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My energy bundle

Working folder in science 1HF-eng

Name: _____________________________________________________________ Class: _____________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ Flemming Toft and Leif Busk Grindsted Landbrugsskole 2011

Working folder in science


This Workbook is designed to help you retain the things you learn along the way in science. Science consists of elements from physics, chemistry and mathematics. It is practically applied physics and chemistry academic phenomena from everyday life. Where the experimental work has a prominent place in schools. As evidence, you must prepare a portfolio to work with science. You must work with a professional chemistry and 1 physics academic topic. There are really many options, but we have chosen three main areas

1. Biogas - chemistry
2. Hydropower Physics 3. Muscle Power Physics 4. Solar heating - Physics Examination in science is based on your working directory, also called a portfolio. Working folder include this booklet, plus everything else you collect along the way. For example. are the practical things you need to build also a part of your working directory. For the exam you need to make a presentation portfolio, over the 2 topics that will form the basis for an oral exam. In practice, this means that you take the two subjects from the working directory, and sets them up in a job where you show us what you have learned about the topics. There must be a written work, but you can also bring to the exam that you have made water mill, a biogas installation, a water turbine, or just a poster with pictures of them. The presentation must contain: Title, subject, your name, date and school. Introduction - what topics Your selected pages Your comments showing what you have learned. A closure that brings together the threads. Sources you have retrieved information from.

More so when we approach the exam. So until then, really good fun - and remember now to gather all relevant in your folder. Remember that through working drawings and sketches of models and experimental setups. Make photos of all your work for the presentation. Make copies of each other when working in groups so that each man has his own bundle of energy. For exam you have to do your own presentation. Good luck

Flemming and Leif

Biogas
Exercise instructions Biogas:
Materials: 1 2 1 2 pc. plastic bottle pcs. glass cylinder tube pc. stopper with 2 holes pcs. stopper with 1 hole plastic tubing glass tube squeezing cock 1 tripod slurry horse manure Grafting Material (methane bacteria) safety glass

Method:
1. Make a Stand 2. Fill the container with manure, horse manure mix of horse stables and possible. a little water in. 3. The third Add a little methanbakterier 4. Screw the lid on and drill a hole for a glass tube and assemble the experiment as shown (there must be water in the beaker) 5. Make sure that everything is close (anarobe conditions, oxygen-free) 6. The presentation made at the corner of the garage, under plastic. After a few days there is no gas formed. The atmospheric air can now be squeezed out of bottle. There must be aired for only natural gas in the bottle. 7. Be sure to glascylindren with terminal tap is completely filled with water when you start. 8. Close up slightly to clamp 9. let air leak out until it starts to smell - this is pure gas ---Leave the mixture and work until 8 weeks - it's ready.--Use safety glasses here: 10. Hold a match in front of the glass tube and gently close up the tube clip - what happens? It is important that all plugs and pipes keeps close as methane would otherwise disappear

Biogas
What is biogas - and how it formed? (Use this page for notes and theory) Why do Biogas? Advantages and disadvantages of biogas? Gas production at different biomass? How much biomass does it take to heat a household?

Drawings of biogas plant


Show drawings and sketches of biogas plant

Pictures of biogas plant


Insert pictures of biogas plants. Remember especially pictures of the entire process in your own bio-gas experiments.

Hydropower
Practice Guide:
Materials: 5 laths of 3 meters 1 tub 90 liters 1 tub 60 liters Screws 2.5 m 1-inch hose with 20 cm. PVC pipe 110 mm connections and cock 2 bearings with shaft Water-resistant plate 19 mm Bicycle wheels Dynamo Light Cord Multimeter meter

Method:
1. Make a drawing with a tripod that can carry a bucket of 60 liters max. 3 meters. Connect your tub with water turbine which is placed below. 2. After the approved drawings made your list. 3. Dynamo mounted and made calculations about how much energy is produced by your turbine 4. Connect a light bulb (from the main body) along with dynamo and goals using multimeter I = amps. and U = volts. Then calculated how much wattage they produce. 5. Remember to stop and make comments on your work.

Ammeter and voltmeter put into orbit


Ammeter shows that runs a current of 1 A through the bulb. Voltmeter indicates that the bulb is connected to a voltage source at 6 V.

Hydropower
Water Turbine, flow machine, is the central part of a hydroelectric plant. In plant and turbine inlet part converted water location energy (potential energy) to kinetic energy (kinetic energy) of a rotating turbine wheel with blades. The energy is converted normally passed on to electric energy via a dynamo / alternator driven by the turbine shaft. At a drop height h (in meters) and a water volume v (in kg / s), the theoretical turbine output to be 9.81 N / kg h v = kW. (9.81 N / kg is the force the earth pulling on us) Theoretical power (potential energy) If 2 kg water falls 4m at 4 seconds it can give (9.81 4m 2kg/4s = 19.62 kw)

Energiopgave: Water Turbine: Calculate the potential energy (theoretical energy in water) Calculate the kinetic energy from water turbine for theory watts = * m * v2 (m = mass, v = kg / s) Calculate the kinetic energy of the water turbine for measurement (W (P) = amp (I) x V (D)) Why is there a difference between potential and kinetic energy? How big is your use of %? How much water does it take to cover a Danish electricity consumption with your water turbine?

Hydropower
How can water be converted into energy? (Use this page for notes and explanations of theory)

Drawings of a water turbine / mill


Show drawings and sketches of water turbines

Pictures of water turbine / mill


Insert pictures of your windmill. Remember especially pictures of the entire process in your own experiments.

Muscle power
Exercise instructions electric bicycle:
Materialer: 1 pc. crank with pedals 1 pc. rear wheel with sprocket 1 pc. saddle 1 pc. handlebars 1. pc. bicycle chain 1 pc dynamo20x2 mm rr 20x2 mm square Light cord Multimeter meter

Method:
1. Make a rack with seat and steering 2. Connect with crank wheel 3. Mount the alternator to the wheels and made calculations about how much energy is produced from your turbine. 4. Connect a light bulb (from the main body) along with dynamo and goals using multimeter I = amps. and U = volts. Then calculated how much wattage they produce. 5. Remember to stop and make comments on your work.

Muscle power
Calculate the kinetic energy into electrical bikes after measuring (W (P) = amp (I) x V (D)) How long should you cycle to cover a Danish electricity consumption? Where there are losses of energy from food for the bulb?

Muscle power
How can muscle force is converted into energy? (Use this page to describe the theory behind muscle force)

Drawings of electric bicycle


Show drawings and sketches of your elcykel

Pictures of electric bicycle


Insert pictures of electric bicycle. Remember especially pictures of the entire process from your own electric bicycle construction.

Solar Energy

Drawings of Solar heating panel


Show drawings and sketches of your solar heating panel

Pictures of Solar heating panel


Insert pictures of Solar heating panel. Remember especially pictures of the entire process from your own Solar heating panel construction.

General energy questions for the exam

From where comes the energy supply in Denmark (transport, heating and power)? How big is the energy consumption in Denmark ? Total electricity consumption was 36 392 TWh in 2006. The consumption increased about 3 % in 2001-2006 when correspondingly change was a 3 % reduction in Sweden, 2 % reduction in Norway and 10 % increase in Finland. Danish consumption of wind electricity has been highest in the world pro person: 1,218 kWh in 2009. The renewable electricity sources may give some protection against high annual changes. The electricity consumption fell in Denmark only 4 % in 2009-2008 recession while 7.1 % in Sweden, 7.9 % in Finland and 8.6 % in the UK. In Iceland decline was only 0.9 %. Danish average consumption of electricity pro person was 0.8 GWh less than EU 15 average 7.4 GW in 2008. What energy is there today and tomorrow? The world-wide economy is driven by huge amounts of energy. Most of it comes from fossil fuels (oil, natural gas and coal). Experts from the International Energy Agency (IEA) assume that in the coming decades fossil fuels will account for 85% of the energy need. Wind energy can be used more efficiently at sea close to the coast (offshore) than on land (onshore). It is becoming more and more competitive with fossil fuels. Hydro power makes already up 17% of the globally produced electricity (about 2% of the global primary energy demand). This is more than all other renewable resources together. Solar energy group Photovoltaics transform solar energy by means of semi-conductors. It is probably the technology with the highest potential, but also with the highest development needs and the highest price at the moment. Electricity generation based on photovoltaics costs between 0.5 and 0.75 EUR per kWh compared to less than 0.05 EUR for fossil fuel driven power plants. A more competitive technology is solar thermal energy. Here, solar energy is focussed with the help of mirrors or glass tubes onto an absorber, for example water, heating it up . The conversion into electricity can be only efficient in larger power plants (in contrast to photovoltaics). Biomass-wood, sugar cane, sunflower and rape seed oil and gas from bio-waste are typical biological products used for energy production. After processing they can be used for electricity generation or heating. What energy, agriculture can provide? The diversification to bioenergy could provide economic incentives for much needed investments in capital and skills in agriculture. With the exception of biomass energy crops, the land area required for renewable energy projects is usually relatively small. It is calculated that the fraction of land needed to displace global fossil fuel use with solar and wind energy technologies would use around 1.5 percent of the approximate land area currently used for agriculture. Energy crops, such as corn, sugarcane and oilseed rape, are being purposely cultivated in some countries to provide biomass for conversion to liquid biofuels for transport and combined heat and power.

Explain the earth's carbon cycle? The carbon cycle is the biogeochemical cycle by which carbon is exchanged among the biosphere, pedosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere of the Earth. It is one of the most important cycles of the earth and allows for carbon to be recycled and reused throughout the biosphere and all of its organisms. CO2's impact on Earth's climate? CO2 is a greenhouse gas that, when in excess in the atmosphere, contributes to global warming. It is essential that we take urgent steps to reduce CO2 emissions. All plants derive the carbon that they need from atmospheric CO2. Without atmospheric CO2, there would be no trees, grasses or vegetables. So vegetation, especially large forests, are very important for removing carbon from the atmosphere. Where does the CO2 from? Carbon dioxide (CO2) is produced during respiration by all animals, fungi and microorganisms that depend either directly or indirectly on plants for food. It is thus a major component of the carbon cycle. What is the greenhouse effect? There is a "natural" greenhouse effect that keeps the Earth's climate warm and habitable. There is also the "man-made" greenhouse effect, which is the enhancement of Earth's natural greenhouse effect by the addition of greenhouse gases from the burning of fossil fuels (mainly petroleum, coal, and natural gas). Greenhouse gases trap some of the infrared radiation that escapes from the Earth, making the Earth warmer that it would otherwise be. About 80-90% of the Earth's natural greenhouse effect is due to water vapor, a strong greenhouse gas. The remainder is due to carbon dioxide, methane, and a few other minor gases. What is power and how much use a Dane on average (kw / year)? Electrical power is the rate at which electrical energy is converted to another form, such as motion, heat, or an electromagnetic field. The common symbol for power is the uppercase letter P. The standard unit is the watt,symbolized by W. In utility circuits, the kilowatt (kW) is often specified instead;1 kW = 1000 W. One watt is the power resulting from an energy dissipation, conversion, or storage process equivalent to one joule per second. When expressed in watts, power is sometimes called wattage. A Danee electricity consumption is 1500 KWh / per year.

Describe how a generator and alternator work?

Alternator

An alternator is generally made of a non-magnetic material such as aluminum and contains a number of parts, including a rotor, a stator and the output diodes. Each of these parts is necessary for the alternator to properly function. The rotor is the first step in the process. It is made of wire wrapped around a dense metal core, such as iron. When current is passed through the wire coil, it produces a low-level magnetic field. As the rotor spins, it allows the magnetic field produced in the wire coil to interact with the next component, the stator. The stator surrounds the rotor. The stator is made up of several windings. With each turn of the rotor, the magnetic poles interact with these windings which produces a small amount of current. This produces an alternating current which is unusable in modern automobiles and must be transformed in the output diodes. Generator

Generators work similarly to alternators. A generator produces current by passing a copper wire near a magnet which creates the current to supply electrical systems. These were originally attached directly to engines which provided the motion required. As the engine crankshaft rotated, it turned a copper wire near magnets. The magnet field interacts with the copper wire, producing electric current. This current was supplied directly to the battery. The battery supplied steady power to the car's electric lights, radio and air conditioner blower. Explain Ohm's Law, what is it used for?
ohms-law_en.jar

An electrokinetics law- that says the intensity I (measured in amps) of power supplies that crosses a portion of the circuit is equal to the ratio of the voltage U (measured in volts) applied to the end portion and the electrical resistance R (measured in ohms) of it: I=U/R

Notes to the preparation of presentation portfolio for the exam


On examination, I have the following topics: 1. 2.

What I mainly learned about these topics?

What I have also learned in science?

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