122

CONTENTS

The line loss is

SL 12 = S12 + S21 = (300 + j100) + (280 j60) = 20 MW + j40 Mvar
The slack bus real and reactive power are P1 = 300 MW, and Q1 = 100 Mvar. The
above calculations is placed in a MATLAB file, and solution is obtained by typing
ch6p6 at the MATLAB prompt.
6.7. Figure 6.6 shows the one-line diagram of a simple three-bus power system with
generation at bus 1. The voltage at bus 1 is V1 = 1.06 0 per unit. The scheduled
loads on buses 2 and 3 are marked on the diagram. Line impedances are marked in
per unit on a 100 MVA base. For the purpose of hand calculations, line resistances
and line charging susceptances are neglected.
(0)
(0)
(a) Using Gauss-Seidel method and initial estimates of V2 = 1.0+j0 and V3 =
1.0 + j0, determine V2 and V3 . Perform two iterations.
(b) If after several iterations the bus voltages converge to
V2 = 0.90 j0.10 pu
V3 = 0.95 j0.05 pu
determine the line flows and line losses and the slack bus real and reactive power.
Construct a power flow diagram and show the direction of the line flows.
(c) Check the power flow solution using the lfgauss and other required programs.
(Refer to Example 6.9.) Use a power accuracy of 0.00001 and an acceleration factor
of 1.0.
1
j 30

V = 1 6 0 1

........................

Slack

.....
.....
.....
....
....
....
.....
.....
.....
....
....
....
.....
.....
.....
.....
....
....
....
...
...
...
...
....
...
...
...
..
..........
..

j0.0125

300 MW

FIGURE 52
One-line diagram for Problem 6.7.

2
.......................................

..
.......................................................
.....
....
....
.
.
.
...
....
....
....
.....
.
.
.
...
.....
.....
....
....
.
.
.
.
.....
.....
....
....
.
.
.
.
.....
...
....
..
...
...
...
...
...
...........
..

j0.05

270 Mvar

400 MW
320 Mvar

CONTENTS

123

(a) Line impedances are converted to admittances

y12 = j30
1
y13 =
= j80
j0.0125
1
y23 =
= j20
j0.05
At the P-Q buses, the complex loads expressed in per units are
(400 + j320)
= 4.0 j3.2 pu
100
(300 + j270)
= 3.0 j2.7 pu
S3sch =
100
For hand calculation, we use (6.28). Bus 1 is taken as reference bus (slack bus).
(0)
(0)
Starting from an initial estimate of V2 = 1.0 + j0.0 and V3 = 1.0 + j0.0, V2
and V3 are computed from (6.28) as follows
S2sch =

S2sch
(1)
V2

=
=

(0)
V2

(0)

+ y12 V1 + y23 V3

y12 + y23
4.0+j3.2
1.0j0 + (j30)(1.0

+ j0) + (j20)(1.0 + j0)

j50

= 0.936 j0.08
and
S3sch
(1)
V3

=
=

(0)
V3

(1)

+ y13 V1 + y23 V2

y13 + y23
3.0+j2.7
+ (j80)(1.0
1j0

+ j0) + (j20)(0.936 j0.08)

j100

= 0.9602 j0.046
For the second iteration we have
(2)
V2

4.0+j3.2
0.936+j0.08

+ (j30)(1.0 + j0) + (j20)(0.9602 j0.046)

j50

= 0.9089 j0.0974
and
(2)

V3

3.0+j2.7
0.9602+j0.046

+ (j80)(1.0 + j0) + (j20)(0.9089 j0.0974)

= 0.9522 j0.0493

(j100)

124

CONTENTS

The process is continued and a solution is converged with an accuracy of 5 105

per unit in seven iterations as given below.
(3)

= 0.9020 j0.0993

V3

(4)

= 0.9004 j0.0998
= 0.9001 j0.1000

V2
V2

(5)
V2
(6)
V2
(7)
V2

= 0.9000 j0.1000
= 0.9000 j0.1000

(3)

= 0.9505 j0.0498

V3

(4)

= 0.9501 j0.0500

(5)
V3
(6)
V3
(7)
V3

= 0.9500 j0.0500
= 0.9500 j0.0500
= 0.9500 j0.0500

The final solution is

V2 = 0.90 j0.10 = 0.9055546 6.34
V3 = 0.95 j0.05 = 0.95136 3.0128

pu
pu

(b) With the knowledge of all bus voltages, the slack bus power is obtained from
(6.27)
P1 jQ1 = V1 [V1 (y12 + y13 ) (y12 V2 + y13 V3 )]
= 1.0[1.0(j30 j80) (j30)(0.9 j0.1)
(j80)(0.95 j0.05)]
= 7.0 j7.0
or the slack bus real and reactive powers are P1 = 7.0 pu = 700 MW and Q1 = 7.0
pu = 700 Mvar.
To find the line flows, first the line currents are computed. With line charging capacitors neglected, the line currents are
I12
I21
I13
I31
I23
I32

= y12 (V1 V2 ) = (j30)[(1.0 + j0) (0.90 j0.10)] = 3.0 j3.0

= I12 = 3.0 + j3.0
= y13 (V1 V3 ) = (j80)[(1.0 + j0) (0.95 j.05)] = 4.0 j4.0
= I13 = 4.0 + j4.0
= y23 (V2 V3 ) = (j20)[(0.90 j0.10) (0.95 j.05)] = 1.0 + j1.0
= I23 = 1.0 j1.0

The line flows are

S12 = V1 I12
= (1.0 + j0.0)(3.0 + j3) = 3.0 + j3.0 pu
= 300 MW + j300 Mvar

CONTENTS

125

S21 = V2 I21
= (0.90 j0.10)(3 j3) = 3.0 j2.4 pu
= 300 MW j240 Mvar

S13 = V1 I13 = (1.0 + j0.0)(4.0 + j4.0) = 4.0 + j4.0 pu

= 400 MW + j400 Mvar

S31 = V3 I31 = (0.95 j0.05)(4.0 j4.0) = 4.0 j3.6 pu

= 400 MW j360 Mvar

S23 = V2 I23 = (0.90 j0.10)(1.0 j1.0) = 1.0 j0.80 pu

= 100 MW j80 Mvar

S32 = V3 I32 = (0.95 j0.05)(1 + j1) = 1.0 + j0.9 pu

= 100 MW + j90 Mvar

and the line losses are

SL 12 = S12 + S21 = 0.0 MW + j60 Mvar
SL 13 = S13 + S31 = 0.0 MW + j40 Mvar
SL 23 = S23 + S32 = 0.0 MW + j10 Mvar
The power flow diagram is shown in Figure 6.7, where real power direction is
indicated by and the reactive power direction is indicated by 7. The values
within parentheses are the real and reactive losses in the line.
700

.........................................

1 ..300
.......................................
.........................................

300
400
.........................................

700

.........................................
.........................................

400

300

(0)
(60)

(0)
(40)

400

.........................................
.........................................

240
100

................................

................................

.................................

.................................

360
3

90
...
...
...
...
...
..
........
...

300

(0)
(10)

100

2
.........................................

400

.........................................

.........................................

.........................................

320

80

...
...
...
...
...
..
..........
..

270

FIGURE 53
Power flow diagram of Problem 6.7 (powers in MW and Mvar).

(c) The power flow program lfgauss is used to obtain the solution, with the following statements:
clear
basemva = 100;

accuracy = 0.000001; accel = 1.1; maxiter = 100;

126

CONTENTS

%
Problem
%
Bus Bus
%
No code
busdata=[1
1
2
0
3
0

6.7(c)
Voltage Angle -Load---Generator-- Injected
Mag. Degree MW MVAR MW MVAR Qmin Qmax Mvar
1.0
0.0 0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0
0
0
0
1.0
0.0 400 320
0.0 0.0
0
0
0
1.0
0.0 300 270
0.0 0.0
0
0
0];

%
Line code
%
Bus bus
R
X
1/2 B
= 1 for lines
%
nl nr pu
pu
pu
>1 or <1 tr. tap at
linedata=[1
2 0.0 1/30
0.0
1
1
3 0.0 0.0125 0.0
1
2
3 0.0 0.050
0.0
1];
disp(Problem 6.7(c))
lfybus
% form the bus admittance
lfgauss
% Load flow solution by Gauss-Seidel
busout
% Prints the power flow solution on the
lineflow
% Computes and displays the line flow and

bus nl

matrix
method
screen
losses

The above statements are saved in the file ch6p7c.m. Run the program to obtain
the solution.
6.8. Figure 54 shows the one-line diagram of a simple three-bus power system with
generation at buses 1 and 3. The voltage at bus 1 is V1 = 1.0256 0 per unit. Voltage magnitude at bus 3 is fixed at 1.03 pu with a real power generation of 300 MW.
A load consisting of 400 MW and 200 Mvar is taken from bus 2. Line impedances
are marked in per unit on a 100 MVA base. For the purpose of hand calculations,
line resistances and line charging susceptances are neglected.
(0)

(0)

(a) Using Gauss-Seidel method and initial estimates of V2 = 1.0+j0 and V3 =

1.03 + j0 and keeping |V3 | = 1.03 pu, determine the phasor values of V2 and V3 .
Perform two iterations.
(b) If after several iterations the bus voltages converge to
V2 = 1.0012436 2.1 = 1.000571 j0.0366898 pu
V3 = 1.036 1.36851 = 1.029706 + j.0246 pu
determine the line flows and line losses and the slack bus real and reactive power.
Construct a power flow diagram and show the direction of the line flows.
(c) Check the power flow solution using the lfgauss and other required programs.
(Refer to Example 6.9.)

CONTENTS

V1 = 1.0256 0

P..3................=
300 MW
.....................

j0.05

........................

.....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
.....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
..
...
...
...
....
...
...
...
..
..........
..

Slack

127

j0.025

....................
.....
....
....
.
.
.
..
....
....
.....
....
.
.
.
....
....
....
....
....
.
.
.
.
....
....
....
....
...
.
.
.
.
....
.....
..
...
...
...
...
...
...
..........
..

|V3 | = 1.03

j0.025

400 MW

200 Mvar

FIGURE 54
One-line diagram of Problem 6.8.

(a) Line impedances converted to admittances are y12 = j40, y13 = j20 and
y23 = j40. The load and generation expressed in per units are
(400 + j200)
= 4.0 j2.0 pu
100
300
= 3.0 pu
=
100

S2sch =
P3sch

Bus 1 is taken as the reference bus (slack bus). Starting from an initial estimate of
(0)
(0)
V2 = 1.0 + j0.0 and V3 = 1.03 + j0.0, V2 and V3 are computed from (6.28).
S sch
2
(1)
V2

=
=

(0)
V2

(0)

+ y12 V1 + y23 V3

y12 + y23
4.0+j2.0
1.0j0 + (j40)(1.025

+ j0) + (j40)(1.03 + j0)

(j80)

= 1.0025 j0.05
Bus 3 is a regulated bus where voltage magnitude and real power are specified. For
the voltage-controlled bus, first the reactive power is computed from (6.30)
(1)

(0)

(0)

(1)

Q3 = ={V3 [V3 (y13 + y23 ) y13 V1 y23 V2 ]}

= ={(1.03 j0)[(1.03 + j0)(j60) (j20)(1.025 + j0)
(j40)(1.0025 j0.05)]}
= 1.236

128

CONTENTS

(1)

The value of Q3 is used as Qsch

for the computation of voltage at bus 3. The
3
(1)
complex voltage at bus 3, denoted by Vc3 , is calculated
S sch
3
(1)
Vc3

(0)

=
=

V3

(1)

+ y13 V1 + y23 V2

y13 + y23
3.0j1.236
1.03j0 + (j20)(1.025

+ j0) + (j40)(1.0025 j0.05)

(j60)

= 1.0300 + j0.0152
(1)

Since |V3 | is held constant at 1.03 pu, only the imaginary part of Vc3 is retained,
(1)
i.e, f3 = 0.0152, and its real part is obtained from
(1)

(1.03)2 (0.0152)2 = 1.0299

e3 =
Thus

(1)

V3

= 1.0299 + j0.0152

For the second iteration, we have

S sch
2
(2)
V2

(1)

=
=

V2

(1)

+ y12 V1 + y23 V3

y12 + y23
4.0+j2.0
1.0025+j.05 + (j40)(1.025)

+ (j40)(1.0299 + j0.0152)

(j80)

= 1.0001 j0.0409
(1)

(2)

(1)

(2)

Q3 = ={V3 [V3 (y13 + y23 ) y13 V1 y23 V2 ]}

= ={(1.0299 j0.0152)[(1.0299 + j0.0152)(j60)
(j20)(1.025 + j0) (j40)(1.0001 j0.0409)]}
= 1.3671
S sch
3
(1)

(2)

Vc3 =
=

V3

(2)

+ y13 V1 + y23 V2

y13 + y23
3.0j1.3671
1.0299j0.0152 + (j20)(1.025)

= 1.0298 + j0.0216

+ (j40)(1.0001 j.0409)

(j60)

CONTENTS

129

(2)

Since |V3 | is held constant at 1.03 pu, only the imaginary part of Vc3 is retained,
(2)
i.e, f3 = 0.0216, and its real part is obtained from
(2)

e3 =

(1.03)2 (0.0216)2 = 1.0298

or
(2)

V3

= 1.0298 + j0.0216

The process is continued and a solution is converged with an accuracy of 5 105

pu to
V2 = 1.0012436 2.1 = 1.000571 j.0366898 pu
S3 = 3.0 + j1.3694 pu = 300 MW + j136.94 Mvar
V3 = 1.036 1.36851 pu = 1.029706 + j0.0246
(b) Line flows and line losses are computed as in Problem 6.7, and the results
expressed in MW and Mvar are
S12 = 150.43 + j100.16 S21 = 150.43 j92.39
S13 = 50.43 j9.65
S31 =
50.43 + j10.90
S23 = 249.58 j107.61 S32 = 249.58 + j126.03

SL 12 = 0.0 + j7.77
SL 13 = 0.0 + j1.25
SL 23 = 0.0 + j18.42

The slack bus real and reactive powers are

S1 = S12 + S13 = (150.43 + j100.16) + (50.43 j9.65)
= 100 MW + j90.51 Mvar

100

.................................................

50.43

...................................

9.65

150.43
....

.................................................

90.51

50.43

(0.0)
(1.25)

...................................

150.43
(0.0) ...................................
(7.77) ...................................
100.16
92.39
2 ........

..........................................
..........................................

10.9

...............................

...................................

...............................

400

........................

249.58
(0.0) ....................................... ............................
.
(18.42)...................................... 136.93
107.61
126.03

249.58

................................

...
..
..........
..

3 300
...

...
...
...
...
.
..........
..

200

FIGURE 55
Power flow diagram of Problem 6.8 (powers in MW and Mvar).

130

CONTENTS

The power flow diagram is shown in Figure 55, where real power direction is indicated by and the reactive power direction is indicated by 7. The values within
parenthesis are the real and reactive losses in the line.
(c) The power flow program lfgauss is used to obtain the solution, with the following statements:
clear
basemva = 100;

accuracy = 0.000001; accel = 1.1; maxiter = 100;

%
Problem
%
Bus Bus
%
No code
busdata=[1
1
2
0
3
2

6.8(c)
Voltage Angle -Load---Generator-- Injected
Mag. Degree MW MVAR MW MVAR Qmin Qmax Mvar
1.025 0.0 0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0
0
0
0
1.0
0.0 400 200
0.0 0.0
0
0
0
1.03 0.0 0.0 0.0
300 0.0
0 160
0];

%
Line code
%
Bus bus
R
X
1/2 B
= 1 for lines
%
nl nr pu
pu
pu
>1 or <1 tr. tap at
linedata=[1
2 0.0 0.025
0.0
1
1
3 0.0
0.05
0.0
1
2
3 0.0 0.025
0.0
1];
disp(Problem 6.8(c))
lfybus
% form the bus admittance
lfgauss
% Load flow solution by Gauss-Seidel
busout
% Prints the power flow solution on the
lineflow
% Computes and displays the line flow and

bus nl

matrix
method
screen
losses

The above statements are saved in the file ch6p8c.m. Run the program to obtain
the solution.
6.9. The one-line diagram of a four-bus power system is as shown in Figure 56.
Reactances are given in per unit on a common MVA base. Transformers T1 and
T2 have tap settings of 0.8:1, and 1.25:1 respectively. Obtain the bus admittance
matrix.
From Figure 6.15 in the text, the sending end transformer model is
j80
yt
=
= j100
0.8

a
1 0.8
1a
yt =
(j80) = j25
=
2
a
0.64

0.8 1
a1
yt =
(j80) = j20
=
a
0.8

y12 =
y10
y30