Automation and Reliability Improvement for Distribution Feeder

Nguyen Hoang Viet

Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT) Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam nghoangviet2002@yahoo.com
Abstract - This paper presents feeder automation architectures and proposes a feeder automation system based on substation automation platform that can be applied to electrical distribution systems in Viet Nam results in high economic-technical efficiency. Improved reliability is evaluated when it applies feeder automation to distribution system in the Dak Nong province in fact also made. This solution can utilize to distribution systems are developing rapidly in Viet Nam to meet the current requirements and development in future. Keywords - Distribution Automation, Substation Automation, Feeder Automation, Orion NovaTech, Reliability Improvement

Nguyen Van Ban

Dak Lak Vocational Training College Buon Ma Thuot City, Viet Nam nguyenvanbanbmt@gmail.com

Figure 1. Standalone automation with Recloser and Sectionalizers

The advantage of this approach is that it can properly restore service of up-stream sections without requiring sophisticated communication, control facilities, low cost, easy implement and not worried about loosing communications. The disadvantage is partial solution, reliability (SAIDI) suffers due to lack of remote fault detection and restoration, no device status and health, little knowledge of loading conditions B. Centralized System In the centralized automation system, intelligent operations are concentrated in central control room systems, such as the network control and network information systems. These being the case, faults are, in general, easily and effectively managed, because the control centre commonly incorporates a fairly high data processing capacity. System controlled by central DSM/SCADA.

I.

INTRODUCTION

Utilities in Viet Nam are facing on demand increasing continuity, customers expects improved reliability and power quality while equipments used in distribution systems is backward, not synchronization, inefficient operation, low reliability cause loss to Utilities as well as their customers. Electrical distribution system is an important part of power system in delivery of electricity to customers. Distribution automation allows utilities to implement flexible control of distribution systems, which can be used to enhance efficiency, reliability, and power quality. This flexible control results in not only much effective utilization but also life-extension of the distribution system. Therefore, Utilities in Vietnam are studying and applying distribution automation to power system of them. Although distribution automation brings many benefits, but importance is evaluative and applicative how to bring effective and consistent with existing conditions and ability to develop in the future. This paper proposes a substation-centered system has ability to apply highly to Viet Nam's power distribution grid to improve reliability and performance that meets economic and technical conditions. Assessment improved reliability as well as applicability feeder automation to actual distribution system of Dak Nong province. II. FEEDER AUTOMATION ARCHITECTURES

A. Standalone Automatic Switches This architecture use reclosers and sectionalizers for FLISR function without communication (figure 1).
Figure 2. ACS Feeder Automation

978-1-4244-5721-2/10/$26.00 2010 IEEE

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PMAPS 2010

The centralized solution of feeder automation is really part of the full distribution automation [1]. This approach requires the full knowledge of the distribution network consist of the network topology and operation parameters. The FA functions are centrally implemented and all automatic switches are controlled by the control center. This approach fully relies on the communication facilities between the individual switches and the control center. The advantage of this approach allows operators to retain control, to be informed, to operate more flexibly due to fewer restrictions (e.g., number of switches controlled) and to have ability to handle abnormal situations better. The main disadvantage of this approach is its requirement of large scale implementation and high cost. C. Substation Centered System This substation centered system operates based on the substation automation platform, where practical tasks such as data collection, measurement, monitoring, and coordination with other protective devices to locate, isolate the fault and restore service (figure 3). Besides this, the substation automation platform can perform the roles of security gateway, SCADA RTU, communication processor, port switch, protocol converter, sequence of events recorder, alarm annunciator and substation HMI.

team members and the neighboring teams. The neighboring teams communicate locally to detect and isolate faulted feeder sections and quickly restore the service to the healthy sections. The whole process is completed based on predefined local logics. One of the widely accepted distributed solutions of feeder automation is the so called IntelliTeam method [2].

Figure 4. IntelliTEAM II used to automate four open-loop distribution circuits of S&C Electric Company

Advantage of this approach doesnt require central SCADA system, feeder models supported by GIS interface and extensive communications infrastructure. Operation with high speed (30 seconds or less), costs less than central approach. Primary application is FLISR, but not limited to this, can be fully functional feeder SCADA system. This approach significantly improves the FA functionalities but is still subject to some limitations. System is communication difficulties, single vendor solution, lack of operator visibility and control, some unnecessary switching involved, switches in a team open regardless of fault location and close back in as necessary. III. ORION SUBSTATION AUTOMATION PLATFORM

The complete NovaTech Orion Substation Automation Platform can be developed by combining all of the IDE can perform the following functions [3]:
Figure 3. Substation centered system of GE Energy Services

Substation Smart RTU, Protective Relay Integration Alarm Annunciation Sequence of Events (SOE) Recording Distribution Automation

The Advantage of this system is that its fairly easy to set up and maintain. It doesnt require electrical feeder models and central SCADA. The system can be delivered and installed without needing for DMS/SCADA, can be run wide variety FA applications not possible on IEDs alone and its alternative cost is lowest. Its disadvantage is difficult in handling complex situations, limited number of controlled switches and requires substation feeder communications D. Peer- to- Peer Arrangement This approach organizes the auto-switches into teams which are configured with certain local intelligent logics for FLISR (figure 4). It is based on the local communication among the

A. Substation smart RTU

Figure 5. Orion Smart RTU

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The Orion Automation Platform can be configured as a Smart electrical substation RTU. Equipped with protocols and software features, Orion can obtain nearly all of the discrete and analog data required by SCADA from Intelligent Electronic Devices (IEDs) in the substation. Other I/O points can be brought into an Orion via optional Distributed Discrete I/O (DDIO) and ADAM - Analog Input Modules. The Orion is capable of using a different protocol for each port with any combination of master and slave protocols. Multi-dropped devices are supported when protocols and communication media allow. Each port uses hardware buffers for independent high-speed data serial communications. The Orion Substation Automation Platform can serve as a Smart RTU when connected to microprocessor relays. Orion RTU features include: Flexible ports and communications Breaker control functions Accumulators and counters Momentary-Change-Detect function Suite of SCADA protocols

Control logic in a PLC: Orion can serve as the provider of virtual I/O for a PLC. Orion maintains a real-time database of discrete and analog data from the relays. PLCs can read this real-time data, process logic, and issue control commands through Orion to the relays. Control logic in the relay: Orion can route real-time data from one relay to another relay, and also route control commands from one relay to another relay.

C. Alarm Annunciation The Orion Alarm Annunciation System performs three main functions: Capture discrete events such as circuit breaker status changes and high temperature and equipment alarms, including events from protective relays. Places an accurate time stamp down to 1mS on events, and stores events in non-volatile memory. Annunciates events in color-coded text in a HTML page viewable by any standard web

In the RTU role, Orion is configured to communicate to each connected relay in any of the common utility protocols (DNP3.0, Modbus, Modbus Plus or Ethernet) or in the native relay protocol (e.g. SEL ASCII). Orion is configured to poll the desired analog and digital points in each relay and to make these data available to the SCADA master. Orion RTU supports multiple protocols (IED and SCADA protocols) and communications for IEDs. Also supported other protocols such as FTP, HTTP, NTP, SNTP, XML. Support with many communication protocols that can communicate with multiple devices, so the Orion RTU can perform effectively when applied to the system would minimize implementation costs by using the existing equipment and flexibility in choosing equipment. B. Protective Relay Integration In addition to providing critical protection of substation apparatus and lines, microprocessor- based relays can provide nearly all of the real-time operational data and fault analysis data required by utility engineers and operators. Examples of available data and status include: metering, breaker status, breaker health, transformer temperature, event records, fault records and oscillography. The Orion Substation Automation Platform can reduce wiring and system complexity by obtaining control inputs from existing protective relays and using protective relays outputs as control outputs. Control logic may reside in any of the following devices: Control logic in Orion: Orion can be provided with over 50 logic, control and math functions; attached relays become virtual I/O for this logic engine. Orion polls real-time inputs from the relays, processes logic and issues control commands to the relays.

Warning signals were collected through the input of the IED, NovaTech DDIO Modules. Alarm web pages served from Orion are viewed using a standard browser to display on PC. The PC is connected to Orion locally or remotely with a network connection (Ethernet, Frame Relay, PPP Dial-In, DSL, etc.). D. Sequence of Events (SOE) Recording The SOE Recording System performs three main functions: Captures discrete or analog events such as circuit breaker status changes and high temperature and equipment alarms, including events from protective relays. Places an accurate time stamp down to 1mS on events, and archives events in nonvolatile memory. Annunciates events in a contiguous, sequential event record in table form on web pages. Customized annunciation options are available using NovaTech NovaView Plus HMI. Also can report events to SCADA.

E. Distribution Automation This feature is ability to Fault Location, Isolate and Service Restore (FLISR) based on Orion Automation Platform with DA-Master software. Every fault occurs in a section of feeder. Orion Distribution Automation Platform will coordinate with protective devices to perform the FLISR function [3]. To perform this function is the protective devices will break feeder into zones (figure 7). When fault occurs, the system will detect fault location, make coordination with other protective devices on the feeder to isolate and restore services, then logs all controller actions to file.

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Five years of interruption data from 2003 to 2008 from the Service Interruption Reporting Database of Dak Nong electric company. Cause of various interruptions Duration of interruption. Number of customers effected.

The following table is a summary of event grouping, reliability parameters was calculated for a set of feeders over a time five years at Dak Nong Distribution System:
TABLE I.
Equipment
INPUT PARAMETERS FOR ASSESSMENT RELIABILITY

# inter

Total outage Equipment failure rate Repair duration population (inter/yr/km) time (hr)

Figure 6. System Components Summary for FLISR

IV.

EVALUATE RELIABILITY IMPROVEMENT

Overhead Line Fuse Relay Switch Breaker Transformer

90 5 1 3 1 1

855 356.08 km 32 61 4,5 3 16 15 5 8 8 3

0.051 0.016 0.067 0.040 0.025 0.067

9.5 6.4 4.5 5.3 5.0 8.0

A. Features of Feeders Analysis

Parameters Peak load demand Customers Normal Voltage (kV) Line Length Feeder 472 12 MW 6,340 22 143 Km Feeder 472 Dak Lap 4 MW 1,950 22 72 Km Feeder 474 7,4 MW 3,620 22 173 Km

Other parameters are taken default values that are parameters collected from published industrial statistical data C. Case Study The feeder model and reliability parameters were collected, analysis were performed (figure 7).

B. Outage Data Service Interruption Report data was collected from feeders connected to Dak Nong. Events were grouped according to equipment type:

Feeder 472-Dak Lap

Feeder 472 Feeder 474

Some important issues are considered during event grouping: Extreme events that deviate from average values considerably should be excluded. (E.g. events such as ice storms, floods or tornadoes.) Grouping events by equipment involved and observed condition. For example: an event for a blown fuse is caused by failure of line or other equipment in its zone. Therefore, it should NOT be grouped as a Fuse failure, since the fuse acted properly.

Figure 7. Feeder 472, 472 Dak Lap and 474 of Dak Nong distribution system

Analysis were performed on three feeder 472, 472 LapDak and 474. These feeders are main power sources for important areas of Dak Nong province. Analysis were done with following cases: Case 1: Analysis with protective devices are inability automation and remote control (current system). Case 2: Analysis with protective devices that have automation ability, remote control, fault indication use breaker, reclosers and three-phase switches.

Failure rates and repair time were based on historical. The outage data comprised:

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Case 3: Analysis with protective devices that have ability automation, remote control, fault indication that use breaker, three-phase reclosers with single-phase tripping. Case 4: Analysis with protective devices that have automation ability, remote control, fault indication use breaker, reclosers, three-phase switches and addition a three-phase recloser in segment 833 (feeder 472). Case 5: Analysis with protective devices that have ability automation, remote control, fault indication that use breaker, three-phase reclosers with single-phase tripping and addition a three-phase recloser with single-phase tripping in segment 833 (feeder 472).
TABLE II. RELIABILITY INDICES OF FEEDER 472

ENS Saved (kWh/yr)

700,000 600,000 500,000 400,000 300,000 200,000 1 00,000 0 Feeder Daklap Feeder 472 Feeder 474 472 Total
Three-Phase reclo ser Triple-Single reclo ser additio nThree-P hase reclo ser additio n Triple-Single reclo ser

Figure 9. ENS saved when application feeder automation Case 5 1.19 17.40 14.57 204,270

Reliability Indices SAIFI (Inter/yr) SAIDI (hr/yr) CAIDI (hr/inter) ENS (kWh/yr)

Case 1 2.59 51.55 19.94 587,188

Case 2 2.26 42.96 18.99 516,924

Case 3 1.46 25.55 17.55 323,411

Case 4 1.82 27.80 15.25 295,698

TABLE III. RELIABILITY INDICES OF FEEDER 472 - DAK LAP Reliability Indices SAIFI (Inter/yr) SAIDI (hr/yr) CAIDI (hr/inter) ENS (kWh/yr) Case 1 1.66 21.11 12.68 89,422 Case 2 1.38 17.33 12.59 74,919 Case 3 0.99 12.25 12.37 52,795 Case 4 1.38 17.33 12.59 74,919 Case 5 0.99 12.25 12.37 52,795

D. Efficient Assessment In order to examine potential improvement, cases were evaluated cost-effective that implements to improve reliability, which is made by surveying the indicators SAIDI or the saved time of Customer-Hours Interrupt (CHI). The cost benefit factor ($investment/CHI saved) was used to evaluate. The lower index of $/CHI measure is cost effective so cases will be selected. Capital cost was converted to an equivalent annual cost by dividing it with an amortization factor of 5.

SAIDI =

TABLE IV. RELIABILITY INDICES OF FEEDER 474 Reliability Indices SAIFI (Inter/yr) SAIDI (hr/yr) CAIDI (hr/inter) ENS (kWh/yr) Case 1 6.04 89.52 14.82 737,056 Case 2 5.19 77.93 15.03 655,692 Case 3 4.28 64.05 14.98 555,887

Customer-Hours Interruped Customer served Total CHI = Total customers

The change of SAIDI after performed is evaluated

SAIDI =

Total CHI Total customers

CHI saved = (SAIDI * Total customers)

ENS (kWh/yr)
1 ,600,000 1 ,400,000 1 ,200,000 1 ,000,000 800,000 600,000 400,000 200,000 0 Feeder 472 Daklap Feeder 472 Feeder 474 Tng

The cost benefit factor ($investment/CHI saved): $ Investment CHI saved

Case 1 Case 2 Case 3 Case 4 Case 5

FB =

TABLE V. INDICES IMPROVED AND INVESTMENT REQUIRED IN FEEDER 472 Cases Case 1
SAIFI SAIDI CAIDI Improve CHI Capital Equip. $/CHI cost annual cost

2.59 51.55 19.94 54,461 55,016 $ 1.46 25.55 17.55 164,840 64,016 $ 1.82 27.8 15.25 150,575 67,016 $ 2.26 42.96 18.99 1.19 17.4 14.57 216,511 79,016 $ 11,003 $ 0.202$ 12,803 $ 0.077$ 13,403 $ 0.089$ 15,803 $ 0.073$

Figure 8. Enegry not Supplied in case study

Case 2 Case 3 Case 4 Case 5

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TABLE VI. INDICES IMPROVED AND INVESTEMETN REQUIRED OF FEEDER 472 DAK LAP Cases Case 1 Case 2 Case 3 TABLE VII. Cases Case 1 Case 2 Case 3
SAIFI SAIDI CAIDI Improve CHI Capital Equip. $/CHI annual cost

V.

CONCLUSIONS

1.66 21.11 12.68 1.38 17.33 12.59 0.99 12.37 12.37 7,371 31,016 $ 17,043 34,016 $ 6,203 $ 0.842$ 6,803 $ 0.399$ 474

INDICES IMPROVED AND INVESTMENT REQUIRED IN FEEDER

SAIFI SAIDI CAIDI

Improve CHI

Capital

Equip. $/CHI annual cost

6.04 89.52 14.82 5.19 77.93 15.03 4.28 64.05 14.98 41,956 49,758 $ 9,952 $ 0.237$ 92,201 58,758 $ 11,752 $ 0.128$

The feeder automation system has substation centered architecture based on modern substation automation platform consolidates solutions implemented in a single physical box can be combined with various protective and measuring devices from different suppliers. A single automation platform can perform the roles of security gateway, SCADA RTU, communication processor, port switch, protocol converter, sequence of events recorder, alarm annunciator and substation HMI. This system allows utilities implementation more efficiently with a lower cost integrates easily into existing systems and can be upgradeability of substations, while it still keeps the installation costs low and improves the reliability of the system higher. Through analysis of cases applied distribution automation in power distribution networks of Dak Nong based on data collected, the SAIFI will improve more than 30% and SAIDI is 45% when applied three-phase reclosers with single-phase tripping. Assessing potential application of distribution automation based on the cost benefit factor when apply distribution automation to distribution system of Dak Nong province that has carried out the cases can utilize distribution automation with high efficiency. Cases have cost benefit factor less than $ 0.128/CHI that are capable to perform with high cost effectiveness. ACKNOWLEDGMENT The authors wish to acknowledge the contributions received from Hoang Duc Cuong Dak Nong Electric Company that provided material, reviewed drafts, and answered questions as part of developing this paper. REFERENCES
[1] Gary Ockwell, Implementation of Network Reconfiguration for Taiwan Power Company, IEEE PES general meeting proceeding, 2003, #07803-7989-6/03. D. M. Staszesky, D. Craig, C. Befus, Advanced feeder Automation Is Here, IEEE Power&Energy Magazine, Sept./Oct. 2005. Orion Substation Automation Platform [Online]. Available: http:www.novatechweb.com

The application Triple-single reclosers (case 3) will obtain higher cost effective ($0,077/CHI; $0,399/CHI; $0,128/CHI) and more efficient when compared to three-phase reclosers is less cost benefit ($0.202/CHI; $0.842/CHI; $0.237/CHI) in the feeders. Therefore, the cases should be chose to use TripleSingle reclosers that obtain more effective. The application of feeder automation will not be effective if it is carried out at feeder 472-Dak Lap by the cost benefit factor ($0,399/CHI) higher than when compared to implement at feeder 472 ($0.077/CHI). Therefore, it should not be applied feeder automation at feeder 472-Dak Lap, besides reliability indices in this feeder is quite high. Addition to recloser (cases 4 and 5) has cost benefit factor equivalent to the application of feeder automation in the case 3. This will not be cost effectiveness if addition Three-Phase recloser (case 4) into the system. Case 5 has highest costeffectiveness ($0,073/CHI), so if capital allows and goal is to improve higher reliability indices (improve 54% SAIFI and 66% SAIDI), it should be applied addition Triple-single recloser. The application distribution automation at feeder 474 should also be considered ($0,127/CHI) to improve system reliability (improve SAIFI by 29% and 41% SAIDI) beside reliability indices of this feeder is rather low. In the future, this feeder links to tie switch other feeder. Therefore, it is able to use alternative sources to improve the reliability of this feeder. Cases have cost benefit factor less than $0,127/CHI should be considered for implementation feeder automation.

[2] [3]

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