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LI M U

i vi cc nc ang pht trin, vn c vai tr c bit quan trng v cn thit gii quyt cc vn kinh t - x hi khc. Xut pht t nhu cu thc t , vin tr ODA ra i nhm gip cc nc ngho gii quyt tnh trng thiu vn. Ngun vn ny ch yu c u t vo nhng lnh vc gi vai tr u tu ca nn kinh t, t ko theo s pht trin mnh ca cc ngnh khc. Trn thc t vai tr ca ODA ht sc quan trng. C th minh chng iu qua thc t Chu u sau chin tranh th gii th hai, nh vo ngun vn vin tr ca M m EU t c s tng trng ngon mc, tr v thi thnh vng nh trc chin tranh, thm ch cn pht trin hn trc. Nht Bn v Hn Quc cng l hai nc nhn c nhiu vin tr ca M. Kt qu sau mt thi gian nht nh, Nht Bn tr thnh cng quc kinh t sau M; cn Hn Quc cng vn ln thuc nhm cc nc cng nghip mi NICs. Trong qu trnh i mi, tnh trng thiu vn cho pht trin c gii quyt mt phn ng k khi Vit Nam bt u nhn vin tr ODA t nm 1993. y l ngun vn b sung quan trng: trung bnh ng gp 11% tng vn u t cho ton x hi, trong giai on 2006-2010. Cc nc v vng lnh th nh Trung Quc, i Loan nh vo ngun vn ODA v vic s dng c hiu qu ngun vn ny to ra mt nn kinh t pht trin cao v ngy nay bt u tr thnh nc cung cp vin tr cho cc nc khc. Ngoi ra, vin tr ODA cng ng gp mt phn t l ng k vo tng trng GDP ca cc nc ang pht trin, bnh qun 1-2%/nm. Nh vy, c th thy vin tr ODA s gip gii quyt phn no cn kht vn ny v mang li lung sinh kh mi cho cc nc ang pht trin v s lm thay da i tht cho nhiu nn kinh t nu ODA c s dng mt cch hiu qu. Ngy nay vn ODA c xu hng ngy cng pht trin v m rng v quy m .
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CHNG I TNG QUAN V ODA


1. Khi nim ODA Theo Bch khoa ton th in t wikipedia.org: ODA l vit tt ca cm t Official Development Assistance: ngha l H tr pht trin chnh thc, l mt hnh thc u t nc ngoi. H tr: bi v cc khon u t ny thng l cc khon cho vay khng li sut hoc li sut thp vi thi gian vay di Pht trin: v mc tiu danh ngha ca cc khon u t ny l pht trin kinh t v nng cao phc li nc c u t Chnh thc: v n thng l cho Nh nc vay.

Theo Quy ch qun l v s dng ngun vn h tr pht trin chnh thc, ban hnh km theo Ngh nh 131/2006/N-CP ngy 09/11/2006: ODA l hot ng hp tc pht trin gia Nh nc hoc Chnh Ph nc Cng ho x hi ch ngha Vit Nam vi Nh ti tr l Chnh ph nc ngoi, cc t chc ti tr song phng v cc t chc lin quc gia hoc lin chnh ph. Nh vy, v thc cht, ODA l s chuyn giao mt phn thu nhp quc gia t cc nc pht trin sang cc nc ang v chm pht trin. Mc tiu chnh l gip cc nc km v ang pht trin y mnh pht trin kinh t, nng cao phc li x hi.

2. Phn loi ODA 2.1. Theo phng thc hon tr Vin tr khng hon li (1) Bn nc ngoi cung cp vin tr (m bn nhn khng phi hon li) bn nhn thc hin cc chng trnh, d n theo s tho thun trc gia cc bn.
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Vin tr khng hon li thng c thc hin di cc dng: H tr k thut. Vin tr nhn o bng hin vt. Vin tr c hon li (2) Nh ti tr cho nc cn vn vay mt khon tin (tu theo mt quy m v mc ch u t) vi mc li sut u i v thi gian tr n thch hp. Nhng iu kin u i thng l: Li sut thp (tu thuc vo mc tiu vay v nc vay). Thi hn vay n di (t 20 - 30 nm) C thi gian n hn (t 10 - 12 nm) ODA cho vay hn hp (3) L cc khon ODA kt hp mt phn ODA khng hon li v mt phn tn dng thng mi theo cc iu kin ca t chc Hp tc kinh t v pht trin.

2.2.

Theo ngun cung ODA

ODA song phng (1) l cc khon vin tr trc tip t nc ny n nc kia thng qua hip nh c k kt gia hai Chnh ph. ODA a phng (2) l vin tr chnh thc ca mt t chc quc t (IMF, WB...) hay t chc khu vc (ADB, EU,...) hoc ca mt Chnh ph ca mt nc dnh cho Chnh ph ca mt nc no , nhng c th c thc hin thng qua cc t chc a phng nh UNDP (Chng trnh pht trin Lin hip quc), UNICEF (qu nhi ng Lin Hip quc)...

2.3.

Theo mc tiu s dng

H tr cn cn thanh ton (1): Gm cc khon ODA cung cp h tr ngn sch ca Chnh ph, thng c thc hin thng qua cc dng: Chuyn giao trc tip cho nc nhn ODA
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H tr nhp khu (vin tr hng ho) Tn dng thng nghip (2): Tng t nh vin tr hng ho nhng c km theo iu kin rng buc. Vin tr chng trnh (vin tr phi d n): Nc vin tr v nc nhn vin tr k hip nh cho mt mc ch tng qut m khng cn xc nh tnh chnh xc khon vin tr s c s dng nh th no. Vin tr d n: Chim t trng ln nht trong tng vn thc hin ODA. iu kin c nhn vin tr d n l "phi c d n c th, chi tit v cc hng mc s s dng ODA" 3. c im ca ODA Mt khon ti tr c coi l ODA nu p ng y 3 iu kin sau: - c cc t chc chnh thc hoc i din cc t chc chnh thc cung cp T chc chnh thc bao gm cc nh nc m i din l Chnh ph, cc t chc lin chnh ph hoc lin quc gia, v cc t chc phi chnh ph hot ng khng v mc tiu li nhun. Gn vi ngun cung cp, ngi ta chia ODA thnh hai dng, ODA song phng v ODA a phng: ODA song phng: Ch yu do cc nc l thnh vin ca DAC cung cp. Hin nay U ban ny c 22 quc gia, hng nm vin tr mt lng ODA chim t trng khong 85% ca ton th gii. Nm 2006, cc nc DAC vin tr 103 t USD v nm 2007: 102 t USD. D kin trong ngn hn v trung hn, lng ODA do cc quc gia ny cung cp tip tc tng. ODA a phng: Do cc t chc thuc h thng Lin hp quc, Lin minh chu u, cc T chc ti chnh quc t nh IMF, WB, ADB, Ngn hng pht trin chu Phi, Qu vin tr ca OPEC, Qu C ot v cc T chc phi chnh ph cung cp.

- Mc tiu chnh l gip cc nc ang pht trin pht trin kinh t, nng cao phc li x hi Cc lnh vc c u tin s dng vn ODA bao gm: Xo i, gim ngho, nng nghip v pht trin nng thn; c s h tng kinh t k thut nh giao thng vn ti, thng tin lin lc, nng lng; c s h tng x hi nh gio dc, y t, bo v mi trng; cc vn x hi nh to vic lm, phng chng dch bnh, phng chng cc t nn x hi; ci cch hnh chnh, t php, tng cng nng lc ca c quan qun l nh nc, ci cch th ch - Thnh t h tr (Grant element - GE) phi t t nht 25% Thnh t h tr, cn c gi l yu t khng hon li l mt ch s biu hin tnh u i ca ODA so vi cc khon vay thng mi theo iu kin th trng. Thnh t h tr cng cao cng thun li cho nc tip nhn. Ch tiu ny c xc nh da trn t hp cc yu t u vo: Li sut, thi gian n hn, thi hn cho vay, s ln tr n trong nm, v t l chit khu. Cng thc xc nh nh sau:

1 1 aG r/a (1 d ) (1 d ) aM GE (1 ).(1 ). 100 % d d (aM aG)


Trong : GE: Yu t khng hon li. r: T l li sut hng nm. a: S ln tr n trong nm (theo iu kin ca bn ti tr). d: T l chit khu ca mi k: d: T l chit khu ca c nm (theo thng bo ca OECD hoc cc tho thun ca bn ti tr). G: thi gian n hn. M: Thi hn cho vay.
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CHNG II S BIN NG V XU HNG ODA TRN TH GII


Vin tr ODA trn th gii ch yu do cc nc thuc t chc OECD v cc nh ch ti chnh quc t nh WB, IMF tin hnh. Hin nay, c 22 quc gia thuc t chc OECD cam kt thng xuyn cung cp ODA (cn c gi l cc nc OECD/DAC), l: o, Australia, B, Canada, an Mch, Phn Lan, Php, c, Hy Lp, Ai-len, Italia, Nht Bn, Lc-xmbua, H Lan, Niu Di-ln, Na Uy, B o Nha, Ty Ban Nha, Thu in, Thu S, Anh v M. Vn ODA do cc quc gia ny cung cp c gi l ODA song phng v chim t trng ln trong tng lng vn ODA ca th gii. Bn cnh cc nc OECD/DAC l nh ti tr song phng chnh, cc quc gia OECD khng thuc nhm DAC (Cng ho Sc, Hungari, Ai-x-len, Hn Quc, Ba Lan, Cng ho Slvakia, Th Nh K) v cc nc ang pht trin c trnh pht trin cao (C-ot, Rp X-t, i Loan) cng tin hnh vin tr ODA. Bn cnh cc hot ng ti tr song phng, cc nh ch ti chnh quc t v cc t chc quc t, nh cc c quan ca lin hp quc, Ngn hng th gii, Qu Tin t quc t, Ngn hng Pht trin chu , Ngn hng Pht trin chu Phi, Ngn hng Pht trin lin chu M, tin hnh cc khon ti tr ODA a phng. Tuy nhin, trong phm vi phn ny, ngi vit ch cp ODA song phng v a phng cung cp bi cc nc DAC.
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1. S bin ng chung v quy m ODA qua cc nm 1.1. ODA song phng (Bilateral ODA) Biu 1:

Vn ODA rng giai on 1960 - 2010


140 Gi tr ODA ( t USD) (tnh theo gi nm 2009) 120 100 80 0.3 60 40 20 0 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 0.2 0.1 0 0.6 0.5 0.4 ODA tnh theo % GNI

ODA(tnh theo gi nm 2009)

ODA tnh theo % GNI

Ngun: OECD, http://webnet.oecd.org/dcdgraphs/ODAhistory T Biu 1, chng ta c th thy c s bin ng ca xu hng ODA song phng trong sut 50 nm t 1960-2010. T nm 1960-1990, h tr pht trin chnh thc (ODA) t cc nc DAC cho cc nc ang pht trin tng tng i u. Trong khi , t l phn trm ODA trong thu nhp quc dn (GNI) ca cc nc DAC - mt mc tiu nh gi ngun ti tr - gim trong giai on t nm 19601970, v sau dao ng t 0,27% v 0,36% trong gn 20 nm. T nhng nm 1990, ODA gim c v gi tr thc v gi tr danh ngha do nhng nh hng mnh m ca cuc khng hong kinh t th gii u nhng nm 1990 tc ng vo nn kinh t th gii. Trong khong thi
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gian t nm 1993-1997, dng ODA gim 16%. Trong khi , phn trm ODA trong GNP gim mnh t 0,33% (1992) xung mc thp k lc 0,22% (1997). Vin tr thc t sau bt u tng nhanh trong giai on 1997-2005, sau gim xung trong nm 2006 v 2007. Da vo biu trn, ODA rng tng 59 t USD nm 1997 ln 107,1 t USD vo nm 2005. T l ODA trn GNI ca cc nc ti tr tng ln 0,33% so vi mc 0,26% nm 2004 v t mc cao nht k t nm 1992. Tuy nhin, sau khi t nh im vo nm 2005, ODA rng gim xung cn 104,4 t USD vo nm 2006 v tip tc gim xung 103,7 t USD nm 2007. Xt v t trng, ODA gim 4,5% trong nm 2006 v gim 8,4% trong nm 2007. S st gim ny ch yu l do s kt thc thi gian di gia tng vin tr n t nm 2002. Mc d cuc khng hong ti chnh th gii nm gn y, dng ODA tip tc tng t nm 2008. Dng ODA t mc cao nht 128,7 t USD nm 2010 tng 6,5% so vi nm 2009. y l mc ODA thc t t k lc t trc ti nay, vt c khi lng ODA cung cp trong nm 2005 khi mc vin tr n tng bt thng. T l ODA rng trong tng thu nhp quc dn (GNI) t 0,32%, tng ng nm 2005 v cao nht trong cc nm t 1992 ti nay. Tuy nhin s gia tng ny cn cch xa so vi mc tiu 0.7% vo nm 2015. D bo khi lng vin tr trong nhng nm ti Da vo vic kho st cc k hoch chi tiu sp ti ca cc nh ti tr, OECD d bo khi lng vin tr theo chng trnh quc gia (CPA) ton cu s tng thc vi tc 2% t nm 2011-2013, so vi tc tng trung bnh 8% trong
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ba nm qua. Ring i vi vin tr song phng ca cc nc thuc DAC, tc tng c d bo s thp hn, mc 1,3% mi nm. Mc gim mnh nht l CPA dnh cho chu Phi, c d bo tng vi tc trung bnh hng nm l 1% trong giai on 2011-2013 so vi tc tng 13% hng nm trong ba nm trc. 1.2. ODA a phng (Multilateral ODA) Biu 2:

Ngun: 2010 DAC Report on Multilateral Aid Biu 3:

n v: T USD Ngun: OECD, 2010 DAC Report on Multilateral Aid Biu trn cho chng ta thy tng ODA cung cp bi cc nc thnh vin DAC trong 2 thp k qua. Trong khi ODA song phng st gim trong giai on 1991-1997 th ODA a phng kh n nh. Trong vng 20 nm, ODA a phng tng thm khong 50%, t 23 t USD nm 1989 ln 35 t USD nm 2008 (xt theo gi c v t gi nm 2008). Nm 2008, t l ODA a phng chim 28% tng ODA. Trong sut giai on, t l ODA a phng trong tng gi tr ODA tng i n nh, dao ng trong khong t 27% - 33%, khng k n cu tr n. Tuy nhin, t l vin tr t cc nc thnh vin DAC chuyn thng qua h thng a phng rt khc nhau. Nu khng xt n s ng gp ca EU (thc t tng nhanh hn cc thnh phn cn li ca ODA a phng), t l ODA a phng gim nh trong 20 nm qua, t 22% nm 1989 xung cn 20% nm 2008.

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2. C cu ODA 2.1. C cu ODA theo nc ti tr Nm 2010, vn h tr pht trin chnh thc (ODA) rng do cc thnh vin ca y ban Vin tr Pht trin (DAC) thuc T chc Hp tc v Pht trin kinh t (OECD) cung cp t 128,7 t USD, tng 6,5% so vi nm 2009. y l mc ODA thc t t k lc t trc ti nay, vt c khi lng ODA cung cp trong nm 2005 khi mc vin tr xa n tng bt thng. T l ODA rng trong tng thu nhp quc dn (GNI) t 0,32%, tng ng nm 2005 v cao nht trong cc nm t 1992 ti nay. Biu 4:

ODA rng cung cp bi cc nc thnh vin DAC nm 2009 - 2010


35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0

2009 2010

n v: T USD -Tng ODA rng 2009: 119,78 t USD -Tng ODA rng 2010: 128,73 t USD Ngun: http://webnet.oecd.org/oda2010 & http://webnet.oecd.org/oda2009 Nm 2010, nc cung cp ODA ln nht bao gm M, Anh, Php, c v Nht Bn. Cc quc gia an Mch, Lcxmbua, H Lan, Na Uy v Thy in tip
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tc vt mc tiu ca Lin hip quc v cung cp ODA l 0,7% GNI. Cc nc c mc tng ODA thc t ln nht trong nm 2010 so vi nm 2009 l Australia, B, Canada, Nht Bn, Hn Quc, B o Nha v Anh. Bng 1: T L ODA/GNI CA CC NC TI TR L THNH VIN DAC NM 2009-2010 Nc Australia o B Canada an Mch Phn Lan Php c Hi Lp Ai Len Italy Nht ODA/GNI (%) 2009 0,29 0,3 0,55 0,3 0,88 0,54 0,47 0,35 0,19 0,54 0,16 0,18 2010 0,32 0,32 0,64 0,33 0,9 0,55 0,5 0,38 0,17 0,53 0,15 0,2 Nc Hn Quc Luxembourg H Lan Niu Di ln Na Uy B o Nha Ty Ban Nha Thy in Thy S Anh M ODA/GNI (%) 2009 0,1 1,04 0,82 0,28 1,06 0,23 0,46 1,12 0,45 0,52 0,21 2010 0,12 1,09 0,81 0,26 1,1 0,29 0,43 0,97 0,41 0,56 0,21

Ngun: http://webnet.oecd.org/oda2010 & http://webnet.oecd.org/oda2009 M tip tc tr thnh nc ti tr ln nht vi mc gii ngn ODA rng t 30,2 t USD, tng 3,5% so vi nm 2009. y l mc ODA thc ln nht m mt nc cung cp t trc ti nay, tr nm 2005 khi vin tr xa n ca M cho Irc tng cao bt thng. T l ODA/GNI m M cung cp vn khng i v duy tr mc 0,21%. ODA song phng ca M dnh cho cc nc km pht trin (LDCs) tng ln mc k lc 9,4 t USD, tng 16,2% so vi nm trc.
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Phn ln mc tng ny l do M tng cng cu tr cho Haiti khi nc ny chu s tn ph ca trn ng t xy ra vo nm 2010 (vin tr cho Haiti tng 241% ln 1,1 t USD nm 2010). Trong s cc nc ngoi LDCs, vin tr cho Pakixtan tng mnh nht (tng 126% ln 1,4 t USD) do mc gii ngn nhiu lnh vc tng. ODA cung cp t 15 nc EU l thnh vin ca DAC nm 2010 t 70,2 t USD (tng 6,7% so vi nm 2009), chim 54% tng ODA rng do DAC cung cp. Lng ODA ny cng chim 0,46% GNI ca cc nc EU thuc DAC. T l ny cao hn nhiu so vi mc ODA/GNI trung bnh ca c khi DAC l 0,32%. Vin tr khng hon li ca cc t chc thuc EU dnh cho cc nc ang pht trin v cc t chc a phng tng 0,8% ln 13 t USD. ODA ca Nht Bn t 11 t USD nm 2010, tng 11,8% so vi nm trc. T l ODA/GNI ca Nht Bn tng t 0,18% nm 2009 ln 0,20% nm 2010. Mc tng ny ch yu do vin tr khng hon li song phng dnh cho LDCs tng v ng gp ln cho Ngn hng th gii (WB). i chiu vi cam kt nm 2005 Nm 2005, ti Hi ngh thng nh G8 din ra ti Gleneagles, Scotland v cc din n khc, cc nc ti tr c nhng cam kt c th v vic tng lng vn ODA, theo ODA do cc nc DAC cung cp s tng t khong 80 t USD ln gn 130 t USD (tnh theo gi c nh nm 2004). Nm 2005, 15 nc EU thuc DAC cng cam kt t mc tiu ODA cung cp l 0,51% GNI vo nm 2010. Cho n nay, nhng nc vt qua mc tiu cam kt gm: B (0,64%), an Mch (0,90%), Phn Lan (0,55%), Ailen (0,53%), Lcxmbua (1,09%), H Lan (0,81%), Thy in (0,97%) v Anh (0,56%). Php gn t mc tiu cam kt vi t l ODA/GNI t 0,50%. Trong
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khi , cc nc khng t c mc tiu cam kt gm o (0,32%), c (0,38%), Hy Lp (0,17%), Italia (0,15%), B o Nha (0,29%) v Ty Ban Nha (0,43%). Nhng nc thnh vin DAC khc cng t c nhiu mc tiu cam kt v vin tr. M cam kt tng gp i vin tr cho khu vc Cn Xahara chu Phi trong giai on 2004-2010 v t c mc tiu ny vo nm 2009, sm mt nm so vi cam kt. Canaa cam kt tng gp i Qu vin tr quc t so vi nm 2001 v cng t c mc tiu ny. Na Uy vt c mc tiu cam kt duy tr t l ODA/GNI mc 1%, v Thy S cng t mc tiu cam kt v t l ODA/GDN mc 0,41%. Ti Hi ngh Thng nh G8 ti Gleneagles nm 2005, Nht Bn cam kt tng vin tr trong giai on t 2005-2009 v cng t c mc tiu ny theo bo co nm ngoi. ODA nm 2010 ca Nht Bn cng tng mnh. Niu Diln t mc tiu tng vn ODA ln 600 triu la Niu Diln vo nm 20122013 v c nhiu kh nng t c mc tiu ny. Nm 2005, Hn Quc cha phi l thnh vin ca DAC v khng a ra cam kt v tng vn ODA. Tuy nhin, t nm 2005, vin tr ca Hn Quc tng ln vi mc tng thc l 56%. Ti Hi ngh thng nh G8 ti Gleneagles, cc nc ti tr cng d tnh tng tng ODA cho chu Phi thm 25 t USD. Tuy nhin, nhng c tnh s b cho thy chu Phi ch nhn c thm 11 t USD. Nguyn nhn chnh dn n tnh trng ny l do mt s nc cung cp phn ln vin tr ca mnh cho chu Phi t kt qu yu km. m bo cc mc tiu v cam kt vin tr trong tng lai tr nn r rng, hin thc v kh thi hn, gn y DAC ph chun mt bn Khuyn ngh v Thng l cam kt tt. Bn Khuyn ngh ny c a ra nhm gip tt c cc
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nc ti tr ci thin vic thc hin cam kt ca mnh v nng cao tnh minh bch v trch nhim gii trnh. C cu ODA theo nc nhn ti tr

2.2.

i tng nhn ODA l chnh ph cc nc ang v km pht trin. Chnh ph ng ra tip nhn ODA, nhn n vi cc nh ti tr nh mt khon n quc gia v l ngi chu trch nhim vi cc khon n ny. ODA c tnh vo thu ngn sch, do vic s dng ngun ODA cho mt d n c th s c coi l vic s dng vn ngn sch. Theo bo co mi nht ca OECD, trong s 163 quc gia v vng lnh th tip nhn vn ODA: Bng 2: TOP 20 NC NHN ODA NHIU NHT TH GII NM 2009 Quc gia 1.Afghanistan 2.Ethiopia 3.Vit Nam 4.Palestin 5.Tanzania 6.Iraq 7.Pakistan 8.India 9.B Bin Ng 10.Congo ODA 6,1 3,8 3,7 3 2,9 2,8 2,7 2,4 2,4 2,3 Quc gia 11.Sudan 12.Mozambique 13.Uganda 14.Kenya 15.Nigeria 16.Ghana 17.Th Nh K 18.Zambia 19.Bangladesh 20.Trung Quc ODA 2,3 2 1,8 1,8 1,7 1,6 1,4 1,3 1,2 1,1 n v: T USD Ngun: OECD, http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/42/20/47457763.xls

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Theo bng s liu. Afghanistan chnh l nc nhn c nhiu ODA nht (6,1 triu USD), theo sau l Ethiopia (3,8 triu USD) v Vit Nam (3,74 triu USD). So vi nm 2008, lng vn ODA dnh cho Afghanistan tng rt mnh, 25%, n ch yu n t M v Nht. Ngoi mc ch h tr cho qu trnh ti thit t nc ti Afghanistan, M v Nht u mun khng nh tm nh hng ca mnh ti y bi h bit rng, Afghanistan vn lun l tm im ca cc cuc chin tranh c s tham gia ca M v cng l nc nm gi tr lng du m rt ln. Trong Top 20 nc nhn ODA nhiu nht trn th gii, c ti hn mt na trong s ny l cc nc n t chu Phi. Mc ch chnh cc nc ny s dng ODA, l tp trung vo chng trnh xa i gim ngho. Vi ngun vin tr t nhiu nh ti tr, c bit l World Bank, t l i ngho ti cc nc ny gim t 56% nm 1992 xung cn 35% nm 2000. ng thi, tc tng trng GDP cng tng t 3,1% (1990) ln 7,2% (2000). Trung Quc cng l mt trong nhng nc thu ht v s dng ODA hiu qu. Trong vng 20 nm, t nc ny huy ng mi ngun lc, quyt tm xa i gim ngho. Kt qu, t l h ngho nng thn gim t 34% (1985) xung cn 18% (1998). Nhng nm qua, Vit Nam cng t c nhng bc tin ng k trong vic thu ht ODA. T l h ngho ti Vit Nam gim mnh, t 58% (1993) xung cn 14,8% (2007). Nn kinh t Vit Nam cng c nhng bc tin mnh m, t mt nn kinh t tp trung, quan liu bao cp, chuyn sang nn kinh t th trng t do cnh tranh. Mc d vn cn nhng bt cp, song vi nhng n lc ca mnh, Vit Nam vn to c nim tin ln i vi cc nh ti tr ODA ln. Cc khon cam kt vin tr dnh cho nc ta vn c xu hng tng u n hng nm.
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Trong s 163 nc tip nhn vn ODA trn th gii, chu Phi c 56 quc gia, chu M: 38, chu : 41, chu u: 11 v chu i Dng: 17. Biu 5: Phn b ODA cho cc nc ang pht trin trn tng chu lc giai on 2002-2009
140 120 Khc 100 80 60 40 20 0 Chu i dng Chu u Chu M Chu Chu Phi

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

n v: T USD Ngun: http://stats.oecd.org/qwids/#?x=2&y=6&f=3:51,4:1,1:1,5:3,7:1&q=3:51+4:1+1: 1+5:3+7:1+2:262,240,241,242,243,244,245,246,249,248,247,250,251,231+6:20 02,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009 Da vo biu trn, ta c th thy quy m ngun vn ODA h tr cho cc quc gia ang pht trin trn th gii c xu hng tng mnh qua tng nm. Trong 7 nm (2002-2009), tng vn ODA tng gp i t 62 t ln ti 125 t USD. Nhng nm gn y, vn ODA song phng v a phng vn c u tin dnh cho chu Phi v chu . Vin tr dnh cho chu Phi t mc 47 t USD
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nm 2009, tng 7,6% so vi nm 2008, trong 42,3 t USD c dnh cho khu vc Nam Xahara. Trong khi , lng ODA ti chu t 38,6 t USD nm 2009, tp trung ch yu ti khu vc Nam Trung (18,5 t USD) v Trung cn ng (10,8 t USD). Lu nay, vin tr vn l vn nhc nhi i vi cc nc ang v km pht trin ti 2 chu lc ny. Cc chng trnh vin tr pht trin trn thc t mang li khng t quyn li cho cc nh ti tr v i khi nc nhn vin tr cn b thit thi nu nh khng s dng mt cch hiu qu cc khon vin tr ny. V i ngho, chu Phi buc phi nhn nhiu vin tr v cng phi l thuc qu nhiu vo s can thip t bn ngoi. C cu ODA theo lnh vc

2.3.

Biu 6:

S thay i c cu ODA theo lnh vc giai on 2005 - 2009 Khc


100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Nm Ngi t nn cc nc ti tr ng h cc t chc phi chnh ph Chi ph hnh chnh ca nh ti tr Vin tr nhn o Hot ng lin quan n n Vin tr hng ha/Chng trnh h tr chung a lnh vc Lnh vc sn xut C s h tng v dch v kinh t C s h tng v dch v x hi

Ngun: http://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=ODA_SECTOR

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T biu trn ta c th thy, c cu ODA theo lnh vc trong giai on 2005 2009 c s thay i theo tng nm. Trong , c cu ODA cc lnh vc xc nh (sector allocable) bao gm: C s h tng v dch v x hi, kinh t; lnh vc sn xut v cc hot ng a lnh vc khc chim t trng ln trong c cu ODA v ang c xu hng tng. T trng ODA trong cc lnh vc ny tng t 59,2% nm 2005 ln 77,14% nm 2009; tc l chim ti hn 75% tng ODA nm 2009. Trong , ODA dnh cho c s h tng v dch v x hi bao gm gio dc, y t, dn s, nc sch, chnh quyn v t chc x hi chim t trng cao nht v tip tc gia tng. Trong vng 5 nm t 2005-2009, ODA dnh cho lnh vc ny tng 23,53 t USD, tc tng 8,83%. Nm 2009, ODA cho c s h tng v dch v x hi chim ti 42,93% tng ODA th gii. Cc lnh vc c ch trng trong l gio dc, y t v vin tr cho chnh quyn v x hi cng dn. Biu 7:

Biu ODA ginh cho gio dc giai on 2005 - 2009


T UDS(tnh theo gi nm 2009) 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

Vin tr cho gio dc


T trng(%) Vin tr cho gio dc c bn T trng vin tr cho gio dc

Ngun: EFA Global monitoring report 2011

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Gio dc: ODA dnh cho gio dc c s gia tng trong nhng nm gn y, trong khi t trng ODA dnh cho lnh vc ny trong tng vin tr c s bin ng theo tng nm. Tuy nhin, vin tr dnh cho gio dc c bn ang bt u c xu hng gim. Vin tr ginh cho gio dc tng gn thm khong 50% tc 4,64 t USD t nm 2005-2009. Trong khi , vin tr dnh cho gio dc c bn tng chm hn rt nhiu, cao nht vo nm 2008 (3,8 t USD) v sau c gim nh vo nm 2009 (3,58 t USD). S st gim ca vin tr dnh cho gio dc c bn trong mt nm khng th coi nh du hiu ca xu hng mi, tuy nhin n cng c nhng lo ngi v h tr pht trin gio dc: S thu hp vin tr ca cc nh ti tr ln, khi lng vin tr thp gn lin vi gio dc c bn v to nn khong cch vin tr ti chnh. S thu hp v cc nh ti tr c th hin bi, trong cc nm 2008-2009, 62% ODA dnh cho gio dc c bn n t 6 nh ti tr ln nht (EC, Hip hi pht trin quc t IDA, H Lan, Na Uy, Anh v M). Y t: ODA ginh cho y t tng u trong giai on t 2005-2009. T nm 2005-2009, ODA ginh cho y t tng 3,17 t USD. T l ODA dnh cho y t sau khi gim xung 4,71% nm 2007, tng ln 5,68% nm 2008 v khng thay i vo nm 2009. Vin tr ODA cho y t ch yu dnh cho cc hot ng chm sc sc khe cc nc ang v chm pht trin, cng vi vic hnh thnh cc qu ton cu nhm y li bnh AIDS, lao v st rt. Trong , khu vc pha nam sa mc Sahara l khu vc nhn c vin tr ln nht, chim 40% tng vin tr dnh cho y t nm 2009, tip l chu vi 29%. Vin tr cho chnh quyn v x hi cng dn (civil society): Vin tr ODA ginh cho lnh vc ny c s gia tng rt ln trong thi
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gian gn y. So vi nm 2003, ODA dnh cho chnh quyn v x hi cng dn bao gm c cc hot ng xung t, gn gi ha bnh tng hn 2 ln v lun gi mc cao. ODA dnh cho c s h tng v dch v kinh t cng c xu hng lin tc tng trong giai on ny. T trng ODA cho lnh vc ny tng t 12,63% ln 16,96% trong 5 nm v ng th 2 sau ODA dnh cho c s h tng v dch v x hi. Xt v gi tr thc, vin tr v kinh t tng 10,3 t USD tng ng 66,88%. Trong , phi k n vin tr dnh cho lnh vc vn ti v tch ly tng 73,97% t mc 12,7 t USD v lnh vc ti chnh ngn hng tng 158,8% ln mc 4,4 t USD. Ngoi ra, cc hot ng vin tr ODA khc cng c s thay i ln, c bit l vin tr lin quan n n. Nm 2005, vin tr n t nh im, mc 26,05 t USD, chim gn tng ODA trong nm. Vin tr n cao bt thng trong nm cng vi hot ng vin tr nhn o dnh cho cc nc chu thit hi do Sng thn n Dng thng 12/2004 l 2 nguyn nhn ch yu lm vin tr ODA nm 2005 tng ln mc k lc. Trong nm ny, nhm cc nc cng nghip pht trin (G8) tuyn b xa ngay tng s n tr gi 40 t USD cho 18 quc gia ngho nht th gii. Trong , c bit l hot ng vin tr cho Iraq v Nigeria. Nhm cc nc Paris Club (gm 19 nn kinh t pht trin nht) thng nht xo khon n ln ca Iraq v Nigeria. Nm 2005, cc nc thnh vin DAC vin tr n cho Iraq 13,9 t USD v Nigeria 5,5 t USD. T nm 2007, vin tr lin quan n n gim xung v ch chim t l di 10%; n nm 2009, vin tr n ch cn chim 1,8% trong tng vin tr ODA.

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CHNG III TC NG CA ODA I VI NC NHN VIN TR V NHNG XU HNG ODA


1. Tc ng ca ODA i vi nc nhn vin tr 1.1. Tc ng tch cc a. ODA l mt ngun vn c vai tr quan trng i vi cc nc ang v chm pht trin i vi cc nc ang pht trin khon vin tr v cho vay theo iu kin ODA l ngun ti chnh quan trng. ODA l ngun vn b sung quan trng gip cc nc ngho m bo chi u t pht trin, gim gnh nng cho ngn sch nh nc. Vn ODA vi c tnh u vit l thi hn cho vay di thng l 10-30 nm, li sut thp khong t 0,25% n 2%/nm. Ch c ngun vn ln vi iu kin cho vay u i nh vy, Chnh ph cc nc ang pht trin mi c th tp trung u t cho cc d n xy dng c s h tng kinh t nh ng s, in, nc, thu li v cc h tng x hi nh gio dc, y t, vn ho. Nhng c s h tng kinh t, x hi c xy dng mi hoc ci to nh ngun vn ODA l iu kin quan trng thc y tng trng kinh t ca cc nc ang pht trin. Theo tnh ton ca cc chuyn gia ca WB, i vi cc nc ang pht trin c th ch v chnh sch tt, khi ngun vn ODA tng ln 1% GDP th tc tng trng kinh t tng thm 0,5%. Sau chin tranh th gii th II, nhiu nc Chu tranh th c ngun vn ODA t cc nc giu. Trong giai on u pht trin kinh t, i Loan nhn c vin tr t Hoa K ti 1,482 t USD. Vn vin tr gp phn rt ng k trong qu trnh i ln ca i Loan. Nm 1945, ngay sau khi chin tranh th gii th II kt thc, Nht Bn gp rt nhiu kh khn. Khi , Nht Bn nhn c s gip ca Hoa K, cc nc khc trn th gii, Qu nhi
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ng Lin Hp Quc (UNICEF) v cc t chc khc ca Lin Hp Quc bng thc phm, thuc men, cc dch v y t v mt s hnh thc tr gip khc. ODA gip cc nc ang pht trin xo i, gim ngho. Xo i, gim ngho l mt trong nhng tn ch u tin c cc nh ti tr quc t a ra khi hnh thnh phng thc h tr pht trin chnh thc. Mc tiu ny biu hin tnh nhn o ca ODA. Nu c s dng c hiu qu, tng ODA mt lng bng 1% GDP s lm gim 1% ngho kh v gim 0,9% t l t vong tr s sinh. V, nu nh cc nc giu tng thm 10 t USD vin tr hng nm s cu c 25 triu ngi thot khi cnh i ngho. ODA c s dng c hiu qu s c tc ng tch cc n u t ca t nhn. nhng quc gia c c ch qun l kinh t tt, ODA ng vai tr nh nam chm ht vn u t t nhn theo t l xp x 2 USD trn 1 USD vin tr. i vi nhng nc ang trong tin trnh ci cch th ch, ngun vn ODA cn gp phn cng c nim tin ca khu vc t nhn vo cng cuc i mi ca Chnh ph. Theo bo co ca WB, t nm 1971 n nm 1974, ti Philippin vn chi ph cho pht trin giao thng vn ti chim ti 50% tng vn dnh cho xy dng c bn v 60% tng vn vay ODA c chi cho pht trin c s h tng. Nhiu cng trnh h tng kinh t x hi nh sn bay, bn cng, ng cao tc, trng hc, bnh vin, trung tm nghin cu khoa hc mang tm c quc gia Thi Lan, Singapore, Innxia c xy dng bng ngun vn ODA ca Nht Bn, Hoa K, WB, ADB v mt s nh ti tr khc. Mt s nc Nht Bn, Hn Quc trc y cng da vo ngun ODA ca Hoa K, WB, ADB hin i ha h thng giao thng vn ti ca mnh.

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b. ODA gip cc nc ngho tip thu nhng thnh tu khoa hc, cng ngh hin i v pht trin ngun nhn lc ODA gip cc nc ang pht trin pht trin ngun nhn lc. Cc nh ti tr u tin u t cho pht trin ngun nhn lc v h tin tng rng vic pht trin ca mt quc gia quan h mt thit vi vic pht trin ngun nhn lc. Mt lng ODA ln c cc nh ti tr v cc nc tip nhn u tin dnh cho u t pht trin gio dc, o to nhm nng cao cht lng v hiu qu ca lnh vc ny, tng cng mt bc c s vt cht k thut cho vic dy v hc ca cc nc ang pht trin. Bn cnh , mt lng ODA kh ln cng c dnh cho cc chng trnh h tr y t, m bo sc kho cng ng. Nh c s ti tr ca cng ng quc t, cc nc ang pht trin gia tng ng k ch s pht trin con ngi ca quc gia mnh. Thm vo , nhng li ch quan trng m ODA mang li cho cc nc nhn ti tr l cng ngh, k thut hin i, k xo chuyn mn v trnh qun l tin tin. ODA c cp cho cc nc nhn ti tr thng qua cc hot ng nh: Hp tc k thut, hun luyn, o to nhm o to cn b chuyn mn ng gp vo s pht trin kinh t, x hi ca cc nc c ngi c hun luyn, o to, c chuyn gia chuyn giao hiu bit, cng ngh cho cc nc ang pht trin thng qua nh hng, iu tra v nghin cu, gp , cung cp thit b v vt liu c lp cng l mt b phn ca chng trnh hp tc k thut, hp tc k thut theo th loi tng d n. c. ODA gp phn tng kh nng thu ht vn FDI v to iu kin m rng u t pht trin trong nc cc nc ang v chm pht trin Vic s dng vn ODA u t ci thin c s h tng s to iu kin cho cc nh u t trong nc tp trung u t vo cc cng trnh sn xut kinh doanh c kh nng mang li li nhun.

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ODA ngoi vic bn thn n l mt ngun vn b sung quan trng cho cc nc ang v chm pht trin, n cn c tc dng lm tng kh nng thu ht vn t ngun FDI v to iu kin m rng u t pht trin trong nc, gp phn thc hin thnh cng chin lc hng ngoi. Tt c cc nc theo ui chin lc hng ngoi u c nhp tng trng kinh t rt nhanh v bin i c cu kinh t trong nc mnh m trong mt thi gian ngn chuyn t nc Nng - Cng nghip thnh nhng nc Cng - Nng nghip hin i, c mc thu nhp bnh qun u ngi cao.

d. ODA h tr cn cn thanh ton ODA l ngun b sung ngoi t v lm lnh mnh cn cn thanh ton quc t ca cc nc ang pht trin. Thc t cho thy, a phn cc nc ang pht trin ri vo tnh trng thm ht cn cn vng lai, gy bt li cho cn cn thanh ton quc t ca cc quc gia ny. ODA, c bit l cc khon tr gip ca IMF c chc nng lm lnh mnh ho cn cn vng lai cho cc nc tip nhn, t n nh ng bn t. e. ODA gip cc nc ang pht trin tng cng nng lc th ch ODA gip cc nc ang pht trin tng cng nng lc v th ch thng qua cc chng trnh, d n h tr cng cuc ci cch php lut, ci cch hnh chnh v xy dng chnh sch qun l kinh t ph hp vi thng l quc t. Tc ng tiu cc

1.2.

a. T pha nc vin tr Cc nc giu khi vin tr ODA u gn vi nhng li ch v chin lc nh m rng th trng, m rng hp tc c li cho h, m bo mc tiu v an ninh, quc phng hoc theo ui mc tiu chnh tr... V vy, h u c chnh sch ring hng vo mt s lnh vc m h quan tm hay h c li th (nhng

25

mc tiu u tin ny thay i cng vi tnh hnh pht trin kinh t - chnh tr - x hi trong nc, khu vc v trn th gii).

- Mc tiu v kinh t Nhm thc hin mc tiu kinh t, ODA c s dng nh l mt trong nhng cu ni a nh hng ca nc cung cp ti cc nc ang pht trin. ODA c dng thit lp cc mi quan h ngoi giao, kinh t vi cc nc tip nhn. Mt khc, trn mt gic nht nh, cc nc cung cn s dng ODA xut khu t bn, t vic to ra cc mn n ln dn cho n vic cc nc tip nhn ODA phi s dng chuyn gia ca h, mua vt t, thit b ca h vi gi t, thm ch c cc iu kin u thu, gii ngn c a ra cng l lm sao vi li sut thp, c u i nhng m h vn t c cc mc ch khc nhau mt cch hiu qu nht. C th l: Th nht, nc tip nhn ODA phi chp nhn d b dn hng ro thu quan bo h cc ngnh cng nghip non tr v bng thu xut nhp khu hng ho ca nc ti tr. V nh Vit Nam, vo nm 2006 ti s phi m ca hn na i vi mt hng t ca M v Nht Bn. Th hai, nc tip nhn ODA cng c yu cu tng bc m ca th trng bo h cho nhng danh mc hng ho mi ca nc ti tr; yu cu c nhng u i i vi cc nh u t trc tip nc ngoi nh cho php h u t vo nhng lnh vc hn ch, c kh nng sinh li cao... V nh Vit Nam phi cho php cc nh u t nc ngoi u t vo ngnh Bu chnh - Vin thng. Th ba, mt khi li ch ca nc vin tr khng m bo hay khng tho mn, h thng tm cch gim mc cp ODA xung. Chnh v vy, cc nc giu thng la chn i tc cung cp ODA gn vi cc mc tiu
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cn t ca mnh. V d, trn 50% tng ODA ca M hng nm (trn 5 t USD) c cung cp cho Isrel v Ai Cp (l cc nc ng minh chin lc ca M). Th t, ngun vn ODA t cc nc giu cung cp cho cc nc ngho cng thng gn vi vic mua cc sn phm t cc nc ny m khng hon ton ph hp, thm ch l khng cn thit i vi cc nc ngho. V nh cc d n ODA trong lnh vc o to, lp d n v t vn k thut, phn tr cho cc chuyn gia nc ngoi thng chim n hn 90% (bn nc ti tr ODA thng yu cu tr lng cho cc chuyn gia, c vn d n ca h qu cao so vi chi ph thc t cn thu chuyn gia nh vy trn th trng lao ng th gii). Th nm, ngun vn vin tr ODA cn c gn vi cc iu khon mu dch c bit nhp khu ti a cc sn phm ca h. C th l nc cp ODA buc nc tip nhn ODA phi chp nhn mt khon ODA l hng ho, dch v do h sn xut. Th su, nc tip nhn ODA tuy c ton quyn qun l s dng ODA nhng thng thng, cc danh mc d n ODA cng phi c s tho thun, ng ca nc vin tr, d khng trc tip iu hnh d n nhng h c th tham gia gin tip di hnh thc nh thu hoc h tr chuyn gia. Do , cc d n, chng trnh m nc vin tr la chn cung cp vn ODA c th khng phi l d n quan trng v ti u nht i vi nc tip nhn. Bi l, chi ph mua sm thit b, cng ngh c th c gi tr rt ln nhng cng sut s dng li khng cao hoc phi b ra chi ph cao v dch v o to, chuyn giao cng ngh.

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- Mc tiu chnh tr ODA khng phi l s gip ho hip, v t, gip xa i gim ngho, bo v mi trng v p ng cc yu cu c bn nht ca con ngi cc nc nhn vin tr m ODA c s dng nh l cng c chnh tr ca cc nc pht trin. V nh M vin tr cho nc ngoi c coi l nhng cng c quan trng thc y cc mc tiu trong chnh sch i ngoi ca M v vin tr l mt b phn quan trng ca vai tr lnh o th gii ca M. iu ny l gii ti sao ngy nay c quan vin tr pht trin quc t ca M (USAID) ang gim s tp trung trc y vo vn tng trng kinh t v ang xc tin ci t c cu. b. T pha nc nhn vin tr Mt c im d nhn thy ca dng vn ODA l kh nng gy n rt cao nu nc tip nhn khng s dng ngun vn ny mt cch hp l. Cc nc cung ODA khng d g li l dng vn ca h. H c mt chnh sch ring gim st vic s dng vn cc nc tip nhn. Qua nghin cu hiu qu vin tr cho thy, tht bi trong hoch nh chnh sch, xy dng th ch v cung cp cc dch v cng tr thnh ro cn i vi pht trin cn trm trng hn so vi vic thiu vn, t ch ra cho cc nh ti tr thy rng vin tr pht trin nn ch trng ch yu vo h tr cho vic ci t th ch v chnh sch ph hp ch khng phi cp vn (mt trng tm ca ci cch chnh sch vin tr). Trn thc t, ODA vn l vn vay, m vay th phi tr c gc ln li. V th, nu s dng khng hiu qu th n nn l iu kh trnh khi. Do , vic thu ht ODA s phi xem xt li trong cc chng trnh ngh s ca nc tip nhn khng ch di gic chin lc, th ch m c trn gic cht lng v hiu qu s dng ngun vn.
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V ODA l mt hnh thc ca xut khu t bn, nu nc tip nhn s dng ODA khng hiu qu bt k phng din no cng s nh hng ti nim tin ca cc bn cung cp v nh vy, cam kt ODA ca cc nh ti tr s c cn nhc li, iu ng ngha vi vic nc tip nhn s gp kh khn trong vic thu ht ngun vn ny phc v cc mc tiu pht trin ca mnh. Tnh trng tht thot, lng ph; xy dng chin lc, quy hoch thu ht v s dng vn ODA vo cc lnh vc cha hp l; trnh qun l thp, thiu kinh nghim trong qu trnh tip nhn cng nh x l, iu hnh d n khin cho hiu qu v cht lng cc cng trnh u t bng ngun vn ny cn thp... c th y nc tip nhn ODA vo tnh trng n nn. S dng ODA l mt s nh i. Vic tip nhn ODA nhiu hn cng cn phi i i vi s dng hp l, tit kim v hiu qu ngun vn ny. Cc nh qun l v cc n v s dng vn ODA cn phi c nhng chnh sch v hnh ng c th nhm pht huy nhng th mnh, hn ch ti mc thp nht nhng nh hng bt li ca ODA. 2. N lc ca cc nc nhm ci thin ODA 2.1. N lc ca nc vin tr nhm tng cng ODA trong thi k khng hong S vn ng ca dng ODA nm trong s vn ng chung ca nn kinh t th gii. y l mt tt yu. S ln xung ca cc chu k kinh t cng dn n dng ODA ln xung cng chiu. Theo , khi nn kinh t ri vo suy thoi khng hong th dng ODA st gim l iu khng th trnh khi. V nh chng ta u bit ch 25% ODA n t cc t chc a phng cn 75% l t cc nc DACcc nc pht trin thc th. M thc cht th ODA t cc t chc a phng cng c ngun gc t c nc pht trin. ODA li trch ra t GNI ca cc nc
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ny nn khi c khng hong kinh t lm st gim GNI th tt yu dn n s st gim ODA. Mt minh chng d thy l trong khong thi gian t nm 1992 v 1998, dng ODA gim 88,7 t USD do nhng nh hng ca cuc khng hong kinh t th gii u nhng nm 1990. Trong khi , phn trm ODA trong GNI gim mnh t 0,33% (1992) xung cn 0,22% (1997). Nhng ngay sau khi khng hong c du hiu phc hi vo 1998 th dng ODA lp tc tng tr li v t nh im vo nhng nm 2005-2006. Tng h tr pht trin chnh thc ODA ca cc thnh vin DAC tng 32%, t 106,8 t USD trong nm 2005. T l ODA trong GNI ca cc nc ti tr tng ln 0,33% so vi mc 0,26% nm 2004 v t mc cao nht k t nm 1992. Mt v d gn y na l cuc khng hong ti chnh ton cu nm 2009 tn ph nhiu nn kinh t ca cc nc thuc DAC khin dng ODA t cc nc ny st gim khng theo nh d kin cam kt ban u. Th nhng ngay sau , nm 2010, dng ODA tip tc tng ngay tr li v t mc cao nht 128,7 t USD v tng 6,5% so vi nm 2009. y l mc ODA thc t t k lc t trc ti nay, vt c khi lng ODA cung cp trong nm 2005 khi mc vin tr xa n tng bt thng. T l ODA rng trong tng thu nhp quc dn (GNI) t 0,33%, tng ng nm 2005 v cao nht trong cc nm t 1992 ti nay. Chng ta c th gii thch nh th no v nhng s liu ng khch l trn? Ch c th dng hai ch: N lc. Chnh l n lc ca cc nc vin tr di s ku gi ca Lin Hp Quc nhm thc hin mt thng ip chung: chung tay gp sc v mt th gii tt p hn. Cc nc pht trin n lc gip cc nc ang v chm pht trin thng qua cc hnh thc vin tr trong ch yu l ODA.

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Nhng s n lc y c th hin thng qua rt nhiu cc hi ngh cc tha thun v cam kt cp quc t di s ch tr ca Lin Hp Quc v s tham gia ca cc nc thuc DAC. Trc ht phi k n chng trnh ci t Lin Hp Quc c ra t u nhng nm 90. n nm 2005, ti phin ton th Cp cao i hi ng Lin hp quc kho 60 thng 9/2005, trong 3 ni dung chnh vi tham vng ci t c gi th vn pht trin v thc hin cc Mc tiu Thin nin k (MDGs) c cp ti cam kt ngha v thc hin ODA ca cc nc pht trin. C th phin ton th cp cao i hi ng Lin Hp Quc kha 60 thng 9/2005 ku gi cc quc gia, cng ng quc t c cam kt mnh m v c th hn nh: hon thnh MDGs ng hn vo 2015; cc nc pht trin phi tng h tr ti chnh v k thut v c k hoch thc hin ngha v ginh 0,7% GNP cho ODA; phn u ginh 50 t USD cho ODA vo nm 2010; thc y t do ho thng mi, sm kt thc vng -ha; m rng thm i tng gim, xo n, d b ro cn thng mi cho cc nc ngho, km pht trin nht... Theo tinh thn ku gi v MDGs ca LHQ nu trn th nm 2005, ti Hi ngh thng nh G8 din ra ti Gleneagles, Xct-len v cc din n khc, cc nc ti tr c nhng cam kt c th v vic tng lng vn ODA, theo ODA do cc nc DAC cung cp s tng t khong 80 t USD ln gn 130 t USD (tnh theo gi c nh nm 2004). Cng cng nm, 15 nc EU thuc DAC cng cam kt t mc tiu ODA cung cp l 0,51% GNI vo nm 2010. Nhng nc thnh vin DAC khc cng t c nhiu mc tiu cam kt v vin tr trong M cam kt tng gp i vin tr cho khu vc Cn Xahara chu Phi trong giai on 2004-2010 v t c mc tiu ny vo nm 2009, sm mt nm so vi cam kt. Canada cam kt tng gp i Qu vin tr quc t so vi nm 2001 v cng t c mc tiu ny. Na Uy vt c mc tiu cam kt duy tr t l ODA/GNI mc 1%, v Thy S cng t mc tiu cam kt v t l
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ODA/GDN mc 0,41%. Nht Bn cam kt tng vin tr trong giai on t 2005-2009 v cng t c mc tiu ny theo bo co nm ngoi. ODA nm 2010 ca Nht Bn cng tng mnh. Niu Diln t mc tiu tng vn ODA ln 600 triu la Niu Diln vo nm 2012-2013 v c nhiu kh nng t c mc tiu ny. Tuy nhin sau do tc ng ca cuc khng hong ti chnh ton cu 2009 m mt s nc khng hon thnh theo d kin mc ODA cam kt. iu ny c th d dng thng cm do s st gim GNI ca cc nc ny. Nhng r rng l cc nc pht trin n lc ht sc duy tr mc ODA cam kt ln nht c th. Trong ng khch l l trng hp ca Hn Quc, mc d cha gia nhp DAC v cng cha c cam kt g nhng vin tr ODA ca nc ny tng v gi tr thc ln n 56% k t nm 2005. Hn th na, mt iu th hin n lc ca cc nc DAC trong ci thin ODA l: m bo cc mc tiu v cam kt vin tr trong tng lai tr nn r rng, hin thc v kh thi hn, gn y DAC ph chun mt bn Khuyn ngh v Thng l cam kt tt. Bn Khuyn ngh ny c a ra nhm gip tt c cc nc ti tr ci thin vic thc hin cam kt ca mnh v nng cao tnh minh bch v trch nhim gii trnh. Ring i vi cc nc ngho nht th gii (LDCs), chim 13% dn s th gii, nhng ch to ra 1% sn lng kinh t ton cu, th LHQ cng c mt chng trnh nhm vin tr cc nc ny trong LHQ cam kt tng ODA cho cc nc km pht trin (gm 33 nc chu Phi, 14 nc quanh Thi Bnh Dng v mt nc M Latinh, vi tng dn s 880 triu ngi). Ti Hi ngh ln th 4 v cc nc ngho nht th gii din ra Istanbul (Th Nh K) t ngy 9 n 13-5-2011, Lin hp quc thng qua k hoch 10 nm gip cc nc km pht trin xa ngho. Hi ngh yu cu cc nc giu y mnh cam
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kt vin tr, xa b nhiu ro cn thng mi v m ca th trng i vi cc sn phm ca cc nc ngho hn. Hi ngh cng b "Chng trnh Hnh ng Istanbul, theo , cc nc giu cam kt thc hin mc tiu trch t 0,150,20% thu nhp quc gia cho ODA; tng nng lc sn xut cc nc km pht trin nh xy dng kt cu h tng, thc y nhn lc, vn v qun l. Mc tiu ny l mt s gia tng ng k so vi mc cha n 0,1% GNP trc y. Tng th k Lin hp quc Ban Ki-mun v nhiu nguyn th quc gia nhn mnh, h tr cc nc LDCs pht trin cng chnh l gp phn to ra mt th gii n nh hn, ha bnh hn v thnh vng hn. Nh vy c khng nh mt iu vi mong mun ng gp vo mt th gii tt p hn th cc nc pht trin ang khng ngng n lc ci thin ngun vin tr vo cc nc ang v km pht trin thng qua cc cam kt v thc hin ODA. N lc ca cc nc nhn vin tr nhm thu ht v s dng ODA hiu qu Nhng n lc mun t kt qu cao nht th phi lun cn xut pht t c hai pha. Ch cc nc pht trin n lc ci thin thi th cha m quan trng nht vn l vic cc nc nhn vin tr bit cch s dng nhng khon vin tr ny nh th no cho xng ng vi nhng g cc nc cp vin tr mong mun. Trn thc t, vic tht thot lng ph v s dng khng hiu qu ODA cc nc tip nhn l khng th trnh khi do c nhn t khch quan ln ch quan. Tuy nhin vn lun tn ti nhng biu hin th hin nhng n lc khng ngng ca cc nc nhn vin tr trong vic tip qun v s dng ODA mt cch hiu qu hn. - Trc ht phi k n vic hin nay cc nc nhn vin tr di s hng dn ca OECD/DAC ang n lc xy dng mt h thng Theo di v nh gi
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2.2.

(TD&G) tng cng cc kt qu pht trin ch n cch tip cn da trn kt qu trong qun l hnh chnh cng m trong c s ng gp ca ODA. M hnh TD&G gm 10 bc: 1) Thc hin nh gi tnh sn sng 2) Tho thun v Kt qu Theo di v nh gi 3) Chn ch s chnh Theo di Kt qu 4) D liu c s v ch s - Hin nay chng ta ang u? 5) Lp k hoch Ci thin - Chn cc Mc tiu kt qu 6) Theo di kt qu 7) Vai tr ca nh gi 8) Bo co Kt qu pht hin 9) S dng Kt qu pht hin 10) Duy tr h H thng TD&G trong T chc V c ng dng cho nhiu cp khc nhau, bao gm: cp d n, cp chng trnh, cp ngnh, cp t chc, cp quc gia, cp khu vc, cp ton cu, nhm nh gi cc kt qu pht trin ca ODA. H thng TD&G phc v cho Qun l cc kt qu pht trin to ra cng c qun l hu hiu trong khu vc nh nc cng nh cc t chc khc. Ngoi vic gip cc chnh ph v t chc trnh by kt qu v tc ng cng vic ca h, TD&G c th nng cao trch nhim gii trnh, ng thi mang li phng tin thng tin nhm nng cao v ti a ho kt qu cng nh gip t c mc ch ra. c bit, nng cao trch nhim gii trnh c th ng gp ng k vo tng cng qun l nh nc cng nh qun l ca cc t chc. Khung nh gi hiu qu hot ng quc gia, nh gi thc hin chung v tho lun v tc ng tng th ca ODA cp quc gia l nhng sng kin quan trng gip a TD&G vt ra khi phm vi cc d n, chng trnh, ng thi em li c hi hc hi gia cc nc v t chc.

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Hin nay th cc nc nhn vin tr ang tch cc xy dng h thng ny nhng tho lun v cch thc nh gi vin tr pht trin thng qua nh gi tng tc ng ca ODA cp quc gia mi c bt u. Cho n nay c nhiu m hnh c a ra song cha c s ng thun chung gia cc nh ti tr. Gi tr gia tng ca cch tip cn ny cng cha c xc nh r rng, cng nh n s c thc hin theo cch hp l v phng php nh th no. Tuy nhin iu cng cho thy cc nc ang n lc tm cch s dng ngun vn ODA hiu qu hn.

- Th hai, nhm nng cao hiu qu vin tr hay hiu qu thu ht ODA, chnh ph cc nc tip nhn ang tng cng xy dng cc c ch chnh sch, hon thin cc th ch php l to thun li cho dng vn ODA vo c bit l lin quan ti cc chnh sch m ca th trng t do to thun li cho giao lu hi nhp kinh t th gii, hi ha cc th tc php l cho dng vn ODA v thc hin cc cam kt iu kin rng buc khi tip nhn vin tr. - Th ba, cc nc cng tch cc xy dng cc c ch chnh sch nhm nng cao hiu qu qun l v s dng vn ODA, trong ni ln l vn phn cng lao ng v b tr trn c s li th cnh tranh gia cc ngun vn hp tc pht trin (vin tr khng hon li, vn vay u i v km u i); v gia ngun vn ny vi cc ngun ti chnh pht trin khc (u t t ngn sch nh nc, u t t khu vc t nhn). y c xem l mt cch thc nng cao hiu qu vin tr, gn kt gia vin tr v pht trin. - Mt n lc na l cc nc tip nhn cam kt s c cc bin php nhm tng cng tnh minh bch trong s dng ODA phn b t cp trung ng ti a phng , qun l cht ch v r rng.

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LI KT
Ngun vn ODA v ang ng mt vai tr quan trng trong chin lc pht trin, chuyn dch c cu kinh t, thc y pht trin kinh t - x hi ca cc quc gia ang v km pht trin. Nh vn ODA v kinh nghim qu bu t cc nc pht trin v cc t chc a phng, c s h tng kinh t - x hi ca cc nc km pht trin dn c ci thin. Trong nhng nm gn y, cc nc ny t c nhiu thnh tu trong cc lnh vc nh x hi, y t, gio dc, tng cng th ch, bo v mi trng, pht trin nng thn, c bit l trong cng tc xa i gim ngho. Trong bi cnh khng hong kinh t hin nay, ngun vn ODA bt u c nhng du hiu tng trng chm li v sc p cnh tranh gia cc nc ang pht trin thu ht ngun vn ODA ang tng ln. i vi bt k mt quc gia no, lm cch no tn dng ti u ngun vn ODA lun l mt bi ton nan gii. Vic tip nhn ODA nhiu hn cn phi i i vi vic s dng hp l, tit kim v hiu qu ngun vn ny. Cc nh qun l v cc n v s dng vn ODA cn phi a ra nhng chnh sch v hnh ng thch hp nhm pht huy nhng th mnh, hn ch ti mc thp nht nhng nh hng bt li ca ODA.

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TI LIU THAM KHO

A-Ti liu 1. Phm Th Mai Khanh (09/2011), Handout H tr pht trin chnh thc ODA, b mn u t quc t, Khoa KTKDQT, H Ngoi thng 2. Lng Thanh Nguyt, Lp Nh2 KT- K44 (08/2009), ti Thc trng v gii php nng cao hiu qu s dng vn ODA ti Vit Nam, H Ngoi thng 3. OECD (2010), 2010 DAC report on Multilateral Aid 4. OECD (2011), Development co-operation report 2011 5. OECD (2008), OECD journal on Development: Development Cooperation report 2007 6. Tp th Tc gi (2008), Gio trnh u t nc ngoi, Khoa KTKDQT, H Ngoi thng 7. UNESCO (10/2011), EFA Global Monitoring Report 2011 8. James D. Wolfensohn (2004), A case for Aid: Building a consensus for Development Assistance, the World bank

B-Website 1. oan Trang (04/2011), ODA th gii cao k lc nm 2010, Dch t bo co Development aid reaches a historic high in 2010, OECD http://www.ncseif.gov.vn/sites/vie/Pages/odathegioicaokyluc-nd15751.html 2. International Monetary Fund (01/10/2011), Glossary http://www.imf.org/external/glossary
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3. OECD (01/10/2011), Statistics from A Z, beta version http://www.oecd.org/document/0,3746,en_2649_201185_46462759_1_1_ 1_1,00.html 4. OECD (01/10/2011), Webnet OECD http://webnet.oecd.org 5. Wikipedia (01/10/2011), Official development assistance (ODA) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_development_assistance

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