danh ia thuc hanh cac ket qua ly
thuyet.
Hien thi cac ket qua lan do hoa.
2 MatIab - pban mcm toan boc
Matlal la mot non nu thuc hien danh cho tinh toan, dac liet la cac tinh toan ky
thuat. \oi Matlal ta co the tinh toan, hnh dun, va lap trnh cho cac doi tuon
toan hoc.
Matlal la mot he thon tuon tac ma phan tu du lieu co lan cua no la man
(array). Lieu nay, the hien tron ten oi cua no (Matlal la viet tat cua Matrix
Iaboratory), cho phep ta thuc hien de dan cac tinh toan ma tran va vecto thuon
ap tron cac lai toan ky thuat.
He thon Matlal om nam phan chinh:
I) 'on nu Matlal
Z) Moi truon lam viec Matlal
J) Quan ly do hoa
+) 1hu vien cac ham toan hoc Matlal
5) Ciao dien chuon trnh un dun Matlal
1ron tai lieu nay ta se lam quen voi cac phan I) - +). Ban doc nen tm cac
Z Trnh Anh Ngoc
tai lieu:
Getting Started with MATLAB, MathWorks, Inc., I99o.
Symbolic Math Toolbox User's Guide, MathWorks, Inc., I99o.
tron tu sach cua MathWorks de doc them ve Matlal khi can.
3 toot qoa MatIab - cai nbn dao
1ron muc nay ta se luot qua mot von Matlal de co mot cai nhn khai quat ve tinh
nan va nhun dac diem dan luu y cua no. Le hoc nhanh Matlal lan phai doc tai
lieu nay voi may tinh truoc mat. Hay thu thuc hien cac thi du duoc dua ra tron tai
lieu. Quan sat phan un cua Matlal khi xu ly cac lenh dua vao. 1u dat ra cac thi
du de thu nhiem, doc ky cac don canh lao, thon lao loi neu co.
Hnh I: Cua so Matlal.
Le khoi don Matlal ta chi can nhap kep (doulle click) vao lieu tuon cua
Hoc MATLAB bang th du J
no, hoac vao menu start\All programs\Matlab 7.1 roi chon Matlab 7.1
1
.
Mot cua so co ten Matlab (hay Matlab command) xuat hien cun voi dau nhac
lenh >>(hnh I). Cac lenh cua Matlal duoc nhap vao tu day.
Le thoat (quit) chi can nhap chuot vao dau X o oc tren len phai cua so
Matlab.
1at ca cac doi tuon dua vao Matlal phai duoc khai lao lan cach xac
dinh noi dun cua no.
Vccto
Le tao mot vecto, thi du a, tron cua so Matlab command ta nhap vao
>> a = [1 2 3 4 5 6 9 8 7 6 5]
sau khi nhan enter Matlal tra ve:
a =
1 2 3 4 5 6 9 8 7 6 5
Chu y: cac thanh phan cua vecto nam iua hai dau noac vuon, cach nhau mot
khoan tran. Dien nu Matlal tra ve se duoc hieu nam tron cac thi du sau.
1ao vecto b voi cac thanh phan lay ia tri nuyen tu O den IO
>> b = 0:10
b =
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
'eu muon cac thanh phan lien tiep cach nhau Z th nhap vao
>> c = 0:2:10
c =
0 2 4 6 8 10
Kich thuoc (chieu dai) cua vecto duoc cho nho ham length,
>> dai=length(c)
dai=
6
1inh toan tren vecto cun rat don ian. Con cac thanh phan cua vecto a
voi 3
>> a + 3
ans =
4 5 6 7 8 9 12 11 10
Chu y: cac lenh, cac lien dua vao duoc Matlal luu iu tron workspace (vun lam
viec). Co the hnh dun workspace nhu la to iay nhap ta dun khi lam tinh, cac
phep tinh duoc viet tuan tu tu tren xuon duoi, ta co the xem lai nhun ket qua da
thuc hien, xoa nhun lien hoac lieu thuc duoc dua vao (dun lenh clear tenbien
hoac clear all - xoa tat ca). 'oi dun cua workspace duoc hien thi tren cua
so Matlal ta co the dun thanh truot len phai cua so Matlal de xem cac noi dun
cu(hnh Z).
1ron tinh toan tren, do ta khon chi dinh phep an, Matlal luu tru ket qua
1
1en Matlab 7.1 co the khac tuy thuoc phien lan Matlal ma lan dun.
+ Trnh Anh Ngoc
Hnh Z: 'oi dun workspace duoc hien thi tren cua so Matlal.
tinh toan tron mot lien tam thoi oi la ans.
\e mat toan hoc ta khon the con vecto voi mot so' 1ron thi du tren Matlal
da mo ron 3 ra thanh ma tran [3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3] co cun do dai nhu vecto
a roi thuc hien phep con.
'eu can thuc hien lai mot lenh da duoc dua vao truoc do ta co the tai hien
lai lenh nay lan cach nhan phim mot so lan thich hop ma khon can phai o lai
lenh.
1inh vecto d la ton cua hai vecto a va b
>> d = a + b
d =
1 3 5 7 9 11 15 15 15 15 15
Chu y: muon con hai vecto th chun phai co cun do dai. lhep tru tren vecto
cun duoc thuc hien tuon tu.
Ma tran
'hap ma tran vao Matlal ion nhu nhap mot vecto, noai tru moi don
cach nhau loi dau cham phay hoac enter (return):
Hoc MATLAB bang th du 5
>> B = [1 2 3 4; 5 6 7 8; 9 10 11 12]
hay
>> B = [1 2 3 4
5 6 7 8
9 10 11 12]
B =
1 2 3 4
5 6 7 8
9 10 11 12
Kich thuoc ma tran duoc cho lan ham size,
>> size(B)
ans=
3 4
Matlal co the thuc hieu nhieu phep tinh ma tran, duoi day la mot so phep
tinh thuon dun (lan doc tu dua ra thi du de thu nhiem), danh sach cac lenh duoc
hien thi khi dun lenh help. 1u danh sach nay ta co the tra cuu cu phap lenh va
cac thon tin lien quan.
lhep con (tru) hai ma tran tuon tu nhu truon hop vecto. Lac liet, nhan ma
tran voi mot so co the viet theo thu tu nao cun duoc. 1hi du, neu A la ma tran s
la mot so th hai lenh s*A va A*s cho cun mot ket qua.
Chuyen vi:
>> C = B
'eu B la ma tran phuc th B cho chuyen vi cua lien hop phuc cua B. 1ron
truon hop muon lay chuyen vi cua B ta phai dun .'
>> D = B .
'han hai ma tran:
>> D = A * B
'eu muon nhan cac phan tu tuon un cua hai ma tran co cun kich thuoc ta
dun .*
>> G = E .* F
'eu E la ma tran vuon th phep nhan ma tran E voi chinh no n lan co the
thuc hien lan phep lay luy thua. 1hi du:
>> E

3
'eu muon luy thua tun phan tu cua ma tran ta dun .

. 1hi du:
>> E .

3
'hich dao ma tran vuon:
>> inv(E)
Cac ia tri rien:
>> eig(E)
La thuc dac trun:
>> poly(E)
o Trnh Anh Ngoc
Ham so
Matlal co mot thu vien cac ham toan hoc rat phon phu nhu : sin, cos,
log, exp, sqrt, . . . Cac so thuon dun nhu : , i (hay j) =

1 cun duoc dinh
nhIa san tron Matlal.
>> sin(pi/4)
ans =
0.7071
Loi so cua ham co the la mot ma tran. 1hi du, x=[1 2; 3 4], lenh exp(x)
tra ve
ans =
2.7183 7.3891
20.0855 54.5982
do chinh la ma tran
_
exp(1) exp(2)
exp(3) exp(4)
_
.
Le tm hieu cach dun mot ham Matlal lat ky chi can o
>> help [ten ham]
Matlal cun cho phep nuoi su dun tao cac ham rien cho mnh lan lenh
function (se duoc ioi thieu duoi day).
o tb|
1ron Matlal de ve do thi mot ham so ta dun ham plot. 1hi du de ve do
thi ham sin(t), truoc het ta tao vecto thoi ian t va roi tinh ia tri ham sin tai
moi thoi diem
>> t = 0:0.25:7;
y =sin(t);
>> plot(t,y)
Chu y: ten ham (plot) viet lan chu thuon, dau cham phay cuoi moi cau lenh chi
thi Matlal khon the hien ket qua tinh toan ra man hnh.
M-fiIc
M-file la cac file van lan (text) chua ma Matlal. 1en M-file co phan mo ron
.m. Co hai loai M-file:
Script, khon co doi so nhapxuat, ion nhu mot kich lan hi cac lenh
tinh toan tuan tu ma nuoi su dun yeu cau. Khi o ten file o dau nhac lenh roi
nhan phim enter, Matlal se thuc hien cac lenh hi tron file, tren du lieu hien hanh
tron vun lam viec (workspace). 1ron thuc hanh, de kiem soat du lieu tinh toan,
script file thuon lat dau lan lenh clear all xoa tat ca cac lien luu tru tron
workspace, va khoi tao lai cac lien ma script file can dun.
lunction, co doi so nhapxuat. Loai file nay thuon duoc dun de dinh nhIa
ham (ion nhu chuon trnh con). 1hi du M-file rank.m
Hoc MATLAB bang th du 7
Hnh J: Lo thi ham y = sin(t) voi 0 t 7.
function r = rank(A,tol)
% RANK Matrix rank.
% RANK(A) provides an estimate of the number of linearly
% independent rows or columns of a matrix A.
% RANK(A,tol) is the number of singular values of A
% that are larger than tol.
% RANK(A) uses the default tol = max(size(A)) * norm(A) * eps.
s = svd(A);
if nargin = =1
tol = max(size(A)) * max(s) * eps;
end
r = sum(s > tol);
Chu y: function tron don thu nhat la tu khoa. Don nay cho ten function va
thu tu cac doi so. 1iep theo don dau la cac don lnh luan, lat dau lan , don
dau tien tron chun se duoc Matlal hien thi khi ta o lenh help rank. lhan con
lai cua file la cac don kha thi.
4 Gioi tbico vc SymboIic Matb TooIbox
Muc nay ioi thieu cac net chinh cua Symlolic Math 1oollox, mot thanh phan cua
Matlal dam trach viec tinh toan ky hieu.
o Trnh Anh Ngoc
4.1 oi toong ky bico
Loi tuon ky hieu (symlolic olject) hay sym la mot cau truc du lieu luu tru mot chuoi
(strin) lieu dien cua ky hieu. Loi tuon ky hieu duoc dun de lieu dien cac lien,
cac lieu thuc va cac ma tran ky hieu. Le tao cac lien va lieu thuc ky hieu ta dun
ham sym. 1hi du,
>> x = sym(x)
tao mot lien ky hieu x luu tru ky tu x va
>> a = sym(alpha)
tao mot lien ky hieu a luu tru chuoi cac ky tu alpha. 1hi du khac,
>> rho = sym((1 + sqrt(5))/2)
tao mot lien ky hieu lieu dien ti le van (olden ratio).
4.2 Cac pbcp tnb ky bico tboong dong
1a co the thuc hien nhieu phep tinh tren cac lien ky hieu. Duoi day la mot vai
phep tinh thuon dun.
SS - thay the ky hieu.
subs(s) thay the tat ca cac lien tron lieu thuc ky hieu s lan cac ia tri
nhan duoc tu ham oi, hay vun lam viec. 1hi du, ia su a=980, C1=3 da ton tai
tron vun lam viec.
>> y=exp(-a*t)*C1;
>> subs(y)
tra ve ans=3*exp(-980*t)
subs(s,new) thay the cac lien ky hieu tu do tron s lan new. 1hi du, s
la lieu thuc f=x

2
>> subs(s,2)
tra ve ans=4 (x duoc thay lan 2 tron lieu thuc s).
subs(s,old,new) thay the old lan new tron lieu thuc s. day old
la lien ky hieu, chuoi lieu dien mot ten lien hay chuoi dien ta mot lieu thuc; new
la mot lien ky hieu hoac lien so hoac lieu thuc. 1hi du, subs(a+b,a,4) tra ve
4+b (a duoc thay the lan 4).
Lenh subs cun cho phep thay the nhieu lien cun mot luc. 1hi du,
subs(cos(a)+sin(b),{a,b},{sym(alpha),2})
tra ve cos(alpha)+sin(2) (a duoc thay the lan chuoi alpha, b duoc thay the
lan 2).
'eu old va new la cac vecto hay man co cun kich thuoc, th moi phan tu
cua old duoc thay loi phan tu tuon un cua new. 'eu s va old la cac vo huon
con new la man hay man ma tran (cell array), th cac vo huon duoc mo ron ra
de cho ket qua man. 1hi du, subs(exp(a*t),a,-[1 3; 4 2]) tra ve
[ exp(-t), exp(-3*t)]
Hoc MATLAB bang th du 9
[ exp(-4*t), exp(-2*t)]
1ron thi du nay a duoc mo ron ra thanh man roi thay the cac phan tu tuon un
cua no lan cac phan tu tuon un cua man -[1 3; 4 2]. \e mat toan hoc, cac
phep tinh duoc thuc hien nhu sau
exp
__
1 3
4 2
_
t
_
= exp
__
t 3 t
4 t 2 t
__
=
_
exp(t) exp(3 t)
exp(4 t) exp(2 t)
_
'eu new la cac ma tran man hay ma tran so, th su thay the duoc thuc hien
tun phan tu; nhIa la subs(x*y,{x,y},{A,B}) tra ve A.*B khi A, B la ma tran
cac so). 1hi du, subs(x*y,{x,y},{[0 1;-1 0],[1 -1;-2 1]}) tra ve
[ 0, -1]
[ 2, 0]
FXFAND - khai trien lieu thuc ky hieu.
expand(s) viet moi phan tu cua lieu thuc ky hieu s nhu la tich cac thua so
cua no. expand hay duoc dun voi da thuc, noai ra no cun duoc dun de khai
trien cac lieu thuc luon iac, ham mu va ham loarit.
1hi du:
I) ((x-2)*(x-4)) tra ve x

2-6*x+8.
Z) expand(cos(x+y)) tra ve cos(x)*cos(y)-sin(x)*sin(y).
J) expand(exp((a+b)

2)) tra ve exp(a

2)*exp(a*b)

2*exp(b

2).
+) expand([sin(2*t), cos(2*t)])tra ve [2*sin(t)*cos(t), 2*cos(t)

2-
1].
SlMFtlFY - don ian lieu thuc ky hieu.
simplify(s) don ian moi phan tu cua ma tran ky hieu s.
1hi du:
I) simplify(sin(x)

2 + cos(x)

2) tra ve I.
Z) \oi rho la lien lieu dien ti le van (thi du o tren).
>> f = rho

2-rho-1
f =
(1/2+1/2*5

(1/2))

2-3/2-1/2*5

(1/2)
>> simplify(f)
f =
0
J) simplify(exp(c*log(sqrt(alpha+beta))))tra ve (alpha+beta)

(1/2*c).
Chu y, lenh an lieu thuc duoi day
>> f = sym(a*x

2 + b*x + c)
khon tao cac lien tuon un voi cac tu a, b, c, va x cua lieu thuc. Le thiet lap
cac phep toan ky hieu (e.., tich phan, vi phan, thay the, etc.) tren f, ta can phai tao
IO Trnh Anh Ngoc
cac lien mot cach tuon minh
>> a = sym(a)
>> b = sym(b)
>> c = sym(c)
>> x = sym(x)
hay don ian
>> syms a b c x
SlMFtF - tm dan don ian nhat cua lieu thuc ky hieu hay ma tran.
simple(s) co an thu nhieu lien doi dai so khac nhau de don ian s, roi
tra ve lieu thuc nan nhat.
Duoi day la ket qua tra ve cua simple(s) kem theo chi dinh phep lien doi
duoc dun.
s ket qua phuon phap
cos(x)

2+sin(x)

2 1 simplify
2*cos(x)

2-sin(x)

2 3*cos(x)

2-1 simplify
cos(x)

2-sin(x)

2 cos(2*x) combine(trig)
cos(x)+(-sin(x)

2)

(1/2) cos(x)+i*sin(x) radsimp

cos(x)+i*sin(x) exp(i*x) convert(exp)
(x+1)*x*(x-1) x

3-x combine(trig)
x

3+3*x

2+3*x+1 (x+1)

3 factor
cos(3*acos(x)) 4*x

3-3*x expand
log(x) + log(y) log(x*y) combine
4.3 Mot so cacb dong kbac coa bam sym
a) Chuyen doi mot ma tran tu dan so san dan ky hieu. Lenh A = hilb(3)
sinh ra ma tran Hillert JxJ
A =
1.0000 0.5000 0.3333
0.5000 0.3333 0.2500
0.3333 0.2500 0.2000
/p dun sym cho /
>> A = sym(A)
ta duoc (chinh xac vo cun) dan ky hieu cua ma tran Hillert JxJ
A =
[ 1, 1/2, 1/3 ]
[ 1/2, 1/3, 1/4 ]
[ 1/3, 1/4, 1/5 ]
l) Xay dun cac lien thuc va phuc. Lenh sym cho phep chi dinh cac tinh chat
toan hoc cua lien ky hieu lan cach dun tuy chon real. 'hIa la, cac lenh
Hoc MATLAB bang th du II
>> x = sym(x,real);
>> y = sym(y,real);
hay hieu qua hon
>> syms x y real
tao cac lien ky hieu x va y co tinh chat toan hoc them vao la cac lien thuc. Lieu
nay co nhIa la lieu thuc
f = x

2 + y

2
la khon am. Suy ra,
z = x + I*y
la mot (hnh thuc) lien phuc va co the tinh toan nhu so phuc. Cac lenh conj(x),
conj(z), expand(z*conj(z)) tra lai x, x - i*y, x

2 + y

2 (lenh conj la
toan tu lien hop phuc). 'eu conj(x) == x tra lai 1, th x la mot lien thuc. Le
xoa tinh chat thuc cua x, ta dun lenh
>> syms x unreal
hay
>> x = sym(x,unreal)
>> clear x
khon lam x tro thanh lien khon thuc'
c) Dun sym de truy xuat cac ham Maple. 1a co the truy xuat ham iai thua
k! cua Maple, lan cach dun sym,
>> kfac = sym(k!).
Le tinh 6! hay n!, o
>> syms k n
>> subs(kfac,k,6)
ans =
720
>> subs(kfac,k,n)
ans =
n!
d) 1ao cac ham truu tuon. Lenh
>> f = sym(f(x))
tao lien ky hieu f tac don ion nhu f(x) va co the duoc tinh toan lan cac lenh
cua Symlolic Math 1oollox. 1hi du, xay dun ti sai phan cap I, lenh
>> df = (subs(f,x,x+h) - f)/h
hay
>> syms x h
>> df = (subs(f,x,x+h)-f)/h
tra ve
df =
(f(x+h)-f(x))/h
e) 1ao cac ham toan hoc ky hieu
Cach I - dun cac lieu thuc ky hieu. Day cac lenh
>> syms x y z
IZ Trnh Anh Ngoc
>> r = sqrt(x

2 + y

2 + z

2)
>> t = atan(y/x)
>> f = sin(x*y)/(x*y)
sinh ra cac lieu thuc ky hieu r, t, va f. 1a co the dun diff (dao ham), int (tich
phan), subs, va cac ham Symlolic Math 1oollox khac de tinh toan nhun lieu thuc
nhu vay.
Cach Z - tao mot M-lile. Muon tao ham sinc (=sin(x)/x), ta tao mot M-
file tron thu muc _sym.
function z = sinc(x)
% SINC The symbolic sinc function
% sin(x)/x. This function
% accepts a sym as the input argumen.
if is equal(x,sym(0))
z = 1;
else
z = sin(x)/x;
end
Ham plot duoc dun de ve do thi cua cac ham duoc cho duoi dan so, tron
thi du ve do thi o tren, ham y=sin(t) ham duoc cho duoi dan so nhu la day cac
diem hnh hoc (t(i),y(i)) (i=1,2,...,29) duoc xac dinh loi hai vecto t va y.
Ham plot ve do thi nay lan cach noi cac diem loi cac doan than. \oi cac ham
toan hoc duoc dinh nhIa lan ky hieu Matlal cun cap ham ezplot de ve do thi
cua chun,
>> syms x real
>> ezplot(sin(x))
cho ta do thi cua ham sin tron khoan mac nhien [2, 2]. 'eu muon ve do thi
Hnh +: Lo thi ham sin(x) dun lenh ezplot(sin(x)).
tron khoan [0, 7] th ta phai chi dinh ro
Hoc MATLAB bang th du IJ
>> ezplot(sin(x),[0 7])
Hnh 5: Lo thi ham sin(x) dun lenh ezplot(sin(x),[0 7]).
4.4 icn ky bico mac nbicn
Khi ta dua vao mot ham toan hoc lan lieu thuc cua no, thi du
>> clear all
>> syms x n a t b
>> f = x

n
>> g = sin(a*t+b)
Matlal se tu don nhan dan dau la lien ky hieu. \a khi duoc yeu cau tinh dao
ham cua cac ham nay, khon chi dinh lien doc lap, th Matlal se tinh theo cac lien
ky hieu mac nhien. \oi cac ham tren chun ta nhan duoc
n*x

(n-1)
a*cos(a*t+b)
Lam the nao de liet lien ma Symlolic Math 1oollox lay dao ham! Cau tra
loi la lenh findsym.
>> findsym(f,1)
tra ve
ans =
x
'eu tron findsym van mat doi so thu hai th Matlal tra ve mot danh sach tat ca
cac lien
>> findsym(g)
ans =
a, b, t
I+ Trnh Anh Ngoc
Quy tac: Bien ky hieu mac nhien tron mot lieu thuc ky hieu la chu cai an x nhat.
'eu co hai chu cai an x nhu nhau, chu cai dun sau tron lan chu cai duoc chon.
4.S Cac tb do tnb toan ky bico
Bay io chun ta lat dau hoc cach dun Matlal, cu the la Symlolic Math 1oollox,
de tinh toan ky hieu thon qua cac thi du.
Tb do 1. Dun phuon phap khu Causs iai he phuon trnh dai so tuyen tinh
x + 2y + 4z = 31
5x + y + 2z = 29
3x y + z = 10
Lua vao ma tran cac he so noi ron
>> clear all >> a=[1 2 4 31; 5 1 2 29; 3 -1 1 10]
a =
1 2 4 31
5 1 2 29
3 -1 1 10
Dun don I khu cac so han len duoi a
11
>> a(2,:)=a(2,:)-5*a(1,:)
a =
1 2 4 31
0 -9 -18 -126
3 -1 1 10
>> a(3,:)=a(3,:)-3*a(1,:)
a =
1 2 4 31
0 -9 -18 -126
0 -7 -11 -83
Dun don Z khu cac so han len duoi a
22
>> a(2,:)=a(2,:)/(-9)
a =
1 2 4 31
0 1 2 14
0 -7 -11 -83
>> a(3,:)=a(3,:)+7*a(2,:)
a =
1 2 4 31
Hoc MATLAB bang th du I5
0 1 2 14
0 0 3 15
Ban doc thuc hien not phan con lai (phep the nuoc).
Tb do 2. Ciai va lien luan he phuon trnh dai so tuyen tinh
x + 2y + 2z = 0
2x + (m 2)y + (m 5)z = 2
mx + y + (m+ 1)z = 2
Dun quy tac Cramer
>> clear all
>> syms m
>> a=[1 2 2; -2 m-2 m-5; m 1 m+1];
>> b=[0; 2; -2];
1inh cac dinh thuc co lan
>> d1=det(a)
d =
m

2-4*m+3
d=factor(d1)
d =
(m-1)*(m-3)
1hay cot I cua a lan b. Le tranh thay doi ta dua vao ma tran ad=a
>> ad=a;
>> ad(:,1)=b;
>> d1=det(ad)
d1 =
-4*m+12
Lam tuon tu
>> ad=a;
>> ad(:,2)=b;
>> d2=det(ad)
d2 =
0
>> ad=a;
>> ad(:,3)=b;
>> d3=det(ad)
d3 =
2*m-6
Khi m = 1 va m = 3 he co nhiem duy nhat
>> x=d1/d
x =
(-4*m+12)/(m

2-4*m+3)
>> x=simplify(x)
Io Trnh Anh Ngoc
x =
-4/(m-1)
>> y=d2/d
y =
0
>> z=d3/d
z =
(2*m-6)/(m

2-4*m+3)
>> z=simplify(z)
z =
2/(m-1)
1ruon hop m = 1
>> subs(d1)
ans =
8
he vo nhiem. 1ruon hop m = 3 ta co d1 = d2 = d3 = 0 truon hop nay phai xet
cu the va dun phuon phap Causs, danh cho lan doc.
Cbo tbcb 1. Lenh factor(s) tra ve vecto chua cac thua so nuyen to cua s. 1ron
thi du nay ta thay factor co the phan tich da thuc thanh tich.
Tb do 3. Cho day
u
n
=
1
n + 1
+
1
n + 2
+
1
n + 3
+ . . . +
1
n + n
.
Chun minh day {u
n
} hoi tu va tm ioi han cua no.
1hon thuon, de tm ioi han cua cac day so ma so han ton quat cua day la
mot ton, truoc het ta tinh ton de xac dinh u
n
duoi dan con thuc don
2
. 1ron
Matlal lenh symsum cho ta con cu tinh ton rat tien loi
3
.
>> clear all
>> syms n,i
>> un=symsum(1/(i+n),i,1,n)
un =
Psi(2*n+1)-Psi(n+1)
Len day ta ap mot ham dac liet, ham diamma (lan co the dun help Psi de
liet them ve ham nay). 1uy nhien, neu tiep tuc dun lenh limit ta se duoc ioi
2
Con thuc don cua mot lieu thuc la con thuc ma so phep tinh can thuc hien la xac
dinh. day con thuc cua u
n
co so phep tinh tan theo chi so n (khon xac dinh).
3
1u day, noai mot vai truon hop, cu phap cua cac lenh Matlal se khon duoc phat lieu
tuon minh, lan nen hoc (doan) cu phap cua no thon qua thi du hien hanh, va chi nen
dun den help khi thay that can thiet.
Hoc MATLAB bang th du I7
han cua day
>> limit(un,n,inf)
ans =
log(2)
Ket qua tra ve cun lieu thuc xac dinh u
n
oi y cho ta, u
n
la ton tich phan cua
ham f(x) = 1/(1 + x) tren doan [0, 1] voi phan hoach deu x
i
= 1/n va cac diem

i
la diem cuoi cua cac doan con. 1a co
u
n
=
1
1 + 1/n
1
n
+
1
1 + 2/n
1
n
+
1
1 + 3/n
1
n
+ . . . +
1
1 + 1
1
n
suy ra
lim
n
u
n
=
_
1
0
dx
1 + x
= ln(1 + x)|
1
0
= ln(2).
Cbo tbcb 2. day ta ap lenh limit - lay ioi han mot lieu thuc. Lenh nay xuat
hien duoi nhieu dan thuc:
limit(F,x,a) lay ioi han cua lieu thuc ky hieu F khi x a.
limit(F,a) dun findsym(F) nhu la lien doc lap.
limit(F) dun a = 0 nhu la diem ioi han.
limit(F,x,a,right) hay limit(F,x,a,left) lay ioi han mot phia.
1hi du:
>> syms x a t h
Khi do:
limit(sin(x)/x) tra ve 1
limit((x-2)/(x

2-4),2) tra ve 1/4

limit((1+2*t/x)

(3*x),x,inf) tra ve exp(6*t)

limit(1/x,x,0,right) tra ve inf
limit(1/x,x,0,left) tra ve -inf
limit((sin(x+h)-sin(x))/h,h,0) tra ve cos(x)
v = [(1 + a/x)

x, exp(-x)];
limit(v,x,inf,left) tra ve [exp(a), 0]
Tb do 4. Khao sat su hoi tu cua day {x
n
} xac dinh loi con thuc truy hoi
x
1
=

2, x
n
=
_
2 x
n1
(n 2).
Y tuon dau tien den voi ta la ap dun dinh ly hoi tu cho day don dieu. 1uy
nhien, dun Matlal tinh ZO so han dau cua day
Io Trnh Anh Ngoc
>> clear all
>> x(1)=sqrt(2);
>> for i=2:20, x(i)=sqrt(2-x(i-1)); end
>> x
x =
Columns 1 through 15
1.4142 0.7654 1.1111 0.9428 1.0282 0.9858 1.0071 0.9965 1.0018 0.9991
1.0004 0.9998 1.0001 0.9999 1.0000
Columns 16 through 20
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.4142 0.7654 1.1111 0.9428 1.0282
0.9858 1.0071 0.9965 1.0018
Ket qua tra ve cho thay day khon don dieu. 'hun hnh nhu day hoi tu ve
I (dao don quanh ia tri I). Lieu nay dan ta den y tuon dun nuyen ly anh xa co.
De thay, voi moi n
0 x
n

2 < 1.5.
Ky hieu f(t) =

2 t, ta co x
n
= f(x
n1
). Hon nua,
x
n
x
n1
= f

(x

)(x
n1
x
n2
) x
n2
< x

< x
n1
hay x
n1
< x

< x
n2
.
Dun Matlal khao sat ham so f

(t) tren doan [0, 1.5]

>> syms t
>> f=sqrt(2-t);
>> df=diff(f)
df =
-1/2/(2-t)

(1/2)
>> ezplot(df,[0 1.5])
Lo thi (hnh o) cho thay max
[0,1.5]
|f

(t)| < 1, f la anh xa co tren [0, 1.5]. Chun

minh chi tiet danh cho lan doc.
Tb do S. Ciai phuon trnh vi phan (x
2
+1)dy+ydx = 0 voi dieu kien dau y(1) = 1.
1a co the iai nay phuon trnh tren lan cach oi ham dsolve. Muc dich
va cu phap cua ham nay duoc the hien neu ta oi help dsolve tu dau nhac Matlal.
>> y=dsolve((1+x

2)*Dy+y,y(1)=1,x)
y =
1/exp(-1/4*pi)*exp(-atan(x))
day ta chi dun Matlal tro iup khi tinh toan. Lay la phuon trnh vi phan co
lien phan ly, tach lien ta duoc:
dy
y
+
dx
x
2
+ 1
.
>> clear all
>> syms x y
Hoc MATLAB bang th du I9
Hnh o: Lo thi ham f

(t), thi du +.
>> tp1=int(1/y,y)
tp1 =
log(y)
>> tp2=int(1/(x

2+1),x)
tp2 =
atan(x)
'hiem ton quat cua phuon trnh la
ln y + arctgx = C.
Le tm nhiem rien ta dun Matlal tro iup viec xac dinh han so tich phan C.
>> syms c
>> pt=subs(tp1+tp2+c,{x,y},{1,1})
pt =
1/4*pi+c
>> c=solve(pt,c)
c =
-1/4*pi
\ay nhiem can tm la
ln y + arctgx =

4
.
Cbo tbcb 3. 1ron thi du ta ap hai lenh moi cua Matlal: int va solve.
lNT - tich phan ham so. Cu phap:
int(s) la tich phan lat dinh cua s doi voi lien ky hieu nhu duoc xac dinh
loi findsym. 'eu s la han th tich phan duoc lay voi x.
ZO Trnh Anh Ngoc
int(s,v) la tich phan lat dinh cua s lay doi voi v. v la lien ky hieu vo
huon.
int(s,a,b) la tich phan xac dinh cua s doi voi lien ky hieu cua no tu a
den b. a, b la cac so hay lien ky hieu vo huon.
int(s,v,a,b) la tich phan xac dinh cua s doi voi v tu a den b.
SOtVF - iai phuon trnh dai so. Cu phap:
solve(eqn 1,eqn 2,...,eqn N)
solve(eqn 1,eqn 2,...,eqn N,var 1,var 2,...,var N)
solve(eqn 1,eqn 2,...,eqn N,var 1,var 2,...var N)
Cac eqn i la cac lieu thuc ky hieu hay chuoi cac phuon trnh chi dinh. Cac
var j la cac lien ky hieu hay chuoi chi dinh cac lien chua liet. 'eu cac var j
khon duoc chi dinh th cac an duoc xac dinh loi findsym.
'eu khon co nhiem iai tich duoc tm thay va so phuon trnh lan so an
th nhiem so duoc tm.
Le liet cach xuat ket qua cua solve xem cac thi du sau.
I) solve(p*sin(x) = r) chon 'x' nhu la an, tra ve ans = asin(r/p).
Chu y, thay v viet p*sin(x) = r ta co the viet p*sin(x) - r; Matlal mac
nhien hieu ve hai la O.
Z) [x,y] = solve(x

2 + x*y + y = 3,x

2 - 4*x + 3 = 0) tra ve
x =
[ 1]
[ 3]
y =
[ 1]
[ -3/2]
J) s = solve(x

2*y

2 - 2*x - 1 = 0,x

2 - y

2 - 1 = 0) tra ve
nhiem dan cau truc
s =
x: [8x1 sym]
y: [8x1 sym]
+) [u,v] = solve(a*u

2 + v

2 = 0,u - v = 1) xema nhu la tham

so va iai hai phuon trnh tm u,v. So sanh voi thi du len duoi 5).
5) s = solve(a*u

2 + v

2,u - v = 1,a,u) xem v nhu la tham

so, iai hai phuon trnh, va tra ve s.a, s.u.
Tb do 6. Ciai phuon trnh vi phan xy

y = x
2
cos x.
lhuon trnh co the viet lai duoi dan chuan,
y

y
x
= x cos x.
Hoc MATLAB bang th du ZI
Lay la phuon trnh vi phan tuyen tinh cap mot. 'hiem ton quat:
y

+ p(x)y = q(x).
'hac lai, nhiem ton quat cua phuon trnh vi phan tuyen tinh cap mot co dan:
y = y
p
+ Cy
1
voi Cy
1
la nhiem ton quat cua phuon trnh thuan nhat tuon un (y
1
la nhiem
co so); y
p
la mot nhiem rien cua phuon trnh xac dinh loi:
y
p
=
_
G
1
(x, s)q(s)ds
tron do
G
1
(x, s) =
y
1
(x)
y
1
(s)
la ham Creen cap mot, va s duoc thay lan x sau khi lay tich phan.
Bay io ta iai phuon trnh. lhuon trnh thuan nhat tuon un (phuon trnh
co lien phan ly)
y

y
x
= 0 hay
dy
y
=
dx
x
.
Dun Matlal tro iup lay tich phan
>> clear all
>> syms x
>> int(1/x,x)
ans =
log(x)
\ lny = lnx nen nhiem co so: y
1
= x.
Ham Creen cap mot: G
1
(x, s) = x/s. Dun Matlal tro iup tm nhiem rien
>> y1=x;
>> syms s
>> yp=subs(int(y1/subs(y1,x,s)*s*cos(s),s),s,x)
yp =
x*sin(x)
\ay nhiem ton quat cua phuon trnh: y = (C + sinx)x.
Tb do 7. Cho phuon trnh vi phan tuyen tinh cap hai thuan nhat
y

+ a(x)y

+ b(x)y = 0.
ZZ Trnh Anh Ngoc
Cia su phuon trnh co nhiem co so y
1
, tm nhiem co so con lai.
'hiem co so thu hai duoc tm duoi dan:
y
2
(x) = u(x)y
1
(x).
Dun Matlal de xac dinh u(x)
>> syms x
Lua vao cac ham truu tuon
>> a=sym(a(x));
>> b=sym(b(x));
>> y1=sym(y1(x));
>> u=sym(u(x));
>> y2=u*y1;
1hay y2 vao phuon trnh vi phan
>> p=simple(diff(y,2)+a*diff(y)+b*y)
p =
diff(u(x),$(x,2))*y1(x)+2*diff(u(x),x)*diff(y1(x),x)+
u(x)* diff(y1(x),$(x,2))+a(x)*(diff(u(x),x)*y1(x)+
u(x)*diff(y1(x),x))+b(x)*u(x)*y1(x)
'hom cac so han co chua u
>> p=collect(p,u)
p =
(diff(y1(x),$(x,2))+diff(y1(x),x)*a(x)+b(x)*y1(x))*
u(x)+diff(u(x),$(x,2))*y1(x)+2*diff(u(x),x)*
diff(y1(x),x)+a(x)*diff(u(x),x)*y1(x)
Le thay ro ket qua nhom ta dun lenh pretty
>> pretty(pp)
__
d
2
dx
2
y1(x)
_
+ a(x)
_
d
dx
y1(x)
_
+ b(x)y1(x)
_
u(x) +
_
d
2
dx
2
u(x)
_
y1(x)
+2
_
d
dx
u(x)
__
d
dx
y1(x)
_
+ a(x)
_
d
dx
u(x)
_
y1(x)
He so cua u lan khon do y1 la nhiem co so. Matlal khon phat hien duoc dieu
nay. 1a phai iup'
>> p=subs(p,diff(y1,2)+diff(y1)*a+b*y1,0);
>> pretty(p)
_
d
2
dx
2
u(x)
_
y1(x) + 2
_
d
dx
u(x)
__
d
dx
y1(x)
_
+ a(x)
_
d
dx
u(x)
_
y1(x)
Hoc MATLAB bang th du ZJ
Le ha lac dat v = u

hay u =
_
vdx. 1ruoc het dua vao ham truu tuon v
>> v=sym(v(x));
>> p=subs(p,u,int(v));
>> pretty(p)
_
d
dx
v(x)
_
y1(x) + 2v(x)
_
d
dx
y1(x)
_
+ a(x)v(x)y1(x)
lhuon trnh nhan duoc la phuon trnh vi phan cap mot co lien phan ly. 1ach
lien. 1a thuc hien lien tiep hai lan lenh collect; xem chu thich len duoi ve lenh
collect va iai thich ly do phai thuc hien hai lan.
>> p=collect(collect(p/v/y1,v),y1)
p =
diff(v(x),x)/v(x)+2*diff(y1(x),x)/y1(x)+a(x)
Lay tich phan. 1a can tinh tich phan tun so han cua p. Le chi dinh so han
tron mot lieu thuc ta oi lenh op cua Maple. Cu phap cua lenh nay tron Maple
la op(i,s) - lay so han thu i tron lieu thuc s. Le oi mot lenh cua Maple. 'eu
tron Maple lenh do duoc viet la
function(arg1, arg2, ...)
th tron Matlal de thuc hien lenh do ta viet
maple(function,arg1,arg2,..,) .
>> p=int(maple(op,1,pp))+int(maple(op,2,pp))+ int(maple(op,3,pp))
Warning: Explicit integral could not be found.
In D:\MATLABR11\toolbox\symbolic\@sym\ int.m at line 58
p =
log(v(x))+2*log(y1(x))+int(a(x),x)
Xac dinh v ta lam nhu sau
>> p1=subs(p,v,m);
>> v=solve(p1,m)
v =
1/exp(int(a(x),x))/y1(x)

2
1ai sao ta khon iai truc tiep ra v! \ m chua duoc khai lao lien sym nen ta phai
dat no iua hai dau nhay, chi dinh chuoi.
>> u=int(v)
Warning: Explicit integral could not be found.
In D:\MATLABR11\toolbox\symbolic\@sym\ int.m at line 58
u =
int(1/exp(int(a(x),x))/y1(x)

2,x)
1om lai,
y
2
= y
1
_
dx
y
2
1
exp(
_
adx)
. (I)
Z+ Trnh Anh Ngoc
Cbo tbcb 4. Cu phap cua lenh collect la collect(s,v) tron do s, v la cac
lieu thuc ky hieu. \oi lenh nay Matlal tra ve lieu dien moi cua s nhu la mot da
thuc theo v.
Lenh pretty, co cu phap: pretty(s) - xuat s duoi dan thuc toan hoc, de
doc hon.
Canh lao cua Matlal Explicit integral could not be found va cho
liet van de nay sinh o dau la hien nhien v cac ham cho truoc khon co lieu
thuc toan hoc cu the.
Tb do 8. 1m nhiem co so cua phuon trnh Cauchy - Luler
x
2
y

+ axy

+ by = f(x),
tron do a, b la cac han so.
1a tm nhiem duoi dan y = x
m
. Dun Matlal de xac dinh m.
>> clear all
>> syms a b x m
>> y=x

m
y =
x

m
1hay y vao phuon trnh vi phan
>> p=simple(x

2*diff(y,2)+a*x*diff(y)+b*y)
p =
x

m*(m

2-m+a*m+b)
Coi lenh coeff cua Maple de lay he so cua x tron lieu thuc p
>> p=maple(coeff,p,x

m)
p =
m

2-m+a*m+b
Ciai phuon trnh xac dinh m. Chu y, o day khon can chi dinh an (tai sao!)
>> m=simple(solve(p))
m =
[1/2-1/2*a+1/2*(1-2*a+a

2-4*b)

(1/2)]
[ 1/2-1/2*a-1/2*(1-2*a+a

2-4*b)

(1/2)]
'hu vay, noi chun, co hai ia tri m
m
12
=
1 a
_
(1 a)
2
4b
2
.
Cac nhiem co so:
y
1,2
= x
1a

(1a)
2
4b
2
.
Hoc MATLAB bang th du Z5
Tb do 9. Bai toan ia tri rien Sturm-Liouville chinh quy
1oan tu vi phan L, tac don len cac ham y(x) xac dinh tren I = [a, b], dinh
loi:
Ly =
d
dx
_
p(x)
dy
dx
_
+ q(x)y
duoc oi la toan tu vi phan Sturm-Liouville ton quat.
Bai toan tm nhiem khon tam thuon cua phuon trnh vi phan tuyen tinh
thuan nhat:
L + w(x) = 0,
thoa dieu kien lien thuan nhat dan:

1
(a) +
2

(a) = 0,
3
(b) +
4

(b) = 0
duoc oi la lai toan ia tri rien Sturm-Liouville chinh quy voi w la ham tron luon.
Cac dieu kien han che dat len he la, tren khoan huu han I, cac ham p(x),
q(x) va w(x) la cac ham thuc lien tuc, p(x) va q(x) la duon tren khoan nay. Cac
dieu kien lien duoc cho tach liet theo tun diem.
1ai mot diem lien, thi du a, dieu kien lien chinh quy duoc phan thanh la
loai:
I) Loai I -- dieu kien Dirichlet y(a) = 0.
Z) Loai Z -- dieu kien 'eumann y

(a) = 0.
J) Loai J -- dieu kien Rolin y

(a) + hy(a) = 0.
Cac ia tri
n
lam cho lai toan ia tri rien Sturm-Liouville co nhiem khon
tam thuon duoc oi la ia tri rien, nhiem tuon un
n
duoc oi la ham rien.
1a co cac tinh chat sau:
(i) 1on tai vo so cac ia tri rien co the sap theo thu tu do lon tan dan
n
voi n = 0, 1, 2, . . .
(ii) 1at ca cac ia tri rien la thuc.
(iii) \oi moi ia tri rien tuon un voi mot ham rien duy nhat.
(iv) Cac ham rien tuon un voi cac ia tri rien khac nhau truc iao doi voi
ham tron luon w tren I. 'eu cac ham rien duoc chuan hoa th
_
b
a

n
(x)
m
(x)w(x)dx =
mn
.
1a co the chuan hoa cac ham rien lan cach chia no cho chuan (do dai) cua no

n
=

_
b
a

n
(x)
2
w(x)dx.
Zo Trnh Anh Ngoc
Mot truon hop dac liet cua phuon trnh Sturm -- Liouville voi p(x) = 1,
q(x) = 0 va w(x) = 1 la phuon trnh Luler
y

+ y = 0
1m ia tri rien va ham rien tuon un cho phuon trnh Luler tren khoan
I = (0, 1) voi cac dieu kien lien y

(0) = 0, y(1) = 0.
>> clear all
>> syms x c k c1 c2 real
a) 1ruon hop = c
2
= 0
'hiem dac trun
>> solve(k

2-c

2,k);
lhuon trnh lac hai co hai nhiem. Le truy xuat ta viet k(1), k(2).
'hiem co so, nhiem ton quat
>> y1=exp(k(1)*x);
>> y2=exp(k(2)*x);
>> y=c1*y1+c2*y2;
Dun dieu kien lien
>> eq1=subs(y,x,1);
>> eq2=subs(diff(y),x,0);
1a xac dinh c de he om eq1 va eq2 co nhiem khon tam thuon, nhIa la tm c
de dinh thuc co so cua he lan khon
>> delta=det([maple(coeff,eq1,c1) maple(coeff, eq1, c2);
maple(coeff, eq2, c1) maple(coeff, eq2, c2)])
delta =
-exp(c)*c-exp(-c)*c
>> delta=simplify(delta)
delta =
-c*(1+exp(-2*c))*exp(c)
luon khac khon ( = 0), lai toan chi co nhiem tam thuon.
l) 1ruon hop = 0
>> clear all
>> syms x c k c1 c2 real
>> k=solve(k

2)
k =
[ 0]
[ 0]
phuon trnh dac trun co nhiem kep k = 0.
>> y1=exp(k(1)*x); y2=x*y1; y=c1*y1+c2*y2;
>> eq1=subs(y,x,1); eq2=subs(diff(y),x,0);
>> delta=det([maple(coeff,eq1,c1) maple(coeff, eq1, c2);
maple(coeff, eq2, c1) maple(coeff, eq2, c2)])
delta =
1
Hoc MATLAB bang th du Z7
lai toan chi co nhiem tam thuon.
c) 1ruon hop = c
2
>> clear all
>> syms x c k c1 c2 n real
>> k=solve(k

2+c

2,k)
k =
[ i*c]
[ -i*c]
1ruon hop nhiem dac trun phuc
>> y1=cos(c*x); y2=sin(c*x); y=c1*y1+c2*y2;
>> eq1=subs(y,x,1); eq2=subs(diff(y),x,0);
>> delta=det([maple(coeff, eq1, c1), maple(coeff, eq1, c2);
maple(coeff, eq2, c1), maple(coeff, eq2, c2)])
delta =
cos(c)*c
>> solve(ans,c)
ans=
[ 1/2*pi]
[ 0]
Chu y, doi voi phuon trnh cos(c)*c (=O) chi cho nhiem acos(0). Loai nhiem
c=0.
>> cn=pi/2+n*pi;
>> eq1=subs(eq1,c,cn)
eq1 =
-c1*sin(n*pi)+c2*cos(n*pi)
Matlal khon phan liet duoc n la so nuyen nen khon danh ia duoc sin(n*pi)
va cos(n*pi) ta phai iup'
>> eq1=subs(eq1,sin(n*pi),0); eq1=subs(eq1, cos (n*pi), (-1)

n)
eq1=
c2*(-1)

n
>> eq2=subs(eq2,c,cn(1))
eq2 =
c2*(1/2*pi+n*pi)
'hu vay c2=0 con c1 tuy y. 1a chon c1=1
>> phi n=subs(y,{ c,c1,c2},{cn,1,0})
phi n=
cos((1/2*pi+n*pi)*x)
Zo Trnh Anh Ngoc
Cac ia tri rien va cac ham rien tuon un:

n
=
(2n + 1)
2

2
4
,

n
= cos
_
(2n + 1)x
2
_
,
n = 0, 1, 2, . . .
Chuan hoa cac ham rien
>> phi n=cos((pi/2+n*pi)*x);
>> norm=sqrt(int(phi n*phi n,0,1));
>> norm=simple(subs(norm,sin(n*pi),0));
>> phi n=phi n/norm
phi n=
cos((1/2*pi+n*pi)*x)*2

(1/2)
\ay cac ham rien chuan hoa:

n
=

2 cos
_
(2n + 1)x
2
_
n = 0, 1, 2, . . .
Tb do 10. lhuon trnh son I-chieu - lhuon phap tach lien
Xet phuon trnh dao ham rien, mo ta phan lo son u(x, t) cho dao don doc
tron thanh,
u
tt
= c
2
u
xx
u
t
0 < x < 1; t > 0.
Lieu kien lien:
u(0, t) = 0,
u
x
(1, t) + u(1, t) = 0.
Lieu kien dau:
u(x, 0) = f(x),
u
t
(x, 0) = g(x).
1a tm nhiem duoi dan tach lien,
u(x, t) = X(x)T(t).
1hay vao phuon trnh dao ham rien, roi chia hai ve phuon trnh cho c
2
XT ta
duoc
T

+ T

c
2
T
=
X

X
.
Hoc MATLAB bang th du Z9
\ ve trai la ham chi cua t con ve phai la ham chi cua x nen chi co the xay ra neu
ton tai han so de cho
T

+ T

+ c
2
T = 0 va X

+ X = 0.
lhuon trnh vi phan dau tien la phuon trnh vi phan tuyen tinh thuan nhat cap
hai he so han. 1uon tu, phuon trnh vi phan thu hai cun la phuon trnh vi phan
tuyen tinh thuan nhat cap hai. 1a de dan nhan ra chun thuoc loai Sturm-Liouville.
\oi dieu kien lien da cho lai toan Sturm-Liouville theo lien khon ian la
phuon trnh Luler
X

+ X = 0
voi cac dieu kien lien
X(0) = 0,
X

(1) + X(1) = 0.
Le tranh lap lai lap luan da lam tron thi du truoc, ta chi xet truon hop
= c
2
> 0. Khi do nhiem co so cua phuon trnh Luler: X
1
= sin(cx), X
2
= cos(cx).
>> clear all
>> syms x c c1 c2 real
>> X=c1*sin(c*x)+c2*cos(c*x);
>> eq1=subs(diff(X,x),x,0)
eq1 =
c2
>> eq2=subs(diff(X,x)+X,x,1)
eq2 =
c1*cos(c)*c-c2*sin(c)*c+c1*sin(c)+c2*cos(c)
>> delta=det([maple(coeff,eq1,c1) maple(coeff,eq1,c2);
maple(coeff,eq2,c1) maple(coeff,eq2,c2)])
delta=
-cos(c)*c-sin(c)
'hu vay cac ia tri rien
n
la nhiem cua phuon trnh
tan(
_

n
) =
_

n
()
va cac ham rien tuon un la (do c2=0)
X
n
(x) = sin(
_

n
x).
Chuan hoa ham rien:
>> syms lambda n
>> X n=sin(sqrt(lambda n)*x);
JO Trnh Anh Ngoc
>> norm2 n=int(X n

2,x,0,1)
norm2 n=
1/2*(-cos(lambda n

(1/2))*sin(lambda n

(1/2))+lambda n

(1/2))
/lambda n

(1/2)
Ket qua tinh lan Matlal cho
normZ n =
cos(

n
) sin(

n
) +

n
.
Le y ran, sin(

n
) =

n
cos(

n
) (do (*)), nen ta co the thu on lieu thuc cua
norm2 n va chuan hoa cac X
n
nhu sau
>> norm2 n=simplify(subs(ans,sin(sqrt(lambda n)),-sqrt(lambda n)
*cos(sqrt(lambda n))))
norm2 n=
1/2*cos(lambda n

(1/2))

2+1/2
>> X n=X n/sqrt(norm2 n)
X n=
2*sin(lambda n

(1/2)*x)/(2*cos(lambda n

(1/2))

2+2)

(1/2)
X
n
(x) =

2 sin(

n
x)
_
cos
2
(

n
) + 1
voi n = 1, 2, . . .
'hiem ton quat tuon un cua phuon trnh vi phan theo lien thoi ian la
T
n
(t) = e
t/2
(A
n
cos(
n
t) + B
n
sin(
n
t)) n = 1, 2, . . . ,
tron do

n
=
1
2
_
4
n
c
2

2
.
Ban hay tu tm ket qua nay lan Matlal.
'hiem ton quat cua phuon trnh, lan phep chon chap nhiem
u(x, t) =

n=1
X
n
T
n
=

n=1
e
t/2
(A
n
cos(
n
t) + B
n
sin(
n
t))

2 sin(

n
x)
_
cos
2
(

n
) + 1
.
tron do cac han so A
n
, B
n
duoc xac dinh nho dieu kien dau cua lai toan.
Hoc MATLAB bang th du JI
Bay io ta xet cach dua dieu kien dau vao nhiem ton quat. 1hay dieu kien
thu nhat vao nhiem ton quat, tai thoi diem x = 0,
f(x) =

n=1
A
n
X
n
(x). ()
Le dun dieu kien thu hai ta lay dao ham nhiem ton quat theo t
u
t
(x, t) =

n=1
X
n
e
t/2
__

A
n

2
+ B
n

n
_
cos(
n
t)
_
A
n

n
+
B
n

2
_
sin(
n
t)
_
.
1ai thoi diem t = 0,
g(x) =

n=1
X
n
_
B
n

n

A
n

2
_
. ( )
'hac lai ran cac ham rien cua lai toann Sturm-Liouville chinh quy lap thanh mot
tap day du doi voi cac ham tron tun khuc tren khoan huu han I. \ay, ca hai
phuon trnh tren la khai trien lourier ton quat cua hai ham f(x) va g(x) theo cac
ham rien cua he. Cac he so A
n
va B
n
co mat tron cac he so cua hai khai trien
nay. Bay io ta tinh cac he so A
n
va B
n
.
Lay tich tron hai ve cac phuon trnh (**), (***) voi cac ham rien. Do tinh
truc chuan cua cac ham rien, ta co:
A
n
=
_
b
a
f(x)X
n
(x)dx,
B
n

n

A
n

2
=
_
b
a
g(x)X
n
(x)dx B
n
=
1

n
_
b
a
_
f(x)
2
+ g(x)
_
X
n
(x)dx.
\ay, ta co the viet nhiem hnh thuc cua lai toan ia tri dau cho phuon trnh
son:
u(x, t) =

n=1
X
n
(x)e
t/2
__
b
a
f(x)X
n
(x)dx cos(
n
t)
+
1

n
_
b
a
_
f(x)
2
+ g(x)
_
X
n
(x)dx sin(
n
t)
_
.
JZ Trnh Anh Ngoc
1at ca cac phep toan duoc thuc hien o tren dua tren ia thiet cac chuoi (**), (***)
hoi tu deu va su thay doi thu tu lay ton va thuc hien phep toan la co hieu luc. Co
the chun to ran neu f(x) va g(x) thoa cac dieu kien lien nhu cac ham rien, th
ca hai chuoi hoi tu deu.
Le cu the, ta tinh cac he so A
n
va B
n
cho truon hop c = 1/4, = 1/5, va
cac ham tron dieu kien dau:
f(x) = x
2x
2
3
, g(x) = x.
1ruoc het ta thiet lap con thuc tinh A n, B n
>> clear all
>> syms n lambda n x real
>> c=1/4; gamma=1/5;
>> f=x-2*x

2/3; g=x;
>> omega n=sqrt(4*lambda n*c

2-gamma

2)/2;
omega n=
1/20*(25*lambda n-4)

(1/2)
>> A n=int(f*sqrt(2)*sin(sqrt(lambda n)*x)/sqrt(cos(sqrt(lambda n))

2+1),
x,0,1)
A n=
-1/3*2

(1/2)*(sin(lambda n

(1/2))*lambda n

(3/2)+4*cos(lambda n

(1/2))
*lambda n+cos(lambda n

(1/2))*lambda n

2-4*lambda n)/lambda n

(5/2)
/(cos(lambda n

(1/2))

2+1)

(1/2)
>> A n=simplify(subs(A n,sin(sqrt(lambda n)),-sqrt(lambda n)
*cos(sqrt(lambda n))))
A n=
-4/3*2

(1/2)*(cos(lambda n

(1/2))-1)/lambda n

(3/2)
/(cos(lambda n

(1/2))

2+1)

(1/2)
>> B n=int(g*sqrt(2)*sin(sqrt(lambda n)*x)/sqrt(cos(sqrt(lambda n))

2+1),
x,0,1)/omega n;
>> B n=simplify(subs(B n,sin(sqrt(lambda n)),-sqrt(lambda n)
*cos(sqrt(lambda n))))
B n=
-40*2

(1/2)*cos(lambda n

(1/2))/lambda n

(1/2)
/(cos(lambda n

(1/2))

2+1)

(1/2)/(25*lambda n-4)

(1/2)
Hoc MATLAB bang th du JJ
Le tien theo doi ta viet lai cac con thuc vua tm:

n
=

25
n
4
20
,
A
n
=
4

2(cos(

n
) 1)
3
3/2
n
_
cos
2
(

n
) + 1
,
B
n
=
8

2(15 cos(

n
)
n
+ cos(

n
) 1)
3

25
n
4
3/2
n
_
cos
2
(

n
) + 1
.
voi n = 1, 2, . . .
Le hoan tat ta can tm cac ia tri rien
n
la nhiem cua phuon trnh (*).
lhuon trnh nay chi co the iai xap xi. Le cu the ta iai tm la ia tri rien dau
tien. 1ruoc het ta ve do thi ham y = tan(v) va ham y = v de xac dinh tho nhiem
cua phuon trnh
>> syms v real
>> hold on
(lenh hold on nham muc dich iu lai do thi da co khi ve do thi moi)
>> ezplot(tan(v),[0 20])
>> ezplot(-v,[0 20])
1u do thi (hnh 7), cac ia tri lan dau cua nhiem xap xi nen chon la 2, 5, 8.
>> lambda 1=fsolve(inline(tan(v)+v),2)

2
Optimization terminated: first-order optimality is less than op-
tions.TolFun.
lambda 1 =
4.1159
>> lambda 2=fsolve(inline(tan(v)+v),5)

2
Optimization terminated: first-order optimality is less than op-
tions.TolFun.
lambda 2 =
24.1393
>> lambda 3=fsolve(inline(tan(v)+v),2)

3
Optimization terminated: first-order optimality is less than op-
tions.TolFun.
lambda 3 =
63.6591
lhan con lai, thay cac ia tri vua tm vao chuoi chat cut iu la so han (un
voi la ia tri
n
vua tm) duoc danh lai cho lan doc.
Cbo tbcb S. Lenh fsolve iai cac phuon trnh phi tuyen dan F(X)=0 lan
phuon phap lnh phuon toi thieu. Cu phap don ian nhat: x=fsolve(fun,x0)
J+ Trnh Anh Ngoc
Hnh 7: Lo thi ham y = tan(v) va y = v.
lat dau tai x0 va iai cac phuon trnh mo ta tron fun. 1a co the chi dinh fun
la mot doi tuon ham inline, thi du, x = fsolve(inline(sin(x.*x)),x0).
day lenh inline(bieuthuc) tao mot doi tuon ham inline tu mot lieu thuc chua
tron chuoi bieuthuc. fun cun co the la mot chuoi chua ten mot ham (mot M-file
hay mot ham dinh san) cho phep tinh ia tri cua cac phuon trnh voi moi ia tri cu
the cua x, F=fun(x).
S Vict cboong trnb bang MatIab
Chuon trnh viet lan non nu Matlal an ion cac non nu cap cao quen thuoc
nhu lascal, C. Duoi day ta se hoc cach viet chuon trnh thon qua cac thi du cu the.
'hun truoc het ta can liet cac cau truc thuon dun tron non nu Matlal.
S.1 Cac cao troc trong ngon ngo MatIab
lF - thuc hien cac lenh co dieu kien
Dan chun cua lenh if la
Hoc MATLAB bang th du J5
if lieu thuc
cac lenh
elseif lieu thuc
cac lenh
else
cac lenh
end
Cac lenh duoc thuc hien neu phan thuc cua lieu thuc khac khon. Cac phan else
va elseif la tuy chon. 'lieu thuc' tron lenh if thuon co dan:
lieu thuc I R lieu thuc Z
tron do R la ==, <, >, <=, >=, hay =.
FOk - lap lai cac lenh mot so lan duoc chi dinh
Dan chun cua lenh for la
for lien = ia tri dau : luoc ia tan : ia tri cuoi
cac lenh
end
'lien' lay ia tri 'ia tri dau', sau moi lan thuc hien cac lenh duoc tan them mot
luon 'luoc ia tan', neu 'lien' van con nho hon th cac lenh van duoc thuc hien.
WHltF - lap lai cac mot so lan khon xac dinh
Dan chun cua lenh while la
while lieu thuc
cac lenh
end
Cac lenh duoc thuc hien khi phan thuc cua 'lieu thuc' khac khon. 'lieu thuc' tron
lenh while thuon co dan:
lieu thuc I R lieu thuc Z
tron do R la ==, <, >, <=, >=, hay =. Lenh break co the duoc dun de dun von
lap.
SWlTCH - chuyen doi iua nhieu truon hop tren co so lieu thuc
Dan chun cua lenh switch la
Jo Trnh Anh Ngoc
switch lieu thuc
case truon hop I,
cac lenh
case truon hop Z
cac lenh
...
otherwise
cac lenh
end
Cac lenh theo sau case thu i duoc thuc hien khi 'lieu thuc' co ia tri 'truon hop i'.
'oai cac truon hop duoc liet ke th cac lenh theo sau otherwise duoc thuc hien.
S.2 Mot so cboong trnb tb do
Muc nay chua dun mot so chuon trnh don ian viet lan non nu Matlal. Moi
thi du lat dau lan co so thuat toan va cuoi cun la chuon trnh tinh. Ban doc nen
doc ky phan thuat toan de hieu muc dich va noi dun cua chuon trnh. Hay chay
thu va tm cach sua doi no neu duoc.
Tb do 11. Ciai phuon trnh dai so tuyen tinh AX = B - lhep khu Causs
'hac lai, he phuon trnh dai so tuyen tinh co dan
a
11
x
1
+ a
12
x
2
+ . . . + a
1n
x
n
= b
1
a
21
x
1
+ a
22
x
2
+ . . . + a
2n
x
n
= b
2
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
a
n1
x
1
+ a
n2
x
2
+ . . . + a
nn
x
n
= b
n
,
tron do ve phai b
i
, i = 1, . . . , n, va cac he so a
ij
, i, j = 1, . . . , n la cac du lieu cho
truoc; x
1
, . . . , x
n
la an.
Y tuon dan sau phuon phap khu Causs la dun cac phep lien doi so cap de
khu cac an cua he. He phuon trnh tuon duon, sau khi lien doi, co dan tam iac
tren, duoc iai lan phep the nuoc.
'eu a
11
= 0, th o luoc dau tien ta khu x
1
khoi (n 1) phuon trnh cuoi
lan cach tru phuon trnh thu i voi nhan tu
m
i1
= a
i1
/a
11
, i = 2, . . . , n
lan phuon trnh dau. Lieu nay sinh ra mot he rut on om (n 1) phuon trnh
voi cac an x
2
, . . . , x
n
, tron do cac he so moi duoc cho loi
a
(2)
ij
= a
ij
m
i1
a
1j
, b
(2)
i
= b
i
m
i1
b
1
, i = 2, . . . , n.
Hoc MATLAB bang th du J7
'eu a
(2)
22
= 0, tiep theo lan cach tuon tu ta khu x
2
tu (n 2) phuon trnh cuoi
cua he phuon trnh nay. Sau k 1 luoc, k n, cua phep khu Causs ma tran A tro
thanh ma tran co dan
A
(k)
=
_

_
a
(1)
11
a
(1)
12
. . . a
(1)
1k
. . . a
(1)
1n
0 a
(2)
22
. . . a
(2)
2k
. . . a
(2)
2n
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
0 0 . . . a
(k)
kk
. . . a
(k)
kn
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
0 0 . . . a
(k)
nk
. . . a
(k)
nn
_

_
, b
(k)
=
_

_
b
(1)
1
b
(2)
2
.
.
.
b
(k)
k
.
.
.
b
(k)
n
_

_
,
tron do ta da dat A
(1)
= A, b
(1)
= b. Cac phan tu cheo a
(1)
11
, a
(2)
22
,. . . , xuat hien tron
qua trnh khu duoc oi la cac phan tu tru.
Ky hieu A
k
la ma tran con chinh cua A,
A
k
=
_

_
a
11
a
12
. . . a
1k
a
21
a
22
. . . a
2k
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
a
k1
a
k2
. . . a
kk
_

_
.
\ dinh thuc cua ma tran khon thay doi duoi phep lien doi so cap thu la nen
det(A
k
) = a
(1)
11
a
(2)
22
a
(k)
kk
, k = 1, . . . , n.
Cac phan tu tru a
(i)
ii
, i = 1, . . . , n, tron phep khu Causs la khac khon neu va chi
neu det(A
k
) = 0, k = 1, . . . , n. 1ron truon hop nay ta co the khu cho den sau luoc
thu (n 1), con lai mot phuon trnh duy nhat
a
(n)
nn
x
n
= b
(n)
n
(a
(n)
nn
= 0).
Cac an cua phuon trnh co the tinh lan con thuc truy hoi
x
n
= b
(n)
n
/a
(n)
nn
, x
i
=
_
b
(i)
i

n

k=i+1
a
(i)
ik
x
k
_
/a
(i)
ii
, i = n 1, . . . , 1.
Qua trnh nay oi la the nuoc.
Jo Trnh Anh Ngoc
Cia su o luoc thu k cua phep khu Causs ta co
a
(k)
kk
= 0.
'eu A khon suy lien, th k cot dau cua ma tran A la doc lap tuyen tinh. Lieu nay
cun dun voi ma tran da lien doi. 'hIa la ton tai a
pk
= 0 (k < p n). Ban cach
hoan vi don k va don p th phan tu nay co the lay lam phan tu tru va phep khu
duoc tiep tuc. 1om lai, ma tran khong suy bien bat ky co the dan ve dang tam giac
tren bang phep kh Gauss neu phep hoan v dong c dung neu can.
'eu rank(A) < n th co the xay ra o luoc thu k 1 nao do
a
(k)
ik
= 0, i = k, . . . , n.
'eu toan lo cac phan tu a
(k)
ij
= 0, i, j = k, . . . , n th rank(A) = k 1 va ta dun lai.
'uoc lai, neu co phan tu khac khon, chan han
a
(k)
pq
,
ta co the man no den vi tri tru lan cach hoan vi don k voi p, cot k voi q (khi cot
cua ma tran A li hoan vi th ta cun phai hoan vi cac phan tu tuon un tron vecto
x. 1ien hanh theo cach nay moi ma tran A deu co the dua ve dan hnh than
A
(r)
=
_

_
a
(1)
11
. . . a
(1)
1r
a
(1)
1,r+1
. . . a
(1)
1n
0
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. a
(r)
rr
a
(r)
r,r+1
. . . a
(r)
rn
0 . . . 0 0 . . . 0
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
0 . . . 0 0 . . . 0
_

_
, b
(r)
=
_

_
b
(1)
1
.
.
.
b
(r)
r
b
(r)
r+1
.
.
.
b
(r)
n
_

_
,
o luoc r = rank(A).
Cac phan tu tru nho co the dan den ket qua khon chinh xac. Co mot cach de
tranh phan tu tru nho duoc oi la phep xoay cuc lo. 1heo cach nay, khi khu x
k
, ta
chon he so lon nhat (ve ia tri tuyet doi) cua x
k
tron nk+1 phuon trnh cuoi nhu
la phan tu tru. 'hIa la, neu |a
(k)
lk
| la lon nhat cua cac |a
(k)
jk
| voi j = k, k + 1, . . . , n
ta hoan vi don k va l. Ban cach danh so lai ta co the ia su ran phan tu tru a
(k)
kk
co do lon lon nhat.
Hoc MATLAB bang th du J9
/p dun iai he phuon trnh
x
1
+ x
2
+ x
3
= 1
3x
1
+ x
2
3x
3
= 5
x
1
2x
2
5x
3
= 10
Le luu iu ma tran cac he so a va ve phai b, tron chuon trnh ta dua vao ma tran
cac he so noi ron ad. Lenh [v,index]=max(ad(k:n,k)) tra ve hai ia tri: v la
phan tu lon nhat cua vecto ad(k:n,k) con index la vi tri cua phan tu do.
% chuong trinh 1 - giai he phuong dstt
clear all
a=[1 1 1; 3 1 -3; 1 -2 -5];
b=[1;5;10];
n=size(a,1);
% ma tran noi rong
ad=a;
ad(:,n+1)=b;
for k=1:n-1
% tim phan tu tru
[v,index]=max(ad(k:n,k));
if v==0
disp(he phuong trinh suy bien)
return
end
% dong chua phan tu tru
index=index+k-1;
% hoan vi dong k va dong index
tam=ad(index,:);
ad(index,:)=ad(k,:);
ad(k,:)=tam;
% dung dong k khu cac dong duoi
for i=k+1:n
for j=k:n+1
ad(i,k:n+1)=ad(i,k:n+1)-(ad(i,k)/ad(k,k))*ad(k,k:n+1);
end
end
end
% phep the nguoc
if ad(n,n)==0
disp(he phuong trinh suy bien)
return
+O Trnh Anh Ngoc
end
x(n)=ad(n,n+1)/ad(n,n);
for i=n-1:-1:1
x(i)=ad(i,n+1);
for j=i+1:n
x(i)=x(i)-ad(i,j)*x(j);
end
x(i)=x(i)/ad(i,i);
end
disp(nghiem cua he:)
x
Ket qua tinh toan
nghiem cua he:
x =
6.0000 -7.0000 2.0000
Tb do 12. Ciai phuon trnh f(x) = 0 - 1huat toan chia doi khoan
Hnh o: Lo thi ham so f(x) = x
3
3x
2
+ x + 1.
'eu ham lien tuc f(x) co dau doi nhau tai cac diem x = B va x = C, th no
co it nhat mot khon diem tron khoan iua B va C. lhuon phap chia doi (hay
tm kiem nhi phan) duoc dat tren su kien nay. 'eu f(B)f(C) < 0, ham f(x) duoc
danh ia tai diem iua M = (B + C)/2 cua khoan. 'eu f(M) = 0, mot khon
diem duoc tm thay. 'eu khac, f(B)f(M) < 0 hoac f(M)f(C) < 0. 1ron truon
hop dau co it nhat mot khon diem o iua M va B, va tron truon hop thu hai co
it nhat mot nhiem o iua C va M. 1heo cach nay mot khoan chua nhiem duoc
tm thay ma co chieu dai lan nua chieu dai khoan lan dau. 1hu tuc duoc lap lai
cho den khi dinh vi duoc nhiem voi do chinh xac mon muon.
Hoc MATLAB bang th du +I
/p dun iai phuon trnh x
3
3x
2
+x +1 = 0 (phuon trnh nay co nhiem
chinh xac: 1, 1

2). Le co cai nhn so lo ve phuon trnh cho ta dun Matlal ve

do thi cua ham f(x) = x
3
3x
2
+x +1. 1u do thi (hnh o) ta thay phuon trnh co
la nhiem don, lan luot nam tron cac khoan [0.5, 0], [0.5, 1.5], [2, 3]. 'hu mot thi
du ap dun ta viet chuon trnh tm nhiem xap xi cua phuon trnh tron khoan
[0.5, 0].
% chuong trinh 2 - giai phuong trinh bang phuong phap chia
% doi khoang
% chuong trinh goi function f1
clear all
b=-0.5;
c=0;
epsilon=10^(-4);
m=b; % m duoc khoi tao bang b
while (abs(c-b)>=epsilon)&(f1(m)~=0)
m=(b+c)/2;
if f1(b)*f1(m)<0
c=m;
else
b=m;
end
end
disp(nghiem xap xi:)
m
Chuon trnh oi function f1 tra lai ia tri cua ham f(x)
function v=f1(x)
v=x^3-3*x^2+x+1;
Ket qua tinh toan
nghiem xap xi:
m =
-0.4142
Tb do 13. Ciai phuon trnh f(x) = 0 - 1huat toan 'ewton va thuat toan day cun
Ca hai thuat toan deu xap xi duon con y = f(x) lan duon than y = L(x)
roi sau do xap xi nhiem phuon trnh f(x) = 0 lan nhiem cua phuon trnh
+Z Trnh Anh Ngoc
L(x) = 0. lhuon phap 'ewton lay y = L(x) la tiep tuyen voi duon con y = f(x)
tai diem xap xi truoc do x
i
va lay diem xap xi ke tiep x
i+1
la nhiem cua phuon
trnh L(x) = 0, theo con thuc taylor, ta co f(x) f(x
i
) +f

(x
i
)(x x
i
) = 0, suy ra
x
i+1
= x
i

f(x
i
)
f

(x
i
)
.
1huat toan day cun nhan duoc tu thuat toan 'ewton lan cach xap xi f

(x
i
) lan
Hnh 9: 1huat toan 'ewton.
ti sai phan
f

(x
i
)
f(x
i
) f(x
i1
)
x
i
x
i1
.
1u day ta suy ra con thuc lap cua thuat toan day cun
x
i+1
= x
i
f(x
i
)
x
i
x
i1
f(x
i
) f(x
i1
)
.
/p dun iai phuon trnh x
2
2 = 0 (phuon trnh co nhiem chinh xac la

2). 1a ap dun thuat toan 'ewton voi diem xap xi lan dau lay lan Z. Lieu
kien dun thuat toan la |x
i+1
x
i
| < va de tranh truon hop xau - chuon trnh
thuc hien qua lau ta dun von lap for chi dinh so lan lap toi da.
% chuong trinh 3 - giai phuong trinh bang phuong phap Newton
% chuong trinh goi function f2 va df2
clear all
xc=2; % diem xap xi ban dau
epsilon=10^(-4);
Hoc MATLAB bang th du +J
Hnh IO: 1huat toan day cun.
nmax=100; % so lan lap toi da
for i=1:nmax
xm=xc-f2(xc)/df2(xc);
if abs(xm-xc)<epsilon
break;
else
xc=xm;
end
end
disp(so lan lap:)
i
disp(nghiem xap xi:)
xm
Chuon trnh oi function f2 tra lai ia tri cua ham f(x) va df2 tra lai ia tri cua
ham f

(x)
function v=f2(x)
v=x^2-2;
function v=df2(x)
v=2*x;
Ket qua tinh toan
so lan lap:
i =
4
nghiem xap xi:
xm =
++ Trnh Anh Ngoc
1.4142
/p dun thuat toan day cun chuon trnh viet cho thuat toan 'ewton duoc
lien doi mot chut
% chuong trinh 4 - giai phuong trinh bang phuong phap day cung
% chuong trinh goi function f2
clear all
x1=2;
xc=3; % hai diem xap xi ban dau
epsilon=10^(-4);
nmax=100; % so lan lap toi da
for i=1:nmax
xm=xc-f2(xc)*(xc-x1)/(f2(xc)-f2(x1));
if abs(xm-xc)<epsilon
break;
else
x1=xc;
xc=xm;
end
end
disp(so lan lap:)
i
disp(nghiem xap xi:)
xm
Ket qua tinh toan
so lan lap:
i =
5
nghiem xap xi:
xm =
1.4142
Ban doc hay thu nhiem voi cac thi du so khac va neu nhan xet (dua tren cac ket
qua so) ve la thuat toan tm nhiem xap xi cua phuon trnh f(x) = 0.
Tb do 14. Ciai phuon trnh vi phan - lhuon phap Luler 1ron thi du nay ta xet
lai toan xac dinh quy dao cua mot hat x
0
= (a, b, c) liet truon van toc v: tm ham
Hoc MATLAB bang th du +5
vecto x = (x(t), y(t), z(t)) thoa phuon trnh vi phan
dx
dt
= v(x, t) ()
va dieu kien dau x(0) = x
0
.
Mot thuat toan don ian iai lai toan nay la xet su thay doi vi tri cua hat
tron khoan thoi ian t, va thay phuon trnh vi phan (!!) lan cac phuon trnh
dai so
x(t + t) x(t)
t
= v
x
(x, y, z, t),
y(t + t) y(t)
t
= v
y
(x, y, z, t),
z(t + t) z(t)
t
= v
z
(x, y, z, t).
Le nhan duoc cac phuon trnh nay ta da thay dao ham theo thoi ian len ve trai
phuon trnh (*) lan sai phan tien cua x tai t.
Ciai cac phuon trnh tren, ta duoc
x(t + t) = x(t) + tv
x
(x, y, z, t),
y(t + t) = y(t) + tv
y
(x, y, z, t),
z(t + t) = z(t) + tv
z
(x, y, z, t).
\e mat vat ly, cac phuon trnh tren phat lieu ran vi tri cua mot hat tai thoi diem
t +t lan vi tri tai thoi diem truoc t con them mot dich chuyen le tron khoan
thoi ian t. 1ron khoan thoi ian nay hat xem nhu co van toc khon doi lan
van toc cua hat tai thoi diem t.
Tboat toan
I. Chi dinh thoi diem dau (t = 0).
Z. Chon luoc luoi thoi ian.
J. Chi dinh toa do dau x(0), y(0), z(0).
+. 1inh cac van toc v
x
(x, y, z, t), v
y
(x, y, z, t) va v
z
(x, y, z, t).
5. 1inh ve phai cua (!!), roi toa do cua hat tai thoi diem t + t.
+o Trnh Anh Ngoc
o. Dun hoac tro ve tinh tu luoc + den luoc o.
/p dun thuat toan, xac dinh quy dao cua hat lan dau o vi tri (1, 1, 1) co van toc:
v = xi + yj + cos tk.
('hiem iai tich tron truon hop k = a = = 1: x = e
t
, y = e
t
, z = sint + 1)).
% Chuong trinh 5 - xac dinh quy dao cua diem bang phuong phap
% Euler
clear all
tmax=2; % thoi gian khao sat
N = 100; % so nut thoi gian
dt=tmax/(N-1);
t=0:dt:tmax; % cac nut thoi gian
% vi tri ban dau cua diem
x(1) = 1;
y(1) = 1;
z(1) = 1;
for i = 2:N
x(i) = x(i-1) + dt*f(x(i-1),y(i-1),z(i-1),t(i-1));
y(i) = y(i-1) + dt*g(x(i-1),y(i-1),z(i-1),t(i-1));
z(i) = z(i-1) + dt*h(x(i-1),y(i-1),z(i-1),t(i-1));
end
% ve quy dao
plot3(x,y,z)
Chuon trnh oi cac ham f.m, g.m, h.m
function v=f(x,y,z,t)
v=-x;
function v=g(x,y,z,t)
v=y;
function v=h(x,y,z,t)
v=cos(t);
Ban doc nen so sanh nhiem xap xi thu duoc tu chuon trnh nay voi nhiem
chinh xac cua lai toan.
'hu da liet, phuon trnh vi phan cap hai tuon duon voi he hai phuon
trnh vi phan cap mot. Ban hay tu dua ra thuat toan iai so phuon trnh vi phan
cap hai dua tren thuat toan dua ra o day.
kFT tAN
1ai lieu Hoc Matlal lan thi du duoc trnh lay theo quan diem thuc dun,
chi hoc nhun can thiet va hoc chun tai noi chun xuat hien. Lieu nay truoc
Hoc MATLAB bang th du +7
Hnh II: Quy dao cua hat (1, 1, 1), thi du I+.
tien nham dat muc dich hoc nhanh ve Matlal, noai ra, cach hoc nay con co loi
diem la nuoi hoc de nho va liet ap dun nay kien thuc dan hoc. 1uy nhien, day
chua phai la tat ca. 'oi dun cua Matlal rat phon phu, kha nan tinh toan cua
Matlal rat da dan. \an con rat, rat nhieu nhun dieu can liet ve Matlal, va nhat
la cho den cuoi tai lieu nay chun ta van chua lan den nhun han che cua Matlal.
Ban doc tron nhun un dun cua mnh se nhan thay nhun ioi han do, se thay
can phai liet them nhun ve Matlal - nhun noi dun chua duoc lan den o day.
Khi viet tai lieu nay chun toi ap u mot hy von - voi tai lieu nay lan doc se cam
thay hun thu hoc va ap dun Matlal tron con viec hoc tap va nhien cuu cua
mnh.
'hu moi thu thuoc ve con nuoi, tai lieu nay at ham chua nhun dieu sai sot,
chun toi rat mon nhan duoc nhun don op iup hieu chinh nhun sai sot cua
tai lieu. Xin ui nhun y kien nhan xet, nhun don op iup hoan thien tai lieu
den cho chun toi theo dia chi email: tanoc_hcmuns.edu.vn. Xin chan thanh cam
on.
1rinh /nh 'oc
+o Trnh Anh Ngoc
Moc Ioc
I \ai tro cua may tinh tron nhien cuu va un dun toan hoc . . . . . I
Z Matlal - phan mem toan hoc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I
J Luot qua Matlal - cai nhn dau . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Z
+ Cioi thieu ve Symlolic Math 1oollox . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
+.I Loi tuon ky hieu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o
+.Z Cac phep tinh ky hieu thuon dun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o
+.J Mot so cach dun khac cua ham sym . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IO
+.+ Bien ky hieu mac nhien . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IJ
+.5 Cac thi du tinh toan ky hieu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I+
5 \iet chuon trnh lan Matlal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J+
5.I Cac cau truc tron non nu Matlal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J+
5.Z Mot so chuon trnh thi du . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Jo
+9