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BI TON TNH KHONG CCH


TRONG HNH HC KHNG GIAN

Trong k thi TSH bi ton hnh khng gian lun gy khng t kh khn cho hc sinh c bit l
cc cu hi lin quan n tnh khong cch. Bi vit ny xin gii thiu mt phng php gip
cc bn hc sinh gii quyt vng mc thng qua vic quy v mt bi ton c bn.

- gii quyt cc bi ton v khong cch, hc sinh cn nm vng kt qu sau:
* Bi ton c bn:
Cho hnh chp SABC c ( ) SA ABC . Tnh khong cch t im A n mt phng ( ) SBC
Ta tnh khong cch t A n (SBC) bng cch dng ng cao t A n (SBC) nh sau:
H
[ ;( )]
( )
A SBC
AM BC
AH SBC d AH
AH SM

=


Ta c:
2 2 2
2 2
1 1 1 . AM AS
AH
AH AM AS
AM AS
= + =
+

H
M
C
B
A
S

*) Ngoi ra khi gii quyt cc bi ton v khong cch cc em hc sinh cn nm chc tnh cht
sau
- Nu ng thng a song song vi mt phng (P) th khong cch t mi im M thuc a n
mt phng (P) lun bng nhau (1)
- Nu AM k BM =

th
[ ;( )] [ ;( )] A P B P
d k d = trong (P) l mt phng i qua im M (2)

Phn mt: Tnh khong cch t mt im n mt mt phng
Phng php: Quy v bi ton c bn v dng cc tnh cht (1) , (2).
Ta xt cc v d sau:
V d 1) Cho hnh chp SABCD c y ABCD l hnh thang
0

90 ABC BAD = = , BA=BC=a,
AD=2a. Cnh bn SA vung gc vi y v SA= 2 a , gi H l hnh chiu ca A ln SB. Chng
minh tam gic SCD vung v tnh theo a khong cch t H n mp(SCD) (TSH D 2007)
2
Gii:
Ta c
2 2 2 2
2; 6; 2 AC a SD SA AD a SC SA AC a = = + = = + = . Ta cng d dng tnh c
2 CD a = . Ta c
2 2 2
SD SC CD = + nn tam gic SCD vung ti C.
2 2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2
1 1 1 .AS . 2 2
AS 3
AB AS 2
2
2 2
3
3 3 3
AB a a
AH a
AH AB
a a
a
SH
SH SA AH a
SB a
= + = = =
+ +
= = = =

K
H
E
D
C
B
A
S

Qua B k BE song song vi CD th / /( ) BE SCD v E l trung im ca CD.
Ta c
[H;( )] [ ;( )] [E;( )] [A;( )] [A;( )]
2 2 2 1 1
.
3 3 3 2 3
SCD B SCD SCD SCD SCD
d d d d d = = = =
C AC CD , h
( ) AK SC AK SCD
[A;( )] [H;( )]
2 2
.
3
SCD SCD
AC AS a
d AK a d
AC AS
= = = =
+

V d 2) Cho hnh hp ch nht ABCDABCD c ; 2 ; ' AB a AD a AA a = = = . Gi M l im
thuc on AD sao cho 3 AM MD = . Tnh khong cch t M n mt phng ( ' ) A BC
3
F
E
M
H
O
D
C B
A
D'
C'
B'
A'

K hiu cc im nh hnh v:
Ta c
[ ;( ' )] [ ;( ' )] [ ;( ' )]
3 3 3
4 4 4
M AB C D AB C B AB C
MA DA d d d = = =
H
[ ;( ' )]
( ' )
'
B AB C
BE AC
BF AB C d BF
BF B E

=


Ta c
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1
' ' BF BE BB BA BC BB
= + = + +
Tnh c
2
3
a
BF = suy ra
[ ;( ' )]
2
M AB C
a
d =
Phn 2. Tnh khong cch gia hai ng thng cho nhau:
tnh khong cch gia hai ng thng cho nhau a, b ta lm theo phng php sau.
- Dng mt phng (P) cha ng thng b tha mn ( ) / / P a
- Ta c tnh cht:
[ ; ] [ ;( )] [ ;( )] a b a P M a P
d d d
e
= = nh vy bn cht bi ton khong cch gia hai
ng thng cho nhau l tm cch quy v khong cch t mt im n mt mt phng
Ta xt cc v d sau:
V d 1) Cho hnh chp SABC c y ABC l tam gic vung cn ti B, 2 , AB BC a = = hai mt
phng (SAC) v (SBC) cng vung gc vi y (ABC). Gi M l trung im AB, mt phng qua
SM song song vi BC ct AC ti N. Bit gc to bi (SBC) v (ABC) bng 60
0
. Tnh th tch
khi chp SBCNM v khong cch gia hai ng thng AB v SN (TSH A 2011)
Gii:
- Ta c
0 0

( ); 90 60 2 3 SA ABC ABC SBA SA a = = =
Mt phng qua SM song song vi BC ct AC ti N suy ra N l trung im AC
T tnh c
3
3 V a =
- K ng thng (d) qua N song song vi AB th AB song song vi mt phng (P) cha SN v
(d) nn khong cch t AB n SN cng bng khong cch t A n (P).
Dng AD vung gc vi (d) th / /( ) AB SND , dng AH vung gc vi SD th
/ /( )
2 2
. 2 39
( )
13
AB SN A SND
SA AD a
AH SND d d AH
SA AD
= = = =
+

4
M
N
D
H
C
B
A
S

V d 2) Cho lng tr ng ABCABC c y ABC l tam gic vung ti A,
, 2 , AA' AB a AC a a = = = . Tnh khong cch gia hai ng thng AB v BC.

Gii:
Ta c BC song song vi mt phng (ABC) cha AB nn
/ ' /( ' ') /( ' ') '/( ' ') BC AB BC AB C B AB C A AB C
d d d d = = = (v ' , ' A B AB ct nhau ti trung im ca mi
ng)
T A h AK vung gc vi BC, H AH vung gc vi AK th
'/( ' ')
2 2
' . ' 2
' ( ' ') '
3
' '
A AB C
A K A A a
A H AB C d A H
A K A A
= = =
+

C
A
B
H
A'
B'
K
C'

(R rng vic quy v bi ton c bn c vai tr c bit quan trng khi tnh khong cch, cc
em hc sinh cn ch iu ny)

5
V d 5) Cho hnh chp SABCD c y ABCD l hnh vung cnh bng a. SA vung gc vi
y gc to bi SC v (SAB) l 30
0
. Gi E , F l trung im ca BC v SD. Tnh khong cch
gia hai ng thng cho nhau DE v CF.
Gii:
R I
H
K
F
E
D
C
B
A
S

V
0

( ) 30 .cot 30 3 2
CB AB
CB SAB CSB SB BC a SA a
CB SA

= = = =


T C dng CI song song vi DE ta c
2
a
CI DE = = . Ta c mt phng (CFI) cha CF v song
song vi DE.
Ta c
/ /( ) / ( ) / ( )
1
2
DE CF DE CFI D CFI H CFI
d d d d = = = vi H l chn ng cao h t F ln AD
Dng
/( )
2 2
.
( )
H CFI
HK CI
HK HF
HR FCI d HR
HR FK
HK HF

= =


+

Ta c
2
2
3
.
1 1 . 3
2
. .
2 2 13
3
2
a a
CD HI a
HK CI CD HI HK
CI
a a
= = = =
| |
+
|
\ .

Ta c
2
2
2 3
.
2 3 31 2 13
2 31
2 3
2 13
a a
a
FH HR a
a a
= = =
| |
| |
+
|
|
\ .
\ .

Trong bi ton ny ta to ra khi chp FHCI quy v bi ton c bn l : Tnh
khong cch t chn ng cao H n mt bn (FCI). Vic lm ny gip bi ton tr nn
n gin hn rt nhiu
Cui cng l mt s bi tp t luyn cho hc sinh:
1) Hnh chp SABCD c y ABCD l hnh thang vung ti A, B bit
2
AD
AB BC a = = = ,
SA vung gc vi (ABCD), gc to bi (SCD) v (ABCD) bng 45
0
.Gi M, N, P ln lt l
trung im ca AB, BC, SD. Tnh khong cch gia
6
a) BD v CP b) DN v CP c) SC v DN
2) Cho hnh chp SABCD c y ABCD l hnh ch nht vi AB=a, AD= 2 a , SA=a v SA
vung gc vi mt phng (ABCD). Gi M v N ln lt l trung im ca AD v BC, I l giao
im ca BM v AC. Tnh khong cch gia
a) BM v SC b) SI v ND c) SN v AC
3) Cho hnh chp SABCD c SA vung gc vi (ABCD), SA=a, ABCD l hnh vung cnh
bng a. Gi M, N ln lt l trung im ca AB, AD. Tnh khong cch gia 2 ng thng
a) BN v SC b) SN v MC c) SN v AC
4) Cho hnh chp SABCD c ABCD l hnh vung cnh bng a, SA a = , Gi M, N ln lt l cc
im thuc on thng AB, AD sao cho ; 3 AM MB DN AN = = ,Bit SMC l tam gic cn ti S
v SM vung gc vi MN. Tnh th tch khi chp SAMDN v khong cch gia SA vi CM
5) Cho hnh chp SABCD c y ABCD l hnh thoi tm O cnh 5a , 4 AC a =
2 2 SO a = v SO vung gc vi y. Gi M l trung im ca SC. Tnh th tch khi chp
SMDB v khong cch gia hai ng thng SA v BM.
6) Cho hnh chp SABCD c y ABCD l hnh ch nht tm O bit ; 3 AB a BC a = = , Tam
gic SAO cn ti S, mt bn SAD vung gc vi y ABCD. Bit SD hp vi y ABCD mt
gc 60
0
.Tnh th tch khi chp SABCD v khong cch gia SB v AC

NGUYN TRUNG KIN

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