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CHNG IV : POLIME - VT LIU POLIME

A. KIN THC K THA
- Phn ng trng hp, phn ng trng ngng.
- Cch cng KLPT.
- Tn gi 1 s hirocacbon, dn xut halogen ca hirocacbon.
B. KIN THC C BN TRNG TM
I. Khi nim:
Polime l nhng hp cht c phn t khi rt ln do nhiu n v nh (gi l mt xch) lin kt vi nhau.
VD: Polietilen (-CH2-CH2-)n do cc mt xch CH2-CH2- lin kt vi nhau. n c gi l h s polime ha hay
polime ha.
II. Phn loi:
* Theo ngun gc:
-Polime thin nhin (c ngun gc t thin nhin) nh tinh bt, xenluloz,
-Polime tng hp (do con ngi tng hp nn) nh polietilen, nha phenol-fomanehit,
-Polime nhn to hay bn tng hp (do ch ha mt phn polime thin nhin) nh xenluloz trinitrat, t visco, t
axetat,...
* Theo cch tng hp:
-Polime trng hp (tng hp bng phn ng trng hp).
-Polime trng ngng (tng hp bng phn ng trng ngng).
VD: (-CH2-CH2-)n l Polime trng hp
(-HN-[CH2]6-NH-CO-[CH2]4-CO-)n l Polime trng ngng .
* Theo cu trc:
-Mch khng nhnh: VD: PE, PVC, caosu buna,...
-Mch phn nhnh: VD: amilopectin, glicogen,...
-Mng khng gian: VD: Cao su lu ha, nha Bakelit,...
III. Danh php:
- Tn ca polime c cu to bng cch ghp t poli trc tn monome.
VD: (-CH2-CH2-)n l polietilen(PE).
- Nu tn monome gm 2 t tr ln hoc t hai monome to nn polime th tn monome phi trong ngoc n.
VD: (-CH2CHCl-)n poli (vinyl clorua)(PVC)
(-CH2CH=CH-CH2-CH2-CH(C6H5)-)n Poli (butaien-stiren)
Mt s polime c tn ring (tn thng thng)
VD: (-CF2-CF2-)n : Teflon;
(-NH-[CH2]5-CO-)n: nilon-6;
(C6H10O5)n : xenluloz.
IV. Tnh cht ha hc:
Polime c th tham gia phn ng gi nguyn mch, phn cch mch v khu mch.
1.Phn ng gi nguyn mch:
- Cc nhm th nh vo mch polime c th tham gia phn ng m khng lm thay i mch polime.
VD: poli(vinyl axetat) b thy phn cho poli(vinyl ancol).
(- CH2-CH(OCOCH3)-)n + n NaOH (- CH2-CH (OH)-)n + n CH3COONa
- Nhng polime c lin kt i trong mch c th tham gia phn ng cng vo lin kt i m khng lm thay i
mch polime.
VD: Cao su tc dng vi HCl cho cao su hiroclo ha.
2. Phn ng phn cch mch polime:
Tinh bt, xenluloz, protein, nilon, b thy phn ct mch trong mi trng axt, polistiren b nhit phn cho
stiren, cao su thin nhin b nhit phn cho isopren,
3. Phn ng khu mch polime: Phn ng lu ha cao su
Khi hp nng cao su th vi lu hunh th thu c cao su lu ha .
V. iu ch: C th iu ch polime bng phn ng trng hp hoc trng ngng.
VI. Vt liu polime:
1. CHT DO:
- Cht do l nhng vt liu polime c tnh do.
- Mt s polime dng lm cht do:
2011 2012 TRNG THPT NAM SCH II

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0

t , p , xt

+ Polietilen (PE): nCH2 = CH2 ( -CH2 - CH2-)n

t 0 , p , xt

+ Poli(vinyl clorua) (PVC): nCH2 = CHCl (-CH2CHCl- )n

+ Poli(metyl metacrylat): Thy tinh hu c plexiglas
Poli(metyl metacrylat) c iu ch t metyl metacrylat bng phn ng trng hp :
nCH = C - COOCH3

xt,t

CH3

CH -C

n
COOCH3

CH3

+ Poli(phenol - fomanehit) (PPF)

PPF c 3 dng : nha novolac, nha crezol, nha rezit.

2. T:
- T l nhng vt liu polime hnh si di v mnh vi bn nht nh.
- Phn loi: T c chia lm 2 loi :
+ T thin nhin (sn c trong thin nhin) nh bng, len, t tm.
+ T ha hc (ch to bng phng php ha hc): c chia lm 2 nhm
* T tng hp (ch to t cc polime tng hp) nh cc t poliamit (nilon, capron), t vinylic (vinilon).
* T bn tng hp hay t nhn to (xut pht t polime thin nhin nhng c ch bin thm bng phng php ha
hc) nh t visco, t xenluloz axetat,...
- Mt s loi t tng hp thng gp:
+ T nilon-6,6: Thuc loi t poliamit v cc mt xch ni vi nhau bng cc nhm amit -CO-NH-.
Nilon-6,6 c iu ch t hexametylen iamin H2N[CH2]6NH2 v axit aipit HOOC[CH2]4COOH:
t0

nH2N[CH2]6NH2 + nHOOC[CH2]4COOH ( -HN[CH2]6NHOC[CH2]4CO-)n + 2nH2O

poli(hexametylen-aipamit)(nilon-6,6)
+ T lapsan: Thuc loi t polieste c tng hp t axit terephtalic v etylenglycol.
+ T nitron (hay olon): Thuc loi t vinylic c tng hp t vinyl xianua (hay acrilonitrin) nn c gi
poliacrilonitrin :
t 0 , p , xt

nCH2 = CHCN

(-CH2CH(CN)-)n
3. CAO SU:
- Cao su l vt liu polime c tnh n hi.
- C hai loi cao su: Cao su thin nhin v cao su tng hp.
+ Cao su thin nhin l polime ca isopren.
+ Cao su tng hp:
VD: Caosubuna chnh l polibutaien tng hp bng phn ng trng hp buta-1,3-ien:
Na , p ,t 0

nCH2 = CH - CH = CH2 (-CH2 - CH = CH - CH2 -)n

4. KEO DN: L loi vt liu c kh nng kt dnh hai mnh vt liu ging nhau m khng lm bin i bn cht cc
vt liu c kt dnh.
C. CU HI VN DNG
Cu 1 Polivinyl clorua c cng thc l ?
A. (-CH2-CHCl-)2.
B. (-CH2-CH2-)n.
C. (-CH2-CHBr-)n.
D. (-CH2-CHF-)n.
Cu 2 Cht khng c kh nng tham gia phn ng trng hp l ?
A. stiren.
B. isopren.
C. propen.
D. toluen.
Cu 3 Cht c kh nng tham gia phn ng trng hp l ?
A. propan.
B. propen.
C. etan.
D. toluen.
Cu 4 Qu trnh nhiu phn t nh (monome) kt hp vi nhau thnh phn t ln (polime) ng thi gii phng
nhng phn t nc gi l phn ng ?
A. nhit phn.
B. trao i.
C. trng hp.
D. trng ngng.
Cu 5 Qu trnh nhiu phn t nh (monome) kt hp vi nhau thnh phn t ln (polime) ng thi gii phng
nhng phn t nc c gi l phn ng ?
A. trao i.
B. nhit phn.
C. trng hp.
D. trng ngng.
Cu 6 Tn gi ca polime c cng thc (-CH2-CH2-)n l ?
A. polivinyl clorua.
B. polietilen.
C. polimetyl metacrylat.
D. polistiren.
2011 2012 TRNG THPT NAM SCH II

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Cu 7 T monome no sau y c th iu ch c poli( vinyl ancol ) ?
A. CH2=CH-COOCH3.
B. CH2=CH-OCOCH3.
C. CH2=CH-COOC2H5.
D. CH2=CH-CH2OH.
..............................................................................................................................................................................................
Cu 8 Cht tham gia phn ng trng hp to ra polime l ?
A. CH3-CH2-Cl.
B. CH3-CH3.
C. CH2=CH-CH3.
D. CH3-CH2-CH3.
Cu 9 Monome c dng iu ch polietilen l ?
A. CH2=CH-CH3.
B. CH2=CH2.
C. CHCH.
D. CH2=CH-CH=CH2.
..............................................................................................................................................................................................
Cu 10 Dy gm cc cht c dng tng hp cao su Buna-S l ?
A. CH2=C(CH3)-CH=CH2, C6H5CH=CH2.
B. CH2=CH-CH=CH2, C6H5CH=CH2.
C. CH2=CH-CH=CH2, lu hunh.
D. CH2=CH-CH=CH2, CH3-CH=CH2.
..............................................................................................................................................................................................
Cu 11 Trong s cc loi t sau:
1) [-NH-(CH2)6-NH-OC-(CH2)4-CO-]n
(2) [-NH-(CH2)5-CO-]n
(3) [C6H7O2(OOC-CH3)3]n .
T nilon-6,6 l ?
A. (1).
B. (1), (2), (3). C. (3).
D. (2).
..............................................................................................................................................................................................
Cu 12 Nha phenolfomandehit c iu ch bng cch un nng phenol (d) vi dung dch ?
A. HCOOH trong mi trng axit.
B. CH3CHO trong mi trng axit.
C. CH3COOH trong mi trng axit.
D. HCHO trong mi trng axit.
Cu 13 Polivinyl axetat (hoc poli(vinyl axetat)) l polime c iu ch bng phn ng trng hp ?
A. C2H5COO-CH=CH2.
B. CH2=CH-COO-C2H5.
C. CH3COO-CH=CH2.
D. CH2=CH-COO-CH3.
..............................................................................................................................................................................................
Cu 14: Nilon6,6 l mt loi
A. t axetat.
B. t poliamit.
C. polieste.
D. t visco.
Cu 15 Cho cc polime sau: (-CH2 CH2-)n ; (- CH2- CH=CH- CH2-)n ; (- NH-CH2 -CO-)n. Cng thc ca cc
monome khi trng hp hoc trng ngng to ra cc polime trn ln lt l ?
A. CH2=CHCl, CH3-CH=CH-CH3, CH3- CH(NH2)- COOH.
B. CH2=CH2, CH2=CH-CH= CH2, NH2- CH2- COOH.
C. CH2=CH2, CH3- CH=C= CH2, NH2- CH2- COOH.
D. CH2=CH2, CH3- CH=CH-CH3, NH2- CH2- CH2- COOH.
..............................................................................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................................................................
Cu 16 Polime dng ch to thu tinh hu c ( plexiglas ) c iu ch bng phn ng trng hp ?
A. CH2=C(CH3)COOCH3.
B. CH2 =CHCOOCH3. C. C6H5CH=CH2.
D. CH3COOCH=CH2.
..............................................................................................................................................................................................
Cu 17 Polivinyl clorua ( PVC ) iu ch t vinyl clorua bng phn ng ?
A. trao i.
B. oxi ho - kh.
C. trng hp.
D. trng ngng.
..............................................................................................................................................................................................
Cu 18 Cng thc cu to ca polibutaien l ?
A. (-CF2-CF2-)n.
B. (-CH2-CHCl-)n.
C. (-CH2-CH2-)n.
D. (-CH2-CH=CH-CH2-)n.
Cu 19 T c sn xut t xenluloz l ?
A. t tm.
B. t capron.
C. t nilon-6,6. D. t visco.
Cu 20 Monome c dng iu ch polipropilen l ?
A. CH2=CH-CH3.
B. CH2=CH2.
C. CHCH.
D. CH2=CH-CH=CH2.
..............................................................................................................................................................................................
Cu 21 T c sn xut t xenluloz l ?
A. t visco.
B. t nilon-6,6.
C. t tm.
D. t capron.
Cu 22 T lapsan thuc loi ?
A. t poliamit.
B. t visco.
C. t polieste.
D. t axetat.
Cu 23 T capron thuc loi ?
A. t poliamit.
B. t visco.
C. t polieste.
D. t axetat.
2011 2012 TRNG THPT NAM SCH II

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Cu 24 T nilon - 6,6 c iu ch bng phn ng trng ngng ?
A. HOOC-(CH2)2-CH(NH2)-COOH.
B. HOOC-(CH2)4-COOH v HO-(CH2)2-OH.
C. HOOC-(CH2)4-COOH v H2N-(CH2)6-NH2.
D. H2N-(CH2)5-COOH.
..............................................................................................................................................................................................
Cu 25 Cho s chuyn ho: Glucoz X Y Cao su Buna. Hai cht X, Y ln lt l ?
A. CH3CH2OH v CH3CHO.
B. CH3CH2OH v CH2=CH2.
C. CH2CH2OH v CH3-CH=CH-CH3.
D. CH3CH2OH v CH2=CH-CH=CH2.
..............................................................................................................................................................................................
Cu 26 Cao su buna c to thnh t buta-1,3-ien bng phn ng ?
A. trng hp
B. trng ngng
C. cng hp
D. phn ng th
..............................................................................................................................................................................................
Cu 27 Cng thc phn t ca cao su thin nhin ?
A. ( C5H8)n
B. ( C4H8)n
C. (C4H6)n
D. ( C2H4)n
..............................................................................................................................................................................................
Cu 28 Cht khng c kh nng tham gia phn ng trng ngng l ?
A. glyxin.
B. axit terephtaric.
C. axit axetic.
D. etylen glycol.
Cu 29 T nilon -6,6 thuc loi ?
A. t nhn to.
B. t bn tng hp.
C. t thin nhin.
D. t tng hp.
Cu 30 T visco khng thuc loi ?
A. t ha hc.
B. t tng hp.
C. t bn tng hp.
D. t nhn to.
Cu 31. Trong cc loi t di y, t nhn to l
A. t visco.
B. t capron.
C. t nilon -6,6.
D. t tm.
Cu 32 Teflon l tn ca mt polime c dng lm ?
A. cht do.
B. t tng hp.
C. cao su tng hp.
D. keo dn.
Cu 33 Polime c cu trc mng khng gian ( mng li ) l ?
A. PVC.
B. nha bakelit.
C. PE.
D. amilopectin.
Cu 34 T nilon-6,6 c tng hp t phn ng ?
A. trng hp gia axit aipic v hexametylen i amin
C. trng hp t caprolactan
B. trng ngng gia axit aipic v hexametylen i amin
D. trng ngng t caprolactan
Cu 35: T 4 tn C2H4 c ln 30% tp cht c th iu ch bao nhiu tn PE ? ( Bit hiu sut p/ l 90% )
A. 2,55
B. 2,8
C. 2,52
D.3,6
..............................................................................................................................................................................................
Cu 36 Phn t khi trung bnh ca PVC l 750000. H s polime ho ca PVC l ?
A. 12.000
B. 15.000
C. 24.000
D. 25.000
..............................................................................................................................................................................................
Cu 37 Phn t khi trung bnh ca polietilen X l 420000. H s polime ho ca PE l ?
A. 12.000
B. 13.000
C. 15.000
D. 17.000
..............................................................................................................................................................................................
Cu 38 Khi lng ca mt on mch t nilon-6,6 l 27346 vC v ca mt on mch t capron l 17176 vC. S
lng mt xch trong on mch nilon-6,6 v capron nu trn ln lt l ?
A. 113 v 152.
B. 121 v 114.
C. 121 v 152.
D. 113 v 114.
..............................................................................................................................................................................................
Cu 39 Hp cht hoc cp hp cht no di y khng th tham gia phn ng trng ngng?
A. Phenol v fomanehit
B. Butaien-1,3 v stiren.
C. Axit aipic v hexametilen iamin
D. Axit - aminocaproic
Cu 40 Bn cht ca s lu ha cao su l:
A. To cu ni inunfua gip cao su c cu to mng khng gian
B. To loi cao su nh hn
C. Gim gi thnh cao su
D. Lm cao su d n khun
Cu 41 Cho cc Polime: PE, PVC, polibutaien, poliisopren, amiloz, amilopectin, xenluloz, cao su lu ho. Cc
Polime c cu trc mch thng l cc cht dy no sau y ?
A. PE, polibutaien, poliisopren, amiloz, xenluloz, cao su lu ha
B. PE, PVC, polibutaien, poliisopren, xenluloz, cao su lu ha
C. PE, PVC, polibutaien, poliisopren, amiloz, xenluloz
D. PE, PVC, polibutaien, poliisopren, amiloz, amilopectin, xenluloz
2011 2012 TRNG THPT NAM SCH II