Mt s mch khuch i tn hiu

(1) Khuch i dng cho ng ni dng in dung.

ng ni dng chuyn i sng m thanh ra dng tn hiu in, ng ni dng in dung trong c mt transistor FET, trn chn cng (chn Gate), ngi ta t mn rung tnh in trng, quen gi l mn in chm, khi sng m thanh lm rung mn tnh in, n s lm thay i rng ca knh dn dng nm bn trong transistor FET v to ra tn hiu xut hin trn mt in tr t trn chn dn (chn Drain). Trong mch: X1 l microphone, l ng ni dng in dung, n c phn cc vi chn v cho ni masse v chn cn li qua in tr R5 ni ln ngun dng. Khi Bn ni vo micro, mn tnh in b lm rung, n s lm "co gin" knh dn in trong transistor FET, dng chy ra trn chn Drain qua in tr R5 v ngun, lc ny trn chn Drain s xut hin tn hiu m thanh.

Mch khuch i dng transistor Q1, vi R2 l in tr nh mc p cho chn C v in tr R1 dng cp phn cc cho chn B v in tr R3 dng ly tn hiu cho chn E to tc dng hi tip nghch. mch lm vic trong vng khuch i, mc p trn chn B phi cao hn chn E khong 0.6V (mi ni BE phi cho phn cc thun) v mc p chn C cao hn mc p chn B (mi ni CB phi cho phn cc nghch), thng mc p trn chn C ly khong 1/2 mc p ca ngun nui. Dng lm vic ca transistor ly khong 0.5mA l . Trong mch ny, tn hiu m thanh pht ra t ng ni in dung cho qua t lin lc 1uF a vo chn B v sau khi c khuch i tn hiu ly ra trn chn C v cho qua t lin lc 10uF cp cho ti R6. Trn ng ngun t thm mch lc ngun vi in tr R4 v t C1. (2) Khuch i dng cho ng ni dng in ng

Microphone in ng gm c mt cun dy rt nh gn trn mn run v t bn trong l mt nam chm vnh cu kh mnh. Khi Bn ni vo micro

in ng, mn rung s lm cho cun dy chuyn ng vo ra trn mt nam chm, v theo nh lut Faraday, trn hai u ca cun dy s xut hin in p tn hiu. Vy micro in ng to ra tn hiu m thanh bng s rung ca mt cun dy t gn mt nam chm vnh ca. Tn hiu ny cn rt nh (nh hn loi micro in dung), nn cn khuch i. Trong mch: Q1 l transistor khuch i cho lm vic theo kiu ly chn B lm chn chung, Bn thy chn B cho ni masse qua t C4. Kiu khuch ai ny c cc c im sau: * Tr khng ng vo trn chn E nh, nn rt ph hp vi loi micro in ng, d to c s phi hp ng tr khng, nh vy cng sut tn hiu ly vo s cc i. Tr khng ng ra ln, nn cho li in p cao. * Mch khuch i ly chn B lm chn chung cho li in p, khng cho li dng in. in p tn hiu ly ra trn chn C ln hn in p tn hiu a vo chn E, nhng dng ng vo l IE th gn bng dng ng ra IC nn khng c li v dng in. * Mch khuch i khng o pha. Khi tn hiu lm in p chn E tng thi in p tng ng trn chn C cng tng v ngc li, khi in p trn chn E gim th in p trn chn C cng gim theo. Trong mch: R2, R3 v t C4 cp mc volt phn cc cho chn B. in tr R1 dng nh mc dng lm vic IE cho transistor. in tr R4 dng nh mc p phn cc cho chn C. Tn hiu qua t lin lc C5 a vo chn E v tn hiu ly ra trn chn C qua t lin lc C6 a n chit p RV1. T y tn hiu s cho qua tng khuch i tng bin vi Q2, v tng khuch i m vi Q3. Ghi ch: Do tr khng ng vo trn chn E rt nh, nn tr ca t lin lc trn chn ny, t C5, Bn phi ly ln trnh lm mt cc tn hiu vng tn s thp. Transistor Q2 l tng khuch i ly chn E lm chn chung, nn tn hiu cho vo chn B v tn hiu ly ra trn chn C. Trong mch: R5 l in tr nh mc p trn chn C, R6 l in tr nh mc dng lm vic chy vo

trn chn E v R8 l in tr cp mc p phn cc cho chn B. Q3 l tng khuch i m vi tn hiu vo trn chn B v ly ra trn chn E. Kiu mch khuch i ny ly chn C lm chn chung, chn C cho ni vo ng ngun DC, mch khuch i C chung c cc c im sau: * Mch cho li dng in, dng tn hiu ng ra IE ln hn dng tn hiu ng vo IB, khng cho li in p, in p tn hiu ng ra VE gn bng in p tn hiu ng vo VB. * Tr khng ng vo rt ln, tr khng ng ra nh nn kh nng mang ti ca n tt hn. * Mch khuch i khng c tnh o pha. in p tn hiu vo trn chn B tng th in p tn hiu ra trn chn E cng tng theo, v ngc li tn hiu vo gim th tn hiu ng ra cng gim theo. Ngi ta ly tn hiu ra trn chn E ca Q3 trn in tr R7, cho qua t lin lc C9 tip tc i vo cc tng khuch i chn tn hay khuch i cng sut. Trn ng ngun cng t mch lc vi in tr R9 v t C8. (3) Tin khuch i, dng khuch i cc tn hiu nh.

Kiu mch khuch i ny hin rt thng dng, mch dng 2 transistor lin lc thng. Khi Bn phn tch mt mch khuch i, trc ht hy xt n iu kin phn cc tnh. cc transistor lm vic trong vng khuch i, mi ni BE phi cho phn cc thun v mi ni CB phi cho phn cc nghch, lc dng ht ti in phun ra t chn E s chy gn ht vo chn C v chy ra trn chn C, v lc ny, chng ta s dng mc volt bin i trn chn B lm tng gim dng in ny. Trong mch: R1 l in tr nh mc p trn chn C ca Q1, v R2 l in tr nh mc dng chy vo chn E ca Q1. R5 l in tr cp mc p phn cc cho chn B ca Q1. R3 l in tr nh mc p trn chn C ca Q2 v R4 l in tr nh mc dng chy vo chn E ca Q2. Khi kim tra mc p DC trn mch, chng ta thy Q1, Q2 c cho phn cc lm vic trong vng khuch i. Tn hiu cho qua t lin lc C1 vo chn B ca Q1, sau khi c khuch i, tn hiu ly ra trn chn C ca Q2 qua t lin lc C2 n ti.

Trong mch dng t C3 lm tng li ca Q2. trnh hin tng dao ng boating, chng ta t mch lc R6, C4 trn ng ngun. Do 2 tng khuch i rp theo kiu E chung, nn mch ny cho li rt ln, nh vy chng ta c th dng ng hi tip nghch ci thin cht lng ca mch khuch i. (4) Khuch i m sc, cn gi l khuch i chnh Bass - Treble. Tn hiu m thanh tai ngi nghe c nm trong dy tn s t 20Hz n 20000Hz. Ngi ta chia dy tn ny ra lm 3 on: * on t 20Hz n 400Hz gi l m trm, hay Bass * on t 400Hz n 3000Hz gi l m trung, hay Medium * on t 3000Hz n 20000Hz gi l m bng, hay Treble Khi nghe nhc hay khi nghe li thoi, c ngi thch nghe m trm, li c ngi thch nghe m bng, mi ngi mi , do vy ngi ta rp mch khuch i c chc nng iu chnh bin ca cc tn hiu m thanh theo tn s. Mch ph bin nht l dng mch lc Baxandal dng iu chnh bin tn hiu m thanh vng tn s thp, gi l nt chnh Bass v iu chnh tn hiu vng tn s cao, gi l nt chnh Treble. S mch in nh hnh sau:

Trong mch: Q1 l tng khuch i tng bin, rp theo kiu chn E chung, Q1 c phn cc vi in tr R2 dng nh mc p cho chn C, in tr R1 cp mc p phn cc cho chn B v in tr nh dnh R3, cn dng ly tn hiu trn chn E to tc dng hi tip nghch nhm n nh mch khuch i. Tn hiu a vo chn B qua t lin lc C1 v cho ly ra trn chn C qua t C2 vo mch lc, ti y ngi ta t mch lc tn Baxandal. Mch lc gm 2 nhnh: * Nhnh lc ly tn hiu c tn s cao, gm t C4, RV1 v t C5. Cc tn hiu c tn s cao d qua nhnh ny, cc tn hiu tn s thp b "chn li". Nh vy chng ta dng chit p RV1 ch chn bin cho cc tn hiu c tn s cao, RV1 thng gi l nt chnh ting bng. * Nhnh lc ly tn hiu tn s thp, gm R10, RV2, R11 v cc t C6, C7.

Mch cho thy ch c cc tn hiu tn s thp cho qua chit p RV2, cc tn hiu tn s cao u cho "i tt ngang qua" chit p ny. Trong nhnh ny, chng ta dng chit p RV2 ch chn bin cho cc tn hiu c tn s thp, RV2 thng gi l nt chnh ting trm. in tr R12 to phn cch gia cc nhnh lc tn. Sau khi ra khi 2 nhnh lc tn, mt cho tn s cao v mt cho tn s thp, thnh phn tn hiu m trm v m bng c cho "cng li" v cho qua t lin lc C8 a vo chn B ca tng khuch i vi Q2. Transistor Q2 c phn cc vi in tr R5 nh mc p trn chn C, in tr R4 cp p phn cc cho chn B, v in tr R6 to tc ng hi tip nghch trn chn E. Sau cng tn hiu ly ra trn chn C ca Q2 cho qua t lin lc C3 n ti, hay i tip vo cc tng khuch i khc. trnh "nh hng qua li gia cc tng do cng dng chung ng ngun", trn ng ngun DC chng ta t mch lc ngun vi in tr R7 v t C9. Mch lc ny s lc sch cc tn hiu ca cc tng nhim vo ng ngun, trnh c hin tng dao ng ngoi mun. (5) Khuch i cng sut m tn, cp tn hiu bin ln cho ti.

tn hiu c cng sut ln dng cp cho cc loi ti nh cc loa trong ng nghe hay loa in ng, ngi ta lp rp cc mch khuch i cng sut lm vic vi tn hiu bin ln. Sau y l vi mch thng dng, d rp, c hi rp thnh cng cao.
(a) Khuch i ng ra dng cho ng nghe

 c cng sut tn hiu ln cp cho cc loa nh t trong cc ng nghe, chng ta c th rp mch theo s trn. Trong mch: Q1 l transistor pnp rp theo kiu chn E chung, tn hiu m thanh t ngoi qua t lin lc C1 v in tr gim bin R9 a vo chn B ca Q1 v ly ra trn chn C a thng vo chn B ca Q3, y transistor Q2 dng nh mt ngun cp dng hng, n cp dng phn cc ln cho Q3 nhng li c tr khng AC rt ln, nn khng gy tn tht tn hiu trn chn C ca Q3. Sau cng tn hiu qua t lin lc C4 n cc loa nh t trong ng nghe. Mch c phn cc nh sau: Cc in tr R1, R2, R3 cp p phn cc cho chn B ca Q1. R6 l in tr nh mc dng lm vic cho Q1. T C3, v in tr R3 dng lm mch hi tip t c nhm tng tr khng ng vo

cho Q1. Cc diode D1, D2 v in tr nh dng R7 dng to ra mc in p c nh gi cho mc p trn chn B ca Q2 khng thay i v dng Q2 lm ngun cp dng hng vi R8 l in tr nh mc dng hng. Q3 l tng khuch i ng ra, ly thng tn hiu trn chn C ca Q1, y in tr R4 dng tng h s n nh nhit cho Q3. T C4 l t ng ra, vi R10 l in tr dng n nh hot ng ca t C4, trnh cho mt chn ca t C4 khng b trng khi mch khng cm ng nghe. trnh nh hng qua li gia cc tng khuch i do dng ng ngun chung, chng ta cng t mch lc nhiu R5, C2 trn ng ngun DC. (b) Khuch i ng ra dng cho Loa C rt nhiu kin mch khuch i cng sut m tn. Sau y chng ta th rp mt kiu mch Ampli rt ph dng.

Mch c rp vi 6 transistor, cng dng ca mi transistor nh sau: * Q1 l transistor pnp, dng lm tng khuch i ng vo. Ngi ta dng 2 in tr R1, R2 ly p cp cho chn B phn cc, chn E nh dng lm vic vi in tr R5, lc ngun dng in tr R4 v t C2. Tn hiu cho

qua t lin lc C1 vo chn B ca Q1, tn hiu ly ra trn chn C cho ghp thng vo tng khuch i thc Q2. Trn chn E t t C3 v in tr R11 dng ly tn hiu hi tip nghch nhm nh li ton phn ca mch tng m. * Q2 l transistor npn, dng lm tng thc, n c thit k cho lm vic theo dng cng sut nh hng A. Tn hiu cho vo chn B, chn E cho ni masse ly dng. Trn chn C t 2 diode 1N4148 ly ra mc p DC cp phn cc cho cc tng ko y, trnh tc dng ca ro p, nhm sa mo ti giao im tn hiu. R6, R7 l 2 in tr nh mc dng lm vic cho Q2, mc p phn cc trn chn C ca Q2 ly khong na mc p ngun nui. T C4 ly tn hiu ng ra hi tip t c v tng thc nhm lm cn bng bin tn hiu trn v di ng ra. Dng t nh C6 to hi tip nghch ch i vi cc tn hiu vng tn s cao nhm trnh cho mch khng pht sinh dao ng t kch. Khi mch dao ng t kch vng tn s cao, cc transistor cng sut s b rt nng v b h. * Q3, Q4 l 2 transistor h b npn v pnp dng lm tng khuch ai ko y. Cp transistor ny c mi tham s u ging nhau, n ch khc l mt npn v mt kia l pnp. Vi cp transistor h b ngi ta khng cn dng thm mch o pha. Khi tn hiu ra trn chn C ca Q2 tng ln, n s lm cho Q3 dn in v lc ny Q4 tt, v ngc li khi tn hiu ra trn chn C ca Q2 gim xung, n s lm cho Q4 dn in v lc ny Q3 tt. R8 v R9 l 2 in tr c tr s bng nhau v dng lm tng h s n nh nhit cho tng cng sut rp theo kiu phc hp. * Q5, Q6 l 2 transistor npn dng lm tng cng sut. c dng in tn hiu mnh ngi ta dng transistor cng sut Q5 cho ghp phc hp vi Q3 v dng transistor cng sut Q6 cho ghp phc hp vi Q4. Khi Q3 dn, Q5 s dn mnh hn v to iu kin cho t ra loa C5 np dng in ca ngun nui, dng ny c th dng ko mn loa vo. Khi n Q4 dn, Q6 s dn mnh hn v to iu kin cho t ra loa C5 x dng in qua loa, dng ny s y mn loa ra. T C5 l t cp dng ko y cho loa, t ny phi ly t ha c tr in dung ln. Ngang loa ngi ta t mch lc zobel n nh tr khng ca loa trong dy tn tn hiu m thanh nhm trnh dng mo cng sut.

Trong mch ny, c 2 h thc Bn cn nh: * H thc dng nh li ton mch:

Trong : KF l li ton phn. R5 l in tr nh dng trn chn E ca Q1, R11 l in tr ly tn hiu hi tip nghch * H thc dng tnh cng sut ly c trn loa:

Trong : Vcc l mc p ngun nui. RL l tr khng ca loa. (c) Khuch i cng sut m tn dng mch tch hp IC. Trn phng dn thc dng, khi cn c cc mch tng m cng sut ln, ngy nay ngi ta t dng transistor v cc linh kin phn lp rp mch. V sao? V trn th trng hin c v s cc IC cng sut m tn, dng cc IC ny cng vic lp rp mch tng m s rt nhanh, gn nh. Di y ti gii thiu vi mch in Bn tham kho v lm thc hnh cho quen tay.

Mch rp vi mt ic tng m nh, c kch c nh ic 555, nhng trong ic c 2 mch tng m c lp c th rp dng mch tng m stereo hay rp theo kiu mch mono BTL. Khi rp mt ic tng m, Bn c th lm theo 3 bc: Bc 1: Tm chn cp ngun. Thng c mt chn ni masse, mt chn ni vi ngun dng v thng khi cn c mt chn dng mc t lc cho tng ngun tin khuch ai. Bc 2: Tm chn ng vo v ng ra. Trn chn ng vo Bn dng chit p iu chnh mc tn hiu. C nhiu IC ng vo phi dng t lin lc bo ton mc volt phn cc DC, c IC cho ni thng, v mc p phn cc ng cho mc 0V. Tm chn ng ra, ng ra thng c mc p phn cc

cho bng na mc p ngun nui. Tn hiu cp cho Loa thng qua mt t in ha hc ln. Bc 3: Ch n cc mch hi tip, cc mch in ph khc, thng c cc mch sau: * Mch hi tip nghch, tn hiu ng ra tr tr li ng vo o. Tr in tr ly tn hiu hi tip nghch cng dng nh li cho ton mch.
size=3]* Mch hi tip t c. Dng t hi tip t c ly tn hiu ng ra tr v tng thc c th lm cn bng bin tn hiu ln xung ng ra.

* Dng t tr nh hi tip b pha hay hi tip nghch gi cho mch khng t pht sinh dao ng t kch. * Dng mch lc zobel n nh tr khng ca loa trnh hin tng mo cng sut do tr khng ca loa thay i theo tn s. Trong mch: * C1 l t lin lc ng vo, RV1 l chit p dng lm nt chnh mc m lng, tn hiu a vo chn 4 cho knh 1 v chn 6 cho knh 2. * Tn hiu ra trn chn 1 cho knh 1 v chn 3 cho knh 2, ti y tn hiu cho qua t ra loa C4 cp dng in ko y lm rung mn loa. T C5 v in tr R3 dng lm mch lc zobel n nh tr khng ca loa nhm trnh hin tng sai cng sut. Mc p phn cc trn cc chn ng ra phi bng 1/2 mc p ngun nui Vcc. * Ngi ta dng cu chia volt vi in tr R2 v R3 ly mt phn tn hiu ng ra qua t lin lc C2 cho hi tip nghch v chn s 8 cho knh 1 v chn s 5 cho knh 2. ng hi tip nghch c tc dng ci thin cht lng ca tn hiu m thanh. * IC lm vic vi chn s 4 ni masse v chn s 8 noi vo ngun nui Vcc. IC c th lm vic vi mc ngun nui t 3V n 12V.

Trong mch: Chit p R1 dng lm nt chnh Volume, C1 l t lin lc ng vo, tn hiu a vo IC qua chn s 1. Tn hiu cho ra trn chn s 4 qua t ha ln C3 cp dng in ko y lm rung mn loa. Ngang loa dng mch lc zobel trnh hin tng mo cng sut do tr khng ca loa thay i theo tn s. Dng cu chia volt R2, R3 ly mt phn tn hiu ng ra qua t lin lc C2 cho hi tip nghch v chn s 2 ci thin cht lng ca m thanh. IC lm vic vi chn s 3 cho ni masse v chn s 5 ni vo ng ngun Vcc. IC c th lm vic vi mc ngun thay i t 6V n 18V, chng ta bit cp mc ngun nui cng cao cng sut ly ra cng ln. Ch : Khi kim tra mch, o mc p phn cc trn chn s 4 ca IC phi c mc p trung im, ngha l bng na mc p ca ngun nui. Tr ca in tr R3 dng nh mc hi tip nghch, ly tr R3 cng nh, mc hi tip nghch cng t, li s ln, cng sut ra ln nhng cht lng m

thanh km hn, khi ly tr R3 ln, ngc li cng sut ra yu hn nhng cht lng m thanh s nghe hay hn.

Trn xe hi Bn c th dng ic HA13118 rp mch tng m 2 knh ra 2 loa hay kiu mch mono BTL ra 1 loa ly cng sut ra ln khi IC lm vic vi mc ngun nui thp. Trong mch: Tn hiu m thanh c ly ra trn nt chnh mc m lng cho qua t lin lc C10 a vo chn s 3, y gn t nh C11 lc b nhiu tn s cao. Trn ng vo o cho gn t lc C1 ly li ln. Tn hiu knh 1 cho ra trn chn s 15, trong IC c ng cp tn hiu cho knh 2 v tn hiu cho ra ca knh 2 trn chn s 8. Chng ta gn loa ly tn hiu ra dng BTL trn chn s 15 v chn 8. T C5 v C6 l cc t hi tip t c dng cn bng bin ko y ng ra, n ly tn hiu ng ra cho hi tip v chn 14 v chn 10. ng ra cng t cc mch lc zobel vi t C7, R1 v t C8, R2, cng dng ca mch lc zobel l n nh tr

khng ca loa, trnh hin tng mo cng sut do tr khng ca loa thay i theo tn s. IC lm vic vi chn 12 cho ni masse, chn 13 ni vo ng ngun Vcc, t 8V n 18V. Trn cc chn 2, chn 5 gn t lc C4 v C3. Trn chn s 4 ca ng vo knh 2 cho ni masse v chn 6 gn t ni masse C2. Trong mch IC phi cho gn trn ming nhm lm ngui gi cho IC khng qu nng.

S trn cho thy cc dng IC TDA7209 rp mch tng m c cng sut ra 50W. IC ny lm vic vi dng ng ngun i xng. c ngun nui dng i xng, Bn dng bin p ngun trn cun th cp phi c ra dy gia dng lm dy masse, k dng cu nn dng vi 4 diode c ng ngun V+ v ng ngun V-. n nh cc mc volt ngun ra, chng ta gn cc t ha ln dng lm kho cha in v n p. IC TDA7209 lm vic vi cc chn 7, 13 ni vo ng ngun dng, cc chn 1, 8, 15 cho ni vo ng ngun m v chn s 4 cho ni vo ng masse. Tn hiu qua chit p chnh bin cho qua t lin lc C1 v in tr gim bin R1 sa mo ting a vo chn s 3. in tr R2 dng n nh tr khng ng vo v t nh C2 dng lc b tn hiu nhiu tn s cao. Tn hiu ly ra trn chn s 14 cho cp thng vo loa, chng ta bit khi dng kiu mch tng m chy ngun nui i xng th trn ng ra khng cn dng t ha lm t xut m. y t C6 dng ly tn hiu hi tip t c lm cn bng bin tn hiu ko y ng ra. in tr R3, R4 v t C3 dng ly mt phn tn hiu ng ra cho ng hi tip nghch sa mo ting v ci thin cht lng m thanh. IC ny c chn s 10 dng tm lm cm loa v chn s 9 cho IC vo trng thi tt ch.
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