Bao Cao DTM Du An Xay Dung Nha May San Xuat Va Kinh Doanh Thep

Bo co TM d n Xy dng nh my sn xut v kinh doanh thp Thi Nguyn
C quan t vn: Cng ty C phn cng ngh mi trng Nng Lm. 1

S TI NGUYN & MI TRNG TNH THI NGUYN.
DOANH NGHIP T NHN THNH NHN
BO CO
NH GI TC NG MI TRNG
D N : XY DNG NH MY SN XUT V KINH
DOANH THP
THI NGUYN, NGY 26 THNG 11 NM 2011.
MC LC
DANH MC CC T V CC K HIU VIT TT
DANH MC CC BNG
DANH MC CC HNH V
TM TT BO CO NH GI TC NG MI
TRNG
Bo co TM cho d n Xy dng nh my sn xut v kinh doanh
thp ca doanh nghip t thnh nhn di s t vn ca cng ty c phn mi
trng Nng Lm gm c cc ni dung chnh c tm tt ti bng sau
Giai
on
hot
ng ca
D n
Cc hot
ng ca
d n
Cc tc
ng
mi
trng
Cc cng
trnh, bin
php bo
v mi
trng
Kinh
ph thc
hin cc
cng
trnh,
bin
php
bo v
mi
trng
Thi
gian
thc
hin v
hon
thnh
Trch
nhim t
chc
thc
hin
Trch nhim
gim st
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Chun b
Thu hi
t, gii
ta
nh
hng
n din
tch t
, t
sn xut
ca
ngi
dn
Lp
phng n
bi
thng, h
tr cho
ngi theo
quy nh
ca Php
lut
100
triu
VN
Trc
khi gii
phng
mt
bng
Ch u
t v
n v
thi cng.
Ch u t,
n v thi
cng,UBND
tp Thi
Nguyn, tnh
Thi Nguyn.
Trt cy
ci
nh
hng
ti h
sinh thi
5 triu
VN
nt nt nt
Chuyn
tr t
nh
hng
ti mt
kk, mttn
Chp hnh
nghim
ngt v an
ton giao
thng, c
cc bin
php hn
ch bi
10 triu
VN
nt nt nt
Xy
dng
San lp
mt bng
nh
hng
ti mt
kk...
Chp hnh
nghim
ngt v an
ton giao
thng, c
cc bin
30 triu
VN
Thc
hin
trong
thi gian
thi cng
xy
Nh
thu xy
dng
Ch u t,
n v thi
cng,UBND
tp Thi
Nguyn, tnh
php hn
ch bi
dng
Thi Nguyn.
Xy dng nh
hng
ti mt
kk, mi
trng
t,
nc
Chp hnh
nghim
ngt an
ton lao
ng, p
dng cc
bin php
gim thiu
trnh
by
Chng
IV
... Thc
hin
trong
thi gian
thi cng
xy
dng
Nh
thu xy
dng
Ch u t,
n v thi
cng,UBND
tp Thi
Nguyn, tnh
Thi Nguyn.
Sinh hot
ca cng
nhn
nh
hng
ti mi
trng
nc v
ny sinh
cc vn
x hi
Xy dng
vo tin
hnh s
dng cc
quy inh,
quy ch
trong nh
my v
trong a
bn dn c
Vn
hnh
Qa trnh
sn xut
thp
nh
hng
ti cht
lng
mi
trng
t,
nc,
khng
kh v
sc khe
cng
nhn v
ngi
dn
Chp hnh
nghim
ngt an
ton lao
ng, p
dng cc
bin php
gim thiu
trnh
by
Chng
IV
Thc
hin
trong
thi gian
hot
ng
Ch d
n
Ch u
t,UBND tp
Thi Nguyn,
tnh Thi
Nguyn.
Qa trnh
kinh
doanh st
thp
nh
hng
ti mi
trng
khng
kh,,,
Chp hnh
nghim
ngt an
ton lao
ng, p
dng cc
bin php
gim thiu
Thc
hin
trong
thi gian
hot
ng
Ch d
n
Ch u
t,UBND tp
Thi Nguyn,
tnh Thi
Nguyn.
trnh
by
Chng
IV
M U
1. XUT X CA D N.
Trong nhng nm trc y, doanh nghip Thnh Nhn ch yu bun
bn cc mt hng nh: St thp, vt liu xy dng, .... vi nhim v khai thc
cc ngun hng ha cung cp cho ngi tiu dng, gii quyt c mt phn
ng k cng n vic lm cho ngi lao ng. n nay, doanh nghip Thnh
Nhn dn c nhng bc tin mi, cc hnh thc hot ng pht trin vi
vi quy m ln hn. Doanh nghip c S K hoch v u t tnh Thi
Nguyn cp Giy chng nhn ng k kinh doanh theo ngnh ngh: Mua bn
st thp, vt liu xy dng, thit b my cng nghip, mua bn phi cc loi;
Vn ti hng ha ng b; Vn ti hnh khch; Xy dng dn dng; Sn xut
gang thp; Luyn Mangan, Silic; Mua bn kim loi; Gang, thp, thp ph....Hnh
thc hot ng sn xut, kinh doanh ca doanh nghip Thnh Nhn kh a dng
v phong ph i hi doanh nghip cn phi c k hoch hp l.
Hin nay, doanh nghip Thnh Nhn va lm nhim v kinh doanh va
tp trung xy dng c s vt cht cho doanh nghip nh: Nh vn phng lm
vic, nh kho cha st, thp; ni cha cc vt liu xy dng nh si, ; ni thu
mua st thp, ph thi... Vi quy m ngy cng ln, c bit l ni luyn cn
thp v kho cha vt liu xy dng, nhng hin doanh nghip cha c v tr t
xy dng nh luyn cn thp v kho hng ha. Mt khc, do c im ca
nh sn xut luyn thp v kho hng ha thng rt nng, c nhiu bi nn
khng th xy dng st khu vn phng c.
Hin ti doanh nghip c hn 200 m
2
nm trong khu t m n v
xin thu, khu t doanh nghip v ang kinh doanh thp. Vi din tch ny
th cht hp khng p ng c yu cu sn xut phc v khch hng hin nay.
c c s sn xut hng ha nh: Gia cng ch to thp t cc vt liu st
thp ph thi... doanh nghip t nhn Thnh Nhn cn thit phi c c sn xut
vi din tch trn 2.500 m
2
mi c th xy dng khu sn xut vt liu xy dng,
p ng nhu cu ngy cao ca khch hng, gii quyt cng n vic lm cho
ngi lao ng... Do , lnh o doanh nghip quyt nh thc hin d n
Xy dng nh my sn xut v kinh doanh thp nhm u t mt s cng
trnh phc v nhu cu thit yu ca mnh nh: nh xng sn xut nu luyn
thp; nh kho; ng giao thng v cc cng trnh ph tr khc trn khu t xin
thu vi tng din tch l 2858 m
2
ti t 7, phng Tn Thnh, thnh ph Thi
Nguyn, tnh Thi Nguyn. y l khu t m doanh nghip xin thu ca
UBND tnh Thi Nguyn trong thi hn 50 nm. D n c thc hin s m ra
nhiu trin vng pht trin hn na i vi doanh nghip Thnh Nhn.
2. CN C PHP L V K THUT CA VIC THC HIN
NH GI TC NG MI TRNG.
2.1. Cn c php l.
- Lut Bo v mi trng c Quc hi nc Cng ha x hi ch
ngha Vit Nam thng qua ngy 29 thng 11 nm 2005.
- Ngh nh s 21/2008/N-CP ngy 28 thng 02 nm 2008 v sa i,
b sung mt s iu ca ngh nh s 80/2006/N-CP ngy 09 thng 08 nm
2006 ca chnh ph v vic quy nh chi tit v hng dn thi hnh mt s iu
ca lut Bo v mi trng 2005.
- Ngh nh s 177/2009/N-CP ngy 31 thng 12 nm 2009 ca Chnh
ph v x l vi phm php lut trong lnh vc bo v mi trng.
- Ngh quyt s 41- NQ/TW ngy 15 thng 11 nm 2004 ca B chnh tr
v bo v mi trng trong thi k y mnh cng nghip ha, hin i ha t
nc.
- Ngh nh s 29/2011/N-CP ngy 18 thng 04 nm 2011 ca Chnh
ph quy nh v nh gi tc ng mi trng chin lc, nh gi tc ng mi
trng v cam kt bo v mi trng.
- Thng t s 26/2011/TT-BTNMT ngy 18 thng 7 nm 2011 ca B
Ti nguyn & Mi trng quy nh chi tit mt s iu ca Ngh nh s
29/2011/N-CP ngy 18 thng 04 nm 2011 ca Chnh ph quy nh v nh
gi tc ng mi trng chin lc, nh gi tc ng mi trng v cam kt
bo v mi trng.
- Thng t s 12/2011/TT-BTNMT ngy 14 thng 4 nm 2011 ca B
Ti nguyn & Mi trng quy nh v qun l cht thi nguy hi.
- Quyt nh s 04/2008/Q-BXD 03/04/2008 ca B Xy dng v vic
ban hnh Quy chun k thut Quc gia v Quy hoch xy dng.
- Quyt nh s 03/2008/Q-BXD 31/03/2008 ca B Xy dng v vic
ban hnh Quy nh ni dung th hin bn v, thuyt minh i vi Nhim v v
n quy hoch xy dng.
- Quyt nh s 06/2005/Q-BXD ngy 03/02/2005 ca B trng B
Xy dng v vic ban hnh nh mc chi ph thit k quy hoch xy dng.
2.2. Cn c k thut.
- Thuyt minh d n Xy dng nh my sn xut v kinh doanh thp
do ch u t doanh nghip Thnh Nhn cung cp.
- Cc bn v thit k c s ca d n nh:
+ S quy hoch tng th mt bng doanh nghip t nhn Thnh
Nhn- t 7, phng Tn Thnh, thnh ph Thi Nguyn, tnh Thi Nguyn.
+ S mt bng kt cu, s mt bng thp sng lp trn, s mt
bng thot nc mi, .... ca nh ca nh my sn xut v kinh doanh thp.
- Cc h s pht thi ca Ngn hng th gii( WB), T chc Y t th
gii( WTO) cng nh cc t chc Quc gia khc...
- Cc m hnh nh gi v d bo nhim....
- Bo co hin trng mi trng tnh Thi Nguyn nm 2008( Th hin
trn M.Powerpoin, ph lc km theo)
2.3. Cc tiu chun, quy chun p dng.
a. Nhm quy chun v cht lng nc:
- QCVN 08:2008/BTNMT QCKT quc gia cht lng nc mt;
- QCVN 09:2008/BTNMT QCKT quc gia v cht lng nc ngm;
- QCVN 24: 2009/BTNMT - QCKT quc gia v nc thi cng nghip;
b. Nhm quy chun v cht lng khng kh:
- QCVN 05:2009/BTNMT - QCKT quc gia v cht lng khng kh
xung quanh;
- QCVN 06:2009/BTNMT - QCKT quc gia v mt s cht c hi
trong khng kh xung quanh.
- QCVN 19: 2009/BTNMT - QCKT quc gia v kh thi cng nghip
i vi bi v cc cht v c;
c. Nhm tiu chun lin quan n ting n.
- TCVN 5948: 1999.m hc, ting n do phng tin giao thng ng
b pht ra. Mc n ti a cho php.
- TCVN 6962: 2001.Rung ng v chn ng. Rung ng do cc hot
ng xy dng v sn xut cng nghip. Mc ti a cho php i vi mi
trng cng nghip v dn c.
d. Nhm tiu chun, quy chun v cht thi rn, cht thi nguy hi.
- QCVN 07: 2009/BTNMT - QCKT quc gia v ngng cht thi nguy
hi;
- TCVN 6707:2009 Cht thi nguy hi. Du hiu cnh bo;
3. PHNG PHP P DNG TRONG QU TRNH TM.
3.1. Phng php k tha.
Phng php ny nhm thu thp v k tha c chn lc cc s liu v
iu kin TN-KT-XH cng nh hin trng cht lng mi trng trn a bn
thc hin d n xy dng nh my sn xut v kinh doanh thp t cc kt qu
nghin cu khc nh bo co hin trng mi trng Thi Nguyn nm 2008, cc
lun vn thc s.....
3.2. Phng php m hnh ha.
S dng cc m hnh tnh ton d bo nng trung bnh ca cc
cht nhim trong kh thi v nc thi t cc ngun thi ca cng ngh luyn
cn thp vo mi trng.
Mt s m hnh s dng trong qu trnh TM d n ny:
* Phng php tnh ton cn bng vt cht.
Ti lng ca cc cht nhim khng kh t ngun thi s dng nhin
liu c tnh ton trn c s thnh phn v c tnh ca nhin liu t, c tnh
ca ngun thi v iu kin mi trng khng kh xung quanh. T khi lng
ca cc cht nhim, s xc nh c nng ca cc cht nhim t ngun
thi. Phng php tnh ton c xc nh theo lng sn phm chy (SPC), ti
lng cc cht nhim thi ra khi t chy nhin liu. Thnh phn ca nhin
liu gm c Carbon (C), Hydro (H), Nito (N), Oxy (O), Lu hunh (S), tro
(A) v m(W). Tng cc thnh phn bng 100%.
C + H + N + O + S + A + W = 100%
Phng php tnh ton c p dng nh sau:
- Xc nh lu lng kh thi:
+ Lng khng kh kh l thuyt cn t chy 1kg nhin liu:
Vo = 0,089 Cp + 0,2264 Hp - 0,0333 (Op - Sp) m
3
/kg.
+ Lng khng kh m l thuyt cn cho qu trnh chy 1kg nhin liu:
Va = (1 + 0,0016d).Vo m
3
/kg.
( d: Dung m ca khng kh (g/kg), ly d = 0,4)
+ Lng khng kh m thc t:
Vt = .Va m
3
/kg
( : H s khng kh tha, ly bng 1,5)
+ Lng kh SO
2
trong sn phm chy:
V
SO2
= 0,683.10
-2
Sp m
3
/kg.
+ Lng kh CO trong sn phm chy:
V
CO
= 1,865.10
-2
Cp m
3
/kg
( : H s chy khng hon ton, ly bng 0,02)
....
* Phng php xc nh ti lng cc cht nhim:
- Ti lng kh SO
2
:
M
SO2
= (10
3
.V
SO2
.B.
SO2
)/3600 g/s.
SO2
: Trng lng ring ca kh SO
2
iu kin tiu chun, ly bng
2,926 kg/m
3
, B: Lng nhin liu s dng trong 1h( kg)
- Ti lng kh CO:
M
CO
= (10
3
.V
CO
.B.
CO
)/3600 g/s
CO
: Trng lng ring ca kh CO iu kin tiu chun, ly bng 1,25
kg/m
3
, B: Lng nhin liu s dng trong 1h( kg).
- Ti lng bi:
M
bi
= (10.a.B.Ap)/3600 g/s ( a: H s tro bay theo khi, ly bng 0,5)
* Phng php nh gi do kh thi giao thng.
Tc ng do kh thi( bi v cc cht kh c hi) t cc phng tin vn
chuyn v my mc thit b thi cng)
S dng m hnh d bo sau:
C = 0,8E.{exp[-( z+hz)
2
/2.
2
z
] +exp[-( z-hz)
2
/2.
2
z
]}/
2
.u ( mg/m
3
)
Trong :
C: Nng cht nhim trong khng kh(mg/m
3
)
E: Ti lng ca cht nhim t ngun thi(mg/ms)
z: cao ca im tnh ton(m)
h: cao ca mt ng so vi mt t xung quanh(m)
u: Tc gi trung bnh ti khu vc(m/s)
z
: H s khuch tn cht nhim theo phng z(m)
* Phng php nh gi tc ng do ting n thi cng.
Kh nng ting n ti khu vc thi cng ca d n lan truyn ti cc khu
vc xung quanh c xc nh nh sau:
Li = Lp - L
d
- L
c
( dB
A
)
Trong :
- Li: Mc n ti im tnh ton cch ngun gy n khong cch r
2
( dB
A
)
- Lp: Mc n o c ti im cch ngun gy n khong cch r
1
( dB
A
)
- L
d
: Mc n gim dn theo khong cch r
2
tn s i.
- L
d
= 20lg[(r
2
/r
1
)
1+a
] ( dB
A
)
+ r
1
: Khong cch ti ngun gy n ng vi L
p
( m)
+ r
2
: Khong cch tnh ton gim mc n ng vi Li(m)(50m)
+ a: H s k n nh hng hp th ting n ca a hnh mt
t( a=0,7)
- L
c
: gim mc n qua vt cn( t 6-12 dBA)
Mc n tng cng do cc phng tin thi cng c xc nh nh sau:
L
= 10lg 10
0.1Li
( dB
A
)
Trong :
+ L
: Mc n ti im tnh ton( dB
A
)
+ Li: Mc n ti im tnh ton ca ngun th i( dB
A
)
* Phng php nh gi tc ng ca ting n trong vn hnh.
Ting n l ngun gy nhim kh quan trng trong hot ng sn xut
ca nh my luyn cn thp. Ting n cao hn TCCP s gy cc nh hng xu
n mi trng v trc tin l n sc khe ca ngi cng nhn trc tip sn
xut nh: mt ng, mt mi, gy tm l kh chu gim nng xut lao ng. Tip
xc vi ting n c cng cao trong thi gian di s lm cho thnh lc gim
st, dn ti bnh ic ngh nghip. Kh nng gy n ti cc cng on sn xut
c nh my lan truyn ti mi trng xung quanh c xc nh nh sau:
Li = Lp - L
d
- L
c
- L
cx
( dB
A
)
Trong :
- Li: Mc n ti im tnh ton cch ngun gy n khong cch r
2
( dB
A
)
- Lp: Mc n o c ti im cch ngun gy n khong cch r
1
( dB
A
)
- L
d
: Mc n gim dn theo khong cch r
2
tn s i.
- L
d
= 20lg[(r
2
/r
1
)
1+a
] ( dB
A
)
+ r
1
: Khong cch ti ngun gy n ng vi L
p
( m)
+ r
2
: Khong cch tnh ton gim mc n ng vi Li(m)
+ a: H s k n nh hng hp th ting n ca a hnh mt t.
- L
c
: gim mc n qua vt cn.
- L
cx
: gim mc n sau cc di cy xanh.
L
cx
= L
d
+ 1,5Z + Bi( dB
A
)
Trong :
+ L
d
: gim mc n do khong cch ( dB
A
)
+ 1,5Z: gim mc n do tc ng phn x ca cc di cy xanh
+ Bi: Tng b rng ca cc di cy xanh( m).
+ Z: S lng di cy xanh.
+ : Tr s h thp trung bnh theo tn s.
* Phng php tnh lng nc ma chy trn.
Tc ng ca mt d n luyn gang thp n cht lng nc ma c
th c d bo thng qua vn thi cc cht nhim vo kh quyn. Cc cht
nhim pht sinh trong qu trnh sn xut luyn gang thp bao gm bi, cc
cht kh c hi c tnh axit ( SO
2
, NO
2
...), khi gp ma cc cht nhim ny s
d dng ha tan vo trong nc ma lm cho nc ma b nhim khng th s
dng c. Ngoi ra do s ha tan ca cc cht kh c tnh axit, nn nc ma
cng c th lm n mn cc vt liu kt cu v cng trnh trong khu vc.
Nc ma cn c th b nhim khi chy qua cc khu vc sn bi c
cha cc cht thi nhim nh bi rc, khu vc bn cha nhin liu.... Tnh cht
nhim ca nc ma trong trng hp ny b nhim c hc( t, ct, rc),
nhim hu c( dch chit trong bi rc), nhim ha cht kim loi nng v du
m. Vn nhim nc ma s ko theo s nhim nc ngm ti khu vc
nh my v ngun nc mt ca cc thy vc tip nhn v t gy tc ng
n mi trng khu vc.
nh gi tc ng ca nc ma chy trn trn khu vc ca nh my
luyn gang thp i vi mi trng khu vc, p dng m hnh tnh ton sau:
Lu lng nc ma chy trn trong khu vc:
Q = 0,278.k.I.F( m
3
/s)
Trong :
k: H s dng chy ( k =0,6)
I: Cng ma (mm/h)
F: Din tch lu vc (m
2
)
i vi mt trn ma tnh ton, khi chu k trn ng P =1 th cng
ma l 100 mm/h, lu lng nc ma l tng i ln. Nu cc tuyn cng
thot nc c bn cn lng ng nhiu th khi nc ma thot khng kp s gy
ng ngp tc thi. Nc ma v nc thi trn ln, chy theo b mt, cun theo
cc cht c hi gy nhim mi trng khu dn c xung quanh.
Ti lng cht nhim:
G = M
max
[1-exp(-k
z
. T)].F (kg)
Trong :
M
max
: Lng bi tch ly ln nht trong khu vc nh my luyn gang
thp( M
max
=220kg/ha)
k
z
: H s ng hc tch ly cht bn khu gang thp( k
z
=0,3 ngy
-1
)
T: Thi gian tch ly cht bn( ngy).
* Phng php d bo nh gi tc ng ca nc thi.
d bo nh gi nh hng ca nc thi ca cc nh my luyn
gang thp i vi cht lng ngun nc mt( tip nhn nc thi) trong khu
vc, s dng m hnh khuch tn cht nhim c lp trnh theo ngn ng
Turbo Pascal xc nh nng cht nhim.
C = {M. exp[x.y.( 1 + 4kD
x
/v
2
)/2D
x
]}/. ( v
2
+ 4kD
x
)
Trong :
C: Nng cht bn ti thi im tnh ton (mg/l)
M: Ti lng ca cht bn(mg)
: Din tch tit din ca thi(m
2
)
v: Vn tc trung bnh ca dng chy(m/s)
k: H s phn hy cht bn theo thi gian.
D
x
: H s khuch tn theo phng x( hng ca dng chy)
3.3. Phng php so snh.
So snh cc kt qu mi trng tnh ton d bo vi TCVN v mi
trng TCVN 1995,2000 v TCVN 2005, QCVN v mi trng QCVN 2009....
3.4. Phng php nh gi nhanh:
c thc hin theo quy nh ca T chc Y t Th Gii (WHO) nhm
c tnh ti lng ca cc cht nhim trong kh thi v nc thi nh gi
tc ng ca d n ti mi trng.
3.5. Phng php phn tch tng hp.
T cc kt qu nghin cu TM lp bo co TM vi b cc v ni
dung theo quy nh ti thng t 26/2011/TT-BTNMT.
3.6. Phng php iu tra x hi hc v tham vn kin cng ng.
tham kho kin ca ngi dn xung quanh vn thc hin d n
th y l mt phng php c u tin la chn hng u.
Trong hot ng iu tra x hi hc nhm lm TM tin hnh xy dng
mt b cu hi phng vn gm khong 20 cu vi ni dung bm st v li ch
m d n mang li cho ngi dn phng Tn Thanh. Vic iu tra s c thc
hin ngu nhin vi 20 h dn xung quanh khu vc d n.
3.7. Phng php phn tch ly mu hin trng
4. T CHC THC HIN.
Vi mc tiu gim thiu, ngn nga, phng chng v khc phc cc yu
t gy tc ng tiu cc ca d n xy dng nh my sn xut v kinh doanh
thp Thi Nguyn n mi trng khu vc trong sut qu trnh hnh thnh, xy
dng v hot ng. Doanh nghip Thnh Nhn tin hnh lp Bo co nh
gi tc ng mi trng cho d n nu trn vi s t vn ca cng ty C phn
cng ngh mi trng Thi Nguyn. Trong qu trnh lp bo co TM, ch d
n cn nhn c s gip ca : UBND,UBMTTQ phng Tn Thnh, thnh
ph Thi Nguyn, tnh Thi Nguyn.
Tn v a ch ca c quan t vn:
- Cng ty C phn cng ngh mi trng Nng Lm
- a ch: T 10, Phng Quyt Thng, thnh ph Thi Nguyn, tnh
Thi Nguyn.
- in thoi: 0280.3852921 Fax: 0280.3852921
- i din: Nguyn Th Hoa. Chc v: Ch nhim
- Cc thnh vin tham gia lp bo co TM gm c:
STT H v tn Chuyn mn
1 Nguyn Th Hoa CN. Mi trng
2 Nghim Thanh Loan CN. Mi trng
3 L c Qun CN. Mi trng
4 Nguyn Phan Tng CN. Mi trng
5 Nguyn Tin Ph CN. Mi trng
6 Nguyn Th Thy Dng CN. Mi trng
7 ng Tun Hong CN. Mi trng
8 B Tin Trung CN. Mi trng
CHNG I
M T TM TT D N
1.1. TN D N.
D n: Xy dng nh my sn xut v kinh doanh thp
1.2. CH D N.
Ch d n Xy dng nh my sn xut v kinh doanh thp l doanh
nghip t nhn Thnh Nhn.
- a ch: S 273/1, t 20, phng Hng Sn, thnh ph Thi Nguyn,
tnh Thi Nguyn.
- in thoi: 0280 3832 025; Fax: 0280 3832 025.
- Doanh nghip c giy chng nhn ng k kinh doanh s 1701000269
do phng ng k kinh doanh - S K hoch v u t tnh Thi Nguyn cp
ngy 04/10/2002.
- i din: ng Nguyn Thi Sn- Gim c doanh nghip.
1.3. V TR CA D N.
1.3.1. V tr.
D n xy dng nm pha tay phi trc ng Tn Thnh( i t ng
Quc l 37 sang quc l 3) thuc t nhn dn s 7 phng Tn Thnh, thnh
ph Thi Nguyn.
1.3.2. Hin trng khu t ca d n.
Theo bn v cc vn bn ngh ca UBND phng Tn Thnh,
thnh ph Thi Nguyn th khu t m doanh nghip Thnh Nhn thu gm 13
tha( t tha s 883 n 896) ti phng Tn Thnh, thnh ph Thi Nguyn.
c im ca 13 tha t ny l: hng nm khng canh tc c g, hin
ti c su thp hn mt ng l 4,5m.
Phng n v tr ca d n:
- Tha t cho thu t s 883 n 886 c din tch l 966 m
2
, tha t
ny s xy dng nh my cn thp.
- Tha t xin thu t s 887 n 896 c din tch l 1 892m
2
, tha t
ny s xy dng nh kho cha vt liu, hng ro, ng giao thng ni b....
1.3.3. Cc li ch x hi ca d n.
D n u t m rng sn xut kinh doanh nu luyn thp ca doanh
nghip Thnh Nhn i vo hot ng mt mt mang li li nhun cho ch u
t, mt khc cn mang li nhng hiu qu v kinh t x hi cho a phng, c
th nh sau:
- Hng nm ng gp vo s tng trng kinh t(GDP) trong lnh vc
dch v, gp phn tch cc vo vic chuyn i c cu kinh t a phng theo
hng pht trin mnh ngnh cng nghip.
- S hot ng hiu qu ca d n to ra li nhun cho cc nh u t
gn 3,5 t ng/ nm v ng gp vo ngn sch tnh Thi Nguyn khong 1,3
t ng/ nm di hnh thc np thu thu nhp doanh nghip.
- D n i vo hot ng sn xut kinh doanh s gp phn to cng n
vic lm v thu nhp n nh cho 50 lao ng vi mc lng khong 2,4 triu
ng/ ngi/ thng. Nh vy, tng gi tr ng gp cho x hi thng qua to thu
nhp n nh cho 50 lao ng d kin l 1.287 triu ng.
1.4. NI DUNG CH YU CA D N.
1.4.1. M t mc tiu d n.
D n: Xy dng nh my sn xut v kinh doanh thp c hai mc
tiu c bn sau:
- Th nht: Tn dng li th v v tr u t xy dng cc cng trnh
nh: nh luyn thp, nh kho cha sn phm, ng i li trong d n nhm
pht trin kinh doanh mang li li ch kinh t cho doanh nghip v cho a
phng.
- Th hai: D n u t xy dng trn mt thit k hin i, khun vin
thong mt gp phn em li cnh quan hp dn cho thnh ph, ng thi p
ng nhu cu v khng gian lm vic, hot ng kinh doanh ca doanh nghip.
1.4.2. Khi lng v quy m cc hng mc d n.
m rng c s kinh doanh sn xut thp n v xin UBND tnh cho
thu thm 2.856 m
2
xy dng c s luyn thp, d kin vi quy m sau:
a. Quy m xy dng.
* Nh xng sn xut.
c xy dng vi quy m sau:
- Din tch xy dng: 720 m
2
.
- Loi cng trnh: Cng nghip.
- S tng: 1(tng).
- Chiu cao: 9,5m.
* Nh kho.
2
.
- S tng: 01(tng).
- Chiu cao: 9,5m.
* Nh vn phng iu hnh.
2
.
- Loi cng trnh: Dn dng.
- S tng: 01(tng).
- Chiu cao: 5,5m.
* Cc cng trnh ph tr.
- Nh thng trc: 12 m
2
; nh xe: 60 m
2
;
- Cng: 2 cng; hng ro; sn ng ni b;
- H thng thot nc; cp in ngoi nh.
b. Quy m sn xut.
Nh my s sn xut thp vi quy m 4.000 n 4.800 tn/nm.
Bao gm cc hng mc cng trnh sn xut chnh sau:
- Luyn gang.
- X l/chun b nguyn liu.
- Thiu kt qung st ng bnh/v vin.
- Luyn cok.
- L gang.
- Luyn thp, tinh luyn v c phi.
- Luyn thp bng l thi xy.
- Luyn thp bng l in h quang (EAF).
- Tinh luyn thp th cp.
- khun (c).
- Cn nng.
- Ty g, cn ngui, ti v ram.
- M - ph - sn.
c. Din tch t chim.
* Din tch t xin thu.
Khu t m doanh nghip d kin xin thu c din tch 2.856 m
2

* Cc ch tiu k thut.
- Tng din tch xy dng l: 1.200 m
2
.
- H s s dng t: 0,43 ln.
- Tng cao trung bnh: 1,5 tng;
- Mt xy dng = Tng din tch xy dng cc cng trnh * 100 / din
tch t chim = 1200 * 100/2856 = 42%.
1.4.3. M t bin php, khi lng thi cng xy dng cc cng trnh
ca d n.
a. Gii php thit k kin trc tng th.
Hp l, sinh ng, ph hp vi chc nng s dng ca cng trnh v ph
hp vi khun vin ca l t doanh nghip xin thu.
b. Gii php kin trc ca cc hng mc cng trnh chnh.
* Nh xng c cc thng s k thut chnh sau:
- Din tch t chim: 900 m
2
- Din tch t xy dng: 720 m
2
;
- S tng: 01 tng;
- Chiu cao: 9,5m.
- Gii php kin trc hp khi bao gm ton b din tch nh dnh cho
khu vc sn xut thp.
* Nh kho c cc thng s k thut chnh sau:
2
;
2
.
- S tng: 01(tng).
- Chiu cao: 9,5m.
- Gii php kin trc hp khi bao gm ton b din tch nh dnh lm
kho cha thp thnh phm.
* Vn phng iu hnh c cc thng s k thut chnh sau:
2
;
2
.
- Loi cng trnh: Dn dng.
- S tng: 01(tng).
- Chiu cao: 5,5m.
- Gii php kin trc hp khi gm 5 gian nh vi bc gian 3,6 m, khu
6,0 m.
- Gii php kt cu: Kt cu chu lc chnh: Phn mng theo phng n
mng ct chu lc bng BTCT ton khi kt hp vi mng bng xy gch
cho tng bao che, mi lp tn mu. Ring nh vn phng iu hnh mi
BTCT trn lp tn chng nng, chng dt.
b. Cc cng trnh ph tr.
- Nh thng trc: 12m
2
, xy gch mi BTCT;
- Nh xe: 60m
2
ct, v ko thp, mi lp tn, cao 3m.
- Cng: gm 2 cng v 220m hng ro xy gch, mng .
- 1200m
2
ng v sn ni b BT mc 200 dy 100.
- 50m
2
l trng cy xanh xung quanh cng trnh to cnh quan mi
trng cho khu vc.
- Cp in: n v s hp ng mua in vi Chi nhnh in thnh ph
Thi Nguyn phc v cho cng trnh.
- Cp nc: n v s hp ng mua nc sinh hot vi cng ty kinh
doanh nc sch Thi Nguyn, theo thit k c th.
- Thot nc: Hin ti pha Ty khu t c h thng mng thot
nc ca khu vc rng khong 3,0 mt thot nc ma cho khu vc, khi d
n ca doanh nghip thc hin vic thot nc ni b trong cng trnh thc hin
theo ng thit k k thut thi cng, nc thi phi c x l qua b t hoi
mi c x vo mng mng chung, cn cc loi nc thi khc: nc tm
git, nc ma, nc ra...c chy vo rnh thot ni b ri vo mng
thot chung.
1.4.4. Nguyn, nhin u vo v cc chng loi u ra ca qu trnh
sn xut thp.
a. Nguyn, nhin liu u vo.
* Nguyn liu u vo.
Thp v c bn l gang c cha mt hm lng nh cacbon nhng c
kim sot cht ch cng cc nguyn t hp kim khc mang cc c tnh c bit.
Mt lu quan trng l mt s t cc hp cht nh lu hunh, pht pho, nhn
chung khng c li cho c tnh ca thp v s t cc nguyn t khc nh cc
kim loi kim v km cng nh hng ng k trong luyn thp hoc luyn
gang. V vy, cc nguyn t trn c xem xt k trong vn nguyn liu u
vo. Do vy, nguyn liu chnh cho luyn thp gm gang, qung st v st thp
ph.
C hai quy trnh luyn gang ch yu l dng l cao v hon nguyn
trc tip. Bi hu ht st, qung st v khong sn trong t nhin, u l xit st,
cng on luyn thp chnh l qu trnh hon nguyn oxit st thnh kim loi st,
n c tn gi thch hp l giai on luyn gang. Bn cht ca qu trnh ny l
xy c tch khi xit st kt hp vi cacbon hoc hydro to thnh xit cacbon
(CO2) hoc nc(H2O). Trong l cao, than coke (v c bn l cacbon, C) phn
ng vi kh hoc kh kh giu xy (O2) to thnh xit cacbon: 2C + O2 = 2CO +
nhit. Oxit cacbon sau hon nguyn oxit st : 2Fe2O3 + 6CO + nhit = 4Fe +
6CO2
iu kin hon nguyn cng s cho mt s cacbon tch khi gang v
tch pht pht trong qung, lng pht pht ny cng c tch khi gang cng
vi mangan v mt s nguyn t khc. Tuy nhin, qu trnh luyn thp v c
bn l qu trnh oxi ho trong ccbon c tch khi gang t c mc
mong mun bng cch oxi ho cacbon thnh CO.
i vi qu trnh luyn gang, ngun cacbon hoc hydro v nhin liu
c yu cu. Cacbon c cung cp bi than cok c sinh ra bi qu trnh
hon nguyn CO v nung l cao. c bit l than luyn thnh cok v l
thnh phn khng th thiu c s dng trong l cao.
- Thnh phn qung st:
Qung st l ngun nguyn liu chnh c dng sn xut gang v
thp v c thnh to trong t nhin di nhiu hnh thc. Qung c cha st
ch yu Manhetit (Fe3O4) v Hematit (Fe2O3). Mt s khc mc thp
hn c cha sirits (FeCO3) v limnit (FeO (OH).nH2O) trong ngun
qung st khc t quan trng hn c cha hyrt xit nh gtit, st silicat,
chamosite, lepidococite and chalybite.
Manhtt v hmatit nguyn khai c cha 72,4% v 70% st trong
hm lng sirit ch c 48% st. V tnh hyrat ho t nhin ca n bin i
nn hm lng st ca limnit nguyn khai c th trong khong 38-51%. Thc
t hm lng st ca khong sn nguyn khai c trong qung quyt nh mc
gii hn ca qung tinh v v vin sau khi tuyn. V vy, vic khai m
khong sng manhtit (mc gii hn 72,4% Fe) lc no cng c th sn xut
qung tinh v v vin cht lng cao hn so vi m qung hematit (mc gii
hn 70% Fe).
- Tinh qung thiu kt:
Thng thng kch c ht <6mm sau khi nghin v sng (nu c ra
nc), trong khi b c ht <1mm. Vi kt qu sn phm c c ht
>1<6mm gi l tinh qung thiu kt v dng cho xng thiu kt trong nh my
thp. Tinh qung thiu kt c th thay i ang k hm lng st nhng nhn
chung theo cc nh sn xut thp th c 58-62% Fe trong sn phm. Vi l do
cht lng thiu kt, th phn ln tinh qung thiu kt l qung hmatit, sirit,
limnit, gtit, cho d mt s nh sn xut Trung Quc s dng mt s lng
ng k qung manhtit trong qu trnh thiu kt.
- Thnh phn thp ph liu:
Thp ph, c tiu th trong c luyn thp bng l in v l BOS.
Ph thp l ngun st tng i tinh khit so vi qung st mc d cn
lu rng cc tp cht c th c nh ph thp m km (km), thp m thic v
cc thp hp kim. Thp ph c s dng lm ngui trong qu trnh BOS.
Qu trnh luyn thp sinh ra nhit do qu trnh oxy ho cacbon v cc nguyn t
khc. Trong thng BOS, c np gang lng nng, nhit sinh ra vt qu mc
cn thit duy tr np nng v c th s dng nung chy ph, b sung
ngun st (30%).
Doanh nghip ch yu l nhp thp phi ca Trung Quc v s dng st
thp phi ph liu mua trong nc. Hin doanh nghip Thnh Nhn c mt s
im thu mua trong tnh, ngoi tnh v ca cc doanh nghip sn xut st thp.
- Thnh phn cc cht ph gia: hp kim, in cc, khi tr, vt liu m
l....
* Nhin liu u vo.
- Thnh phn du;
- Thnh phn than cc;
- Thnh phn than ;
- Nng lng in nc.
b. Sn phm u ra.
- Bao gm thp cc loi: Thp hnh ch U, thp vng.....
- Ngoi ra cn c: X, phi .......
1.4.5. Cng ngh sn xut, vn hnh.
a. Cng ngh sn xut thp.
Doanh nghip sn xut v kinh doanh thp Thnh Nhn p dng quy
trnh l EAF sn xut thp.
* L h quang in.
Quy trnh ca L h quang in (EAF) vi l chuyn l mt trong 2 quy
trnh luyn thp hin i. Cc l EAF thng c s dng luyn cc loi
thp cht lng cao c bit (thp hp kim) v thp thng thng (khng hp
kim) cc sn phm thp di nh hn nh vy thng c s dng lm b
tng d ng lc.
Khng nh quy trnh thi xy, l EAF khng s dng gang lng. N
c np vi nguyn liu ngui. Thng l thp ph (nhng th bng thp
ht tui th s dng). Tuy nhin c th s dng cc dng nguyn liu th khc
lm t qung st. N bao gm qung hon nguyn trc tip (DIR) v cacbua st,
cng nh gang thi t l cao v lm ngui, thay v np trc tip vo l
chuyn.
Thp ph (hoc nguyn liu st khc) u tin c cho vo l EAF t
mt cn trc pha trn. Sau mt np c a vo v tr pha trn l. Np ny
c cc in cc h vo trong l. Mt dng in c chy qua in cc v to ra
h quang. Nhit c sinh ra bi tia h quang ny lm nng chy thp ph.
Dng in cn cho quy trnh ny cung cp cho mt th trn vi dn s
100.000 ngi. Trong qu trnh luyn, cc cc kim loi khc (hp kim st) c
Cn
Rod and Bar
Rolling
Cn
(Section
Rolling)
cho thm vo thp nhm p ng ng thnh phn ho hc theo yu cu. Cng
nh vi quy trnh xy tiu chun, xy c thi vo trong l lm sch thp, vi
v khong cht fluorit c np vo kt hp vi cc tp cht khc to thnh
x.
Sau khi ly mu c mang i kim tra thnh phn ho hc ca thp,
l s c nghing cho x ra, x ni trn b mt ca thp lng c ht
ra. Sau l c nghing theo hng khc v thp lng c vo (a ra)
mt mng, y thp hoc c tinh luyn tip hay c chuyn ti b phn
c. c trng ca l h quang in l cho c 150 tn mi mt ln nung v
tiu tn thi gian l khong 90 pht.
Cc loi thp c cht lng c bit. Thp c cht lng c bit vi
chng loi c luyn t l h quang bng vic thm vo cc kim loi khc
nhm to thnh hp kim thp. Thng thng hu ht l thp khng g, loi
thp c cho thm crm v niken vo c th chng n mn. Tuy nhin cn
c nhiu loi khc: thp rt cng c s dng l dng c c kh, thp c cu
trc c bit ph hp vi vic xy dng, thp c pht trin nhm phc v
cho thp k ca cc l phn ng ht nhn gy nhim mi trng, thp nh
nhng bn c s dng trong khng gian v tr, hn na l thp rn dng cho
xe bc thp. Xu hng cng tng, thp sau khi c ra (rt ra) t l s tri
qua mt cng on tip theo gi l tinh luyn trc khi c c. Quy trnh ny
p dng cho c hai loi l l xy tiu chun v l h quang in.
Thp lng t l c ra mng. Np mng c y li nhm gi
nhit. Mt lot cc qu trnh c thc hin nh trn agon, tng thm hp kim,
tch kh chn khng hoc phun bt. Mc ch ca cc cng on ny l nhm
ho hp u cc thnh phn ho hc ca thp v/hoc ci thin s ng nht v
nhit (m bo nht c dn u trn thp) v loi b nhng tp cht.
S nung thng bng h quang l mt quy trnh c s dng nhm bo m cho
thp lng c c nhit chnh xc trc khi a vo khun c.
Cn
Rod and Bar
Rolling
Cn
(Section
Rolling)
* c lin tc.
y l qu trnh m thp c c trong nhiu loi hnh khun khc
nhau, c thay i tr nn c tnh nng cao v cho ra sn phm c cht lng
tt hn. Thp lng c s dng rt vo mt khun ln lm ngui v tr
nn cng to thnh thi thp. Sau thi thp c cho vo l c c tn
l l ng nhit, ti thp s c nung iu chnh v ng b nhit.
Thi thp nng ny sau s c cn trn cc my cn s cp, l
giai on u thp thi ny tr thnh sn phm c th s dng c, v tr
thnh mt trong ba dng ca thp bn thnh phm: dng slab (loi tm thp di,
dy, dt vi mt ct ngang hnh ch nht), dng bloom (loi tm thp di vi
mt ct ngang hnh vung) hoc dng billet (nh dng bloom nhng vi mt ct
ngang nh hn).
Trong my c lin tc, thp lng c vo mt thng cha phi t
trn nh ca my c. Vi mt t l c kim sot thp chy vo mt khun
c lm ngui bng nc, b mt ngoi ca thp tr nn cng.
Thp c a xung mt dy cc con ln v c phun nc, m
bo cho vic cn thnh hnh v c lm cng ton b cng lc. Pha cui ca
my c, thp c lm thng v ct thnh nhng kch thc theo yu cu. Cc
sn phm slab, bloom v billet u c to ra cui quy trnh lin tc ny.
Theo cch , mt qu trnh trong my c lin tc kt hp c 2 quy trnh c
thc hin ring r trc , mang li hiu qu cao v cho ra sn phm cht
lng tt hn. Sau , slab, bloom hoc billet c chuyn ti nh my cn
nng cn thnh nhng sn phm thp phc v cho sn xut.
Chun b nguyn liu (st vn)
(Scrap Preparation)
Luyn thp bng l H quang
EAF Steelmaking
LAF
phi mng
(Thin Stab Casting)
Thp thanh
(Rebar)
thi
(Ingot Casting)
Cn th
(Roughing Mill)
Thi mng(Thin
slab)
Thp cun
(Section)
Cn
Rod and Bar
Rolling
Cn
(Section
Rolling)
Cn mng
(Strip Rolling)
Rt lin tc
(Continuous Casting)
c thi
Hnh 1.1. S quy trnh cng ngh sn xut thp bng l in h quang
( Ngun: http://tisco.com.vn)
b. Cc cng on trong qu trnh sn xut thp.
- Cng on sn xut
+ X l nguyn liu
+ To khi kt/vin
+ Luyn cc
+ Lu kho, x l ph liu st
+ L cao
+ L xy
+ L h quang
+ Tinh luyn th cp
+ Rt khun (c)
+ Cn nng
+ Cn ngui
+ Ph / m
+ X l nc thi
+ Lc kh
1.4.6. Danh mc my mc, thit b.
Bng 1.1. Tng hp cc thit b my mc.
STT Tn thit b n v S lng n gi Thnh tin
1 H thng l nu
luyn thp
HT 1 5.000 5.000
2 Cc thit b ph tr b 1 750 750
3 Cn in t(80 tn) chic 1 250 250
4 Xe con chic 2 1.500 3.000
5 Xe ti chic 1 850 850
6 Thit b khc b 1 500 500
Tng cng 10.350
( Ngun: H s d n ca doanh nghip Thnh Nhn)
Cc my mc thit b ca d n ch yu c mua trong nc. y l
nhng thit b sn xut tin tin, m bo cc yu cu v k thut v bo v mi
trng.
1.4.7. Tin thc hin d n.
- Thng 08 nm 2011 hon thnh lp d n v xin giy chng nhn u
t, xin thu t.
- T thng 09/2011 kho st, thit k quy hoch tng th v xin giy
php xy dng.
- D kin ng th khi cng xy dng vo thng 02/2012 v hon
thnh vo cui nm 2012.
- Chnh thc i vo hot ng t u nm 2013.
- n nh sn xut kinh doanh nm 2014.
Thi gian hot ng ca d n: 50 nm.
1.4.8. Vn u t ca d n.
a. Hnh thc u t.
100% vn u t trong nc.
b. iu kin tnh ton.
Cc nh mc tiu hao nguyn nhin vt liu c xy dng theo mc
quy nh trn c s tham kho ti liu trong nc, ngoi nc v ca mt s n
v trong nc, trong tnh, ng thi cn c vo thit k xy dng cng trnh.
Chi ph tin lng, chi ph qun l v cc khon chi ph khc c xy
dng trn c s nh mc v mc lng trung bnh ca cc doanh nghip a
phng hot ng kinh doanh trong cng lnh vc.
Gi c cc sn phm dch v tnh cn i theo mc gi bin ng trung
bnh ca th trng.
Chi ph bo him x hi, bo him y t v kinh ph cng on c p
dng theo quy nh hin hnh ca Php lut Vit Nam. Tnh bng 19% qu
lng c bn.
Ngha v vi ngn sch nh nc: Thc hin theo ng quy nh ca
lut thu gi tr gia tng, lut thu thu nhp doanh nghip.
c. Tng chi ph cho mt nm sn xut.
Tng chi ph sn xut nm th nht d kin l 5.480 triu ng, cho mt
nm sn xut n nh l 5.817 triu ng trong bao gm cc hng mc chi
ph chnh: Chi ph bin i ngoi lng nm sn xut n nh d kin l 1.747
triu ng, chi ph tin lng d kin l 1.287 triu ng, khu hao ti sn c
nh d kin l 3.031 triu ng. Chi ph cc hng mc chi ph cho tng nm
c th hin trong bng 1.2 sau:
Bng 1.2. Tng hp chi ph.
n v tnh: 1.000.000 VN
TT Chi tiu Nm 1 Nm 2 Nm 3 Nm 4 Nm 5
Tng chi ph 5.480 5.817 5.817 5.817 5.817
1 Chi ph bin i 1.410 1.747 1.747 1.747 1.747
2 Chi ph tin lng 1.287 1.287 1.287 1.287 1.287
3 BHXH, BHYT 166 166 166 166 166
4 Khu hao ti sn c nh 3.031 3.031 3.031 3.031 3.031
d. Nhu cu vn u t ban u ca d n.
Tng nhu cu vn u t ban u ca d n l 22.759 triu ng. Vn c
nh l 21.218 triu ng; vn lu ng l 1.541 triu ng.
Bng 1.3. Cc chi ph u t ban u
n v tnh: 1.000.000 VN
TT Khon mc u t Gi tr
I Vn c nh 21.218
1 Xy dng c bn 10.568
2 Mua my mc thit b 10.350
3 Chi ph hnh thnh d n 200
4 Chi ph khc( cho cc hot ng BVMT....) 100
II Vn lu ng 1.541
1 D phng cc khon phi thu 970
2 Thnh phn tn kho 485
3 Tin mt 87
Tng 22.759
1.4.9. T chc qun l v thc hin d n.
a. T chc lao ng.
T chc ca doanh nghip c thc hin theo s sau:
- Gim c: i din cho doanh nghip trong mi quan h i ni v i
ngoi, ng thi cng l ngi trc tip iu hnh mi hot ng kinh doanh
ca doanh nghip, chu trch nhim trc php lut.
- Phng ti chnh k hoch: Gm cc b phn k ton, k hoch v t
chc, ng u l trng phng hot ng v qun l di s chi o ca ch
doanh nghip v chu trch nhim trc ch doanh nghip v cc hot ng k
ton, k hoch v cng tc t chc dn s.
- Phng kinh doanh: gm b phn kinh doanh v phc v, ng u l
trng phng chu trch nhim trc ch doanh nghip v cc nhim v sn
xut kinh doanh v cc hot ng dch v ca doanh nghip
b. Qun l tin lng.
Doanh nghip thc hin ch tr lng theo sn phm v cht lng
cng vic hon thnh, mc lng bnh qun chung 2.400.000 ng/thng. Cc
khon bo him x hi, bo him y t, chi ph cng on, ph cp, tr cp c
thc hin theo quy nh ca php lut Vit Nam. Nhu cu lao ng v chi ph
tin lng c th hin bng 1.4
Bng 1.4. Tng hp chi ph tin lng.
n v tnh: 1.000.000 VN
TT V tr cng vic S lng Mc lng thng Qy lng/nm
1 Gim c 1 8,0 104
2 Trng phng 3 4,0 156
3 Nhn vin cc phng 10 2,0 240
4 Cng nhn 28 1,6 540
5 Nhin vin k thut( 1 nhn vin 4 2,0 96
C quan t vn: Cng ty C phn cng ngh mi trng Nng Lm.
Gim c
Phng ti chnh Phng k ton
37
mi trng)
6 Li xe 2 2,5 65
7 Bo v 2 1,4 36
8 Chi ph o to 50
Cng 50 1.287
Trong lnh vc sn xut v dch v, cht lng v nng sut ph thuc
phn ln vo yu t con ngi, my mc. Do , vic tuyn chn cn b v
nhn vin ca doanh nghip phi m bo tiu chun v trnh , sc khe lin
tc c o to v chuyn mn nghip v
Khi i vo hot ng, d n cn s dng khong 30 lao ng. Tng qu
lng hng nm ca d n khong 873 triu ng, bnh qun 2.400.000
ng/ngi/thng.
c. Tuyn dng, o to v t chc sn xut.
- i tng tuyn dng: Tt c lao ng c tuyn chn, s dng ph
hp vi quy nh ca php lut Vit Nam. Nhng cn b, nhn vin c trnh
hoc qua o to ti cc trng chuyn nghip, trng dy ngh hay cc c s
dy ngh s c u tin tuyn chn vo doanh nghip. Nhng lao ng ti a
phng s c u tin u tin
- Quyn li v ngha v ca ngi lao ng c m bo bng hp
ng lao ng k kt gia tng ngi lao ng vi gim c doanh nghip.
Tha c lao ng tp th k kt gia i din tp th lao ng vi gim c v
ph hp vi quy nh ca php lut Vit Nam v lao ng. Doanh nghip tha
thun h tr 15% ph bo him x hi, c nhn ngi lao ng np 5% theo quy
nh ca nh nc, ngoi ra doanh nghip cn h tr ngi lao ng 2% ph bo
him y t v 3% kinh ph cng on theo quy nh.
d. Chng trnh sn xut.
Doanh nghip t chc lao ng theo ca i vi khi phc v, mi ca lm
vic 8h/ngy. B phn qun l v vn phng lm vic gi hnh chnh. Thi gian
lm vic 300 ngy/nm. Cn b v cng nhn vin c lun phin ngh theo k
hoch ca doanh nghip v tha thun vi ngi lao ng. Nu c nhu cu lm
vic thm ngoi gi quy nh, doanh nghip s m bo thc hin tin lng
tng thm theo quy nh.( Ngun: Ti liu d n)
CHNG II
IU KIN MI TRNG T NHIN V KINH T - X
HI KHU VC THC HIN D N.
2.1. IU KIN MI TRNG T NHIN.
2.1.1. iu kin v a l, a cht.
a. iu kin v a l.
D n xy dng nm pha tay phi trc ng Tn Thnh( i t ng
Quc l 37 sang quc l 3) thuc t nhn dn s 7 phng Tn Thnh, thnh
ph Thi Nguyn.
Theo bn v cc vn bn ngh ca UBND phng Tn Thnh,
thnh ph Thi Nguyn th khu t m doanh nghip Thnh Nhn thu gm 13
tha( t tha s 883 n 896) ti phng Tn Thnh, thnh ph Thi Nguyn.
( Ngun: Ti liu d n)
a. iu kin v a cht.
Thnh ph Thi Nguyn (TPTN) ni chung v phng Tn Thnh ni
ring nm trong vng trung du min ni Bc B, xung quanh c bao bc bi
hai con sng l sng Cu v sng Cng, nn c a hnh tng i bng phng
so vi cc vng xung quanh, vi cao khong 10- 20m trn mc nc bin.
Tuy nhin, vng t ny vn mang tnh cht, dng dp, din mo trung du vi
kiu bc thm ph xa v bc thang nhn to. dc t 8
o
n 25
o
chim khng
ng k, phn ln din tch c dc nh hn 8
o
, gm 3 nhm hnh thi a hnh
sau:
- a hnh ng bng
- a hnh g i
- a hnh ni thp
Nh vy so vi cc huyn, th x trong tnh cng nh trong vng th a
hnh thnh ph Thi Nguyn t phc tp hn. y l mt trong nhng li th ca
thnh ph.( Ngun:Bo co ti Thc trng nhim nc thi chn nui ti
thnh ph Thi Nguyn v bin php x l bng thc vt thy sinh ca sinh vin
khoa TN&MT)
c im ca 13 tha t m doanh nghip thu xy dng nh my
sn xut v kinh doanh thp ny l: hng nm khng canh tc c g, hin ti
c su thp hn mt ng l 4,5m. Rt ph hp vi vic xy dng nh my
ca doanh nghip Thnh Nhn.
2.1.2. iu kin v kh tng.
Thnh ph Thi Nguyn ni chung v phng Tn Thnh ni tin hnh
thc hin d n ni ring c kh hu nhit i gi ma nng m c chia thnh
4 ma r rt: Xun - H - Thu - ng. Kh hu ca thnh ph mang tnh cht
chung ca kh hu min Bc nc ta, c nhng c im sau:
* Nhit khng kh
- Nhit trung bnh nm : 23,6
0
C.
- Nhit cao nht trung bnh ca thng nng nht: 28,9
0
C (thng 6).
- Nhit thp nht trung bnh ca thng lnh nht: 17
0
C (thng 2).
* m khng kh.
Ti khu vc c:
- m tng i trung bnh nm ca khng kh : 82%
- m trung bnh thng ln nht (thng 3, 7) : 88%
- m tng i trung bnh thng thp nht (thng 2, 11): 77
Bng 2.1. Nhit v m trung bnh thng trong nm 2010
ti thnh ph Thi Nguyn
Khu
vc
Nhit trung bnh thng (
0
C)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
TP.TN
17,5 17 20,3 24,1 27,3 28,9 27,9 28,2 25,5 25,6 22,8 18,6
m khng kh trung bnh thng (%)
79 77 88 86 81 81 88 86 85 83 77 78
( Ngun: Trm kh tng thu vn tnh Thi Nguyn, 2010)
S chnh lch nhit gia cc thng trong nm nh hng nhiu n
qu trnh pht tn cc cht gy nhim khng kh. Nhit khng kh cng cao
th tc phn ng ha hc cng xy ra nhanh v thi gian lu tn cc cht
nhim cng nh. S bin thin gi tr nhit nh hng n qu trnh bay hi,
qu trnh trao i nhit v sc khe con ngi.
* Lng ma.
Lng ma trn ton khu vc c phn b theo 2 ma: ma ma ko
di t thng 5 n thng 10, lng ma tng dn t u ma ti gia ma t ti
cc i vo thng 7, thng 8 (thng nhiu bo nht trong vng), ma kh (t
ma) t thng 11 n thng 4 nm sau.
- Lng ma trung bnh hng nm : T 1500 - 2000 mm.
- S ngy ma trong nm : 150 n 160 ngy.
- Lng ma trung bnh thng ln nht : 489 mm (thng 8).
- Lng ma trung bnh thng nh nht : 22 mm (thng 12).
- S ngy ma trung bnh ln hn 50 mm : 12 ngy.
- S ngy ma trung bnh ln hn 100 mm: 2-3 ngy.
- Lng ma ngy ln nht : 353 mm.
Din bin lng ma cc thng trong nm c nh hng khng nh ti
s chy trn b mt, lm lan truyn cc cht gy nhim ngun nc. Lng
ma cng nhiu th cc cht gy nhim ngun nc gim v nng do c
pha lng v tng v phm vi do s chy trn b mt.
Ch ma khng nhng nh hng n cht lng khng kh m cn
nh hng trc tip c n cc h thng thot nc thi ca d n
* Tc gi v hng gi
Ti khu vc nghin cu, trong nm c 2 ma chnh, ma ng gi c
hng Bc v ng Bc, ma H gi c hng Nam v ng Nam.
- Tc gi trung bnh trong nm: 1,9 m/s
- Tc gi ln nht : 24 m/s
Gi v hng gi l nhn t quan trng trong qu trnh pht tn v lan
truyn cc cht trong kh quyn. vn tc gi cng ln th kh nng lan truyn cc
yu t nhim cng xa, kh nng pha long vi khng kh cng ln. Tc gi
cng nh hoc khng c gi th kh nng pht tn kh nhim cng km, lm
cho cc cht nhim tp trung khu vc ngun thi.
* Nng v bc x
Bc x mt tri l yu t quan trng nh hng trc tip n ch
nhit trong vng, qua nh hng ti qu trnh pht tn cng nh bin i cc
cht gy nhim.
- S gi nng trung bnh trong nm : 1588 gi.
- S gi nng trung bnh ln nht trong thng: 187 gi.
- S gi nng trung bnh nh nht trong thng: 46 gi.
- Bc x trung bnh nm : 122 kcal/cm
2
/nm.
(Ngun: Cc thng tin v kh tng - thu vn tnh Thi Nguyn nm 2010)
2.1.3. iu kin thy vn.
Ch thu vn trong khu vc d n s c nh hng quan trng khng
ch n kh nng cung cp, tiu thot nc cho d n m cn l mt yu t t
nhin quan trng quyt nh n kh nng tip nhn cht thi v t lm sch ca
cc ngun nc.
Thnh ph c 40 km sng, c th:
+ Sng Cu bt ngun t Bc Cn chy qua thnh ph on h lu di 25
km, v ma l on sng ny c lng t 3.500m
3
/giy, ma kit 7,5 m
3
/giy.
+ Sng Cng chy qua a phn thnh ph 15 km, c bt ngun t
vng ni Ba L (huyn nh Ho). Lu lng ca sng ma l t 1.880
m
3
/giy, ma kit 0,32 m
3
/giy.
+ Ngoi ra thnh ph c h thng knh mng H Ni Cc di 17 km c
tc dng va cung cp nc cho thnh ph va tiu nc vo sng Cng.
c bit trn a bn thnh ph c H Ni Cc dung tch 200 triu m
3
nc,
dung tch hu ch 175 triu m
3
nc. H c kh nng tr nc vo ma ma l
v iu tit nc cho t canh tc, nc cho sn xut nng nghip v cung cp
nc sch trong thnh ph.
2.1.4. Hin trng cht lng cc thnh phn mi trng vt l
a. Hin trng mi trng khng kh.
Mi trng khng kh ti ti phng Tn Thnh ni ring v thnh ph
Thi Nguyn ni chung ang b nhim do kh thi ca khu cng nghip gang
thp Thi Nguyn v cc hot ng sn xut phi nng nghip khc. Mt khc do
qu trnh th ha nn tc xy dng nh , h tng c s pht trin mnh,
cc hot ng v xy dng khng m bo tiu chun v BVNT nn lm cho
nng bi trong khng kh tng i cao. Ngoi ra trn cc trc ng giao
thng, lng xe c qua li cng gp phn vo vic gy nhim mi trng
khng kh..
2.2. IU KIN KINH T-X HI.
2.2.1. iu kin kinh t.
c im kinh t phng Tn Thnh khng khc nhiu so vi c im
kinh t chung ca ton thnh ph Thi Nguyn.
Trong nhng nm qua, c cu kinh t ca thnh ph c s chuyn dch
tch cc theo hng tng dn t trng cc ngnh cng nghip (nm 2005 chim
49,7% n nm 2008 chim 49,75%); t trng ngnh dch v cng tng ln nhanh
chng (nm 2006 chim 45% n nm 2007 chim 45,57%); ngnh nng nghip tuy
vn tng trng v gi tr tuyt i nhng t trng trong tng sn phm ca thnh
ph gim ng k (t 8,8% nm 2002 xung 5,14% nm 2007).
Nm 2009 tng sn phm trn a bn TP (GDP) t 3.109 t ng, tng
12,37% so vi nm 2008; trong nng, lm, ng nghip t 128,5 t ng, tng
5,07%; cng nghip - xy dng t 1.676,6 t ng, tng 11,22%; dch v t
1.304,7 t ng, tng 14,68%. Tng thu ngn sch trn a bn t 803 t ng.
Thu chi ngn sch TP m bo cn i v c kt d. GDP bnh qun u ngi
2009 t 25,09 triu ng; t l h ngho gim xung cn 2,9%.
a. Sn xut cng nghip, tiu th cng nghip (CN_ TTCN):
Nm 2010, Sn xut CN-TTCN trn a bn gp nhiu kh khn do gi
c, nguyn, nhin vt liu bin ng bt thng, th trng tiu th mt s sn
phm gp kh khn, nh hng ca suy gim kinh t th gii trong nm 2009
vn tc ng trc tip n sn xut CN-TTCN, mt s n v sn xut kinh
doanh (SXKD) thiu vn, tnh trng ct in ko di Tuy nhin gi tr sn
xut CN-TTCN vn tng so vi nm 2009.
Gi tr sn xut cng nghip 10 thng trn a bn t 6.747,23 t ng,
tng 9,44% so vi cng k; D c c nm t 7.486 t ng, tng 9,06% so vi
nm 2009. Gi tr Sn xut CN-TTCN a phng 10 thng t 2.415,7 t ng,
tng 11,53% so vi thc hin nm 2009, d c c nm t 2.718 t ng, bng
100,66%KH v tng 12,56 so vi nm 2009; trong : Khu vc ngoi quc
doanh t 2.634,9 t ng, tng 11% so vi nm 2009; Khu vc nh nc a
phng t 83,1 t ng, tng 102% so vi nm 2009.
b. Sn xut Nng Lm nghip:
+ Trng trt:
Nm 2010 sn xut nng lm nghip chu nhiu tc ng nh: Gi c vt
t, phn bn tng cao, dch bnh hi cy trng din bin phc tp, c bit dch
ry nu hi la xy ra ti 28 x, phng trn a bn, din tch nhim bnh
1.200ha, trong 400 ha nhim nng, 11ha chy ry ton b... Thnh ph
tch cc ch o cc a phng cng cc phng, ban chuyn mn xy dng k
hoch chng dch hi cho cy trng, thc hin chnh sch tr gi, ging cy
trng, h tr nng dn khc phc kh khn trong sn xut kinh doanh m bo
ch tiu, k hoch ra. Din tch gieo trng cy lng thc c nm t 6.891,5
ha, bng 100,4% so vi KH, tng 1,23% so vi nm 2009. Sn lng lng thc
c ht t 30.780 tn, bng 106,1% so vi k hoch, tng 3,1% so vi nm 2009.
+ Chn nui:
Nm 2010 l nm tnh hnh chn nui trn a bn gp nhiu kh khn
do xut hin dch tai xanh trn n ln v dch cm trn n gia cm. bo v
n gia sc, gia cm thnh ph ch o t chc tim phng chng dch bnh
theo ng quy trnh k thut, ch o cc ngnh chc nng x l dp dch kp
thi, khng ly lan.
c. Thng mi - Dch v:
Nm 2010 th mnh v dch v thng mi c khai thc hiu qu,
pht trin a dng, phong ph c v quy m, hnh thc gp phn chuyn dch c
cu kinh t; Cc ngnh dch v nh: Ti chnh, ngn hng, bo him, y t, gio
dc, bu chnh vin thng, h thng cc ca hng t chn, siu th tng hp, cc
trung tm mua bnc quan tm to iu kin pht trin ngy cng p ng
tt hn nhu cu ca nhn dn; Lu lng hng ho bn ra trn th trng din ra
n nh, nhu cu mua sm, tiu dng ca x hi tng so vi nm trc, hng ho
phong ph v chng loi, mu m cht lng hng ho v c bn p ng nhu
cu ca nhn dn; Cng tc phng chng bun lu, gian ln thng mi v cc
hot ng kinh doanh thng mi trn a bn c duy tr tt. Tng mc bn l
hng ha v dch v tiu dng x hi t 7.292 t ng, tng 24,86% so vi
cng k nm trc.
Vic thu ht cc nh u t vo thnh ph c quan tm ch o, trong
nm thu ht c 37 d n u t vi tng s vn ng k 6.853,66 t ng.
cp 1.920 giy php ng k kinh doanh vi tng s vn 557,6 t ng.
Thnh lp mi 145 doanh nghip, nng tng s doanh nghip trn a bn ln
1.763, vi tng s vn ng k 8.478 t ng.
* C s h tng.
a. Giao thng
TP Thi Nguyn nm trung tm tnh Thi Nguyn l u mi giao thng
quan trng ni cc tnh min ni pha Bc vi cc tnh ng bng Bc b.
C Quc l 3 ni H Ni - Thi Nguyn - Bc Cn - Cao Bng, QL 1B i
Lng Sn, Quc L 37 i Bc Giang, Tuyn Quang. Mng li ng st H
Ni-Thi Nguyn v Lu X - Kp, y l tuyn ng vn chuyn hng ha
quan trng trong vng. TP Thi Nguyn c hai con sng ln chy qua: Sng Cu
v sng Cng rt thun li cho giao thng thy trong vng. H thng ng giao
thng lin tnh kh hon chnh ni lin trung tm thnh ph vi cc huyn v th
trn trong tnh. D n ng cao tc H Ni - Thi Nguyn c khi cng
xy dng nm 2009, d kin hon thnh vo nm 2013 s rt ngn thi gian v
khong cch gia Th H Ni v TP Thi Nguyn.
chnh l nhng li th TP Thi Nguyn y mnh giao lu pht
trin kinh t - vn ha - x hi vi Th H Ni v cc vng kinh t trng
im pha Bc v cc vng min trong c nc. Do v tr tip gip gia vng
rng ni v ng bng Bc B, c nhiu ng giao thng thu, b thun li,
TP Thi Nguyn tr thnh ni trao i cc ngun hng.
+ V ng thy: Tuyn giao thng ng thy quan trng nht ca
thnh ph l tuyn sng Cu, chy dc v pha ng, on qua thnh ph di 15
km, ch yu chuyn ch lm - th sn, vt liu xy dng.
Ngay t thi trc, bn sng ng M, d nh hp nhng l ni thng
xuyn ra vo ca cc loi thuyn b. Cc hng lm th sn min ngc theo b
mng xui v cp bn ng M, ri tip tc chuyn v xui.
Vo nhng ma nc to, thuyn ln t p Cu (Bc Ninh) ngc dng
sng Cu, th neo ti bn ng M a hng ti cc huyn min ni. Mi
quan h gia TP Thi Nguyn vi cc a phng trong v ngoi tnh c tng
cng. Hng ho, sn vt trao i gia min ni v min xui phn ln u i
qua v tp kt TP Thi Nguyn, khin ni y tr thnh mt trong nhng u
mi giao thng khu vc pha Bc.
+ V ng b: Gm 4 tuyn ng gn kt trc tip vi h thng giao
thng ca thnh ph:
Quc l 3: Chy dc tnh v thnh ph Thi Nguyn, pha Bc i Bc
Cn, Cao Bng v pha Nam i H Ni, sn bay quc t Ni Bi.
Quc l 1B: Ni Thi Nguyn vi Lng Sn.
Quc l 19: Ni Thi Nguyn vi Bc Giang.
Quc l 13A: Ni Thi Nguyn vi Tuyn Quang.
Thnh ph hin c 1 bn xe tng hp trn ng Lng Ngc Quyn,
qui m 1,5 ha.
+ Giao thng ni th:
Tng chiu di mng li ng l 60 km, trong c 53,14 km ng
nha; 4,82km ng ; ng cp phi l 2,04 km; mt mng li ng l
1,07 km/km
2
nn vic i li trn thnh ph cha thc s thun li.
TP tp trung cc ngun lc hon thin c s h tng k thut, y
nhanh tc th ha, pht trin mng li th v im dn c tp trung
theo hng hin i. c bit l cc khu th mi 2 bn b sng Cu, s l
im nhn pht trin TP bn b sng.
H thng cc cng trnh k thut h tng th cng c ch u t,
nng cp ci to thm iu kin sng cho nhn dn. Tt c cc tuyn ng ni
thnh c nha ha, xy dng ng b vi cng thot nc v chiu sng.
H thng h tng th v ang c hon thin nhanh chng, vi trn
100km in chiu sng, m bo 100% cc ng ph chnh c chiu sng v
trn 30km in chiu sng ng cc khu dn c, cng vi h thng in
trang tr nhiu sc mu, lm cho TP rc r hn v m. Li in c ci to
v nng cp; h thng cp nc sch phc v cho i sng nhn dn trong
vng. Din tch cy xanh, thm c ngy cng c m rng v ang pht huy
hiu qu.
TP Thi Nguyn c bit coi trng yu t xanh - sch - p trong xy
dng v pht trin thnh ph. H thng h tng th v ang c hon
thin, vi trn 100km in chiu sng, m bo 100% cc ng ph chnh
c chiu sng v trn 30km in chiu sng ng cc khu dn c, cng vi
h thng in trang tr nhiu sc mu, lm cho TP rc r hn v m. Ton
thnh ph hin nay c khong 18ha cy xanh tng ng vi mt che ph
20%, c b tr hi ha va to bng mt, va lm p m quan cho TP. Nm
2009, TP Thi Nguyn c Hip hi cc th Vit Nam bnh chn l 1 trong
10 th sch trn ton quc.
2.2.2. iu kin x hi:
a. Dn s:
Hin nay, TP c 28 n v hnh chnh gm 18 phng, 10 x vi tng
din tch 18.970 ha, dn s ton th hn 330 nghn ngi. Theo s liu iu
tra nm 2009, dn s thnh ph Thi Nguyn l 330 nghn vi mt dn s l
1.367 ngi/km
2
.
+ Tc pht trin dn s trung bnh ca thnh ph khng u qua cc
nm, bnh qun giai on 2001- 2006 l 1,50%/nm. T l tng dn s t nhin
ca thnh ph kh cao, bnh qun 0,98% trong cng giai on.
+ C cu dn s:
Theo s liu nm 2007, nam c 121.234 ngi, chim t l 50,08% so
vi tng s dn ton thnh ph; n c 120.851 ngi, chim t l 49,92% so vi
tng s dn ton thnh ph.
b. Lao ng v vic lm:
Trong giai on 2001- 2006, lc lng lao ng thnh ph tng bnh
qun 2,35%/nm. Nm 2007, lc lng lao ng thnh ph l 162.000 ngi
chim 22,4% lc lng lao ng ton tnh. S lao ng c vic lm trong cng
nm ny l 130.560 ngi, tng trung bnh 2,59%/nm trong cng giai on, cao
hn tc tng lc lng lao ng, iu ny cho thy t l tht nghip gim
i.
Xt v c cu, t trng lao ng phi nng nghip trong tng s lao ng
lm vic tng tng ng t 80,4% nm 2000 ln 84,2% nm 2005 v 84,9%
nm 2006, cao ln rt nhiu so vi ton tnh.
c. Gio dc v o to:
Thnh ph Thi Nguyn l trung tm gio dc o to ln th 3 trong c
nc, sau th H Ni v thnh ph H Ch Minh. S nghip gio dc v o
to ca thnh ph trong nhng nm va qua c nhng chuyn bin ng khch
l, cht lng dy v hc tng bc c nng cao mi cp hc, ngnh hc;
i ng gio vin c tng cng c v cht lng v s lng.
Hin nay, trn a bn TP c gn 30 trng i hc, cao ng v trung
hc chuyn nghip thuc cc ngnh gio dc, nng nghip, y t, kinh t v cng
nghip, trong ch lc l i hc Thi Nguyn, vi 19 n v thnh vin, l
i hc a ngnh, a lnh vc o to t dy ngh n o to thc s, tin s
trong h thng gio dc quc dn, l ni o to ngun cn b khoa hc k
thut, nghin cu khoa hc v chuyn giao cng ngh cho cc tnh trung du v
min ni pha Bc. S pht trin ln mnh ca i hc Thi Nguyn gp
phn khng nh cho s pht trin kinh t - vn ho - x hi ca TP. Bn cnh
, nhiu c quan nghin cu khoa hc - k thut c thnh lp, hot ng n
nh, ngy cng pht huy hiu qu trong pht trin kinh t x hi trong v ngoi
tnh.
Trong khu vc thnh ph c 67 trng hc cc cp ph thng vi 914
phng hc, 1.880 gio vin. Ngoi ra thnh ph cn c 18 trng i hc, cao
ng, trung hc chuyn nghip; 19 c s th nghim, trung tm nghin cu.
d. Y t:
Thnh ph cn l trung tm y t vi 9 bnh vin a khoa, chuyn khoa
ca trung ng v a phng, c trn 3.000 ging bnh vi h thng my
mc, thit b k thut y t chuyn su, hin i p ng ngy cng cao nhu cu
khm, cha bnh v iu tr cho nhn dn trong vng.
Mng li y t thuc cc tuyn c u t xy dng v cng c tng
i ng b v c s vt cht trang thit b v cn b p ng phn no nhu
cu cha bnh ca ngi dn.
H thng y t hin nay c 35 c s ca nh nc v 6 c s t nhn
trong c 01 bnh vin trc thuc trung ng. Tng s ging bnh l 3.000,
s cn b y t thuc nh nc l 1.872 ngi v 1.213 ngi thuc t nhn.
Cn
Rod and Bar
Rolling
Cn
(Section
Rolling)
Ngoi ra cn c 5 trung tm trc thuc s y t lm cng tc d phng v ch o
chuyn mn. Vi vai tr l trung tm y t vng, cc bnh vin trin khai, u
t h thng my mc, thit b k thut y t chuyn su, hin i v hi sc cp
cu, ngoi sn, truyn mu, xt nghim v cc k thut chun on hnh nh,
phu thut ni soi, tn si ngoi c th, siu m xuyn s, iu tr bng laze....
nng cao nng lc khm, cha bnh cho nhn dn, gp phn gim p lc cho cc
bnh vin ln H Ni.( Ngun:Bo co ti Thc trng nhim nc thi
chn nui ti thnh ph Thi Nguyn v bin php x l bng thc vt thy sinh
ca sinh vin khoa TN&MT)
Cn
Rod and Bar
Rolling
Cn
(Section
Rolling)
CHNG III
NH GI CC TC NG MI TRNG.
3.1. NH GI TC NG.
3.1.1. nh gi tc ng trong giai on chun b ca d n.
3.1.1.1. nh gi tc ng trong giai on lp d n.
* nh gi v vic la chn a im xy dng nh my.
a im xy dng nh my sn xut v kinh doanh thp ca doanh
nghip Thnh Nhn c xy dng pha tay phi trc ng Tn Thnh( i t
ng Quc l 37 sang quc l 3) thuc t nhn dn s 7, phng Tn Thnh,
thnh ph Thi Nguyn. y l a im kh thch hp cho vic xy dng cng
nh hot ng ca nh my, v:
- a im ny u mi giao thng, thun li cho vic vn chuyn
cung cp nguyn nhin liu, cc vt liu khc phc v cho sn xut v vn ti ti
cc th trng trong nc cng nh xut khu.
- iu kin kh hu, thu vn t c bin ng ln, a cht cng trnh khu
vc m bo khng phi x l mng bng cc gii php gy tn km cho chi ph
u t.
Tuy nhin, do a im nm kh gn khu dn c nn s c nhng tc
ng khng nh ti mi trng ca khu dn c v cc cng trnh trong khu vc.
* nh gi v vic la chn cng ngh sn xut thp.
Khi lp d n doanh nghip Thnh Nhn tnh ton kh k v la chn
cc cng ngh sn xut tin tin, hin i nhm to ra cc sn phm cht lng
cao, n nh, khng gy nhim mi trng. Cng ngh m Thnh Nhn la
chn l cng ngh EAF, EAF c nhiu tnh u vit hn so vi cng ngh truyn
thng. C th nh sau:
Chun
KK
n
i
u
(st
)
(Scrap Preparation)
Luyn thp bng l H quang
EAF Steelmaking
LAF
phi mng
(Thin Stab Casting)
Thp thanh
(Rebar)
thi
(Ingot Casting)
Cn th
(Roughing Mill)
Thi mng(Thin
slab)
Thp cun
(Section)
Cn
Rod and Bar
Rolling
Cn
(Section
Rolling)
Cn mng
(Strip Rolling)
Rt lin tc
(Continuous Casting)
c thi
Hnh 3.1: S quy trnh cng ngh sn xut thp truyn thng.
Hnh 3.2: S quy trnh cng ngh sn xut thp bng l in h
quang( EAF).
Xng thiu kt
(kt khi/to vin)
Luyn cc
Coke Making)
L cao
(Blast Fumace)
Gang lng
(Hot metal)
Cn thanh/dy
L thi oxy
(BOF Steelmaking)
Luyn thp lng
(Ladle Metallurgy)
Cun thp
Cn nng thp
tm
Cn tit din
Thp hnh
Kt khi ht
Granded Sinter)
Thp thanh dy Thp cun Thp tm
Ty r - Cn
ngui - M
Lm thnh ng
Thi - phi
Cn th
Roughing Mill
c lin tc c thi
(Ingot Casting)
Nhn xt: Qua 2 s hnh 3.1 v hnh 3.2 cho thy: cc cng on sn
xut thp cng ngh EAF c n gin ha, t cng knh hn so vi cng
ngh truyn thng, iu ny s hn ch c cc nguy c gy nhim mi
trng ca mt s cng on. Tuy vy, trong qu trnh hot ng EAF cng
khng vn dng c trit ti a cc loi nguyn liu u vo cng nh cc
loi ph thi nn lng cc cht thi c thi ra cng ngh ny kh nhiu( C
th phn nh gi tc ng trong qu trnh hot ng ca d n).
3.1.1.2. nh gi tc ng trong giai on gii phng mt bng.
Cc ngun tc ng trong giai on gii phng mt bng.
* Ngun tc ng lin quan n cht thi.
Ngun tc ng i vi mi trng khng kh.
Giai on ny nhim khng kh ch yu l t:
- Kh thi ca cc phng tin vn ti vn chuyn t .
- Bi pht tn t mt bng thi cng v ng giao thng trn cng
trng.
Mc nhim giao thng ph thuc nhiu vo cht lng ng x,
mt , lu lng dng xe, cht lng k thut xe qua li v s lng nhin liu
tiu th. C th c tnh ti lng cc cht nhim khng kh da vo H s
nhim do C quan Bo v mi trng M( US EPA) a ra nh sau:
Bng 3.1 : Ti lng cht nhim i vi xe t s dng xng
Cht
nhim
Ti lng nhim (g/km)
ng c < 1400 cc
( 1,4 lt)
ng c
1400-2000 cc
ng c > 2000 cc
( 2 lt)
Bi 0,07 0,07 0,07
SO
2
1,9 S 2,22 S 2,74 S
NO
2
1,64 1,87 2,25
CO 45,6 45,6 45,6
VOC 3,86 3,86 3,86
Pb 0,13 P 0,15 P 0,19 P
Ghi ch : S l hm lng lu hunh trong xng du (%); P l hm lng
ch trong nhin liu (xng : max 0,4 g/l. du : 0 mg/l), (cubic Centimeter - 1000
cc bng 1 lt).
Ngun tc ng i vi mi trng nc.
Trong giai on san i mt bng ca d n, ngun pht sinh nc thi
ch yu l nc thi ca cng nhn thi cng chun b mt bng trn cng trnh.
i vi nc thi sinh hot ch yu cha cc cht cn b, cc cht l lng (SS),
cc hp cht hu c (BOD/COD), cc cht dinh dng (N,P) v cc vi sinh vt.
nhim mi trng nc t ngun ny khng ng k lm.
Ngun nhim cht thi rn.
Ngun nhim cht thi rn trong giai on gii phng mt bng ch
yu l do:
- Cht thi rn t qu trnh ph trt, san i mt bng.
- Cht thi rn sinh hot ca cng nhn xy dng.
* Ngun tc ng khng lin quan n cht thi.
Ngun tc ng do chim dng t.
giai on gii phng mt bng, tng din tch t chim ca doanh
nghip thc hin d n l 2.858 m
3
, din tch ny c tha thun thu hi t
t rung ca ngi dn. Khu t ny gm 13 tha, v bn cht l t nng
nghip nhng hng nm ngi dn khng canh tc c g.
Ngun tc ng do di di, ti nh c.
Ngun tc ng ny khng ng k, v y l t nng nghip nn khng
phi thc hin cc hot ng di dn, ch phi chuyn mt s m m ri ra ni
khc.
i tng v quy m b tc ng trong giai on gii phng mt
bng
i tng b tc ng trong qu trnh gii phng mt bng ca d n bao
gm ch yu l:
+ Mi trng khng kh
+ Mi trng t.
+ Mi trng nc
+ Con ngi....
Quy m tc ng:
+ V khng gian: Trong phm vi xung quanh khu vc thc hin d n ti
t 7, phng Tn Thanh thnh ph Thi Nguyn.
+ V thi gian: Thi gian chu tc ng tng ng vi thi gian thc
hin cc hot ng ca giai on gii phng mt bng. i vi d n xy dng
nh my sn xut v kinh doanh thp th giai on gii phng mt bng theo k
hoch l khong 1 tun.
nh gi tc ng trong qu trnh gii phng mt bng.
Cc hot ng trong qu trnh gii phng mt bng s tc ng khng
nh ti mi trng t nhin v mi trng x hi khu vc thc hin d n. C
th nh sau:
* Tc ng ti mi trng t nhin.
Tc ng ti ti nguyn t.
Hot ng gii phng mt bng ni ring v cc hot ng thc hin ca
d n lm thay i c cu s dng t trong vng. D n s tc ng n ti
nguyn t theo hai hng sau:
+ Tc ng tch cc: Phn din tch t nng nghip c nng sut thp
c s dng s lm tng gi tr s dng t ln 0,42.
+ Tc ng tiu cc: D n ly i mt phn din tch t s dng cho
nng nghip, vic ly i mt phn din tch t ny cng s lm gim qu t
ca vng,gim thu nhp ng k trong sn xut nng nghip cho cng ng a
phng.
Tc ng ti mi trng khng kh.
Trong giai on gii phng mt bng, vic s dng cc phng tin vn
chuyn c tc ng khng nh n mi trng khng kh.
Vi c im ca khu t m doanh nghip Thnh Nhn thu xy
dng nh my sn xut v kinh doanh thp th trong giai on gii phng mt
bng c tnh s c 2 xe t hot ng, trung bnh mi xe tiu th khong 1.500
lt xng. Kt hp vi bng 3.1, ta xy dng c bng s liu sau:
Bng 3.2: Ti lng nhim i vi xe t s dng xng trong giai
on gii phng mt bng.
Cht nhim Ti lng nhim (g/km)
1 xe t khi tiu th 1000
lt
2 xe t khi mi xe tiu th
1.500 lt.
Bi 41,17 123,53
SO
2
1.117,65 3.352,9
NO
2
1.100 3.300
CO 26.823,3 80.470,6
VOC 2.270,6 6.811,8
Pb 88,23P 264,71P
Nhn xt: Qua bng 3.2 trn cho thy, trong giai on hm lng bi
cng nh mt s kh c hi nh SO
2
, CO... t cc phng tin vn ti thi ra
mi trng khng kh xung quanh khu vc d n nhiu hn ln so vi lc d n
cha c thc hin.
Tc ng ti ti nguyn sinh vt.
- Tc ng ti h sinh thi nng nghip: Nh phn tch phn trn,
giai on gii phng mt bng s tc ng ti h sinh thi nng nghip do s
mt t canh tc, do s lm thay i tnh cht cng nh thnh phn trong h
sinh thi nng nghip.
- Tc ng ti h sinh thi nc ngt: H sinh thi nc ngt trong vng
xy dng d n khng phong ph lm, nn khi gii phng mt bng s c nh
hng khng ng k.
* Tc ng ti mi trng kinh t, x hi.
D n ly i khong 2.858 m
3
t nng nghip, do vy nhng h chuyn
sng bng ngh nng b nh hng, gy tc ng v mt tm l, o ln cuc
sng, np sinh hot, mc d c n b kh tha ng.
Trong giai on mt bng v c bn khng hoc t gy nh hng ti sc
khe ca ngi dn xung quanh d n.
D bo cc ri ro v s c mi trng trong qu trnh gii phng
mt bng.
Cc ri ro v s c mi trng trong giai on ny c th k n l:
- Tai nn giao thng trong qu trnh vn chuyn.
- Tan nn lao ng ca cng nhn trong qu trnh thc hin cc hot
ng gii phng mt bng nh: Trt cy, san i t.....
C th tng hp nh gi tc ng trong giai on gii phng mt bng
ca d n nh sau:
Bng 3.3. nh gi tc ng mi trng trong giai on gii phng
mt bng
Cc hot
ng
Ngun gy
tc ng
i tng tc
ng
Quy m tc
ng
Tc ng
1.Thu hi t - Con ngi
- Ti nguyn
t.
- Nhng h
dn c t
trong khu vc
thc hin d
n
- Din tch t
ca khu vc
thc hin d
- Gy tc
ng v mt
tm l, o
ln cuc sng,
np sinh hot,
mc d
c n b
kh tha ng.
- Gim qu
t ca vng,
gim thu nhp
n. ng k trong
sn xut nng
nghip cho
cng ng a
phng.
2. Trt ph
cy...
- S hot
ng ca cc
loi phng
tin vn ti
chuyn tr
cy.... t khu
vc thc hin
d n i ni
khc..
- Mi trng
khng kh.
- Mi trng
khng kh khu
vc thc hin
d n v ln
cn.
- Bi khuch
tn t giao
thng trn
cng trng;
Bi, kh thi,
nhit ca
cc my mc
thit b thi
cng xy
dng.
3. Ph d mt
s cng trnh.
.............
S hot ng
ca cc loi
phng tin
vn ti chuyn
tr cc cht
thi b t khu
vc thc hin
d n i ni
khc..
- Mi trng
khng kh.
- Mi trng
khng kh khu
vc thc hin
d n v ln
cn.
- Bi khuch
tn t giao
thng trn
cng trng;
Bi, kh thi,
nhit ca
cc my mc
thit b thi
cng xy
dng.
3.1.2. nh gi tc ng trong giai on xy dng nh my.
3.1.2.1. Ngun gy tc ng trong giai on xy dng d n.
Ngun tc ng lin quan ti cht thi.
Trong qu trnh thi cng xy dng, s c nhiu phng tin, my mc
tham gia thi cng. Ngoi ra, s lng xe ch nguyn vt liu n cng trnh
cng s lm gia tng lu lng giao thng ti khu vc. Cc thit b ny khi hot
ng trn cng trng s gy nn cc tc ng i vi mi trng khng kh :
- nhim do bi t, ct.
- nhim do kh thi t cc phng tin vn ti ra vo khu vc d n.
- nhim do kh thi t cc phng tin thi cng c gii.
Cc loi kh thi gy nhim bao gm: Bi, SO
2
, CO, Pb, VOC,
NO
x
.......
Ngun tc ng i vi mi trng nc.
Trong giai on thi cng xy dng cng trnh, ngun pht sinh nc thi
ch yu l t qu trnh dng h b tng, lm mt my mc thit b thi cng,
nc thi ca cng nhn xy dng trn cng trng.
- Nc thi t qu trnh thi cng xy dng, dng h b tng, lm mt
thit b, lp t my mc thit b c cha nhiu cn lng, vt liu thi, du m...
- Nc thi sinh hot ca cng nhn xy dng c cha cc cht l lng,
cht hu c, cc cht cn b v vi sinh...
Ngun tc ng do nhim cht thi rn.
Cht thi rn sinh ra trong qu trnh thi cng xy dng ca d n l cc
cht t t cng tc lm ng, lm mng cng trnh nh gch, , xi mng,
st thp v g, giy... t cng vic thi cng v hon thin cng trnh, lp t my
mc, thit b v rc thi sinh hot ca cng nhn hot ng trn cng trng.
Ngun tc ng khng lin quan n cht thi.
Ngun tc ng do ting n.
Trong qu trnh thi cng xy dng ca d n, ting n gy ra ch yu do
cc my mc thi cng, cc phng tin vn ti trn cng trng v do s va
chm ca my mc thit b, cc loi vt liu bng kim loi, my p cc b tng...
Mc gy ting n ca cc thit b thi cng c xc nh t ngun i vi
tng chng loi thit b s dng ca d n.
Ngun tc ng do nc ra tri b mt.
Trong qu trnh thi cng xy dng ca d n, cc cht c hi t sn bi
cha nguyn vt liu, t mt bng thi cng, bi rc, khu cha nhin liu... khi
gp ma s b cun tri v d dng ho tan vo trong nc ma gy nhim cc
thu vc tip nhn, nc ngm trong khu vc d n. Ngoi ra nc ma b
nhim cng c th lm n mn cc vt liu kt cu v cng trnh trong khu vc.
Tnh cht nhim ca nc ma trong trng hp ny b nhim c hc (t,
ct, rc), nhim hu c (dch chit trong bi rc), nhim ho cht, kim loi
nng v du m.
Ngun tc ng gy nhim nhit.
- nhim nhit do thi tit kh hu.
- Do cc my mc sinh nhit.
3.1.2.2. i tng v quy m b tc ng.
i tng v quy m b tc ng trong giai on thi cng xy dng ca
d n c tng hp theo bng sau :
Bng 3.4. i tng, quy m chu tc ng giai on thi cng xy
dng
i tng b tc
ng.
Yu t tc ng Quy m tc ng
Mi trng khng
kh

Bi khuch tn t mt
bng thi cng, giao thng
trn cng trng; Bi,
kh thi, nhit ca cc
my mc thit b thi cng
xy dng.
Mi trng khng kh
khu vc thc hin d n
v ln cn
Mi trng nc Nc thi sinh hot ;
Nc thi xy dng.
Thu vc nc trong khu
vc d n
Mi trng t Cht thi rn sinh hot v
cht thi xy dng.
a cht, nc ngm khu
vc thc hin d n.
H sinh thi Nc thi, kh thi, cht
thi rn trong giai on
thi cng xy dng.
H sinh thi khu vc
thc hin d n (trn cn,
di nc)
Vn ho - x hi Gia tng dn s tm thi,
cuc sng ca ngi dn.
Khu vc thc hin d n
v ln cn.
Sc kho cng ng Bi, kh thi, cht thi
rn, ting n, rung ng.
Dn c xung quanh khu
vc thc hin d n.
Cuc sng ca ngi dn Cuc sng v i li ca
ngi dn xung quanh b
nh hng.
Ngi dn b tc ng
trc tip bi d n.
3.1.2.3. nh gi tc ng trong giai on thi cng xy dng.
Tc ng ti mi trng t nhin.
Tc ng ti mi trng khng kh.
Tc ng bi nhim bi.
nhim bi sinh ra trong qu trnh thc hin thi cng d n: Do khi
lng cng vic nhiu, phi thi cng nhiu, cc phng tin giao thng phi
hot ng sut ngy m. Trong trng hp thi cng trin khai mnh vo thi
k t ma, nhim bi s l cao nht. Nng bi c th gp 10-15 ln so vi
nng bi cho php. Nng bi s gim dn sau khi thi cng xong cc cng
trnh.
Tng khi lng o p ct san nn theo k hoch ca d n c tnh
khong 1.065,6 m
3
( kt hp tham kho kt qu ca mt s d n xy dng tng
t)
C th c tnh lng t ct ri vi v bi bay trong qu trnh vn
chuyn t ct san lp mt bng nh sau:
+ Lng t ct tht thot ri vi v bi bay trong qu trnh vn chuyn
l 0,1%,( Theo WTO).
+ Theo ti liu ca d n th trong 1 m
3
t san lp, vn chuyn s c
1,2 tn ct.
+ Do , tng lng ct cn vn chuyn l:
1.056,6(m
3
) * 1,2( tn/m
3
)=1.267,9( tn).
+ Lng ct tht thot ri vi v bi bay l:
1.267,9( tn) * 0,1%=1,2679 (tn).
Thnh phn bi ch yu l: bi t , bi ct, bi xi mng, bi khi...
Cc loi bi ny t c hi, song nh hng trc tip ti sc khe cn b cng
nhn thi cng trnh, nh hng ti m quan khu vc, n qu trnh quang hp
ca cy xanh trong khu vc.........
Tc ng bi ting n.
Khi thi cng c s h tng ca d n, cc n v thi cng s tin hnh
khi lng cng vic kh ln: San lp nn v thi cng trnh h tng c s nh
in nc. Do vy, cng hot ng ca cc xe tr ct t san lp to mt
bng, my xc, my i san nn v cc phng tin tr vt t, thit b vo lc cao
im c th ln ti hng chc cc phng tin hot ng.
Trong qu trnh thi cng xy dng ca d n, ting n gy ra ch yu do
cc my mc thi cng, cc phng tin vn ti trn cng trng v do s va
chm ca my mc thit b, cc loi vt liu bng kim loi, ng cc b tng...
Ting n sinh ra t mt s phng tin giao thng v thit b phc v
xy dng c thng k trong bng sau:
Bng 3.5: Mc n ca cc phng tin giao thng.
Phng tin Mc n ph bin
( dBA)
Mc n ln nht
( dBA)
t c trng ti <3,500 kg 85 103
t c trng ti >3,500 kg 90 105
t cn cu 90 110
My i 93 120
My khoan 87-90 100
My dp b tng 80-85 95
My ca tay 80-82 97
My ng ba 70-75 87
(Ngun: NAZT-WTO)
Ting n o c trong mi trng lao ng c nh gi theo
QCVN:26/2010/BTNMT.
Bng 3.6: Gii hn ti a cho php v ting n
(theo mc m tng ng), dBA
TT Khu vc
T 6 gi n 21
gi
T 21 gi n
6 gi
1 Khu vc c bit 55 45
2 Khu vc thng thng 70 55
Vi gi nh cc hot ng thi cng xy dng ch yu din ra vo ban
ngy th c th d bo mc n bnh qun trn cng trng c th t: 87-
95( dBA)
Nh vy, mc n bnh qun khi xy dng c s h tng trn cng trng
vt qu mc n cho php khong 15-25( dBA)
Ting n nh hng trc tip n sc khe cn b thi cng trn cng
trng, hiu qu thi cng v sc khe ca cng ng dn c.
Tc ng bi cc loi kh thi.
Trong giai on xy dng: Kh thi sinh ra do hot ng ca cc loi
ng c khi vn chuyn ct san lp mt bng, cc my xy dng khi thi cng
cng trnh xy dng. Kh thi bao gm CO, CO
2
, NO
X
, SO
2
, hi hydrocacbon,
khi en,.... Mc nhim ph thuc vo ng x, chng loi xe v ch hot
ng ca ng c. Nng cc cht gy nhim khng kh c trong xng du
thi t cc phng tin vn ti trong giai on xy dng c tnh ton nh sau:
- Tng khi lng o p ct san nn theo k hoch ca d n c tnh
khong 1.267,9( tn)( kt hp tham kho kt qu ca mt s d n xy dng
tng t)
- Gi nh rng mi xe ti s c tr ti a l 15(tn/lt) t .
- S ln tr t tr ht 1.267,9 (tn) khi thi cng san lp l:
1.267,9 (tn) /10(tn /ln )= 127( ln).
- Theo thit k k hoch ca d n th cc a im cha t trong qu
trnh thi cng cch a im thc hin d n khong 10-15 km.
- S km vn chuyn trong 1 ln chuyn tr l:
15(km)*2(lt)= 25(km).
- Tng s km vn chuyn ca phng tin vn chuyn trong giai on thi
cng: 127(ln)*30(km/ln)= 3810(km)
- Theo T chc WTO th lng du Diezel cn cho vn chuyn trong
1km l 0,3 lt.
- Nh vy, tng lng du Diezel cn cho chuyn ct san lp mt bng
l: 3810(km)*0,3(lt/km)=1143(lt) tng ng khong 1,1 tn.
Cn c vo ti liu ca NATZ cung cp v lng kh thi c hi pht
thi khi s dng 1 tn du i vi ng c t trong to ra mt lng kh thi
nh sau: Bi: 0,94 kg; SO
2
: 2,8 kg; NO
2
: 12,3 kg; HC: 0,24 kg; CO: 0,05 kg. Kt
qu d bo ti lng pht thi c a ra bng 3.8 sau:
Bng 3.7: D bo ti lng nhim khng kh do cc phng tin
trong qu trnh san lp mt bng
Tn cht kh gy
nhim
nh mc pht thi
kg/tn nhin liu
Tng lng pht thi
(kg) (tnh cho 1,1 tn
du)
Bi 0,94 1,034
CO 2,8 3,08
SO
2
12,3 13,53
NO
2
0,24 0,264
THC 0,05 0,055
(Ngun: NATZ; WHO)
Nhn xt: Qua bng 3.8 trn cho thy tuy lng nhin liu dng trong
khi thi cng cng trnh khng ln nhng s c mt lng kh thi nht nh sinh
ra gy nh hng ti mi trng xung quanh khu vc d n.
Tc ng ti mi trng nc.
i vi nc thi sinh hot.
Nc thi sinh hot ca cng nhn xy dng ch yu cha cc cht cn
b, cc cht l lng (SS), cc hp cht hu c (BOD/COD), cc cht dinh dng
(N,P) v cc vi sinh vt.
Ti lng nhim mi trng nc trong qu trnh thi cng c tnh
ton nh sau:
Tng lng nc s dng( mc bnh qun 150 lt/ ngi/ ngy)
150(lt)*55 ngi = 8,25( m
3
/ngy)
Lng nc thi sinh hot( tht thot 10%) khong 7,425 m
3
/ngy)
Cn c vo tiu chun thi vo mi trng ca 1 ngi trong 1 ngy, c
th d bo bng sau:
Bng 3.8: D bo ti lng gy nhim mi trng nc trong qu
trnh thi cng( vi d kin s lng cng nhn thi cng l 55 ngi)
stt Thng s n v Khi
lng
Tng khi lng
nhim
Ti lng
(mg/lit)
1 BOD
5
g/ngi/ngy 45-54 2,475- 2,97 kg/ngy 333-400
2 COD g/ngi/ngy. 1,6-1,9 0.088- 0,104 kg/ngy 11,8-14
3 Cht l lng g/ngi/ngy. 60-90 3,3- 4,95 kg/ngy 444-667
4 Tng Ni t g/ngi/ngy. 6-12 0,33-0,66 kg/ngy 44-88
5 Tng Photpho g/ngi/ngy. 0,4-4 0,022-0,22 kg/ngy 2,9-29
6 Colifom MPN/100ml 10
6
-10
9.
Bng 3.9. So snh ti lng nhim nc trong giai on thi cng
vi QCVN 14/2008
TT Thng s n v Gi tr C Ti lng
(mg/lit)
A B
1. pH - 5 - 9 5 - 9
2. BOD5 mg/l 30 50 333-400
3. COD mg/l 50 100 533-640
4 Tng cht
rn l lng
(TSS)
mg/l 500 1000 444-667
5 photphat mg/l 6 10 2,9-29
Nhn xt: Qua bng 3.10 trn cho thy, c tnh nng cc ch s
BOD
5
,... u vt qu QCVN t 6-8 ln. Vi ti lng ny, cn c cc bin
php qun l, x l thch hp hn ch trit s nh hng ti cht lng
mi trng khu vc.
i vi nc thi t qu trnh thi cng.
i vi nc thi t qu trnh thi cng xy dng nh nc ra nguyn
vt liu, nc v sinh my mc thit b thi cng, nc dng h b tng c hm
lng cht l lng v hm lng cc cht hu c cao gy nhim ti nc
sng, nc knh mng thu li, nc ao h trong khu vc.
Tc ng ti mi trng t.
Trong giai on thi cng xy dng s tc ng ti mi trng t ch
yu l do cht thi rn: Cht thi rn ch yu l cht thi xy dng( gch ngi,
u mu st, g ct pha...) v cht thi rn ca cng nhn xy dng. S pht thi
ny ch mang tnh tc thi, ch cn tng cng cng tc qun l s hn ch c
tc ng xu n mi trng, hn na ngay sau khi d n xy dng xong s
c thu dn sch s.
Theo Bo co hin trng mi trng tnh Thi Nguyn 2006-2010 th
tiu chun pht thi rc sinh hot n 2010 l 0,65 kg/ngi/ngy i vi khu
vc th v 0,5 kg/ngi/ngy i vi khu vc nng thn.
Do , lng cht thi rn sinh hot c tnh cho lc lng thi cng
khong 55 ngi l:
0,65 kg/ngi/ngy * 55 ngi=35,75( kg/ngy)
Vi cc loi cht thi trn nu khng c thu gom, vn chuyn v x l
th s tc ng n mi trng t c v mt c hc v sinh hc.
Tc ng ti h sinh thi.
- Tc ng ti h sinh thi nng nghip: Nh phn tch phn trn,
giai on gii phng mt bng s tc ng ti h sinh thi nng nghip do s
mt t canh tc, do s lm thay i tnh cht cng nh thnh phn trong h
sinh thi nng nghip.
- Tc ng ti h sinh thi nc ngt: H sinh thi nc ngt trong vng
xy dng d n khng phong ph lm, nn khi gii phng mt bng s c nh
hng khng ng k.
Tc ng ti kinh t- x hi v sc khe con ngi.
giai on xy dng d n vic tp trung nhiu lao ng cng gy ra
cc tc ng ti tnh hnh x hi nh: gia tng cc t nn x hi....Nhng tc
ng ch yu ti sc khe con ngi.
Trong giai on ny th sc khe con ngi b tc ng ch yu do s
nhim khng kh. Khng kh b nhim bi kh thi ng c s nh hng tiu
cc ti sc khe con ngi do c tnh v tc ng ca cc cht thnh phn ln
cc b phn ca c th. Tc ng c th ca tng loi kh ni trn i vi c th
con ngi nh sau:
+ Kh SO
2
: SO
2
l cht nhim kch thch, nng thp, SO
2
c th
gy co git c trn ca kh qun. Mc ln hn s gy tng tit dch nim
mc ng h hp v hn na l sng nim mc. Nhng vng dn c xung
quanh cc c s sn xut pht thi SO
2
thng c t l ngi mc bnh ng
h hp cao.
+ Kh CO: y l cht gy ngt do c i lc mnh vi Hemoglobin trong
mu. Khi vo mu, CO l gim kh nng vn chuyn oxi ca mu. nng
thp CO gy au u, chng mt. Vi nng khong 10ppm c th gia tng
cc bnh tim v nng 250ppm c th gy t vong.
+ Kh NO
x
: y l cht kch thch mnh ng h hp, ngi b ng c
cp tnh thng ho d di, nhc u, ri lon tiu ha hoc c th b tn thng
thn kinh, bin i c tim.
Nh vy, hot ng xy dng ca d n s nh hng ng k n cht
lng mi trng khng kh v gy tc ng i vi sc khe con ngi. Cc
tc nhn gy nhim l kh thi ng c v c bit l bi. y l mt tc ng
kh c th trnh khi v cha c gii php gim thiu hiu qu. Tc ng tiu
cc s xy ra trong sut qu trnh xy dng v vi mc cao trong giai on
u v gia. Mc nhim s gim dn v t mc thp nht giai on hon
thin cng trnh.
Vn quan tm nht ca n v ch thu thi cng: Vi vic tp trung
mt lc lng ln, nhiu lao ng, vic t chc cuc sng cho h phi bo m
chu o. Cc iu kin cn m bo cuc sng nh ln tri, nc sch, lng
thc ....
3.1.2.4.. D bo ri ro, s c mi trng trong qu trnh thi cng d
n.
Trong qu trnh thi cng s xy ra mt s ri ro, s c mi trng sau:
- Tai nn ri ro ca cng nhn.
- Tai nn giao thng
- S c chy n, st nh, ...
a. Tai nn lao ng
y l cc cng tc c bit quan trng trong sut thi gian xy dng
cc hng mc cng trnh mi. Cng ging nh bt c mt cng trng xy dng
no, cng tc an ton lao ng l vn c bit quan tm t cc nh thu u
t cho n ngi lao ng trc tip thi cng trn cng trng. Cc vn c kh
nng pht sinh ra tai nn lao ng c th bao gm:
+ Cc nhim mi trng c kh nng lm nh hng xu n sc khe
ca ngi lao ng trn cng trng. Mt vi nhim ty thuc vo thi gian
v mc tc dng c kh nng lm nh hng nng n ngi lao ng, gy
chong vng, mt mi, thm ch ngt xu v cn c cp cu kp thi (thng
xy ra i vi cc cng nhn n hoc ngi c sc khe yu);
+ Cng trng thi cng s c nhiu phng tin vn chuyn ra vo c
th dn n cc tai nn giao thng;
+ Khng thc hin tt cc quy nh v an ton lao ng khi lm vic vi
cc loi cn cu, thit b bc d, cc loi vt liu xy dng cht ng cao c th ri
v...
+ Vic thi cng cc cng trnh trn cao s lm tng cao kh nng gy ra
tai nn lao ng do trt t trn cc dn do, trn cc nh ang xy, t cng tc
vn chuyn vt liu xy dng (xi mng, ct, st thp...) ln cao v nhiu nguyn
nhn khc na;
+ Cc tai nn lao ng t cc cng tc tip cn vi in nh cng tc thi
cng h thng in, va chm vo cc ng dy in dn ngang qua ng, bo
gi gy t dy in...
+ Khi cng trng thi cng trong nhng ngy ma th kh nng gy ra
tai nn lao ng cn c th tng cao: t trn dn n s trt t cho ngi lao
ng v cc ng vt liu xy dng, cc s c v in d xy ra hn, t mm
v d ln s gy ra cc s c cho ngi v cc my mc thit b thi cng...
+ Trong qu trnh pht quang nhng khu t hoang rt d b nhng ng
vt b st nh rn, b cp, kin, cn trng cn v c kh nng gy nguy him
n tnh mng ca ngi b cn.
b. Kh nng chy n
- Qu trnh thi cng xy dng mt cng trnh ln s ny sinh nhiu
nguyn nhn c th dn n chy n:
+ Vic s dng cc cng on gia nhit trong thi cng (v d nh vic
nu chy bitum bng vic t ci) nu thc hin gn khu dn c cng c kh
nng gy ra chy;
+ Qu trnh thi cng xy dng cng nh dn dp mt bng nu cc cng
nhn lm vic bt cn (ht thuc, t la, nu cm...) th kh nng gy chy l
hin thc v c bit trong nhng ngy tri gi th la c th lan ra kh nhanh
trn khu t kh kh cn ny.
- Cc ngun nhin liu (du FO, DO) thng c cha trong phm vi
cng trng l mt ngun gy chy n quan trng. c bit l khi cc kho (bi)
cha ny nm gn cc ni c gia nhit, hoc cc ni c nhiu ngi, xe c i li;
- S c chy n khc na c th pht sinh l t cc s c v in.
3.1.3. nh gi tc ng trong giai on hot ng ca d n.
3.1.3.1. Ngun tc ng trong giai on hot ng ca d n.
Ngun gy tc ng lin quan n cht thi.
Trong qu trnh luyn gang thp, cc ngun pht sinh kh thi (bi v cc
cht kh c hi) ph thuc vo tng cng on sn xut, tng loi thit b cng
ngh v gy nh hng n mi trng khng kh. c trng cht thi v cc
tc ng ti mi trng t cc cng on luyn gang thp nh sau :
Bng 3.10: Ngun pht sinh cht thi v tc ng mi trng khng
kh.
Cng on sn
xut
Cht nhim Tc ng mi trng
X l nguyn liu Bi Kt ta bi cc b
To khi kt/vin Bi (PM10), CO, CO2, SO2,
NOx, VOCs, methane, Cl/HF,
cht phng x, CTR
nhim khng kh v
t, sinh ra ozn mt t,
ma axit, nng ln ton
cu.
Luyn cc Bi (PM10), PAHs, benzen,
NOx, VOCs, methane, kim
loi nng, HCl/HF, cht
phng x, CTR...
nhim khng kh v
t, sinh ra ozn mt t,
ma axit, nng ln ton
cu.
Lu kho, x l ph
liu st
Du, kim loi nng Nhim bn t v nc,
n
L cao Bi (PM10), H2S, CO, CO2,
SO2, NOx, bi phng x,
xianua, cht thi rn...
nhim khng kh v
nc mt, ma axit, sinh
ra ozn mt t, nng ln
ton cu.
L xy Bi (PM10), kim loi (Zn),
CO, VOCs, HCl/HF, CTR...
nhim khng kh v
nc mt, sinh ra ozn
mt t.
L h quang Bi (PM10), kim loi (Zn, Pb,
Hg), CTR...
nhim kh, nc, n
Tinh luyn th cp Bi (PM10), kim loi, CTR.. nhim kh, nc, n
Rt khun

(c) Bi (PM10),kim loi,
du,CT
nhim kh, nc, n
Cn nng Bi (PM10), du, CO, CO2,
SO2, NOx, VOCs, CTR...
nhim kh, nc, zn
mt t, ma axit
Cn ngui Du, bi du, CO, CO,
CO2, SO2, NOx, VOCs, axit,
CTR.
nhim kh, nc, zn
mt t
Ph / m Bi (PM10), VOCs, kim
loi nng, du
nhim kh, nc, zn
mt t, mi
X l nc thi Kim loi, pH, du,
ammoni, cht thi rn...
nhim nc, nc
ngm v lp trm tch
Lc kh Bi, kim loi nhim t, nc.
Tng tr ho cht Cc ho cht khc nhim nc, nc
ngm
Nhn xt: Qua bng 3.10 chng ta thy, hu ht trong cc cng on sn
xut thp th u pht sinh cc cht gy nhim khng kh ch yu l
bi( PM10), VOC, CO,... Cng on pht sinh nhiu cht nhim nht l giai
on luyn cc, l cao,... Cc cht ny s tc ng tiu cc ti mi trng khng
kh, t, nc,... nu khng c cc bin php hn ch hiu qu.
Thng thng qu trnh sn xut thp bng phng php kt hp s sn
sinh ra mt lng kh ln cc cht thi kh, lng v rn. Theo UNEP, sn
xut ra 1 tn thp th, hot ng sn xut s sn sinh ra mt lng kh thi gm :
Bng 3.11: Lng kh thi trong qu trnh sn xut thp theo
UNEP.
Tn kh thi Lng thi
CO, 28 kg
CO
2
2,3 tn
SO
2
2,2 kg
VOC 0,3 kg
NOx 2,3 kg
Bi 1,1 kg
Kh kim loi 65 kg
Khu x l, chun b nguyn liu
Hot ng sn xut chnh ca khu x l v chun b nguyn liu l vn
chuyn bc d, nghin, sng lc v kh b cc tp cht (trong st), khong cht
khng cn thit (trong than). Do vy ngun gy nhim mi trng ch yu s
l bi v ting n.
Khu thiu kt to khi, to vin
Nhng pht thi qu trnh thiu kt to khi ch yu cng on x l
nguyn liu (gy ra bi) v do t v l. Cc kh chy v l c cha bi, CO,
CO2, SOx, NOx v cc ht. Nng ca cc cht nhim trong kh thi ph
thuc vo iu kin chy v nguyn liu s dng. Ngoi ra cn c nhng pht
thi khc gm VOC do loi vt liu d bay hi trong than cm gy ra, cn du,
cc kim loi (gm c cht phng x) bc hi ra t nguyn liu s dng, hi axit
(HCl, HF) do nguyn liu c cha halogen.
Theo UNEP, khi to ra 1 tn khi kt, qu trnh sn xut ny c th pht
sinh ra 20kg CO, 150kg CO2, 1,5kg SO2, 0,2kg bi v 0,6kg NOx. Ngoi ra ph
thuc vo thnh phn tp cht ca nguyn liu u vo ch yu l st vn v hp
kim, cng on ny c th pht sinh mt s loi kh thi c hi cn quan tm
gim st v x l l bi, hi ch, cadimi, cht phng x (210 pb, 210Po) v
hp cht hu c bay hi (VOC), hi axit HCl, HF.
Cng on to vin t hn hp qung st, nc v cht kt dnh thnh
nhng khi cu ng knh 12mm v c lm rn li nh sy v nung ln
nhit 1.300
0
C lm pht sinh mt khi lng ln cht thi, tuy nhin qu trnh
ny ph thuc vo iu kin hot ng v nguyn liu s dng. Kh thi ca qu
trnh sn xut ny thng cha cc kh c. Khi to ra 1 tn vin sn phm, qu
trnh ny s sn sinh ra 470g kh CO; 35kg kh CO2; 100g kh SO2; 350g bi v
500g kh NOx. Ngoi ra cng nh khu to khi, do c im ca nguyn liu
u vo, cng on sn xut ny cng c tim nng pht sinh ra cc loi kh
c hi khc nh hi ch, cadimi, cht phng x (210pb, 210Po) v hp cht hu
c bay hi (VOC), hi axit HCl, HF. y l cc loi kh c c tnh rt cao cn
ht sc ch gim st thu gom v x l trit .
Cc kh thi ca qu trnh chy phn ln thng c lm sch bng
thit b lc bi tnh in (ESP), c kh nng x l c nhng khi lng kh
thi ln pht sinh trong qu trnh kt khi nguyn liu. Thit b ny c tc dng
tt i vi bi nhng t tc dng i vi nhng pht thi kh. Do vy, cc kh
thi c hi c th gim thiu mc no bng cch la chn cc tham
bin ca qu trnh v nguyn liu mt cch thch hp. Bi do ESP thu gom c
thng em phi kt v ti s dng.
Khu luyn cok
Kh thi t qu trnh luyn cok c th l gin on v lin tc, lin quan
n cc hot ng t, np, y, ti, chuyn vn sng. Kh thi c th xut
hin nhiu ngun nh ca l, np l, ng khi... Mi quan h gia nguyn liu
u vo, sn phm u ra v cht thi c th hin mt cch nh lng
(chng 1). Kh thi ca cng on ny l mt hn hp phc tp gm hydro,
methane, CO, CO2, NOx, hi nc, oxy, nit, H2S, cyanua, ammoni, benzen,
du nh, hi hc n, naphthalene, hyro cacbon, polyaromatic hyrocacbon
(TAH) v cc ht ngng t.
Kh pht thi c th do giong ca, np khng kn v khc phc bng
cch quan tm cht ch n vic bo dng v vn hnh. Ngoi ra kh thi ca
cng on sn xutny cn c mi kh chu nn cn phi c quan tm x l
nu c s sn xut ny gn khu dn c.
L cao.
Kh thi ca l cao thng cha vt liu ht, ch yu l st xyt v
nhng ht pht sinh trc trong qu trnh tho l, cng nh mt s cng on
ph, v tu thuc vo vic x l x m c th cha cc lng H2S v SO2 c
mi kh chu. Chnh v l m xng c c th c trang b h thng lc,
tch bi. Lng bi gom c c th c kt khi ti s dng. Thng
thng khi sn xut ra 1 tn gang lng, l cao s thi ra mi trng mt lng
kh thi gm 1kg CO; 300g CO2; 140g SO2; 85g Bi ht v 90g NOx.
Luyn thp bng l oxy.
Kh v bi thi ra t ming l trong thi gian thi xy. Kh thi ch yu
l CO v CO2. Lng CO2 ny ph thuc vo thit k b chp khi ming l.
Nu hm lng CO kh cao th c th thu gom lm ngun nng lng gi tr,
cn khng th cho thot ra ngoi. Ngoi ra trong thnh phn kh thi cn c c
H2 do khi np c ln hyrcacbon v hi nc.
Bi pht sinh ch yu l st v CaO, ngoi ra c th cha vn kim loi
nng nh km, x v vi. Lng bi ny ph thuc vo h thng thi kh, iu
kin vn hnh (tc lung kh, cht lng vn st).
Khi np nguyn liu, kh thi pht sinh do rt kim loi nng ln st vn
trong l v khi n tip xc vi kh v thnh phn ca n ph thuc vo loi tp
cht trong st vn. Thng thng lng kh thi ny c thu gom nh thit b
lc tnh in, hoc h thng lc.
Cc pht thi th cp xy ra trong thi gian thi kh v do s r r ca
np chp khi pha trn l v cng c thu gom v x l ging nh nhng pht
thi khi np. Ngoi ra cn c cc pht thi khc sinh ra t cc cng on vn
chuyn kim loi v tin x l. Chng cng c khuynh hng bay ln trn v
c thu gom cng cc cht thi khi np v cht thi th cp. gim bt s
to thnh cht thi t cc ngun ny ngi ta c th s dng kh tr. Vi cng
ngh hin nay, khi sn xut 1 tn thp s sn sinh ra 1kg kh CO, 30kg kh CO2;
140g kh SO2, 85g bi v 90g NOx.
Luyn thp bng l h quang (EAF)
Luyn thp bng l h quang c da trn nguyn tc lm nng chy
st vn nh nhit ca h quang pht sinh gia in cc v vn st. Cc cht kh
pht sinh trong l c rt ly qua mi (c gi l l th 4) cng nh trong
b tin gia nhit cho bt st (gia nhit s b). Tip , kh x c dn qua
bung t gia nhit cho d lng CO v cc phn hu c (qu trnh ny ch
yu bo v st non chy t h thng tch rt, khi b qu nhit, nhng c th
c khng ch va gim c mi, va gim kh nng to ra cc hp cht
hu c c hi). Oxy c phun vo pha trn hoc vo trong lp x c th gip
kh x chy tt hn, nh vy gim c nhu cu in nng ni chung. Sau khi
ri khi l, kh chy c dn qua b trao i nhit gim nhit , tip c
th trn vi lng kh th cp c thu gom pha trn mi l v thng c
lm sch bng kh lc. Nh vy, pht thi chnh ca qu trnh gm :
- Kh thi pht sinh t khng kh lt vo l qua nhng ch h nh ca
thot x v khu vc gia thnh l v mi l. Nhng kh thi khc gm cc kh
chy do nhin liu ho thch v cc hp cht hu c c vn st gm ch
yu l CO, CO2, SO2 v NOx.
- Bi, ch yu l st xyt v cc kim loi khc (Zn, Pb) bc hi t lp
m hoc st vn a vo. Lng Zn trong bi c th chim 30% v ton b
lng bi pht thi c th ln 10-18 kg/1 tn thp. Gn 90% lng bi pht thi
l pht thi s cp.
- Nhng pht thi th cp pht sinh nhng cng on np v tho liu,
hoc dng khi d bay hi khi st nng chy. Mc d thi gian np liu ngn,
nhng nhng pht thi khi np chim mt t l ln trong nhng pht thi th
cp. Thnh phn cht thi ch yu lin quan n cht lng st vn.
Theo UNEP, qu trnh sn xut 1 tn thp c bng l h quang s to
ra kh thi gm 2,5kg CO, 51kg CO
2
, 50g SO
2
, 100g bi ht v 0,25kg NO
x
.
Ngoi ra, ph thuc vo cht lng ca nguyn liu u vo, cng on sn xut
ny c th lm pht sinh mt lng kh c cn phi c quan tm l hi
kim loi (Zn, Pb, Cd, Hg, Ni, Cr), VOC v Bi.
Ty r, cn ngui v ti.
Qu trnh sn xut cng on ty r, cn ngui v ti cng s pht thi
vo mi trng cc sn phm chy ca l ti, VOC, hi du (v c s dng du
khi cn) v kh axit sinh ra khi ty g. Sn xut ra 1 tn sn phm cng on
ny s lm pht sinh ra 14kg kh CO, 46g kh NO
2
v 7g kh SO
2
.
Khu m, ph sn .
Kh thi pht sinh t khu m v ph sn gm ch yu l kh CO, NOx,
SO2, VOC (cc dung mi), khi kim loi (Zn, Ni, CrVI), kh axit (t cc cng
on ty lm sch km theo). Thng thng khi sn xut 1 tn thp tm m s
sn sinh ra 35kg kh CO
2
, 21g kh NO
x
, 3g kh SO
2
v 27g VOC. gim thiu
tc ng tiu cc ln sc kho cng nhn lm vic trong cc phn xng ny,
ngi ta thng trang b cc h thng qut thng thong ti ch. Ngoi ra kh
VOC t dy chuyn m c thu gom v tiu hu bng l thiu t.
Khu cn nng.
Nhng pht thi ch yu ca cn nng bao gm cc loi kh v ht sinh
ra khi chy do phi gia nhit thm cc vt c (nh CO, CO
2
, SO
2
, NOx, bi
ht). Nng ca cht nhim trong kh thi c mc tu thuc loi nhin
liu v iu kin chy, ngoi ra c VOC bc ra t du bi trn v trc ln. Theo
tnh ton, khi sn xut ra 1 tn thp cn s pht sinh mt lng kh thi gm
80kg CO
2
, 0,25kg NO
x
, O
2
v 65g bi.
Ngun tc ng i vi nc thi sn xut.
Theo UNEP, sn xut ra 1 tn thp th, hot ng sn xut s sn sinh
ra mt lng nc thi sn xut l 3m
3
trong cha :
- 1,6kg cht rn l lng,
- 150g du m,
- 110g amoni,
- 8g gm phenol, cyanide.
Khu x l, chun b nguyn liu
khc phc nhim bi cng on ny, thng phun nc, gi cho
bnh xe v ng x sch s v t a im x l xa khu vc dn c. Nc thi
t cc bi x l nguyn liu phi c thu gom x l, tch ht l lng v du
m.
Khu thiu kt to khi, to vin.
Nc thi ch yu pht sinh t khu to vin. Theo UNEP, to ra 1
tn vin sn phm, qu trnh sn xut ny s sn sinh ra 1m
3
nc thi c mc
nhim cao cht rn l lng, kim loi nng v du m (0,5kg). Tuy nhin,
phn ln lng nc thi ny c x l v ti s dng.
Khu luyn cok.
Nc thi ca nh my ph phm cha nhiu cht nhim tiu biu l
cyanua, phenol, trioafarat v cc cht rn khc.
L cao.
Nc thi t khu sn xut ny khng ln ch khong 0,2m /tn gang
trong cha 10g cht rn l lng, 20g du, 1g cyanide v 2g kim loi nng.
Luyn thp bng l oxy.
Nc thi ch yu t thit b ra kh vi khi lng khong 0,1m /1 tn
gang v thng thng cha 5g du, 4g cht rn l lng v 1,4g kim loi nng.
Nc thi c x l cht l lng, du, kim tra pH v c ti s dng.
Luyn thp bng l h quang (EAF).
EAF thng c vn hnh vi h thng lm mt theo chu trnh kn, v
vy rt t phi x l nc thi. Tuy nhin sn xut ra 1 tn thp c cng s
c khong 0,1m
3
nc thi c cha cc cht nhim gm 5g du m, 4g cht
rn l lng v

1,4g kim loi.
Ty g, cn ngui v ti.
Nc thi c th cha cht l lng, kim loi ho tan, nh tng du (khi
cn ngui) v cht axit (ty g). Cn ph v nh tng c th kh du,
trung ho axit, kt ta kim loi trc khi iu chnh pH, kh cht l lng ri
mi thi ra ngoi. Thng thng c lp t xng ti sinh axit, xng ny bn
thn c th to ra cht thi axit (c x l ging nh cc axit ph thi), st xyt
hoc st sulphua nguyn cht, tu theo loi axit dng ty g v qu trnh ti sinh
c p dng.
Khu m, ph sn.
Nc thi t cc cng on lm sch v m, ph sn cha mt lng
ng k cht rn l lng, du m, pH v kim loi nng c bit l lng Cr
VI
.
Nc thi t cng on ny do vy c mc nhim cao cn c thu gom
trit , iu chnh pH v x l ring.
Khu cn nng.
Trong qu trnh cn c s dng cc tia nc phun vo trc vy b mt
tm thp, do vy lng nc thi t cng on ny cng s b nhim bi lng
cht rn l lng v du m. Sn xut 1 tn thp cng on ny s lm pht
sinh 1,5m
3
nc thi cha 75g cht rn l lng v 75g du m. Tuy nhin thng
thng lng nc thi ny c dng li theo chu trnh kn.
Ngun tc ng i vi cht thi rn.
Cht thi rn t qu trnh sn xut : Trong hot ng ca nh my, cht
thi rn cng nghip pht sinh t cc qu trnh luyn cn thp, vn chuyn
nguyn vt liu, sn phm, t cc thit b x l bi, x than, vt liu chu la qua
s dng, t cc phn xng sa cha xe my, c kh, in...
Cht thi rn sinh hot : Lng cht thi rn trong sinh hot ca cn b
cng nhn ca nh my, thnh phn bao gm cc loi vn phng phm qua s
dng, thc phm tha v bao b cc loi.
Theo UNEP, sn xut ra 1 tn thp th, hot ng sn xut s sn sinh
ra mt lng ht thi rn ng k ch yu l x vi 455kg, 56kg bn thi, 16kg
vy st, 4kg gch chu la, 0,8kg du v 54kg cc loi khc.
Khu luyn cok.
Cc cht thi rn c trng ca cng on sn xut ny l gch chu la
sau khi dng, bn gom t thng cha, bn thi ca BETP... Lng cht thi rn
ny thng thng c th c ti s dng (bn BETP) hoc chuyn n ni
cha rc.
L cao.
X l ph phm chnh ca l. C th x l n bng nhiu cch nh lm
ngui, nghin hoc kt khi dng lm nguyn liu cho ngnh xy dng v sn
xut xi mng. Bn thi ca h thng lm sch kh c x l cc tp cht v ti
s dng chuyn n bi rc, hoc nu c lp thit b kh b mt s nguyn
t cn thit c th tn dng phn ln cho cng on kt khi. Lng cht thi
rn khi sn xut 1 tn gang s l 324kg x; 0,4kg bi v 19kg bn.
Luyn thp bng l oxy.
Cc cht thi rn v ph phm gm cn thp, x, gch chu la, bi v
bn. Thng thng khi sn xut 1 tn thp s thi ra 131kg x, 25kg bn, 4kg
grit, 4kg gch chu la ph thi, 14kg vy st v 65g du thi.
Luyn thp bng l h quang (EAF).
Qu trnh sn xut cng sn sinh ra mt lng ng k cht thi rn ch
yu bao gm x, bi l v gch chu la. Qu trnh sn xut 1 tn thp c,
lng cht thi rn s gm 146kg x, 14kg vy st, 31kg cc loi cht thi rn
khc. Lng cht thi rn nh x c th dng lm ng, bi l luyn km...
Ty g, cn ngui v ti.
Cht thi rn v ph phm bao gm cc on thp tha v c bit l s
c mt lng ng k bn ca b ty g, bn ca xng x l nc thi v bn
ti sinh axit.
Thng thng khi sn xut 1 tn sn phm s c mt lng cht thi rn
gm 1,2kg bn x l, 0,15kg du v 0,8kg bn ti sinh axit. Lng cht thi rn
ny mt phn c ti ch (on thp).
Khu m, ph sn.
Cht thi rn v ph phm gm nhng on st, bn thit b x l
nc, bn b cha v x km. Theo UNEP, khi sn xut 1 tn thp s lm pht
sinh 0,25kg bn x l v 2kg x km. Lng cht thi rn ny c th c ti
ch mt phn ti s dng.
Khu cn nng.
Cht thi rn v ph phm ca cng on sn xut ny gm vy thp
hoc cc on thp ct (thng a tr li dng xng kt khi hoc BOF),
Gch chu la (thi ra t l ti gia nhit), bn x l, du m v cc cht khc.
Lng cht thi rn thng khng ln v d nh sn xut 1 tn thp cn s c
1,8kg vy thp, 3,0kg bn v 1,7kg du m.
Ngun gy tc ng khng lin quan n cht thi.
Ngun tc ng do ting n.
Khi d n i vo hot ng, ting n pht ra ch yu t cc ng c my
bm, my qut, l thiu kt, l cao, l luyn cok. l luyn thp, my c lin
tc, my cn nng, my cn ngui, my nn kh v cc phng tin vn chuyn
nguyn liu, vt liu, sn phm ca nh my.
Khu lin kt to khi, to vin.
Cc thit b qut gi dng trong qu trnh thiu kt to khi cng c th
gy ra ting n nu khng c lp b gim m hoc bo dng thch hp.
L cao.
Ting n c th sinh ra t cc van iu p v n x.
Luyn thp bng l h quang (EAF)
Ting n ti cc nh my luyn cn thp u ln do va p ca kim kh.
Thng thng ti khu vc l h quang mc n ln nht c th ti 113dBA.
Ngun tc ng do rung.
- T cng on thiu kt, luyn cok.
- T cng on l cao, luyn thp.
- T cng on vn chuyn nguyn vt liu v sn phm.
Ngun tc ng nhim nhit
- Ngun nhim nhit ca cng on thiu kt, luyn cok.
- Ngun nhim nhit ca cng on l cao, luyn thp.
- Ngun nhim nhit ca cng on c lin tc, cn nng.
3.1.3.2. i tng v phm vi tc ng.
Thng k v nh gi y cc i tng v quy m chu tc ng
trong qu trnh hot ng ca d n i vi tng cng on sn xut theo bng
sau :
Bng 3.12: i tng, quy m tc ng trong giai on hot ng.
i tng b tc ng Yu t tc ng Quy m tc ng
Mi trng khng kh Bi, cc cht kh c hi
pht sinh t cc cng on
ca qu trnh sn xut thp.
Mi trng khng kh
khu vc thc hin d n
v ln cn
Mi trng nc. Nc thi sn xut
Nc thi sn xut
Thu vc nc trong khu
vc d n
Mi trng t Cht thi rn t qu trnh
sn xut v sinh hot ca
a cht, nc ngm khu
vc thc hin d n.
cng nhn
H sinh thi Nc thi, kh thi, cht thi
rn trong giai on hot
ng ca d n.
H sinh thi khu vc
thc hin d n (trn cn,
di nc)
Khu dn c xung
quanh
Bi, kh thi, nc thi cht
thi rn, ting n, rung
ng.
Dn c xung quanh khu
vc thc hin d n
H thng cng nhn Bi, kh thi, nc thi cht
thi rn, ting n, rung
ng.
Cng nhn lm vic
trong nh my.
3.1.3.3. nh gi tc ng trong giai on hot ng.
nh gi tc ng n mi trng khng kh xung quanh.
c im ngun thi.
Ngun thi kh trong cng ngh luyn cn thp bao gm ngun thi cao
(ng khi l thiu kt, l luyn thp) v cc ngun thi thp (cc ng thi khc)
nm bn tng nh hoc trn mi nh xng sn xut chnh. V vy vic tnh
ton nng cc cht nhim khuch tn ra mi trng khng kh xung quanh,
cn phi xc nh c c im, c tnh k thut ca cc ngun thi.
p dng m hnh khuch tn cht nhim khng kh theo hm Gauss
xc nh nng cht nhim khng kh do ngun thi l cao gy ra. Phng
trnh tnh ton nng cht nhim C ti mt im bt k c to (x, y, z)
c xc nh nh sau:
C
(x,y,z)
=
z y
u
M
. . 2
exp

,
_

2
2
. 2
y
y
( ) ( )
'
1
1
]
1
+
+
1
1
]
1
2
2 2
2
2
exp
2
exp
z
e
z
e
H Z H Z

, mg/m
3
Trong :
C(x,y,z) - Nng cht nhim ti im c to x, y, z , mg/m3
x - Khong cch ti ngun thi theo phng x, phng gi thi, m
y - Khong cch t im tnh trn mt phng ngang theo chiu vung
gc vi trc ca vt khi, cch tim vt khi, m
z - Chiu cao ca im tnh ton, m
M - Ti lng ca cht nhim t ngun thi, mg/s
u - Tc gi trung bnh chiu cao hiu qu (H) ca ng khi, m/s
y - H s khuch tn ca kh quyn theo phng ngang, phng y, m
z - H s khuch tn ca kh quyn theo phng ng, phng z, m
y = 156 X
0,894
Vi x 1km : z = 106,6 X
1,149
+ 3,3
Vi x > 1km : z = 108,2 X
1,098
+ 2,0
x To khong cch trn mt t tnh t chn ng khi theo chiu
gi thi (km)
y- To im tnh trn mt t, theo trc thng gc vi trc x (km)
H - Chiu cao hiu qu ca ng khi (m)
H = h + H
h Chiu cao thc t ca ng khi (m)
H - nng cao ca lung khi (m)
F H s ni ca lung khi (m
4
/s
3
)
Xf Khong cch t im nng cao vt khi n ng khi theo chiu gi
(m)
u Vn tc gi cao thc t ca ng khi (m/s).
Trn c s p dng cng thc tnh ti lng nhim do t chc WTO
a ra kt hp vi m hnh d bo theo hm Gauss, chng ti a ra cc bng
kt qu nng cc cht nhim khng kh trong giai on thc hin d n
km theo vic so snh vi quy chun cho php i vi mi trng khng kh
xung quanh QCVN 19:2009/BTNMT nh gi tc ng ca cc cht nhim
i vi mi trng khu vc.
Bng 3.13: D bo ti lng( M) cc cht gy nhim khng kh
trong giai on thc hin d n
Tn cht
nhim
X
( kg/m
3
)
(1)
B
X
(kg/h)
(2)
V
X
(m
3
/kg) (3) M
X
(mg/s)
(4)
SO
2
2,926 150 0,683.10
-2
0,832
CO 1,25 150 1,865.10
-2
0,356
Bi 0,5 150 0,159.10
-2
0,033
NO
X
1,35 150 0,679.10
-2
0,382
Ch thch:
- (1): Trng lng ring ca kh iu kin chun
- (2): Lng nhin liu s dng trong 1 gi (kg/h), vi cng sut 4000-
4800 tn/nm, d bo B=150 (kg/h)
- (3): Lng kh trong sn phm chy, p dng phng php tnh ton
cn bng vt cht, WTO a ra th tch tng i khi t chy nhin liu.
- (4): Ti lng cc cht nhim; M
x
= (10
3
. V
x
. B .
X
) / 3600 mg/s
Bng 3.14: D bo nng cc cht nhim tnh theo m hnh
Gauss.
X H
(m)
D
(m)
M
(mg/s)
U
(m/s).
x
(m)
y
(m)
z y Z
(m)
C
(mg/s).
QCVN
19:2009
( B)
SO
2
5 0,3 0,832 1,5 2 5 255 217 8 2108
1500
CO 5 0,3 0,356 1,5 2 5 255 217 8 1278
1000
Bi 5 0,3 0,033 1,5 2 5 255 217 8 312
200
NO
X
5 0,3 0,382 1,5 2 5 255 217 8 1355
1200
Nhn xt: Qua bng 3.14 trn chng ta thy, trong qu trnh hot ng
ca d n th nng cc cht gy nhim khng kh c d bo l s mc
vt QCVN 19:2009 t 1,2-1,5 ln. Nh vy, i hi chng ta cn c cc bin
php phng nga, gim thiu v x l c hiu qu, nu khng th s c tc ng
khng nh trc ht l i vi sc khe cng nhn, sc khe ngi dn v suy
gim cht lng mi trng.
nh gi mc tc ng t cc cng on sn xut ti mi trng
khng kh.
Theo nh gi ban u th hu ht tt c cc giai on ca qu trnh
luyn gang thp u c nhng nh hng tiu cc n mi trng khng kh
mc t hay nhiu, thng xuyn hay khng thng xuyn. Vic nh gi
c mc tc ng t mi cng on ti cht lng mi trng khng kh s
gip chng ta a ra cc bin php khc phc hiu qu nht.
T vic phn tch nh gi cc tc ng i vi cht lng mi trng
khng kh, kt hp vi nghin cu c im quy trnh sn xut thp, chng ti
xin a ra bng nh gi mc tc ng t cc cng on sn xut ti mi
trng khng kh xung quanh.
Nhn xt: Bng 3.15 trn cho thy trong cc cng on sn xut thp th
cng on luyn cc, l cao, cn nng, cn ngui c nh gi l c tc ng
mnh nht ti mi trng khng kh. Tip , c tc ng trung bnh l cc cng
on: To khi kt vin, l h quang, l oxi, tinh luyn th cp, rt khun, ph
m....
Ngoi ra trong giai on hot ng ca d n , cht lng mi trng
khng kh cn b bin i t nhiu do cc kh ti t cc phng tin vn chuyn
st thp. Tuy nhin, tc ng t ngun ny khng ng k, v c nh my ch c
2 chic xe ti v mt chic xe con. C th c tnh ti lng nhim bi v mt
s kh khc do cc phng tin vn chuyn trong giai on hot ng nh sau.
Bng 3.16. c tnh ti lng nhim do cc phng tin giao
thng.
Cht nhim Ti lng nhim (g/km)
1 xe t khi tiu th 1000
lt
2 xe t khi mi xe tiu th
1.500 lt.
Bi 41,17 123,53
SO
2
1.117,65 3.352,9
NO
2
1.100 3.300
CO 26.823,3 80.470,6
VOC 2.270,6 6.811,8
Pb 88,23P 264,71P
nh gi tc ng n mi trng nc.
Tc ng ca nc thi sinh hot v nc ma chy trn.
Trong giai on thi cng cng nh trong giai on vn hnh ca mt d
n ngnh cng nghip luyn gang thp u tc ng n cht lng nc mt
ca vng d n.
c bit trong qu trnh thi cng, nc ma mang theo cc cht nhim
cng trng cng vi nc thi sinh hot ca cng nhn s lm nhim nc
mt ca khu vc d n.
Trong qu trnh vn hnh sn xut, nc mt b nhim do nc thi
sn xut khng c x l. S nhim ny s nh hng n li ch s dng
nc phc v sinh hot, phc v nng nghip... ca nhn dn trong vng.
* Tc ng ca nc thi sinh hot.
Ngay c nng cc cht nhim trong nc thi sinh hot, nu khng
c quan tm x l cng lm cho cc ch tiu nh BOD, Tng N, Tng P, TSS,
Coliform... trong nc thi chung ca qu trnh luyn gang thp cng rt
cao( Bng 3.17)
Bng 3.17: Nng cc cht nhim trong nc thi sinh hot
Cht nhim Nng cc cht nhim (mg/l)
Khng x l X l bng b t hoi QCVN 14 : 2008/btnmt
( Ct B)
BOD
5
225 - 270 85,5 - 102,6 50
TSS 350 - 725 133 - 275,5 100
Tng N 30 - 60 17,4 - 34,8 50
Tng P 4 - 20 2,32 - 11,6 10
Vi sinh (NPN/100ml) Nng cc cht nhim (mg/l)
Tng Coliform 10
6
- 10
9
(Ngun : CETIA)
Trong giai ng hot ca nh my, s dng 50 cng nhn, do
lng nc thi sinh hot ca s cng nhn cng c nhng tc ng t nhiu ti
cht lng ngun ni ti y.
Tng lng nc s dng( mc bnh qun 150 lt/ ngi/ ngy)
150(lt)*50 ngi = 7,50( m
3
/ngy)
Lng nc thi sinh hot( tht thot 10%) khong 6,75 m
3
/ngy)
Cn c vo tiu chun thi vo mi trng ca 1 ngi trong 1 ngy, c
th d bo bng sau:
Bng 3.18: D bo ti lng gy nhim mi trng nc trong
qu trnh i vo hot ng ( vi d kin s lng cng nhn thi cng l 50
ngi)
stt Thng s n v Khi
lng
Tng khi lng
nhim
Ti lng
(mg/lit)
1 BOD
5
g/ngi/ngy 45-54 2,25-2,70 kg/ngy 333-400
2 COD g/ngi/ngy. 1,6-1,9 0,08-0,095 kg/ngy 11,85-14,07
3 Cht l lng g/ngi/ngy. 60-90 3-4,5 kg/ngy 444-667
4 Tng Ni t g/ngi/ngy. 6-12 0,3-0,6 kg/ngy 44-88
5 Tng Photpho g/ngi/ngy. 0,4-4 0,02-0,2 kg/ngy 2,9-29
6 Colifom MPN/100ml 10
6
-10
9.
Bng 3.19. So snh ti lng nhim nc trong giai on hot
ng vi QCVN 14/2008
TT Thng s n v Gi tr C Ti lng
(mg/lit)
A B
1. pH - 5 - 9 5 - 9
2. BOD5 mg/l 30 50 333-400
3. COD mg/l 50 100 11,85-14,07
4 Tng cht rn
l lng
(TSS)
mg/l 500 1000 444-667
5 photphat mg/l 6 10 2,9-29
* Tc ng ca nc ma chy trn.
Tc ng ca mt d n luyn gang thp n cht lng nc ma c
th c d bo thng qua vn thi cc cht nhim vo kh quyn. Cc cht
nhim pht sinh trong qu trnh sn xut luyn gang thp bao gm bi, cc
cht kh c hi c tnh axit (SO2, NO2...), khi gp ma cc cht nhim ny s
d dng ho tan vo trong nc ma lm cho nc ma b nhim khng th s
dng c. Ngoi ra do s ho tan cc cht kh c tnh axit, nn nc ma cng
c th lm n mn cc vt liu kt cu v cng trnh trong khu vc.
Nc ma cn c th b nhim khi chy qua cc khu vc sn bi c
cha cc cht thi nhim nh bi rc, khu vc bn cha nhin liu... Tnh cht
nhim ca nc ma trong trng hp ny b nhim c hc (t, ct, rc),
nhim hu c (dch chit trong bi rc), nhim ho cht, kim loi nng v du
m. Vn nhim nc ma s ko theo s nhim ngun nc ngm ti khu
vc nh my v ngun nc mt ca cc thu vc tip nhn v t gy tc
ng n mi trng khu vc.
nh gi tc ng ca nc ma chy trn trn khu vc ca nh my
luyn gang thp i vi mi trng khu vc, p dng m hnh tnh ton nh sau
- Lu lng nc ma chy trn trong khu vc :
Q = 0,278 . k . I . F (m
3
/s) Trong :
k- H s dng chy (k=0,6),
I- Cng ma (mm/h),
F- Din tch lu vc (m
2
),
Bng 3.20. c tnh lu lng nc ma chy trn trong khu vc.
I(mm/h), k F(m
2
) Q (m
3
/s)
I
max
= 90(thng 8) 0,6 200 3002,4
I
min
=60(thng 12) 0,6 200 2001,6
Tc ng ca nc thi sn xut.
Lng nc s dng trong qu trnh luyn cn thp thng t 1500 -
1700 m
3
cho 1 tn thp. Trong khong 70% lng nc c s dng lm
ngui cc loi l, 25% c s dng lm ngui thit b, kim loi, kh thi v
khong 5% s dng cho cc nhu cu khc.
Phn ln nc khu vc cc l cao c s dng li trong vng cp
nc tun hon. Tuy nhin cn mt phn ng k nc thi sn xut v nc
thi sinh hot c thi trc tip ra cc ngun tip nhn nh ao, h, sng sui
xung quanh cc nh my luyn gang thp. Phn ln nc thi sn xut khi thi
ra mi trng u khng c x l.
V c im cht lng nc thi ca ngnh cng nghip luyn gang
thp, th ngoi qu trnh cc ho, luyn gang thp, cn thp... c cha nhiu cc
cht bn, cht c hi cn c du m khong, lng du m ny phn ln cha
c thu gom x l.
i vi cc khu vc sn xut khc ca cng ngh luyn gang thp, nc
thi c hm lng cn l lng tng i cao, c mu v nhiu vng du d gy
nguy hi i vi mi trng xung quanh v nht l i vi cc ngun tip nhn
nc thi trong khu vc. Do , cn phi c cc bin php x l thch hp v
hiu qu.
xc nh ti lng cc cht nhim trong nc thi ca ngnh cng
nghip luyn gang thp( cng sut 4000-4800 tn/nm, trung bnh 4500
tn/nm), c th p dng phng php tnh nhanh theo h s nhim ca WHO
i vi n v sn phm nh sau
Bng 3.21: Ti lng cc cht nhim trong nc thi
ca ngnh cng nghip luyn gang thp
Xng
luyn
gang thp
n v
(U)
Khi
lng
cht
thi
(m
3
/U)
BOD
5
(kg/ U)
TSS
(kg/U
Tng
N
(kg/ U)
Tng P
(kg/ U)
Cc cht nhim
khc
Tn Kg/U
I. L cao (thp hp th cht thi) :
Cha x
l
Tn SP - 12,3 29,3 0,27 - Phenol 0,01
4500tn - 55350 131850 1215 45
F 0,023
103,5
CN 0,039
175,5
Cht lng
ng
Tn SP - 12,3 1,5 0,27 - Phenol 0,01
4500tn - 55350 6570 1215 - 45
F 0,023
103,5
CN 0,039
175,5
ng kt
ha
hc v
clo ho
kim
Tn SP - 12,3 0,13 0,018 - Phenol 0,001
4500tn 55350 585 81 4,5
F 0,023
103,5
CN 0,0001
0,45
Ti ch
v clo
ho kim
Tn SP 0,55 - 0,006 0,001 - Phenol 0,001
4500tn 2475 27 4,5 4,5
F 0,0005
2,25
CN 0,0001
0,45
II. L thi xy - Thit bi lng - Lm lnh :
Cha x
l
Tn SP 0,6 0,049 - - - - -
4500tn 2700 220,5
Kt
bng/lng
Tn SP 0,6 0,011 - - - - -
4500tn 2700 49,5
III. H thng Thng gi - Lm lnh :
Cha x
l
Tn SP 1,9 0,146 - - - - -
4500tn 8550 657
Kt
bng/lng
Tn SP 1,9 0,034 - - - - -
4500tn 8550 153
IV. H thng loi b ga
Cha x
l
Tn SP 0,5 0,39 - - - - -
4500tn 2250 1755
Kt
bng/lng
Tn SP 0,5 0,009 - - - - -
4500tn 2250 40,5
V. L h quang in :
Cha x
l
Tn SP 1,9 0,146 - - - - -
4500tn 8550 657
Kt
bng/lng
Tn SP 1,9 0,034 - - - - -
4500tn 8550 153
...........
T vic phn tch nh gi cc tc ng i vi cht lng mi trng
khng kh, kt hp vi nghin cu c im quy trnh sn xut thp, chng ti
xin a ra bng nh gi mc tc ng t cc cng on sn xut ti mi
trng khng kh xung quanh.
nh gi tc ng ti mi trng t.
Trong giai on hot ng ca d n th t nhiu tc ng ti mi
trng t, trong ch yu l do cc loi cht thi rn
c im v lng cht thi rn t cc cng on sn xut
Theo ti liu ca UNEP cho thy, c im v khi lng cht thi rn
pht sinh t cc cng on sn xut ca ngnh cng nghip luyn gang thp
c xc nh theo bng 3.23 sau:
Bng 3.23: c im v khi lng cht thi rn cc cng on
sn xut
Cht thi rn Ngun gc Thnh phn c im Khi lng
(tn/nm)
X st L h quang,
gu rt
oxit st c ln
canxi v silic
Kch thc
khng ng nht
16.888
G st My c oxit st ht nh 2.041
Gch chu la
ph thi
L h quang,
gu rt v
gu chuyn
Hn hp ca
gch chu la v
x st
Vin kch thc
nh v bt
5.015
Bi T h thng
lc bi
Hn hp ca
oxit canxi v
oxit st
Bt mn 5.731
Tng 29.675
(Ngun : UNEP)
Cc tc ng ca cht thi i vi mi trng t.
* Thay i tnh cht nng hc ca t.
Theo cc s liu nghin cu ca Vin Quy hoch v Thit k nng
nghip, phn ng ca t khu vc bi thi hoc gn bi thi c xu hng kim
hn so vi nn xung quanh. Khu vc c pH cao nht l cc bi thi x ca
cng nghip luyn gang thp. Gi tr pH thng t 6,8 - 7,2. Nguyn nhn lm
cho phn ng ca t mang tnh kim l hm lng Ca
2+
v Mg
2+
trong t cao.
Ngun gc ca chng l t x gang, dolomit, vi (cht xc tc trong qu trnh
nung chy thp).
Do nc ma ra tri xung ngun nc xung quanh v theo nc thm
nhp vo cc vng t thp nn cng gn cc nh my luyn gang thp pH
trong t cng cao. Hm lng cht hu c v carbon trong t tng ln khu
vc c bi x than, du m, cc khu vc b nh hng ca bi than theo ng
kh thi. Nhn chung t trong khu vc nh my s c hm lng carbon tng s
khong 1,6-1,7%. S thoi ho tnh cht vt l ca t l yu t c bn hn ch
sinh trng ca cy trng cc bi x, bi vt liu xy dng. Do tng t cc
bi ny nng cn (5-10cm) nn s pht trin cy trng b hn ch nhiu.
* Tc ng ca kim loi nng .
Hm lng kim loi nng trong t khu vc b nh hng ca cht
thi c xu hng tng tuy cha t n hm lng ti a cho php. Hm lng
Zn, Cu v Fe thng t c cy trng hp th nn t gy c hi tim tng, tuy
nhin n li tch lu nhiu trong t nn lm gim tnh c l ca t, dn n
gim nng sut ca cy trng. Nhn chung, kim loi nng trong t cc khu
vc b nh hng ca cht thi c hm lng tng i cao hn cc khu vc
khc v s phn b thng theo quy lut sau :
- Tu thuc vo ngun thi m hm lng ca kim loi cao hay thp (As
c trong than v nc cc, Pb c trong qung st v ph gia, Zn v Cu c trong
qung st v luyn thp).
- i vi cc rung la s dng nc thi ti th rung u ngun
c hm lng kim loi nng cao hn.
- i vi cc khu canh tc a hnh dc th v tr di thp s tch lu
nhiu kim loi nng hn v tr cao.
Theo cc nghin cu ca Vin Quy hoch v Thit k nng nghip
(1995) th s di ng ca kim loi nng trong mi trng t khu vc cc nh
my luyn gang thp cho thy :
- i vi vng t canh tc nm gn cc bi x qung, t b nh hng
gin tip do nc thm qua bi vo t. Trong vng b nh hng nhiu nm
bi thi ca nh my cc ho vi s tch ng hm lng Pb cao, bi thi
luyn thp c hm lng Pb v Zn mc trung bnh.
- Ring cc bi thi x luyn thp c tch lu nhiu hm lng Pb v Zn.
Bi thi x cc ho c tch ng Cu, Pb v Zn.
* Tc ng ca cc cht hu c.
Cc cht hu c gy nhim mi trng t vi cc mc khc nhau.
Hm lng phenol v xianua cc khu vc b nh hng l rt cao v c kh
nng gy c.
Khu vc c hm lng phenol cao nht l khu c nc thi luyn cc,
khu l cao v khu luyn gang... Lng phenol y thng dao ng trong
khong 10,40-10,50 ppm, gp t 10-11 ln so vi cc khu vc khng b nh
hng ca cht thi.
Hm lng xianua trong t thng xut hin khu vc gn mng
nc thi ca nh my cc ho. Hm lng du trong t thng cao nht khu
vc ti nc thi ca nh my luyn cc (9,8%), i vi cc khu vc khc th
thp hn (0,1 - 0,8%).
nh gi tc ng do ting n v rung.
Ting n l ngun gy nhim kh quan trng trong hot ng sn xut
ca nh my luyn cn thp. Ting n cao hn tiu chun cho php s gy cc
nh hng xu n mi trng v trc tin l n sc kho ca ngi cng
nhn trc tip sn xut nh mt ng, mt mi, gy tm l kh chu, gim nng
sut lao ng. Tip xc vi ting n c cng cao trong thi gian di s lm
cho thnh lc gim st, dn ti bnh ic ngh nghip.
i vi cc cng on m cng ngh luyn gang thp c sinh nhit, th
tng cc nhit lng do cng ngh sinh ra cng vi nhit bc x mt tri truyn
qua tng, mi nh xng s lm cho nhit bn trong nh xng tng cao,
nh hng trc tip ti qu trnh h hp ca c th con ngi, tc ng xu n
sc kho v nng sut lao ng.
nh gi tc ng ca giai on hot ng ti x hi v sc khe
con ngi.
* Tc ng tch cc:
- Gia quyt mt phn nhu cu vic lm cho ngi dn ni y
- Tng thu nhp cho mt s b phn ngi dn: Ch qun cm, ch qun
nc,.... xung quanh d n, phc v nhu cu sinh hot ca cng nhn.
- Gp 1 phn nh cho tng trng kinh t chung ca ton phng.
* Tc ng tiu cc.
Ngoi nhng tc ng tch cc trn th d n c nhng tc ng tiu
cc ti i sng x hi cng nh sc khe ngi dn ni y.
- S tc ng ti an ninh trt t trong phng.
- Tc ng xu n sc khe con ngi, trc ht l sc khe ca cng
nhn, ngi trc tip tham gia cc hot ng ca d n, sau l sc khe ca
ngi dn xung quanh d n.
+ Tc ng bi cc cht nhim trong khng kh: bi, SO
2
, NO
X
, CO,
CO
2
,...n cc b phn nhy cm trn c th c ngi gy ra cc bnh v phi,
da. c bit, cng nhn b tc ng mnh ca ting n ti nh my gy cc bnh
lin quan n thnh gic. S lan truyn cc cht nhim trong khng kh cn
gy ra cc tc ng n sc khe ca ngi dn, n cy trng, vt nui trong
bn knh <1km tnh t a im xy dng d n
+ Tc ng bi cc cht nhim t nh my thp trong ngun nc,
ngun nc xung quanh nh my t nhiu bi cc cht thi t nh my nh: cc
cht du m, BOD, .... Ngi dn s dng ngun nc ny nu khng c x
l th s gy nh hng xu n sc khe...
3.1.3.4. D bo ri ro, s c mi trng trong giai on hot ng ca
d n.
Ngun gc.
- Qu trnh thi cht c hi t cng ngh luyn cn thp.
- Qu trnh vn chuyn nguyn vt liu v sn phm.
- S c n lc bi tnh in, chy ti vi lc bi.
- Cc tc ng ca thin nhin nh ln st t, ng t...
Cc yu t xc nh
- Bi (TSP, PM10).
- Kh c hi (CO, CO2, SO2, NO2, HCl, HF).
Cc ri ro v s c mi trng
- Ri ro s c do n lc bi tnh in, chy ti vi lc bi.
- Ri ro s c hng h thng bng ti vn chuyn.
- Ri ro s c ln st l thiu kt, l cao, l luyn.
3.1.4. Tng hp nh gi tc ng trong tt c cc qu trnh ca d
n.
Trn c s phn tch ngun tc ng, i tng v phm vi tc ng
cng vi cc phng php nh gi tc ng ca d n trong cc giai on tin
hnh n mi trng t nhin v sc khe con ngi, sau y s l bng tng
hp tt c cc ngun tc ng.... ca tng giai on hot ng ca d n.
Bng 3.24: Tng hp nh gi tc ng ca d n
Giai on Cc hot ng Ngun tc ng i tng v phm
vi tc ng
Tc ng Mc tc ng
1. Giai on:
Chun b d
n( Giai on
GPMB)
a. Thu hi t - Nhng h dn c
t trong khu vc
thc hin d n
- Gy tc ng v
mt tm l, o ln
cuc sng, np sinh
hot, mc d c
n b kh tha ng
X
-
- Din tch t ca
khu vc thc hin d
n.
- Gim qu t ca
vng, gim thu nhp
ng k trong sn
xut nng nghip cho
cng ng a
phng.
X
b. Trt ph cy - Bi, v cc loi kh
c pht sinh t hot
ng ca cc loi
phng tin vn ti
chuyn tr cy.... t
khu vc thc hin d
n i ni khc..
- Mi trng khng
kh khu vc thc
hin d n v ln
cn.
- Bi khuch tn t
giao thng trn cng
trng; Bi, kh thi,
nhit ca cc my
mc thit b thi cng
xy dng lm suy
gim cht lng mi
trng khng kh
X
+
- Cuc sng v sc
khe ngi dn
- Gy ch tc giao
thng, ngi dn b
tc ng ti sc khe
bi bi, ting n..
X
c. Ph d mt s cng
trnh.
nt nt nt nt
2. Giai on
thi cng
a. Chuyn tr nguyn, vt
liu
- Bi v mt s kh
c hi pht sinh t
cc thit b, my mc
tham gia thi cng
thi
- Mi trng khng
kh khu vc thc
hin d n v ln cn
- Sinh ra bi, cc loi
kh c nh SO2,
CO...c bit l to
ra ting n gy nh
hng xu ti cht
lng mi trng
khng kh xung
quanh khu vc thc
hin d n.
X
- Giao thng quanh
khu vc thc hin d
n.
- Lm gia tng lu
lng trong khu vc,
vo cc gi cao im
c th gy ch thch
giao thng cc b.
X
b. Qa trnh xy dng cng
trnh.
- Nc thi t qa
trnh dng h b
tng, lm mt thit b
- Mi trng nc - Tc ng lm suy
gim cht lng mi
trng nc bi cc
XX
-
cht cn b, du m,
vi sinh vt c hi....
- Cht thi rn t
cng tc lm ng,
lm mng cng trnh.
- Mi trng t
xung quanh khu vc
d n.
- Lm gia tng lng
rc thi gy tc ng
xu ti mi trng
t.
X
+
- Cc loi kh thi,
bi, ting n t s
hot ng ca cc
thit b my mc, cc
phng tin vn
chuyn
- Mi trng khng
kh xung quanh khu
vc d n.
- Tc ng tiu cc
ti mi trng khng
kh bi cc loi kh
c v ting n
X
+
- Nc thi, cht thi
rn t sinh hot ca
cng nhn tham gia
xy dng
- Mi trng nc
xung quanh khu vc
d n.
- Tc ng ti cht
lng mi trng
nc bi nc thi,
cht thi rn
X
-
- Mi trng x hi
khu vc
- C th tc ng ti
an ninh khu vc
X
--
3. Giai on
hot ng
a. Khu x l, chun b
nguyn liu.
- Bi, ting n pht
sinh t cc hot ng
vn chuyn bc d,
nghin, sng lc v
kh b cc tp cht
- Mi trng khng
kh trong khu vc
- Bin i cht lng
mi trng khng
kh, n, cng nh
ti lng trung bnh
cc loi kh c hi
XX
v bi u vt mc
gii hn ca QCVN
19: 2009
- Nc thi pht sinh
t cc bi x l
nguyn liu...
- Mi trng nc
mt, nc ngm
trong khu vc d n
- Tc ng tiu cc
ti mi trng nc
bi s lm ra tng
cc cht nhim
nh: du m, bn
thi,..
XX
b. Khu thiu kt to khi,
to vin
- Bi, cc loi kh
thi nh CO, NOx,
SO2,.... v s gia tng
mnh ca nhit t
cc cng on x l
nguyn liu v t v
l..
- Mi trng khng
kh trong khu vc
- Bin i cht lng
mi trng khng
kh, n, cng nh
ti lng trung bnh
cc loi kh c hi
v bi u vt mc
gii hn ca QCVN
19: 2009
XXX
-Nc thi ch yu
pht sinh t khu to
vin
- Mi trng nc
mt, nc ngm
trong khu vc d n
- Tc ng tiu cc
ti mi trng nc
bi s lm ra tng
cc cht nhim
nh: du m, bn
thi,..
XXX
++
c. Khu luyn cc - Kh thi c th xut
hin nhiu ngun
nh ca l, np l,
ng khi.
- Mi trng khng
kh trong khu vc
- Bin i cht lng
mi trng khng
kh, n, cng nh
ti lng trung bnh
cc loi kh c hi
v bi
XXX
+++
- - Mi trng nc
trong khu vc d n
- Nc thi ca nh
my ph phm cha
nhiu cht nhim
tiu biu l cyanua,
phenol, trioafarat v
cc cht rn khc
XX
+++
e. L cao - Kh thi ca l cao
thng cha vt liu
ht, ch yu l st
xyt v nhng ht
pht sinh trc
trong qu trnh tho
l, cng nh mt s
cng on ph
- Mi trng khng
kh trong khu vc
- Bin i cht lng
mi trng khng
kh, n, cng nh
ti lng trung bnh
cc loi kh c hi
v bi
XXX
+++
..........
............ .... .....
..... .......
..... - Sc khe con ngi - Tc ng ti ng
h hp
- nh hng ti
da.....
XXX
+++
Ghi ch: X: Tc ng c hi mc nh; XX: Tc ng c hi mc trung bnh; XXX: Tc ng c hi mc
mnh, du
+
th hin cc mc tng dn hoc gim dn ca cc tc ng.
3.2. NHN XT V MC CHI TIT, TIN CY CA CC
NH GI.
Bo co TM d n Xy dng nh my sn xut v kinh doanh thp
phng Tn Thnh, thnh ph Thi Nguyn, tnh Thi Nguyn a ra kh
y cc ngun tc ng c th pht sinh trong cc giai on chun b mt
bng, thi cng xy dng cng trnh v khi d n i vo hot ng.
Hu ht cc ngun tc ng pht sinh trong qu trnh chun b mt bng,
xy dng d n v khi d n a vo s dng u c tnh ton nh lng c
th da vo cc ngun s liu, ti liu ng tin cy.
Vic nh gi tc ng c nu ra trn c s tham kho nhiu ngun ti
liu, s dng cc phng php nh gi TM c p dng rng ri Vit
Nam; tham kho, k tha s liu hin trng mi trng quanh khu vc thc hin
d n ca mt s nghin cu c nghim thu; kt hp vi vic i kho st
thc t, iu tra ly kin a phng...Do , mc tin cy ca cc nh gi l
m bo.
Trong qu trnh nh gi v cc tc ng mi trng do cn thiu thng
tin, d liu, s liu, trnh chuyn mn ca cc cn b TM cn c hn nn
tin cy ca cc nh gi ch mc tng i.
M hnh tnh ton c gii hn bi cc iu kin bin nghim ngt.
Trong cc cht nhim trong mi trng c coi bng 0, khng tnh n
cc yu t nh hng do a hnh khu vc...
Cc thng s u vo (iu kin kh tng) a vo tnh ton l gi tr
trung bnh nm do kt qu ch mang tnh trung bnh nm. c kt qu c
mc tin cy cao s phi tnh ton theo tng ma, hoc tng thng. Nhng
vic thc hin s rt tn chi ph v TM v mt nhiu thi gian.
tnh ton ti lng v nng cc cht nhim do cc phng tin
thi cng v do cc hot ng khc gy ra c p dng theo cc cng thc thc
nghim cho kt qu nhanh, nhng chnh xc so vi thc t khng cao.
tnh ton phm vi pht tn cc cht nhim trong khng kh s dng
cc cng thc thc nghim trong c cc bin s ph thuc vo nhiu yu t
kh tng nh tc gi, khong cch, Cc thng s v iu kin kh tng
c gi tr trung bnh nm nn kt qu ch c gi tr trung bnh nm. Do vy cc
sai s trong tnh ton so vi thi im bt k trong thc t l khng trnh khi.
Xc nh chnh xc mc n chung ca dng xe l mt cng vic rt kh
khn, v mc n chung ca dng xe ph thuc rt nhiu vo mc n ca tng
chic xe, lu lng xe, thnh phn xe, c im ng v a hnh xung quanh,
v.v... Mc n dng xe li thng khng n nh (thay i rt nhanh theo thi
gian)
V lu lng v nng cc cht nhim trong nc thi sinh hot:
Nc thi sinh hot cn c vo nhu cu s dng ca c nhn c tnh lng thi
do vy kt qu tnh ton s c sai s xy ra do nhu cu ca tng c nhn trong
sinh hot l rt khc nhau.
Cc tnh ton v ti lng, hm lng cc cht nhim trong cht thi
rn cng gp phi nhng sai s tng t. Vic tnh ton c da vo cc s
liu thc t m bn ch d n cung cp. Lng cht thi rn pht sinh c tnh
c lng thng qua nh mc pht thi trung bnh nn so vi thc t khng th
trnh khi cc sai khc.
STT Phng php s dng trong bo co
TM
Mc tin cy
1. Phng php k tha Cao
2. Phng php m hnh ha Trung bnh
3. Phng php so snh Trung bnh
4. Phng php nh gi nhanh Kh
5. Phng php iu tra x hi Trung bnh
6. Phng php ma trn Trung bnh
CHNG IV
BIN PHP PHNG NGA, GIM THIU TC NG
XU V PHNG NGA, NG PH S C MI TRNG
4.1. NGUYN TC.
Vic trin khai thc hin d n xy dng cc nh my luyn cn thp tt
yu s c nhng tc ng n mi trng xung quanh. Nhng tc ng ny c
th l tch cc v cng c th l tiu cc, thm ch c nhng tc hi khng th
lng trc c. V vy vic nh gi tc ng mi trng ca d n phi a
ra c cc gii php bo v mi trng, gim thiu cc tc ng c hi i vi
mi trng trn nguyn tc :
- Gim thiu ti mc ti a c th c ph hp vi cng ngh x l i
vi qu trnh hot ng luyn cn thp ngay t giai on u.
- Gii php bo v mi trng phi c tnh kh thi cao, ph hp vi cc
mc tiu hot ng ca d n v ph hp vi ngun ti chnh ca ch u t.
4.2. GII PHP BO V MI TRNG T KHI LP D N
U T.
4.2.1. B tr mt bng sn xut.
- Tng dy chuyn hot ng c lp nhng vn c kh nng phi hp,
h tr nhau trong qu trnh vn hnh t hiu qu.
- Bo m vic phn khu chc nng cng nh vic t chc tt h thng
giao thng vn chuyn ni b.
- B tr mt bng sn xut trn khu t c cu to a cht khng phc
tp, khng phi x l nn mng tit kim chi ph u t.
- Qu trnh t chc chun b mt bng, thi cng xy dng, lp t thit b
khng lm nh hng n mi trng xung quanh.
4.2.2. Phn khu chc nng cc hng mc cng trnh k thut.
Cc hng mc cng trnh k thut cn b tr theo phn khu chc nng
gm :
+ Bi nguyn liu
+ Thiu kt
+ Luyn cok
+ L cao
+ Luyn thp bng l oxy
+ Luyn thp bng l h quang (EAF)
+ Luyn thp bng l Consteel (LF).
+ c lin tc
+ Ty g, cn ngui v ti
+ M, cn nng
+ Vn chuyn v cha sn phm
- H thng k thut :
+ H thng cp in v iu khin
+ H thng cp v x l nc
+ H thng kh nn.
4.2.3. Gii php ngn nga nhim v s c
y l mt trong nhng gii php rt quan trng v n cho php lm
gim lng cht thi ngay ti ngun thi v khc phc c nhng nh hng
bt li i vi mi trng do cc cht thi nhim gy ra. Bin php ny c th
c thc hin theo cc chiu hng sau :
- Quy hoch hp l tng mt bng nh my trn c s xem xt n cc
vn mi trng c lin quan nh :
+ La chn hng nh hp l s dng mt cch tt nht cc iu kin
thng gi t nhin, gp phn ci thin mi trng lao ng bn trong nh
xng.
+ Xc nh kch thc vng cch ly v sinh cng nghip gia cc hng
mc cng trnh ca nh my cng nh gia nh my luyn cn thp v cc khu
dn c m bo s thng thong gia cc cng trnh, hn ch lan truyn
nhim, m bo phng chy, cha chy v gim thiu nhng nh hng trc
tip do cht thi i vi con ngi v cc cng trnh xung quanh.
+ Vng cch ly v sinh cng nghip l vng m gia nh my vi khu
dn c. Kch thc ca vng cch ly v sinh cng nghip c xc nh theo
khong cch v sinh m cc tiu chun nh nc cho php. Tiu chun tm thi
v mi trng ca B Xy dng quy nh khong cch cch ly v sinh cng
nghip ti thiu cho cc loi hnh sn xut bao gm :
Yu cu v khong cch v sinh i vi cc thit b t nhin liu.
Yu cu v khong cch cch ly v sinh cng nghip cho cc nh my
c kh thi, c nguy c nhim khng kh cao, c hi v cc nh my c pht
sinh nhiu bi.
Yu cu v khong cch an ton cho h thng kho, bn cha nhin liu
theo lu lng d tr.
Phn cp cc nh my v chiu rng ti thiu ca khong cch cch ly
v sinh cng nghip.
+ B tr hp l cc cng on sn xut, cc khu ph tr, kho bi, khu
hnh chnh v c di cy xanh ngn cch. T l cy xanh trn tng din tch t
s dng ca nh my ti thiu phi t 15%. Cc h thng thi kh, ng khi cn
b tr cc khu vc thun li cho vic gim st v x l.
+ Quy hoch trng cy xanh. Cy xanh c tc dng gim ting n. Sng
m truyn qua cc di cy xanh s b suy gim nng lng, mc cng m
thanh gim i nhiu hay t ph thuc vo mt l cy, kch thc ca cy xanh
v chiu rng ca di t trng cy.
- p dng cng ngh tin tin, cng ngh sn xut sch, t cht thi.
- Nghim tc thc hin ch vn hnh thit b cng ngh, nh lng
chnh xc nguyn vt liu, nhin liu qu trnh din ra mc n nh
cao, gim bt lng cht thi, n nh thnh phn v tnh cht ca cht thi, to
iu kin thun li cho vic qun l v x l cht thi.
- Gim ti lng cht nhim t ngun : i vi cng ngh sn xut c
s dng nhin liu t, ti lng cc cht nhim trong kh thi qua ng khi
(l cao) c th s gim i nhiu nu s dng cc loi nhin liu t (than, du)
c hm lng cc cht gy nhim nh nht.
4.3. GII PHP N B V GII PHNG MT BNG
i vi cc vn ny sinh t qu trnh gii ta n b, di di dn c,
da trn c im tnh hnh ca a phng, nhng mong mun v kin ca
ngi dn a phung, Ban bi thng - gii phng mt bng - ti nh c
phng Tn Thnh, thnh ph Thi Nguyn, tnh Thi Nguyn thc hin mt s
bin php sau:
- Tin hnh hp dn thng bo ch trng quy hoch xy dng nh
my sn xut v kinh doanh thp cho ngi dn c bit (ni r phm vi, gii
hn khu t cn quy hoch).
- Xc nh s h dn c cng trnh, vt kin trc, t ai,... b nh hng,
cc h dn phi di di n ni mi. Tp hp y cc h s php l, kim
tra xc nh din tch t ai, vt kin trc, cy ci, hoa mu thc t ca tng h
dn.
- Lp phng n bi thng, h tr, ng quy nh hin hnh ca Nh
nc; phng n c trnh Hi ng thm nh ca UBND tnh Thi Nguyn
ph duyt, c s ng thun ca ngi dn a phng trc khi chi tr.
4.4. GII PHP BVMT TRONG THI CNG XY DNG.
4.4.1. Gim thiu tc ng trong san nn to mt bng.
Bin php gim thiu nhim bi khuch tn t qu trnh san nn to
mt bng xy dng nh my.
+ Che y cn thn cc phng tin chuyn tr t ct trong qu trnh
san lp.
+ Trong qu trnh chuyn tr t ct t a im ny n a im khc
th gim bi do cc phng tin giao thng gy ra, chng ta cn thit k h
thng phun nc trn ng, h thng ny c gn trc tip vo phng tin
giao thng hoc b tr cc xe khc, cc xe ny c nhim v phun nc ra
ng khi ng qu kh, c nhiu bi.
4.4.2. Gim thiu nhim mi trng khng kh
Bin php gim thiu nhim bi v cc cht kh c hi, hn ch cc
tc ng xu ti mi trng xung quanh.
+ Tng cng cc bin php phun nc ti cc khu vc c nguy c pht
tn bi cao
+ p dng cc phng php thu hi cc kh c hi trong qu trnh thi
cng xy dng: phng php hp th, phng php hp th...
+ Thit k h thng cy xanh ngay trong giai on thi cng xy dng
4.4.3. Gim thiu ting n v rung ng.
Bin php gim thiu ting n v rung ng trong qu trnh thi cng xy
dng.
+ p dng cc loi thit b hin i, t pht ting n
+ Trnh thi cng lm vic vo m, ch lm theo gi hnh chnh v nu
hot ng vo m th mc n s tng c v ln v phm vi tc ng.
4.4.4. Gim thiu nhim do nc thi
Bin php gim thiu, hn ch tc ng ca nc thi trong qu trnh thi
cng xy dng ca d n.
+ Nc thi trong giai on thi cng xy dng cn phi c x l bng
cc bin php nh: iu ha, trung ha, oxi ha....
+ ...
4.4.5. Gim thiu nhim do nc ra tri b mt
Nc ma chy trn s cun theo t cc cht thi, vt liu ri vi,
du m trn b mt t vo ngun nc, gy tc ng n mi trng t, nc.
Bin php hn ch nhim do nc ma chy trn trn b mt.
+ Xy dng thit k h thng thot nc hp l
+ ..
4.4.6. Bin php kim sot nhim do cht thi rn trong xy dng
- i vi cht thi rn sinh hot.
+ Thu gom, phn loi v vn chuyn ng quy nh
+ Xy dng cc quy ch v x rc ng ni quy nh
- i vi cht thi xy dng.
- i vi du m thi.
4.4.7. Bin php gim thiu cc tc ng khc
- i vi sc kho ngi lao ng.
+ Nghim chnh cung cp cc dng c bo h lao ng cho cng nhn
tham gia thi cng: m bo him, o bo h...
+ Tin hnh kim tra nh k tnh hnh sc khe cho cng nhn
- i vi vn an ton lao ng.
+ Nghim chnh chp hnh cc quy nh v xy dng, trnh cc ri ro
khng mong mun.
- i vi vn x hi.
4.5. GII PHP BVMT TRONG GIAI ON HOT NG
4.5.1. Gii php k thut x l nc thi.
* Kim sot nhim nc.
- Phn loi nc thi : Nc quy c sch, nc nhim c hc, nc
nhim bn ho cht v nc nhim bn du m...
- Cc bin php qun l v khng ch do nhim nc thi : QCVN
14:2009 i vi ngun nc x vo ngun loi A hoc B.
* Cc gii php x l k thut.
Cng ngh x l nc thi thng ng dng cc qu trnh x l c hc,
sinh hc v ho l x l cn l lng (SS), cht huc (BOD5, COD), c,
du m v kim loi nng... H thng x l nc thi thng c chia lm ba h
thng ph l : X l bc 1 (Primary Treatment), X l bc 2 (Secondary
Treatment) v X l bc 3 - bc cao (Tertiary Treatment).
- X l bc 1 : nhm tch cc cht rn khng ho tan ra khi nc thi.
Cn c kch thc ln c th c loi b bng tm chn rc hoc c nghin
nh bng thit b nghin. Cn v c nh ct, sn, mnh kim loi... c tch ra
khi qua b lng ct.
Cn l lng hu c oc loi b trong b lng t 1.
- X l bc 2 : thng ng dng cc qu trnh ho hc v sinh hc
loi b ht cc cht hu c.
- X l bc 3 : trong qu trnh x l bc cao, cc qu trnh c hc, ho
sinh c ng dng kh cc thnh phn khc nh cn l lng, c, mu...
m chng cha b kh hoc b kh khng ng k trong x l bc 2.
* Phng n x l nc thi cng nghip ti ngun
Nc thi ca ngnh cng nghip luyn gang thp sau khi x l s b
phi t cc gi tr trong bng 4.1 sau:
Bng 4.1: Tiu chun nc thi sau khi x l s b( Ct B, QCMT
24:2009/BTNMT
STT Ch tiu Nng
1 Nhit 40
o
C
2 pH 5,5-9
3 BOD 50 mg/l
4 SS 100 mg/l
5 Tng N 30 mg/l
6 KLN v cht c hi khng
- Tun hon v x l nc thi qu trnh lm sch kh l cao
Bin php c bn hn ch x cht thi ra mi trng bn ngoi, m
bo cho sn xut n nh l x l, thu hi v x dng li cht thi. Tng khu
sn xut c mc yu cu cng nh cng ngh sn xut khc nhau. Mt trong
nhng khu to nhiu cht thi l khu vc l cao luyn gang.
Kh than l cao c nhit t 150-200
o
C, cha t 28-32% kh CO v
mt lng ln bi hn hp cn c x l lc v thu hi ti s dng. H thng
x l kh l cao hot ng theo phng php t. Kh l qua h thng ng dn
chu nhit n thp lm ngui v lc bi th, sau kh l c dn qua h
thng lc bi t bng cc b phun scruber. Nc thi sau qu trnh lc bi l
cao thng c lu lng ln, nhit t 45-50
o
C, hm lng cn l lng t
1500-1800 mg/l... d gy tc cc cng thot nc v lm nhim mi trng
bn ngoi. V vy hn ch x cht thi ra mi trng bn ngoi, nc thi ca
qu trnh lc bi c x l s b v s dng tun hon tr li trong vng nc
cp tun hon cho qu trnh lc bi kh l cao. Nc thi sau qu trnh x l c
nhit t 30-32
0
C, hm lng cn l lng t 80-150 mg/l c bm cng vi
nc b sung v thp lc bi .

Hnh 4.1 : S cp nc tun hon h thng kh bi l cao
1- H thng kh bi
2- B lng
3- Trm bm nc tun hon
4- Thp lm ngui nc tun hon
5- B cha bn cn ti s dng
6- Trm bm bn cn
Theo s trn, phn ln nc s dng trong h thng l cao luyn
gang thp c tun hon tr li, bn cn cha nhiu bt qung c thu hi
chuyn sang xng thiu kt lm nguyn liu. Lng nc thi x vo h thng
thot nc c hn ch. Trong h thng cp nc tun hon carbonat c kh
bng CO2 ca kh l trong b cha trc trm bm.
1
2
4
6
5
3
113
hn ch vic s dng nc v x cht thi vo mi trng, cn p
dng h thng lc bi kh bng cc thit b lc bi tnh in. Gii php ny cho
php gim c lng nc thi trong l cao xung cn t 20-30%.
- X l nc thi nh my cc ho.
Trong qu trnh dp cc, mt lng ln nc c s dng (180-250
m
3
/h).
Lng nc thi cha phenol c to thnh (30-40 m
3
/h), loi nc
thi ny c cha hm lng phenol ln (hng trm mg/l). Khi x ra mi trng,
mc d c th c pha long vi cc loi nc thi khc, nhng hm lng
phenol vn rt ln (thng gp hn 200 ln gii hn cho php theo quy nh ca
QCVN 24:2009/BTNMT i vi nc thi x ra ngun loi A). V vy cn thit
phi t chc hp l h thng thot nc v x l nc thi ca nh my cc ho,
tch phenol, amoniac, du v cc tp cht khc. Mt trong nhng gii php x l
nc thi c cha phenol bng phng php vi sinh vt c p dng trong
ngnh cng nghip luyn gang thp c trnh by trong s hnh 4.2
LNG TCH
DU NI
LNG TCH
DU CC
B LNG T 2
B AEROTEN
H THNG KH
NN
B TI SINH
BN H.TNH
MY P BN
BN KH
114

:
Hnh 4.2 : S cng ngh x l nc thi cha phenol
Ghi ch:
- Mi tn mu hng ch nc thi cha Phenol
- Mi tn mu xanh ch cht b xung.
- Mi tn mu tm ch nc thi c x l.
- X l nc thi sn xut nhim du
Tu thuc vo hm lng du v tnh cht cng nh dng phn tn ca
du, cht bo trong nc thi m c th p dng loi b du m bng b tch
du c hoc khng c sc kh hoc tuyn ni
LNG TCH
DU NI
LNG TCH
DU CC
B LNG T 2
B AEROTEN
H THNG KH
NN
B TI SINH
BN H.TNH
MY P BN
BN KH
115
Hnh 4.3: X l nc thi nhim du.
- X l nc thi luyn cn thp.
Trong qu trnh luyn cn thp, nc c s dng ra cao lanh trn
khun cn, lm ngui khun, l, my mc, thit b... Lng nc s dng theo
cng sut luyn cn thp. Nc thi sau qu trnh ny ch yu nhim du, cc
cht rn v c v c nhit cao. tit kim nc v hn ch x nc thi ra
mi trng, nc thi cn c x l s b sau a tr li vng cp nc
tun hon. Hthng cp nc tun hon cho qu trnh luyn thp c phn
thnh hai loi :
- H thng cp nc c,
- H thng cp nc trong,
Trong h thng cp nc c, nc thi ca qu trnh luyn cn thp
(nc ra v nc lc bi) c cha hm lng cn l lng t 1000-4000 mg/l,
hm lng du t 5-20 mg/l, nhit t 30-40
o
C c x l trong cc b lng
kt hp tch du. Hm lng cn l lng sau qu trnh x l s c gim
xung di 150 mg/l. Sau nc c bm v qu trnh cn, ra my, khun
v cc b phn khc
- Trm x l nc thi tp trung
Nc thi sau khi x l s b t chy v trm x l nc thi tp trung,
qua song chn rc (1) vo b tp trung iu ho nc thi (2). T y bm chm
(3) a nc thi vo b Aeroten (4) vi lu lng n nh (hnh 5-6).
Ti b Aeroten, qu trnh sinh hc c thc hin, qun th vi sinh vt
hiu kh thc hin qu trnh chuyn ho sinh hc, phn hu cc cht hu c
thnh cc cht v c v hi cho mi trng nh CO2, H2O.
Trong qu trnh hot ng cc vi sinh vt hiu kh c cung cp oxy
bi h thng lm thong (5), sau thi gian lu ti b Aeroten, nc thi cng
qun th sinh vt chy sang b lng (6).
Hnh 4.5: M hnh b Aeroten
4.5.2. Gii php k thut x l kh thi.
* Khng ch nhim khng kh
Nh xng phi c thit k m bo iu kin v sinh cng nghip,
m bo thng thong v m bo ch vi kh hu bn trong cng trnh nht l
ti v tr thao tc ca ngi cng nhn. Cc bin php k thut c p dng :
- H thng thng gi t nhin bng cc ca mi nh cng nghip.
- H thng thng gi ht hoc thi cc b.
- H thng thng gi chung, h thng lc bi v x l kh thi.
* Gii php k thut x l kh thi.
Trong cng ngh luyn gang thp, nhng cng on pht sinh nhim
bi v cc cht kh c hi nh c trnh by trong chng 3 cn s dng
cc thit b lc bi ng tay o, thit b lc bi ti, lc bi tnh in. i vi nng
ca cc cht c hi nh SO2, NO2, CO, VOC... thi vo mi trng xung
quanh c th s dng phng php hp th, phng php ny c thc hin
bng thit b x l hp th dng m hoc dng a. Dung dch hp th c th l
nc hoc dung dch kim long. Nu s dng nc th hiu qu ch t 50-60%
i vi cc cht kh nh SO2 v NO2. Tuy nhin nu s dng dung dch kim
long th hiu qu c th t n 85-90%. Nc thi ra khi thit b hp th kh
c cha cc cht kh ho tan mang tnh axit hoc cha cc cht kt ta v mui
v c, do cn phi a v trm x l nc thi trc khi thi ra mi trng.
la chn phng n x l bi kh thi cho tng cng on sn xut,
iu u tin cn c xem xt l nguyn l, tnh nng k thut, u khuyt
im ca tng phng n x l bi p dng cho ph hp (bng 4.2).
Bng 4.2: Bng tng hp cc phng n x l bi
Phng php u im Khuyt im
Bung lng bi - Lng trng lc ht bi c kch
thc 100-2000m, h/t n gin
- Hiu sut x l thp (40-70%)
Xyclon - Kch thc ht t 5 n
100m.
- Xyclon t hp c th t hiu
sut cao (95%)
- Ch lc c bi c kch thc
tng i ln.
- Hiu qu thp 45-85%
Lc tay o - Lc c cc loi bi c kch
thc nh (2-10m)
- Hiu sut cao 85-99,5%
- Tr lc cao
- Ch dng c vi bi kh, nhit
thp (<100
o
C).
Lc tnh in - Lc c bi c kch
thc rt nh (t 0,005 n
10m)
- Hiu sut lc cao (85-99%)
- Tn nng lng, kh vn hnh
v khng p dng vi loi kh thi
c kh nng chy, n
Lc t - Lc c cc ht bi kh mn
(0,1-100m)
- Hiu sut cao (85-99%).
- Hp th mt phn kh thi.
- Tiu hao nng lng in, nc.
- Phi x l nc thi
(Ngun : CETIA)
Mt h thng x l kh thi hon chnh bao gm cc cng on chnh
sau :
Thit k quy hoch hp l cc phn xng sn xut.
Lc bi : Bi trong kh thi cn phi lc trc khi i qua thp hp th
hoc hp ph nhm trnh gy tc nghn thp v ng ng. Trong trng hp
x l cc cht kh (SO2) c thu hi sn phm th cng on lc bi cn c tc
dng trnh nhim bn cho sn phm.
Hp th (absorption) : hoc hp ph (adsorption) hoc xy ho kh,
qu trnh ny s lm gim nng cc cht nhim trong kh thi.
X l nc thi : t cc h thng x l kh thi c s dng nc.
Thng thong cho nh xng sn xut.
Hnh 4.6: M hnh x l bi bng Xyclon
- i vi l luyn cc.
Kh than l cc cha ch yu l hn hp hydrocarbon nh, CO, SO
2
v
H
2
c nhit kh cao, do c tn dng li lm nhin liu phc v sn
xut. Kh than theo h thng ng dn ti thp lm ngui, c lc bi nc v
c a i phn phi cho cc h s dng (thiu kt qung st, nung cn, sn
xut cc...). V vy cng on ny s khng c kh l cc thi trc tip vo
mi trng khng kh. Sau khi c thu hi, x l v cp cho cc h s dng,
cn li l kh thi s thot ra ngoi qua ng khi.
- i vi khu thiu kt qung st.
Cc yu t gy nhim mi trng khng kh y ch yu l khi,
bi, phng x v ting n. Khi t cc thit b thiu kt phi c lc sch bi
bng h thng cc thit b lc bi xoy trc khi thi ra ngoi qua ng khi. Cc
khu vc phi liu, nghin v sng qung thiu kt l cc khu pht sinh nhiu
bi cn c b tr lp t cc thit b lc bi v cn c thit k kt hp vi
h thng thng gi t nhin bng ca mi nh xng. Lng bi thu hi t cc
thit b lc bi phi c tp trung v nh k a tr li kho nguyn liu ti
s dng. Cn p dng cc bin php chng phng x pht sinh t cc l thiu
kt qung st i vi v tr lm vic ca ngi cng nhn.
- i vi khu luyn thp l cao.
Kh than l cao v nc thi l hai yu t ch yu gy nhim mi
trng khu vc ny. Kh than nh l cao thng c nhit t 150-250
o
C,
cha khong 28-32% kh CO, SO
2
, NO
2
, VOC v mt lng ln bi. T nh l,
kh than i qua h thng ng dn chu nhit n thp lm ngui bng nc. Sau
khi c lc th, bi c lc tip bng thit b lc bi tnh in t ti nng
cho php trc khi c a i phn phi s dng dng gia nhit cho cc l
gi nng v cc nhu cu khc, sau thi ra ngoi qua ng khi l cao.
Bi l cao thng c cha nhiu st, qua khu lm ngui v thit b lc
bi, bi s lng ng trong cc b lng thu hi li v c nh k chuyn
sang xng thiu kt lm nguyn liu .
Hnh 4.7: S h thng x l kh thi l cao
4.5.3. Gii php khng ch nhim ting n v rung.
* Gii php khng ch nhim do ting n
Cc gii php khng ch nhim ting n t cc hot ng sn xut ca
cng ngh luyn gang thp c thc hin nh sau :
- S dng m chng n c lp ti chn ca qut v thit b.
- Nhng ni iu hnh sn xut c cch ly ring.
- Kim tra s cn bng ca my khi lp t. Kim tra mn chi tit v
cho du bi trn thng k.
- Thit lp tng chn hoc thit b bc m.
* Cc gii php khng ch rung ng
chng rung cho my mc thit b, cn thc hin cc gii php sau :
- c mng my khi lng (b tng mc cao), tng chiu su mng,
o rnh ct kh hoc than ci trnh rung theo mt nn.
- Lp t m cao su v l so chng rung i vi cc thit b c cng
sut ln.
4.5.4. Hn ch cc tc ng do giao thng vn ti
Trong qu trnh hot ng, hng ngy c nhiu cc phng tin vn ti
ra vo nh my. gim nh tc ng do hot ng giao thng vn ti gy ra
n mc thp nht, cn p dng cc bin php qun l nh sau:
* Bin php qun l
Li xe c hc y v lut giao thng v s c giao trch nhim
qun l, bo qun xe c th. Khi k hp ng vn chuyn, yu cu xe cng nh
ch xe phi m bo cc iu kin v k thut xe, cng nh cc yu cu khc v
vn chuyn trn ng.
* Bin php k thut
Cc phng tin xe, my phi c kim tra k thut nh k, bo dng
theo ng quy nh, m bo cc thng s kh thi ca xe t yu cu v mt
mi trng. Xe ch ng trng ti danh nh v chp hnh nghim chnh cc
quy nh v xe lu thng trn ng ph nh ph bt chng bi...
4.5.5. Bin php x l cht thi rn.
Cht thi rn trong qu trnh luyn gang thp phi c thu gom x l.
Vic thu gom v x l cht thi rn c thc hin theo nguyn tc sau:
* Thu gom v x l cht thi rn.
Cht thi rn ca nh my luyn gang thp bao gm cht thi rn sinh
hot, chtthi rn cng nghip thng thng v cht thi nguy hi. S thu
gom v x l cht thi rn c trnh by trong hnh sau :
Hnh 4.8: S thu gom v x l cht thi rn
* Kim sot cht thi rn.
Gii php tng hp qun l cht thi rn trong luyn cn thp l va gii
quyt vn nhim mi trng, va gp phn nng cao hiu qu kinh t trong
qu trnh sn xut do thu hi cht thi ti s dng, tit kim c nguyn liu
cho sn xut.
4.5.6. Phng nga v ng cu s c mi trng.
* Phng chng chy n.
Trong cc nh my luyn gang thp, cc b phn c th gy s c mi
trng nh nh my luyn cn thp, nh my cc ho, nh my c kh, nh my
sn xut gch chu la. Chy n c th do mng li cung cp v truyn dn
in, l t...
m bo an ton, cn thc hin cc bin php sau :
- Xy dng phng n phng chng chy, n. Ni quy an ton chy, n.
- Trang b h thng bo chy v cha chy t ng.
- Xy dng b cha nc d tr .
CTR SINH
HOT
CTR CNG
NGHIP
CTNH CTTT CT TI SINH
CT TI S
DNG
CTHC M
T
CT KHNG
CHY C
CT CHY
C
THU GOM V X L THEO QUY NH
123
- Trang b cc dng c cha chy cm tay, bnh dp la bng kh CO2.
i vi b phn nhp thp ph liu phi gim st, kim tra cht ch cc
loi vt liu n v cc ho cht c hi c th ln trong st thp ph li. i vi
xng sn xut oxy, phi m bo quy trnh cng ngh cht ch, cc chai oxy
phi lun c kim tra trc khi np liu. i vi cc xng cn thp c th
bc l nung, cc cht thi rn trn nn nh xng c th gy thng tch khi
cng nhn i li. Do cn b, cng nhn trong nh my phi nghim tc thc
hin tt ni quy v k lut lao ng.
CHNG V
CHNG TRNH QUN L V GIM ST MI
TRNG
5.1. CHNG TRNH QUN L MI TRNG.
Chng trnh qun l mi trng trong cc giai on hot ng, pht
trin ca d n c lit k bng sau:
Bng 5.1. Tm tt k hoch qun l mi trng
Giai on hot
ng ca D
n
Cc hot ng
ca d n
Cc tc ng
mi trng
Cc cng trnh,
bin php bo v
mi trng
Kinh ph
thc hin
cc cng
trnh, bin
php bo v
mi trng
Thi gian thc
hin v hon
thnh
Trch nhim t
chc thc hin
Trch nhim gim
st
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Chun b
Thu hi t,
gii ta
nh hng
n din tch
t , t sn
xut ca ngi
dn
Lp phng n
bi thng, h tr
cho ngi theo
quy nh ca Php
lut
100 triu
VN
Trc khi gii
phng mt
bng
Ch u t v
n v thi
cng.
Ch u t, n v
thi cng,UBND tp
Thi Nguyn, tnh
Thi Nguyn.
Trt cy ci nh hng ti
h sinh thi
5 triu
VN
nt nt nt
Chuyn tr t
nh hng ti
mt kk, mttn
Chp hnh
nghim ngt v an
ton giao thng,
c cc bin php
hn ch bi
10 triu
VN
nt nt nt
Xy dng San lp mt
bng
nh hng ti
mt kk...
Chp hnh
nghim ngt v an
ton giao thng,
c cc bin php
hn ch bi
30 triu
VN
Thc hin
trong thi gian
thi cng xy
dng
Nh thu xy
dng
Ch u t, n v
thi cng,UBND tp
Thi Nguyn, tnh
Thi Nguyn.
Xy dng nh hng ti
mt kk, mi
Chp hnh
nghim ngt an
... Thc hin
trong thi gian
Nh thu xy
dng
Ch u t, n v
thi cng,UBND tp
trng t,
nc
ton lao ng, p
dng cc bin
php gim thiu
trnh by
Chng IV
thi cng xy
dng
Thi Nguyn, tnh
Thi Nguyn.
Sinh hot ca
cng nhn
nh hng ti
mi trng
nc v ny
sinh cc vn
x hi
Xy dng vo tin
hnh s dng cc
quy inh, quy ch
trong nh my v
trong a bn dn
c
Vn hnh
Qa trnh sn
xut thp
nh hng ti
cht lng mi
trng t,
nc, khng
kh v sc
khe cng
nhn v ngi
dn
Chp hnh
nghim ngt an
ton lao ng, p
dng cc bin
php gim thiu
trnh by
Chng IV
Thc hin
trong thi gian
hot ng
Ch d n Ch u t,UBND
tp Thi Nguyn,
tnh Thi Nguyn.
Qa trnh kinh
doanh st thp
nh hng ti
mi trng
khng kh,,,
Chp hnh
nghim ngt an
ton lao ng, p
dng cc bin
php gim thiu
trnh by
Chng IV
Thc hin
trong thi gian
hot ng
Ch d n Ch u t,UBND
tp Thi Nguyn,
tnh Thi Nguyn.
5.2. CHNG TRNH GIM ST MI TRNG.
Chng trnh gim st mi trng c thc hin trong giai on xy
dng v hot ng luyn gang thp. Trong giai on xy dng cc nh my
luyn gang thp, mi trng s b thay i quan trng. S thay i mang tnh
cht tm thi nh s gia tng ca ting n, bi, khng kh v ngun nc trong
khu vc. Mc tiu ca chng trnh quan trc v phn tch mi trng l m
bo cc thng s mi trng ph hp vi cc tiu chun Vit Nam v Quc t
v mi trng trong giai on xy dng v m bo sc kho cng ng v s
an ton cho dn c sinh sng xung quanh nh my cng nh cng nhn xy
dng. Trong giai on hot ng luyn gang thp, tuy kh nng tc ng ti
mi trng c gim i, nhng s qun l v kim sot c cc din bin v
mi trng c bin php phng chng hu hiu nht.
5.2.1. Gim st trong giai on thi cng xy dng.
* Gim st cht lng mi trng khng kh.
- V tr gim st: gm 04 v tr, trong :
+ 02 v tr trong khu vc d n.
+ 01 v tr cch khu vc 200m u hng gi.
+ 01 v tr cch khu vc 200m cui hng gi
- Ch tiu gim st mi trng khng kh xung quanh, vi kh hu, bi l
lng, bi Silic, CO, CO
2
, SO
2
...
- Tn sut gim st: 2 ln/nm.
* Giam st cht lng mi trng nc mt khu vc xy dng d n.
- V tr gim st: Gm 02 v tr, trong :
+ 01 v tr ti khu vc khng chu nh hng
+ 01 v tr x thi.
- Ch tiu: Cc thng s quan trc mi trng: nhit , mn, c,
DO, pH, TSS , BOD, COD, Coliform, Ecoli, vi trng, vi rt, siu vi trng.
- Tn sut gim st: 2 ln/nm.
5.2.2. Giam st trong giai on hot ng ca d n.
a. Gam st cht lng mi trng khng kh xung quanh.
* Mc tiu gim st cht lng mi trng khng kh.
Mi trng khng kh bn trong cc nh my luyn gang thp cng nh
mi trng xung quanh nht l cc khu vc dn c ngoi hng ro nh my phi
c gim st thng xuyn. Mc tiu quan trc mi trng khng kh gm :
- Quan trc nng cc cht nhim khng kh khu vc.
- Quan trc thng s kh tng nh hng n s pht tn cht nhim.
- nh gi v d bo s gia tng ti lng cc cht nhim khng kh
t cc ngun thi c gii php gim thiu v x l nhim khng kh.
* Mng li gim st cht lng mi trng khng kh.
Gim st cht lng mi trng khng kh phi c tin hnh i vi
tt c cc ngun thi kh trong khu vc nh my v mi trng khng kh xung
quanh khu vc dn c ln cn. Vic quan trc, gim st cht lng mi trng
khng kh c phn lm hai loi :
- Gim st ngun thi,
- Gim st mi trng xung quanh,
* V tr cc im quan trc mi trng khng kh.
V tr cc im quan trc gim st cht lng mi trng khng kh gm:
+ Khu vc nh my hp kim st v t n,
+ Khu vc nh my c kh,
+ Khu vc nh my cc ho,
+ Khu vc luyn gang l cao,
+ Khu vc nh my luyn cn thp,
+ Khu vc nh my sn xut gch chu la,
+ Khu vc cui hng gi cch ngun thi 300m, 500m, 800m v
1000m,
i vi cc thng vo cc ma chuyn tip nh thng 10, thng 11 v
thng 4 v thng 5 nn ch n s thay i hng gi. Ngoi ra hng gi
cng c th thay i khc nhau theo thi gian trong ngy, do vic gim st
iu kin kh tng thu vn v ghi li cc iu kin mi trng c trng cng
l iu quan trng v ht sc cn thit phc v cho cng tc nh gi v nhn
xt kt qu quan trc.
* Cc thng s gim st mi trng kh.
Cc thng s quan trc cht lng mi trng khng kh bao gm :
- Kh tng : Nhit (
o
C), m (%), vn tc gi (m/s), hng gi, p
sut kh quyn (mmHg).
- Bi v cc cht kh CO, SO2, NO2, HCl, HF, VOC v hi axit.
- Ting n : LAeq, LAmax v mc n theo cc di octa.
* Quy nh v quan trc v phn tch mu
- i vi cc yu t kh tng : cn tun th theo ng quy nh ca
ngnh kh tng thu vn.
- i vi cc yu t mi trng : cc cht kh c hi, bi, ting n...
c ly mu phn tch vi tn sut 2 ln trong 1 nm vo ma kh v vo ma
ma. Thi gian quan trc lin tc trong ngy, cc ch tiu c phn tch theo
cc tiu chun Vit Nam QCVN v tiu chun quc t ISO.
b. Giam st cht lng mi trng nc.
Gim st cht lng mi trng nc l cng tc cn thit trong qun l
mi trng, c bit i vi ngnh cng nghip luyn gang thp hng ngy c
s dng hng chc nghn m
3
nc v x vo mi trng nc thi vi nhiu
loi cht bn khc nhau. phc v cho cng tc quan trc cht lng mi
trng nc, trc tin cc nh my luyn cn thp phi c phng kim nghim
nc vi y cc loi thit b v phng tin cn thit phn tch cht
lng nc nhm mc ch thng xuyn kim tra, gim st cht lng nc
cp cho sinh hot, nc sn xut,nc thi v cht lng nc sng sui, ao h
xung quanh chu tc ng ca nc thi nh my.
* Cc thng s quan trc mi trng nc
- Thng s quan trc : Nhit nc, pH, hm lng cn l lng,
c, tng khong ho, DO, BOD
5
, CODKMnO4, Cl
-
, NH
3
, NH
4
+, NO
2
-,
NO
3
-, Zn, Pb, Cu, As, Phenol, Du, Coliform.
* V tr cc im quan trc mi trng nc
+ im ly nc cp cho luyn gang thp,
+ im x nc thi ca nh my luyn gang thp,
+ Ngun nc mt trong khu vc,
+ Ngun nc ngm trong khu vc,
* Quy nh quan trc v phn tch mu
- i vi cc ch tiu mi trng nc c ly mu v phn tch vi
tn sut 2 ln trong 1 nm, vo ma kh v vo ma ma. Cc ch tiu c
phn tch theo cc tiu chun Vit Nam QCVN 24:1009/BTNMT, .
- Thit b ly mu v phng php phn tch : theo QCVN.
c. Gim st mi trng t
Cng nh cc yu t mi trng nc v mi trng khng kh, cc yu
t mi trng t cng cn c quan trc thng xuyn. Tuy nhin tn sut
gim st cc yu t mi trng t c th tha hn (1 nm/ln), nhm nh gi
cht lng mi trng t v theo di s dch chuyn ca cc cht c hi, kim
loi nng trong t.
* Cc thng s cn quan trc
Cc thng s mi trng t cn quan trc bao gm : pHKCl, phenol,
du, Pb, Zn, As, v CN-.
* V tr cc im quan trc
- Cc bi thi x,
- Khu vc thot nc ca nh my luyn gang thp,
Cc s liu v quan trc v phn tch mi trng phi c cp nht ho,
c nh gi theo quy nh ca QCVN v ghi nhn kt qu thng xuyn. Nu
pht hin thy c s dao ng ln hoc gia tng v mt nng cc cht
nhim, cn phi c cc bin php x l nhanh chng v kp thi.

CHNG VI
THAM VN KIN CNG NG
Thc hin ng theo quy nh ti Thng t s 26/2011/TT-BTNMT ngy
18/07/2011 ca B Ti nguyn mi trng hng dn v nh gi tc ng mi
trng chin lc, nh gi tc ng mi trng v cam kt bo v mi
trng. . n v t vn thc hin bo co TM phi hp vi ch d n Xy
dng nh my sn xut v kinh doanh thp ti phng Tn Thnh, thnh ph
Thi Nguyn, tnh Thi Nguyn tin hnh tham gia kin cng ng bao gm
kin ca ca UBND phng Tn Thnh, UBMT T quc phng Tn Thnh v
kin ca ngi dn xung quanh khu vc d n. C th nh sau.
6.1. kin ca UBND cp x
Sau khi C quan t vn trnh by tm tt bo co, nhng tc ng n
mi trng ca d n v xut nhng bin php gim thiu, x l nhim mi
trng, UBND phng Tn Thnh thng nht kin nh sau:
- Vic trin khai thc hin d n s to thm cng n vic lm cho ngi
dn, nhm tng trng kinh t chung ca phng.
- Vic trin khai thc hin d n s c nhng tc ng tiu cc ti mi
trng khu vc, ti sc khe cng ng nu cng tc bo v mi trng khng
c thc hin tt. V vy, ch u t phi thc hin nghim tc cc bin php
gim thiu, x l nhim mi trng do nc thi, cht thi rn nh nu
trong bn bo co m bo khng gy nhim mi trng trong v xung quanh
khu vc d n.
- y ban nhn dn phng Tn Thnh nht tr vi nhng bin php gim
thiu tc ng, x l nhim xut trong bo co. ng thi yu cu ch
u t phi thc hin nghim tc cc bin php nu nhm bo v mi trng.
6.2. kin ca UBMT T quc phng Tn Thnh.
Sau khi C quan t vn trnh by tm tt bo co, nhng tc ng n
mi trng ca d n v xut nhng bin php gim thiu, x l nhim mi
trng, UBMTTQ phng Tn Thnh thng nht kin nh sau:
- Vic trin khai thc hin d n s to thm cng n vic lm cho ngi
dn, nhm tng trng kinh t chung ca phng.
- Vic trin khai thc hin d n s c nhng tc ng tiu cc ti mi
trng khu vc, ti sc khe cng ng nu cng tc bo v mi trng khng
c thc hin tt. V vy, ch u t phi thc hin nghim tc cc bin php
gim thiu, x l nhim mi trng do nc thi, cht thi rn nh nu
trong bn bo co m bo khng gy nhim mi trng trong v xung quanh
khu vc d n.
- UBMTTQ phng Tn Thnh nht tr vi nhng bin php gim thiu
tc ng, x l nhim xut trong bo co. ng thi yu cu ch u t
phi thc hin nghim tc cc bin php nu nhm bo v mi trng.
6.3. kin ca ngi dn xung quanh d n.
Trn c s tng hp kt qu t phiu iu tra th a phn ngi dn u
ng h vic xy dng nh my, tuy nhin h c mt s kin ngh sau:
+ Ch u t phi n b mt cch tha ng cc din tch nng nghip b
mt xy dng nh my.
+ Nh my phi lm vic ng theo gi quy nh, khng lm ca m
m bo cht lng mi trng khu vc xung quanh....
6.4. kin phn hi v cam kt ca ch u t.
Chng ti thng nht vi tt c kin ng gp ca UBND, UBMTTQ v
ngi dn phng Tn Thnh, thnh ph Thi Nguyn, tnh Thi Nguyn.
Chng ti cam kt thc hin tt tt c cc bin php bo v mi trng
nh xut trong bo co (chng 4, chng 5) ra nhm hn ch n mc
thp nht cc tc ng n mi trng v sc khe ngi dn trong khu vc.
KT LUN, KIN NGH V CAM KT
1. KT LUN
Bo co TM d n Xy dng nh my sn xut v kinh doanh thp c
bn xc nh y cc tc ng pht sinh trong cc giai on chun b mt
bng, thi cng xy dng cng trnh v giai on a d n vo hot ng. Cc
bin php gim thiu xut tng i n gin, c tnh kh thi cao, v ph hp
vi iu kin thc t ca a phng, iu kin u t xy dng ca ch d n.
Vic u t xy dng cng trnh v a vo hot ng s c nhng tc
ng tch cc bao gm:
1. To cng n vic lm cho mt s b phn dn c trong vng
2. Gp phn vo tng trng kinh t trong vng
3. Pht trin mc tiu ca ng v Nh nc trong cng cuc y mnh
cng nghip ha hin i ha t nc.
4. Nng cao v pht trin cht lng ngnh cng nghip st thp Thi
Nguyn ni ring v Vit Nam ni chung
Tuy nhin, d n cng s c khng t cc tc ng tiu cc n cht lng
ti nguyn thin nhin v x hi ni y.
1. Tc ng xu ti mi trng khng kh
2. Tc ng xu ti cht lng mi trng nc, t
3. Tc ng tiu cc ti sc khe con ngi
4. Ch d n, n v ch u t s p dng cc bin php qun l, bin
php k thut gim thiu cc tc ng bt li nh xut trong
bo co (trnh by chng 4).
2. KIN NGH.
D n Xy dng nh my sn xut v kinh doanh thp l mt hot ng
pht trin kinh t mi nhn ca thnh ph Thi Nguyn,
V vy ch d n knh ngh UBND tnh Thi Nguyn, S Ti nguyn
v Mi trng t chc thm nh v ph duyt Bo co nh gi tc ng mi
trng ca D n Xy dng nh my sn xut v kinh doanh thp phng Tn
Thnh d n sm c trin khai theo ng tin .
3. CAM KT.
1. Cam kt tun th phng n thit k quy hoch
Chng ti cam kt tun th phng n thit k quy hoch d n nh my
luyn cn thp nh i vi quy m v tnh cht ca d n, phng n thit k
tng mt bng, phn khu chc nng cc cng trnh ca d n, h thng ng
giao thng, h thng cung cp nc, h thng thot nc, x l nc thi...
2. Cam kt thc hin cc bin php bo v mi trng trong giai
on lp d n u t
Chng ti cam kt thc hin cc bin php bo v mi trng trong giai
on lp d n u t nh phi hp cht ch vi cc cp chnh quyn a
phng thc hin cng tc n b v gii phng mt bng, tun th cc quy nh
hin hnh ca php lut Vit Nam v bo v mi trng trong qu trnh trin
khai v thc hin d n nh xut trong bo co TM.
3. Cam kt thc hin cc bin php bo v mi trng trong giai
on thi cng xy dng
Chng ti cam kt s thc hin cc bin php gim thiu cc tc ng xu
trong giai on thi cng xy dng nh trnh by trong chng 4, gm :
- Gim thiu cc tc ng trong cng tc san i mt bng.
- Gim thiu nhim mi trng khng kh.
- Gim thiu nhim ting n v rung ng.
- Gim thiu nhim nhit.
- Gim thiu nhim nc thi.
- Gim thiu nhim do nc ma chy trn.
- Thc hin v sinh mi trng v an ton lao ng
4. Cam kt thc hin cc bin php bo v mi trng trong giaion
hot ng ca d n
Chng ti cam kt thc hin cc bin php gim thiu tc ng xu
trong giai on hot ng ca d n nh trnh by trong chng 4, gm :
- Bin php x l kh thi.
- Bin php x l nc thi sinh hot.
- Bin php x l nc thi t cc cng on sn xut xi mng.
- Bin php thu gom v x l cht thi rn v cht thi nguy hi.
- Bin php gim thiu khng ch nhim i vi mi trng vt l .
- Bin php phng chng chy n, an ton v s c mi trng.
5. Cam kt tun th cc tiu chun mi trng bt buc p dng
Chng ti cam kt tun th nghim tc cc Quy chun Vit Nam v mi
trng m d n bt buc phi p dng.
6. Cam kt gim st mi trng
- Chng ti cam kt s thc hin chng trnh gim st mi trng
(nh trnh by trong chng 5).
- S dnh 1 khon kinh ph dnh cho gim st mi trng ca d n.
7. Cam kt n b v khc phc nhim
Chng ti cam kt n b v khc phc nhim mi trng trong
trng hp cc s c, ri ro mi trng xy ra do trin khai thc hin d n.
8. Cam kt phc hi mi trng
Cam kt phc hi mi trng theo quy nh ca php lut v bo v mi
trng sau khi d n kt thc vn hnh.
CC TI LIU, D LIU THAM KHO
1. Phm Ngc ng, Gio trnh Mi trng khng kh,Nxb KHKT,
2003.
2. Phm Ngc H, Hong Xun C nh gi tc ng mi trng,
Nxb HQGHN- 2001.
3. L Xun Hng, C s nh gi tc ng mi trng, Nxb Thng k, 2006
4. Trnh Th Thanh, Trn Ym, ng Kim Loan Cng ngh mi
trng, Nxb HQGHN- 2003.
5. L Vn Th, Nguyn Ngc Anh, Bi ging m hnh ha mi trng,
2009.
6. Trng Mnh Tin, Quan trc v Phn tch Mi trng, Nxb
HQGHN, 2002.
7. Trn Ngc Trn, nhim khng kh v x l kh thi, Nxb KHKT,
2000.
8. H s d n Xy dng nh my sn xut v kinh doanh thp do
doanh nghip Thnh Nhn cung cp.
9. ti nghin cu thc s Thc trng nhim nc thi chn nui ti
thnh ph Thi Nguyn v bin php x l bng thc vt thy sinh Nguyn Th
Nhung, DHNL Thi Nguyn 2011
10. Hng dn lp bo co TM d n luyn gang thp, Cc Thm nh
v nh gi tc ng mi trng.
11. Thng t s 26/TT-2011/BTNMT hng dn v vit bo co TM,..

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