Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Trang ii
LI CM N
Trong sut nhng nm thng hc tp ti trng i hc S Phm K Thut
thnh ph H Ch Minh, chng em c s gip tn tnh ca thy c, s
ng vin ca gia nh v s ng h ca cc bn sinh vin. V gi y vi kin
thc chuyn mn hc cng vi s hng dn tn tnh ca thy c, s n lc
ca bn thn Nhm thc hin ti thc hin thnh cng cun n ny.
Trc ht nhm thc hin xin gi li bit n su sc n b m, b m
lun bn cnh ng h, ng vin c v vt cht ln tinh thn gip chng con c
c iu kin tt nht hon thnh c ti ny.
Xin gi li cm n su sc n thy L MINH THNH ngi ht lng
hng dn v ng h tinh thn cho chng em trong thi gian thc hin ti, lun
ch dn tn tnh, gip nhm thc hin c c hng i ng n nht.
Nhm thc hin chn thnh cm n qu thy c trong khoa in - in t
trang b nhng kin thc chuyn mn qu bu lm c s chng em thc hin
tt ti ny, cng ton th cc thy c trong trng tn tnh ch dy chng
em c c nhng kin thc nh ngy hm nay.
Xin cm n cc bn sinh vin nhit tnh gip rt nhiu v ti liu cng
nh nhng kin thc nhm hon thnh tt ti ny.
Nhm thc hin
Bi Xun Ln
Dip Th Hunh Nh
Phn A: M u
Trang iii
B GIO DC V O TO
TRNG I HC S PHM K THUT
TP. H CH MINH
QUYT NH GIAO TI
H v tn sinh vin: Bi Xun Ln
Dip Th Hunh Nh
MSSV: 06117036
MSSV: 06117050
Ngy thng
nm 2011
Ch nhim b mn
L Minh Thnh
Quyt nh giao ti
Trang iv
Phn A: M u
Trang v
Phn A: M u
Trang vi
LI NI U
Trong nhng nm gn y, k thut thng tin v tuyn c nhng bc tin
trin vt bc. S pht trin nhanh chng ca video, thoi v thng tin d liu trn
internet, in thoi di ng c mt khp mi ni, cng nh nhu cu v truyn
thng a phng tin di ng ang ngy mt pht trin.
S hot ng ca cc h thng v tuyn ny ph thuc rt nhiu vo c tnh
ca knh thng tin v tuyn nh: fading la chn tn s, rng bng thng b
gii hn, iu kin ng truyn thay i mt cch nhanh chng v tc ng qua
li ca cc tn hiu.
Nu chng ta vn s dng h thng n sng mang truyn thng cho nhng
dch v ny th h thng thu pht s c phc tp cao hn rt nhiu so vi vic
s dng h thng a sng mang, ghp knh phn chia theo tn s trc giao
(OFDM) l mt trong nhng gii php ang c quan tm gii quyt vn
ny.
S ra i ca h thng WiMAX mang li mt cuc cch mng cho h
thng v tuyn v mng internet trn ton th gii. H thng WiMAX p ng
c cc nhc im ca mng v tuyn truyn thng. Nh vo k thut ghp
knh phn chia theo tn s trc giao OFDM, h thng WiMAX tit kim c
bng thng mt cch ng k. H thng WiMAX cn c th t c tc
truyn d liu m cc h thng v tuyn truyn thng khng th thc hin c,
v vi s linh hot trong h thng nn tn hiu WiMAX c th ph sng c vi
bn knh 50Km. Khi h thng WiMAX ra i th h thng thng tin v tuyn ni
chung v internet ni ring p ng y cc dch v bng thng rng cho h
thng gii tr, qung co.
H thng WiMAX c th cung cp tn hiu cho cc thit b di ng, cho cc
thit b vn phng cng nh cho cc vng c a th him tr m ng truyn
ADSL khng p ng c.
Ngoi ra trong nhng nm gn y, s bng n ca mng v tuyn, kh nng
lin lc v tuyn gn nh tt yu trong cc thit b cm tay, my tnh xch tay,
in thoi di ng v mt s thit b khc. Vi tnh nng u vit v kt ni v kh
Phn A: M u
Trang vii
Trang viii
knh truyn, tnh BER, s khi m phng h thng OFDM bng simulink ca
chng trnh Matlab.
Chng 6: Kt lun v hng pht trin
Trong chng cui cng ny, nhm s trnh by nhng kt lun c c qua
qu trnh tm hiu v thc hin ti, v ng thi a ra nhng kin ngh c
th pht trin ti tt hn na.
Trong thi gian lm n, nhm nghin cu c gng rt nhiu song do
kin thc cn hn ch, thi gian nghin cu ti c hn v ngun ti liu ch
yu l cc b chun v cc bi bo ting anh trn mng nn n cn nhiu sai st
trong qu trnh dch thut. Knh mong nhn c s ph bnh, cc kin ng gp
ca qu thy c v cc bn n c hon thin hn.
Phn A: M u
Trang ix
MC LC
PHN A:
M U .............................................................................................. i
LI CM N .......................................................................................................... ii
QUYT NH GIAO TI ............................................................................... iii
NHN XT CA GIO VIN HNG DN .................................................... iv
NHN XT CA GIO VIN PHN BIN ........................................................ v
LI NI U ........................................................................................................ vi
MC LC ............................................................................................................. ix
LIT K HNH ..................................................................................................... xiv
LIT K BNG .................................................................................................. xvii
CC THUT NG V T VIT TT ............................................................ xviii
PHN B:
NI DUNG .......................................................................................... 1
Chng 1
TNG QUAN V CNG NGH WIMAX ......................................................... 2
1.1
1.2
1.2.1
1.2.2
1.2.3
1.2.4
1.2.5
1.2.6
1.2.7
1.3
1.4
1.4.1
u im ............................................................................................... 7
1.4.2
Nhc im.......................................................................................... 9
1.5
1.5.1
Cc c tnh ca lp vt l ................................................................. 11
1.5.2
Phn A: M u
Trang x
1.6
1.7
Chng 2
TNG QUAN V K THUT OFDM ............................................................. 16
2.1
2.2
2.3
Nguyn l iu ch ................................................................................... 18
2.3.1
S iu ch .................................................................................... 18
2.3.2
2.3.3
2.3.4
2.4
2.5
2.5.1
2.5.2
2.5.2.1 S ............................................................................................... 28
2.5.2.2 Tch khong bo v ........................................................................ 29
2.5.2.3 Thc hin gii iu ch bng thut ton FFT ................................. 29
2.6
2.6.1
2.6.2
Hiu ng a ng ............................................................................ 31
2.6.3
2.6.4
2.6.5
2.6.6
2.7
2.8
Phn A: M u
Trang xi
2.8.1
u im ............................................................................................. 37
2.8.2
Nhc im........................................................................................ 38
Chng 3
K THUT OFDM TRONG WIMAX ............................................................. 39
3.1
3.2
c im ................................................................................................... 39
3.3
3.3.1
3.3.2
3.4
Chng 4
BO MT TRONG WIMAX ............................................................................. 45
4.1
4.1.1
Tn cng b ng ............................................................................... 45
4.1.2
Tn cng ch ng ............................................................................. 46
4.1.3
4.1.4
4.1.5
4.1.6
Gi mo Wireless ............................................................................... 49
4.1.6.1 Gi mo IP ...................................................................................... 50
4.1.6.2 Gi mo MAC ................................................................................ 50
4.1.6.3 Gi mo ARP .................................................................................. 51
4.2
4.2.1
4.2.2
Phn A: M u
Trang xii
5.2
5.2.1
5.2.2
5.3
Thit k cc khi....................................................................................... 65
5.3.1
5.3.2
5.3.4
5.3.5
Knh truyn........................................................................................ 74
5.3.7
5.3.8
5.3.9
5.3.10
5.4
Kt qu m phng..................................................................................... 76
5.4.1
5.4.2
5.4.3
5.4.4
Phn A: M u
5.4.5
Trang xiii
Chng 6
KT LUN V HNG PHT TRIN .......................................................... 84
6.1
Kt lun..................................................................................................... 84
6.2
PHN C:
Phn A: M u
Trang xiv
LIT K HNH
Hnh 1.1:
Hnh 1.2:
Hnh 1.3:
Hnh 1.4:
Hnh 1.5:
Hnh 1.6:
Hnh 2.1:
Hnh 2.2:
B iu ch OFDM ............................................................................ 18
Hnh 2.3:
Hnh 2.4:
Hnh 2.5:
Hnh 2.6:
Hnh 2.7:
Hnh 2.8:
Xung c s ......................................................................................... 25
Hnh 2.9:
Hnh 2.10:
Hnh 2.11:
Hnh 2.12:
Hnh 2.13:
Hnh 2.14:
Hnh 2.15:
Tn hiu a ng........................................................................... 31
Hnh 2.16:
Hnh 2.17:
Tri tr a ng ............................................................................ 33
Hnh 2.18:
Hnh 2.19:
Hnh 3.1:
Hnh 3.2:
Hnh 3.3:
Hnh 3.4:
Phn A: M u
Trang xv
Hnh 3.5:
Hnh 3.6:
Hnh 3.7:
Hnh 4.1:
Hnh 4.2:
Hnh 4.3:
Hnh 4.4:
Hnh 4.5:
Hnh 4.6:
Hnh 5.1:
Hnh 5.2:
Hnh 5.3:
Hnh 5.4:
Hnh 5.5:
Khi iu ch v sa li .................................................................... 65
Hnh 5.6:
Hnh 5.7:
Khi m ha RS ................................................................................. 66
Hnh 5.8:
Hnh 5.9:
Hnh 5.10:
Hnh 5.11:
Hnh 5.12:
Hnh 5.13:
Hnh 5.14:
Hnh 5.15:
Hnh 5.16:
Hnh 5.17:
Hnh 5.18:
Hnh 5.19:
Hnh 5.20:
Hnh 5.21:
Phn A: M u
Trang xvi
Hnh 5.22:
Hnh 5.23:
Hnh 5.24:
Hnh 5.25:
Hnh 5.26:
T s SNR=1 .................................................................................. 80
Hnh 5.27:
T s SNR=5 .................................................................................. 81
Hnh 5.28:
T s SNR=9 .................................................................................. 81
Hnh 5.29:
T s SNR=13 ................................................................................ 81
Hnh 5.30:
T s SNR=19 ................................................................................ 82
Hnh 5.31:
T s SNR=24 ................................................................................ 82
Hnh 5.32:
T s SNR=27 ................................................................................ 82
Phn A: M u
Trang xvii
LIT K BNG
Bng 2.1
Bng 2.2
Bng 5.1
Thng s ca m ha RS ................................................................... 68
Bng 5.2
Bng 5.3
Bng 5.4
Phn A: M u
Trang xviii
CC THUT NG V T VIT TT
ADSL
AK
Authorisation Key
AP
Access Point
ARP
ATM
AWGN
BCH
Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenghem
BER
BPSK
BS
Base Station
BTS
BWA
CDMA
CIR
CP
Cyclic Prefix
CPE
CTR
DES
DoS
DRM
DVB-H
DVB-T
DSL
Electronic Mail
FDD
FDM
FEC
FFT
FTP
GI
Guard Interval
HTTP
ICI
Phn A: M u
Trang xix
IDFT
IEEE
IFFT
IP
Internet Protocol
ISI
ISS
LAN
LOS
Line of sight
LDPC
Low-Density-Parity-Check
MAC
MANET
MIMO
MITM
MISO
NIC
NLOS
OFDM
OFDMA
PAPR
PKM
QPSK
QAM
QoS
Quality of Service
RARP
SA
Security Association
SAID
SAP
S-OFDMA
SER
SC
Single Carrier
SMS
SNR
SS
Subcrariber Stations
SSID
Phn A: M u
STBC
TDD
TDM
TDMA
TEK
TELNET
Telecommunication Network
VoIP
Voice Over IP
WAN
WEP
WiMAX
WIFI
Wireless Fidelity
WLAN
WMAN
Phn A: M u
Trang xx
PHN B: NI DUNG
Trang 2
Chng 1
Trang 3
Trang 4
Trang 5
Trang 6
in thoi
VoIP
Mng
WiMAX
Gim st
To nh 1
Gim st
in thoi VoIP
To nh chnh
My tnh
c nhn
Gim st
To nh 2
Trang 7
Trong trng hp truyn NLOS, h thng s dng bng tn thp hn 2GHz11GHz, tng t nh WLAN, tn hiu c th vt cc vt chn thng qua ng
phn x, nhiu x, tn x n ch. Cc tn hiu nhn c pha thu bao
gm s tng hp cc thnh phn nhn c t ng i trc tip, cc ng phn
x, nng lng tn x v cc thnh phn nhiu x. Nhng tn hiu ny c nhng
khong tr, s suy gim, s phn cc v trng thi n nh lin quan ti ng
truyn trc tip l khc nhau.
Trang 8
Trang 9
Trang 10
Trang 11
Lp truyn dn.
Lp vt l.
Cc lp ny tng ng vi 2 lp vt l v lp kt ni d liu ca m hnh
OSI, c tiu chun ho giao tip vi nhiu ng dng lp trn.
Trang 12
Trang 13
Trang 14
Trang 15
Trang 16
Chng 2
Trang 17
Trang 18
c m rng theo chu k trnh xuyn nhiu gia cc sng mang ICI. Hnh 2.1
so snh phng thc iu ch FDM v OFDM.
Hnh 2.2:
B iu ch OFDM
Trang 19
{ai} chia thnh NFFT dng song song vi tc d liu gim i NFFT ln thng qua
b chia ni tip sang song song. Dng bit trn mi lung song song {ai} li c
iu ch thnh tn hiu phc a mc {dk,n}, vi n l ch s sng mang ph, i l ch
s khe thi gian tng ng vi NC bit song song sau khi qua b chuyn i ni
tip sang song song, k l ch s khe thi gian ng vi NC mu tn hiu phc. Cc
mu tn hiu pht {dk,n } c nhn vi xung c s gii hn ph ca mi sng
mang, sau c dch tn ln n knh con tng ng bng vic nhn vi hm
phc e jL t , cc tn hiu sng mang ny trc giao nhau. Tn hiu sau khi nhn vi
s
xung c s v dch tn cng li qua b tng v cui cng c biu din nh sau:
L
m k(t)=
m L
k ,n
S ' (t kT )e jm s t
(2.1)
'
m(t)= m k (t ) =
k
mL
k ,n
S ' (t kT )e jm s t
(2.2)
Trang 20
xuyn knh. Vic mt tnh trc giao gia cc sng mang s to ra s chng lp
gia cc tn hiu mang tin v lm suy gim cht lng tn hiu v lm cho u thu
kh khi phc li c hon ton thng tin ban u.
Trong h thng FDM thng thng, nhiu sng mang c cch nhau mt
khong ph hp tn hiu thu c th nhn li bng cch s dng cc b lc v
cc b gii iu ch thng thng. Trong cc my nh vy, cc khong bo v cn
c d on trc gia cc sng mang khc nhau v vic a vo cc khong
bo v lm gim hiu qu s dng ph ca h thng.
Hnh 2.3:
Trang 21
1 i k
0 i k
T2
*
i (t )k (t )dt
T1
(2.3)
Hnh 2.4:
sin x
. Nhn thy mi sng mang gm mt nh ti tn s trung tm v mt
x
s im khng cch nhau bng khong cch gia cc sng mang. Hin tng
trc giao c th hin l nh ca mi sng mang trng vi im khng ca
cc sng mang khc v mt tn s. Hnh 2.5 m t ph ca mt tn hiu OFDM.
Tnh trc giao c th hin l nh ca mi sng mang ph ny tng ng
vi cc gi tr khng ca tt c cc sng mang ph khc. Khi tn hiu ny c
tch bng cch s dng thut ton DFT, ph ca chng khng lin tc nh hnh
2.5a, m l nhng mu ri rc. Ph ca tn hiu ly mu ti cc gi tr khng
trong hnh 2.5b. Nu thut ton DFT c ng b theo thi gian, cc mu tn s
Trang 22
Hnh 2.5:
p ng tn s ca cc sng mang ph
Trang 23
X (k )
N 1
x(n)W N
nk
, k 0,1,...,N 1
(2.4)
n 0
Trong , WN c xc nh l WN e
2
N
(2.5)
nk
Do vy, WN c gi tr l:
W Nnk
2kn
N
(2.6)
x(n)
1
N
N 1
X (k )WNnk
, n 0,1,...,N 1
(2.7)
k 0
N
log 2 N . V vy s php ton ca
2
2N
.
log 2 N
Trang 24
Hnh 2.6:
T
1
1
S
B N FFT f S N FFT
(2.8)
mk' (kTS
lta ) s0
S0
Do S kTS 2f S k
n L
(2.9)
n L
1
jn kT
2k , kt qu e S S 1
fS
jnS lta
jn2f S
1
f S N FFT
j 2
nl
N FFT
, phng
d k ,n e
n L
j 2
nl
N FFT
(2.10)
Trang 25
Php biu din tn hiu OFDM phng trnh (2.10) c dng trng vi php
bin i IDFT phng trnh (2.7). Do vy b iu ch OFDM c th thc hin
mt cch d dng bng php bin i IDFT. Trong trng hp N FFT l bi ca 2,
php bin i IDFT c thay th bng php bin i nhanh IFFT.
S iu ch OFDM s dng thut ton IFFT c th hin nh hnh 2.6.
Hnh 2.7:
Ph ca tn hiu OFDM
Trang 26
Ts = Tg + TFFT
(2.11)
Trang 27
tr tri tr cc i l mt thng s xut hin khi tn hiu truyn trong khng gian
chu nh hng ca hin tng a ng. Gi tr tri tr cc i c xc nh l
khong thi gian chnh lch ln nht gia thi im tn hiu thu qua ng trc
tip v thi im tn hiu thu c qua ng phn x. V tn chui bo v CP
khng mang thng tin c ch nn pha thu, chui bo v ny s c loi b
trc khi gi n b gii iu ch OFDM.
Ngoi khi nim tin t lp CP cn c khi nim hu t lp cyclic postfix.
Hu t cng tng t nh tin t, mt khong bt u ca tn hiu ly IFFT c
sao chp v a ra pha sau ca tn hiu. Thm vo hu t cng c th chng c
nhiu ISI v ICI nhng thng ch cn s dng tin t l c v khi s dng
thm hu t s lm gim hiu sut bng thng. Nu ch s dng tin t lp th
chiu di ca n phi ln hn tri tr ln nht. Cn nu s dng c tin t v hu
t lp th tng chiu di ca chng phi ln hn tri tr ln nht ca knh
truyn.
2.5 Nguyn l gii iu ch OFDM
2.5.1 Truyn dn phn tp a ng
Knh truyn dn phn tp a ng, v mt ton hc c biu hin qua p
ng xung h(,t) v hm truyn t H ( j, t ) . i vi p ng xung h(,t), bin l
tr truyn dn ca knh, tr truyn dn l khong thi gian tn hiu i t my pht
n my thu. Bin i Fourier ca p ng xung i vi bin cho ta hm truyn
t ca knh
j
H ( j , t ) h( , t )e
d
(2.12)
Gi s khng c nhiu AWGN, mi lin h gia tn hiu thu u(t), tn hiu pht
m(t) v p ng xung c m t nh hnh 2.10:
m(t)
h(,t)
u(t)
H(j,t)
Hnh 2.10: M hnh knh truyn
Chng 2: Tng quan v k thut OFDM
Trang 28
Trong min thi gian, tn hiu thu l tch chp ca tn hiu pht v p ng
xung ca knh:
u(t) = m(t) * h( , t )
maz
h( , t )m(t )d
(2.13)
Trang 29
(2.14)
Ts
N FFT
(2.15)
n=0,1,2,....,NFFT 1
(2.16)
d k ,l
ta
=
TS
N FFT 1
uk' (kTS
n 0
(2.17)
Tch s biu din thnh phn m thnh tch hai thnh phn, biu thc (2.17)
c vit li di dng:
d k ,l
ta
TS
N FFT 1
n 0
Vi S 2
(2.18)
jl kT
1
S S e jlk 2 1
, th e
T
Mt khc, S t a 2
d k ,l
Trang 30
1
2
ta
nn (2.18) c vit li:
TS
N FFT
N FFT 1
uk' (kTS
N FFT n 0
nta )e j 2n / N FFT
( 2.19)
Biu thc trn chnh l php biu din DFT vi chiu di NFFT. Nh c s pht
trin ca k thut s, php thc hin DFT s c thc hin d dng. V c bit
l khi NFFT l bi s ca 2, php thc hin DFT c thay th bng php bin i
nhanh FFT.
S ca b gii iu ch OFDM thc hin bng php bin i nhanh FFT
c trnh by nh hnh 2.13
Trang 31
S suy gim tn hiu l s suy hao mc cng sut tn hiu trong qu trnh
truyn t im ny n im khc. iu ny c th l do ng truyn di, do cc
ta nh cao tng v hiu ng a ng. Hnh 2.14 cho thy mt s nguyn nhn
lm suy gim tn hiu. Bt k mt vt cn no trn ng truyn u cng c th
lm suy gim tn hiu.
2.6.2 Hiu ng a ng
Rayleigh fading
Trang 32
Xc sut ca mc tn hiu
(dB)
10
99
50
-10
-20
0.5
-30
0.05
Fading la chn tn s
Trong bt k ng truyn v tuyn no, p ng ph khng bng phng do
c sng phn x n u vo my thu. S phn x c th dn n hin tng a
ng v lm suy gim cng sut tn hiu. Ton b tn hiu c th b mt trn
ng truyn bng hp nu khng c p ng tn s xy ra trn knh truyn. C
th khc phc bng hai cch :
- Truyn tn hiu bng rng hoc s dng phng php tri ph nh CDMA
nhm gim bt suy hao.
- Phn ton b bng tn thnh nhiu knh bng hp, mi knh c mt sng
mang, mi sng mang ny trc giao vi cc sng mang khc (tn hiu OFDM).
Tn hiu ban u c tri trn bng thng rng, khng c ph xy ra ti tt c tn
s sng mang. Kt qu l ch c mt vi tn s sng mang b mt. Thng tin trong
Trang 33
Mi trng
Tri tr
Trong nh
40ns-200ns
12m-60m
Bn ngoi
1s-20s
300m-6km
Trang 34
f f o
(2.20)
Trang 35
Trang 36
PAPR
s (t )
max
t [ 0,T ]
mean
t [ 0,T ]
s (t )
(2.25)
Trang 37
Trang 38
Trang 39
Chng 3
Hnh 3.1:
Chng 3: K thut OFDMA trong WiMAX
ODFM v OFDMA
Trang 40
t
Hnh 3.2:
Hnh 3.3:
Trang 41
Hnh 3.4:
Chn k t
dn ng
IFFT
DAC
Chn GI
Knh
truyn
Gii iu ch
bng tn gc
Cn bng
knh
IFFT
Tch GI
Tch k t
dn ng
Khi phc
knh truyn
Hnh 3.5:
ADC
Trang 42
Hnh 3.6:
rf
Trang 43
1
D f f S max
(3.1)
1
1
2 f D max Dt (TS TS )
(3.2)
Hnh 3.7:
Trang 44
iu ch thch nghi
Trang 45
Chng 4
BO MT TRONG WIMAX
4.1 Nhng m hnh tn cng trong h thng v tuyn
4.1.1 Tn cng b ng
Tn cng b ng hay nghe ln c th c xem l mt phng php tn cng
n gin nht nhng vn rt hiu qu. Tn cng b ng khng li mt du vt
no chng t c s hin din ca vic truy nhp vo trong mng v khi tn cng
attacker khng gi bt k gi tin no m ch lng nghe hoc ly mi d liu lu
thng trn mng.
Hnh 4.1:
M hnh tn cng b ng
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Hnh 4.2:
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Hnh 4.3:
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Hnh 4.4:
Mng ad-hoc
4.1.6 Gi mo Wireless
Mt khi nhng my khch hng, thit b hoc ngi s dng no b ngn cm
truy cp vo mng Wireless, th vn gi mo l mt trong cc cch tn cng hu
hiu trong mng Wireless. Mc ch ca vic ny l c th gia nhp vo mng v
Chng 4: Bo mt trong WiMAX
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sau s dng nhng cng c d tm v ly nhng thng tin chng thc ca ngi
s dng v tr thnh ngi dng hp l truy nhp vo mng m khng b pht
hin (Man-in-the-Middle Attack cng l mt cch ca kiu tn cng ny).
4.1.6.1 Gi mo IP
Gi mo l mt cng ngh nhm vt qua s ngn chn truy cp ca h thng,
attacker c th gi cc thng ip n mt my tnh m di danh ngha l mt host
hp l. y c mt vi s khc nhau trong nhiu cch tn cng theo kiu ny:
Non-Blind Spoofing: Cch ny p dng khi attacker cng mt subnet vi
Victim, nn vic nghe trm cc gi tin trn mng l iu rt n gin. Loi ny cn
c gi l Session Hijacking v mt attacker c th trnh c bt k h thng
chng thc no v thit lp kt ni. iu ny thc hin c bng cch ngt cc
dng d liu ca cc kt ni m c thit lp trc , sau ti thit lp li
da trn nhng gi tin ng vi h thng tn cng.
MITM Attack: Trong cch tn cng ny, attacker s chn nhng giao tip hp
l ca 2 host iu khin d liu gia 2 host, khi attacker s mo danh c 2
host gi d liu cho 2 host ny. Hai host vn trao i d liu vi nhau bnh
thng nhng thc t d liu my A gi cho my B th thng qua attacker,
attacker s ly thng tin t my A v sau s mo danh a ch my A v truyn
n cho B. iu kin thc hin cch tn cng ny l attacker phi t mnh
gia ng lin kt ca 2 host.
DoS: gi mo IP i khi cng c s dng bng tn cng Dos. Khi
attacker s phi tn nhiu thi gian v ti nguyn nh bng thng c th tht
nhiu gi tin n Victim trong mt khong thi gian. Khi attacker s gi mo a
ch IP ngun theo di v tn cng DoS. Khi nhiu host tha hip vi nhau v
ng lot tn cng, th s gi nhng gi tin gi mo, n lm cho lu lng trn
mng nhanh chng b nghn.
4.1.6.2 Gi mo MAC
Mi mt NIC u c mt a ch vt l c gi l a ch MAC. a ch ny
gm c 12 ch s HEX l duy nht. V thng thng trn cc thit b AP c cung
cp mt chc nng lc a ch MAC mc ch nhm ngn chn mt my khch
Chng 4: Bo mt trong WiMAX
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sutTrong bng 10-66 BS truyn tn hiu TDM trong khi thu bao c nhn c
ch nh khe thi gian trong cc khe ni tip. Truyn dn ng ln t SS s dng
TDMA. Trong bng 2-11GHz c ng k v khng ng k, 3 giao din v tuyn
c ch nh pht trin l WirelessMAN-SC2, WirelessMAN-OFDM v
WirelessMAN-OFDMA. Lp vt l cung cp cc dch v cho lp MAC qua im
truy cp dch v SAP.
Lp con bo mt theo chun 802.16 MAC tp trung cc chc nng bo mt lin
quan n khung lp MAC. Lp con ny bao gm hai giao thc thnh phn:
Giao thc ng gi: Giao thc ny nh ngha tp hp cc b mt m h tr
m ha gi d liu gia BS v SS. B mt m ny cha cc thng tin lin quan n
cp thut ton m ha v chng thc, quy lut p dng thut ton cho ti tin PDU
ca lp MAC.
Giao thc qun l kha: Giao thc ny lin quan n vic qun l v phn
phi kha t BS ti SS. Giao thc c chn s dng l PKM.
Lp con bo mt MAC s dng khi nim security associations (SA). y l
tp cc tham s v thng tin chia s gia BS v SS qun l giao tip gia chng.
Tp cc tham s bao gm m ha lu lng TEK v gi tr vector khi to. Mi SA
trong chun 802.16 c ch nh bi mt s nhn dng security association
(SAID). Mt BS phi chc chn rng mt my khch hng ch truy nhp ti SA m
n c cp php.
Hnh 4.5:
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cho SS. Giao thc ny thuc cc ch tiu k thut ca DOCSIS BPI cho cp modem
trong h thng CableLabs. Cc SS yu cu phi c chng nhn thit b c gn
trong qu trnh sn xut phc v cho vic xc thc v cp quyn nhng BS li
khng yu cu cc chng nhn tng t. Do qu trnh xc thc ch din ra mt
pha. Tn hiu cp quyn thnh cng cho SS l BS gi mt bn tin cha mt kha
AK, kha ny s s dng bo v cho qu trnh phn pht kha TEK t BS cho
SS. C hai kha AK v TEK c qun l bi thit b trng thi ring bit v kha
c s c lm mi mt cch nh k bi mt kha mi sau qu trnh thay i kha.
Giao thc PKM s dng mt SS c th nhn c kha lu lng v c
cp quyn bi BS. PKM cn h tr vic ti xc thc v lm mi kha. Giao thc
PKM s dng chng nhn s X.509 v two-key triple DES bo m an ton cho
kha trao i gia SS v BS theo m hnh client-server. Khi SS l mt my
khch hng yu cu kha trong khi BS l my ch p ng cc yu cu , bo m
my khch hng SS ch nhn mt kha duy nht phc v qu trnh cp quyn.
Trc tin giao thc PKM thit lp mt kha cp quyn AK, y l mt kha i
xng b mt c chia s gia SS v BS. Kha ny c s dng bo m cho
nhng s thay i PKM sau i vi kha TEK.
Thit b BS xc thc mt thit b SS trong sut qu trnh trao i s cp php
ban u. Mi thit b SS c mt s chng nhn thit b X509 xc nh trn phn
cng do nh sn xut gn cho. S chng nhn thit b SS bao gm kha cng cng
RSA v cc thng tin c tnh k thut khc ca thit b, l a ch MAC, s seri
v s ID ca nh sn xut. Vi vic trao i cp php, thit b SS s gi bn copy
ca chng nhn thit b cho thit b BS. Thit b BS phi kim tra c php v thng
tin trong chng nhn ca SS, v c th thc hin kim tra ph chun cho chng
nhn. Nu ph hp, BS s p li SS vi AK c m ha s dng kha cng cng
ca SS (kha ny cha trong bn tin nhn c t SS). Ch SS cha kha ring
thch hp mi c th gii m bn tin v ly kha AK gn cho n c th s dng.
Ch rng cho d chng nhn SS c th c bit bi k tn cng no , ch
thit b SS mi truy nhp c kha ring ph hp nm trong kha cng cng ca
chng nhn. ngn chn thit b v chng nhn ca n khng b v dng, kha
ring phi c gn vi phn cng ca thit b mt cch cht ch. Do hacker s
Chng 4: Bo mt trong WiMAX
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kh khn hn rt nhiu trong vic gii mt kha ring t thit b so vi vic hacker
s dng phng php crack thit b.
Hnh 4.6:
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Chng 5
Hnh 5.1:
Hnh 5.2:
S khi bn pht
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Hnh 5.4:
Hnh 5.5:
Khi iu ch v sa li
Trong khi ny thc hin hai chc nng, chc nng u tin l khi ny c kh
nng sa li trc FEC v chc nng th hai l thc hin qu trnh iu ch. M
ha sa li trc FEC c s dng nng cao cht lng thng tin, c th l m
bo t s li trong gii hn cho php m khng phi nng cao gi tr ca t s SNR,
c bit l trong knh truyn b tc ng ca nhiu AWGN. Chc nng sa li trc
FEC c thc hin thng qua cc khi m ha Reed-Solomon, khi m ha chp
v khi chn. Chc nng FEC l chn cc m sa li vo dng bit d liu nhm sa
cc bit sai trong qu trnh pht knh truyn. D liu ngu nhin c a qua khi
m ha RS m ha d liu sau a n khi m ha chp, khi m ha chp
s chia lung d liu ny v m ha vi tc khc nhau. Khi chn c s dng
phn tn li cm trong chui d liu. Bn pha thu s s dng thut ton Viterbi
gii m. Hnh 5.6 th hin cc khi thc hin chc nng m ha FEC.
Chng 5: M phng h thng WiMAX
Hnh 5.6:
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Khi iu ch v sa li QPSK
Hnh 5.7:
Khi m ha RS
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p ( x) x8 x 4 x 3 x 2 1
1000111012
28510
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M ha RS
ha (k)
ha(n)
(n,k)
QPSK
24
32
(32, 24)
QPSK
36
40
(40, 36)
16 QAM
48
64
(64, 48)
16 QAM
72
80
(80, 72)
64 QAM 2/3
96
108
(108, 96)
64 QAM
108
120
(120, 108)
Dng iu ch
i vi X
G2=133OCT
i vi Y
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M ha xon vi tc 1/2
Hnh 5.8:
Tc m ha
1/2
[1]
2/3
[1 1 1 0]
3/4
[1 1 0 1 1 0]
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Hnh 5.9:
Khi chn
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Hnh 5.12: Cc symbol pht thu theo m ha khng gian- thi gian
Tng t nh vy, ma trn m ha khng gian-thi gian c th c thc hin
vi ba v bn anten. Bng cch s dng nhiu anten, h thng c th thc hin mt
s cn bng tt hn gia phng thc truyn a ng v cng sut.
K thut m ha theo khng gian v thi gian cho php s dng ti a hiu qu
ca mng thng tin t bo. Nh s dng nhiu phn t anten, k thut ny c th
gim nh hng ca nhiu pha inh n mc thp nht v cng c th thay i thch
nghi gin phng hng ca h thng anten gim thiu mc nhiu a truy cp
ti cc my thu.
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K thut iu ch v gii iu ch
BPSK 1/2
QPSK 1/2
2
3
4
5
6
QPSK 3/4
16 QAM 1/2
16 QAM 3/4
64 QAM 2/3
64 QAM 3/4
5.4 Kt qu m phng
Trong chng trnh m phng s dng nhiu k thut iu ch, cc k thut
ny s ph thuc vo thng s SNR m h thng s t chn k thut iu ch cho
ph hp. Cc kt qu di y thu c khi s dng t s SNR= 21dB iu ny
tng ng vi vic chng trnh thc hin k thut iu ch 64-QAM 2/3.
5.4.1 S chm sao ca tn hiu sau khi iu ch bn pht
Tn hiu c iu ch theo k thut 64-QAM 2/3 nn trn s chm sao
s c hin th 64 im. ng vi mi im s c bin v pha khc vi tt c
cc im khc. V v dng k thut 64 QAM nn ng vi mi im s c biu
din l 6 bit.
Chng 5: M phng h thng WiMAX
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Hnh 5.21: S chm sao ca tn hiu bn pha thu trc khi gii iu ch
Ta nhn thy trn s chm sao cc tn hiu b nh hng bi nhiu ca mi
trng truyn nn cc im khng cn ng v tr nh bn pha pht na, cc tn
hiu b lch xung quanh ca v tr im ban u, iu ny cho thy nhiu ca mi
trng truyn l nh hng n bin v pha ca tn hiu pht.
Khi ta tng t s SNR ln cng ln th bn pha thu s sai lch cc tn hiu cng
gim, iu ny cng cho thy khi nhiu khng cn nh hng nhiu th tn hiu s
cng tr nn chnh xc hn. Tuy nhin trong thc t, nhiu trong h thng v tuyn
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Dng iu ch
0-2
BPSK 1/2
3-8
QPSK 1/2
9-10
QPSK 3/4
11-17
16-QAM 1/2
18-20
16-QAM 3/4
21-26
64-QAM 2/3
27
64-QAM 3/4
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Chng 6
Kt lun
Sau mt thi gian tm hiu nhm thc hin hon thnh c ti: Tm
hiu k thut OFDM trong WiMAX. Qua qu trnh thc hin nhm nhn thy
c nhng u im vt tri trong WiMAX nh v khong cch truyn (50km) v
tc truyn (70Mbps), cht lng dch v c thit lp cho tng kt ni, bo mt
tt, s dng trn nhiu di tn s. Trong thi gian cho php v iu kin hin c,
nhm thc hin ti tm hiu c nhng vn sau:
- Cc chun ca WiMAX cng nh cch thc hot ng ca h thng thng
tin v tuyn ny.
- Trnh by nhng khi nim c bn, u nhc im, nguyn l iu ch v
gii iu ch ca k thut iu ch OFDM, v nhng ng dng ca k thut ny
trong WiMAX.
- Trnh by v nhng khi nim c bn, cc c im v tnh cht ni bt ca
k thut a truy nhp phn chia theo tn trc giao OFDMA. Qua c th thy
c nhng u im ca k thut ny trong vic x l, truyn nhn tn hiu ni
chung v ng dng trong cng ngh WiMAX ni ring.
- Thc hin chng trnh m phng tn hiu trong WiMAX da trn k thut
iu ch OFDM. y l chng trnh c vit bng Matlab, chng trnh bao
gm s khi m phng s pht v thu s dng phng php phn tp trong
khng gian v thi gian ca h thng MISO, m phng knh truyn, tnh BER, so
snh tng dng phng php iu ch (BPSK, QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM) ng vi
tng t s tn hiu trn nhiu SNR, s khi m phng h thng WiMAX bng
simulink trong Matlab.
Tuy nhin do mt s vn cn hn ch v cng l cng ngh mi nn n cha
c ng dng rng ri. Vit Nam cng ngh ny ang c cc cng ty vin
thng t chc nghin cu v trin khai th im mt s ni nh Lo Cai.
6.2
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thc nghim. Trn c s nhng ni dung trnh by, nhm thc hin a ra hng
pht trin tip theo ca ti l:
Th nht, Tm hiu su hn v vn bo mt trong WiMAX.
Th hai, hon thin phn m phng trong h thng MIMO nu bt c u
im ca cng ngh WiMAX.
Th ba, tm hiu nghin cu v quy hoch mng WiMAX.
Th t, tm hiu kh nng ng dng ca cng ngh WiMAX Vit Nam.
PHN C: PH LC V TI
LIU THAM KHO
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PH LC A:
S KHI BN PHT
Hnh 7.1
Hnh 7.2
Ph lc
S khi FEC v iu ch
Khi iu ch BPSK tc m ha
Ph lc
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Hnh 7.3
Khi iu ch QPSK tc m ha
Hnh 7.4
Khi iu ch QPSK tc m ha
Hnh 7.5
Khi iu ch 16 QAM
Hnh 7.6
Khi iu ch 16 QAM
Hnh 7.7
Hnh 7.8
Hnh 7.9
Hnh 7.10
Ph lc
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Khi iu ch 64 QAM
Hnh 7.11
Hnh 7.12
Ph lc
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S pht OFDM th 2
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PH LC B:
S KHI BN THU
Hnh 7.13
Hnh 7.14
Hnh 7.15
Ph lc
Hnh 7.16
Hnh 7.17
Ph lc
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Ph lc
Hnh 7.18
Hnh 7.19
Hnh 7.20
Hnh 7.21
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Ph lc
Hnh 7.22
Hnh 7.23
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