lT Bou-omgowli:': ,5: Fokuiteiting+1teirtsvr'ese, of Fcr;uitY [ng;\eeririg, Buiitinvircnn+ni & lT

*'i'ing of Sclrool trr'c;rla i'!rr.9 I rrt r-)epar;rne cf Chet'''ricai ni;iiee; [itt.lti]i ri'rr;i-:* {l'h*lriir:,rj[ : :ii:l "1::ngLne*rinili -i .l
f': i ';.! i

C. \i.X I

i:

r i i 'l i vr l ;l !i l i t i i \r ,, i l Ft' l l 0 !- i l 1 0ilr O' Ft:'f i .,,r i Y!i t:i l tr

t-!-i l-i i.r.,ij---lj- ' :

"-! !:1

,old

TABLE OF CONTENTS

COMPONENT ORGANISATIONAL Page 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6, ................ IIONAL APPROACI-1...... PRElvliSE EDUC AND GENERAL .,.,,.-.... HOURS VENUES ANDCO}ISIJL]'ING LECTURER. ,,.,,... AND MATERIAL PURCHASES.-.-... STUDY ............ LEARNTNGACTT\./triES RULES ASSESSI\.IENT OF GENERAL, , . , , . . , .3
4 4 4 5

B. 1, 2.

STUDYCOMPONFNT OUT'JCi\4E$ It LEARNING AI.JLT A.R MODLII.F OSJECTiVES, I'CULAIIOI,I 5 ... M CDULESTRUCTURr. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

THiMES STUDY

s_Ec ii-o-bl]
.............. 7 . Lniis,a''d in-:iirica:v;r:!irr, Dimensirns. .The mol unit, denrity, cti?)ei-r!.,it jl, i:r'r'llcri{fuii; elic rli:):isura ,...,,. .''. '' t .... .. )"t. fcrrnul?+... Enrpirrcal

3.

EEC-.]ONI.I
.1. 5. ... to I-.!lanrDirSiiir..Eyfor i,,1,,,:i...rcL\ir,ti:.... .. .... ::rr lrrtrcJucticn m.rter;al 2rt . ... lJaterial balan,reswiiiroiJtr'heliticeir:iiirin

D.

AfiACHMdNTS

TU I l - 1't

1.

AND EDUCATIOML APPROACH GENERALPREMISE

ti.r1-

This moduleserves as introduction the principlesand techniquesused in the field of to engineeting. lt lays lhe foundationfor certain chemical,petroleum;and environmental and skillsthat will be appliedover and over again in latermodules knowledge, information pr.ogramme. of the chemEalengineering The specific objectives of the module are the following

ir , , l'

r, \.{

\!

;' ,

'':ril

'.

-.

'

, _ ;:r 1 ,;:r ;s- ::5 r ,1 ' ' :-.\; __; :t- ,i' ' _ ; , r., .::i*:. -

of engineering calculation skills,including'the importance The development chemical the SG, voiume,density, of units and unit con!,ersions, use of concenlration, specific temperature and pressure. problem solvhrg skills. of The development sistematic To learnwhat meteiialbalances and ho , they shouldbe famuktcd, applidand' are solved. To develop skills in the solution ol complex problems.

. .
'

< r ' ..t' b .- : ' - r :. r .- ' - :a "r ;i t

' r tr ' ]1 ;

:!i ."?.:,-'.

{t . 1,,

' . ' ' ' , 1 l } $ -',.\i .r:'1 '-,.]':.]1 -.j .!:;,ij;:..r 1:i.- .l.t8l..9 ll'r;S* Fr:: ^.'1 :.:'.n:..'i'j*(j' .r.,,, ii.' s i.. i;:

il ;:i

;f.l

::;ja l j,r: .:..:

,4 '+ :_r i !. i

i,;-

j:_:.- :1, ?i- "i ar :3t. . - 4J

Undersianding rather than memofsing ie emphagbed. A problem driven oppr,::rich i;j followed to develop knolvledge and skills. Stude "cenlred and coopetelive.lei-imiil{i;iri-l r)i are teachingmethodsar6 applied. Cornmunicati,onEkills emphasised.1l-rc.preEniti?iiilri solutions prDblems io must be logicaland understandabls,

2. i\l r .li; *
-l_ ';,-:r;-*ij'**;if,._.'.1

HOURS LECTURER. VENI.JE CONSI,,LTING AND l,Tel; 0124?0-3568 Engineering ProfU Grimsohl,3-26, 'r'tl44:30in r 2-25 Fr 10;30in Fngt 1J

':-..,'-

Lectrer: Lecturos:
:

;:-

-l:!{"

:-.,-a:|

-1-r'

L,.

i-.'i"-'.'i

Tutodal Test / 6ess|ons:

\
J.. l -. t:

Tu 14:30-17:30(,AF Annex) Consultinghours are itrdicatgdon ths lsctt|filr'ri oitide door. welcome dneresn dppqiflhront.{rl to Students are, howevr, is lrim anyother timeor,if thelecturer bvailahlo, cDirsrjil In hl8 lo officeat anytime.

.::,
,.,r :.

.!..1",:
i.tti

_-...+
i

_T{:
i{.nl:$

.r..1; ..:
r:r

'.
*r ' :J4i. r ' : l.., -g .* " , :;

i .ai:1j

.,i,.

."'

;; :"ji:a,i

. i:r : jjj:: : .I l . - i' :.Jr .!; - . r ,,- .r .j1i ii,:: , i:

-.r+:-

Consultiqg hour:

3.

ANDPURCHASES STUDY MATERIAL Finalmark markand exam one At the end of the semester two hour examis written The semester of 50%to the finalmark. The exampaperwill consist twoseparate markeachcontribute 4 ll 1, I sections:SECTION on chapters 2 and 3 and SECTION on chapters and 5 A a for iuUr-inirra of aoy" is required eachsectioni.e to passthe module finalriark of at section ofthe exampaper' ANDa markof at least40%for every is least50olo required

in and calculations Chemical text : Himmelblau [,i], Basic Principles D Prescribed (Severrth Engineering Edition). Everystudent musthavea copyof thisbook. of This studyguidewith attachments used in the development the is Studyguide: process.lt mustbe brought all lectures tutorial sessions. learnino to and book book Everystudont mustalso havea classnotebooututorjal Classbook/Tutorial (which be a looseleaffile). Thiswill be usedfor additional notesin the classandfcr can pfoblerrls. tutorial 4. 4.1 LEARNING ACTMTIES iime CoirtaEt aRdlijaming tire 2 I c,ftwo hours I of Dnehour

exam Slppleinentary
withfinalmarksof 40%to 49%ANDto to examswill be ewarded students Supplementary requirement 50%who do notmeetille subminimum siud;ntswithflnalmarksabove exam. will requirement alsoaopiyto the supplgmeritary Thesubminimum 6. GENERAL

per l.ectures \r,eek per.reek: Tutorial l;essions Testsessign :

whichindicates thai 3 studenlon average rarriesa weightof B Q'?ditg Thi.rrir.idule ':,/ill 8.J to,lsin tlle Intended skills rvork hours 4.? Lel*r-ires

abiliq/3re not piinitied As a pocketcalculators v,/ithalFfia-nurrj?riial Programmable in that irccketcaltulatoGthat ate accef)table e.g geniral guideline can be assutned it iil I MathI andPhysics exacis,ma) alsobe usccl Cll( 113

g--ntred Lroiur3 prcrr|nted the styleof siudent ilnd leanlinq. A shortdescriptlc'r ir'r 3r,J are r:(planation the modulecontent of and ssncepts givendu ng tlle lectures Prcblgms of to contenlrrreget and solvedby mean$ classex.lmples.Students relati!1g ihe rnodule but rather io sFeoll the ;lme are rltvilied noi to take copiolrsitotes dudng lectureg, refe.ences b: vJiii in cc.]ocniidling a.tivcly padicipating classdiscussions Ffequent anJ gxairpies the lextbook. ]n tIrdn to illustiative
d :-r ir;r.jFil .:i'93iod3

Tii. i:i,iule rnrk..r irrDvi5ion 12 tutcrial lsssions. lt !! assunredthal eier/ slud;n! rYi:l tbr problemsfr)r i: padicuiiu dat.r. befort ll'!es.:;lei:luled riicrnpt:rd aii tire ti"rtorial iir!vr-. -.e55icn i"lnarrFounueil ftequentlybe set duiinq tutcfial s\)ssiong. lf nt] ill:rsi test is rlrs! tests \1.ill lvriilen,th4 teiii sci.iions will he l,lilixed for discussionof,itudents' problems. ii. i(l il.i-i3 (li A: ii:\l:$fliunN'!-

:;irngstirt ntafl{ lwo semest,)i lests ,v!ll be rvritten'lriFng the semester These tests will conttiiltJt'rB0% m3rk. The .rther 20% of the sefllester ntark will be detennhledby tlie towardsthe sE|.nqdter rhlderifs perlnnrarcc jn lass tests. A semestermork of at lerist 30% is .eq{ired f,li exam :-5frlier!ce

1
9.
B. 1, 1,1 STUDYCOMPONENT

STUpY THEMES

sEcTtoN I
OBJECTIVES, OUTCOMES MODULE ARTICULATION LEARNING AND Oan6ral oblectives DIMENSIONS, UNITS ANDTHEIRCONVERSION

ThcAenerat objectvL.s as descibed in paragraphA1. are SpeolllcohJectives detailedtur eachstr.ldy arc theme. 1,2 kno'{ledge skills and Proroquisite nUmOerS. .",r'.. ,i , i-.Knowandspeciiy basicanfreriv.edunitsirtSl, cGS andBitish ,nits. the to from one set of units in a functionor an equation another Conversion equivalent set. belween weigl5t mass. and Knowandexplain diiference the acceleiation constant Define, knowandusethegravitationai 9.. equalityto the'units oi any terF or Apply the conceptof dimensional .,;", furictron. 'r 1.1 conversion
'!..

Thotedre qo Drerecuisiles. 1.3 Articulfltion othermodules the programme in ',vith

lhe knowlodgeand lrki s devetopedin mis noaue arc an abso/uterequiament iot engineeingprogramflte, ovotylhiv lhat follotvsin lateryp,ars studyof lhe chemical of 14 Crltlcal leamin'J outconEs

I ht.t lollour'ingintentediate level autcames are aCdressed in this module, i.e. on condclicn ttl ihls nxJttula lhe student wil sa(Ltfylhe {ollowing out ames: . Enginoorit|! probletn nolving Tht! su@esslitl leatner will be able to tolve chanical engi''Eering problens su.h as tttsftrrial balances clealivaly andscieotifrcally: includinll thc abilily to do a fo nal anal)/s!.t ind tnodolline of the prablent and to communicate the saiution iogicaly to llE readei. . .ltlpticahbn of funJamentulanJ tciennic knowledgc ih.1 lt!.nresstu! leanet wll be able to apply hislhe, knawledge oi concenlratbn, !.{err:;i':. .ilt,1cif(: volu;iie, tDnp.eiurc, p!'essur<1. stoichiomcry etc. (if netesslry with the Lai/+cfit;! olljthts)lothet ical ei tginceinli prohlen6 and calculatio.s. '-

on Chapter fromp.5to p:i7 andTable'1.1 p.8 cf rllisgi.'ide. 1 Study Himmelblau,

_1 E{ernple .1
The \iscosil/ of a liquid is'l PDis?. what i6 the viscasity in,lbrtft h and Nslnrz/

l Poise = ;

lg

i5C0r

t-l _,..^ ks

5 z{Lp lbirfth

.!i?r

poi""

,I.

fu]ODUt STRUCTURE E
.

= s,t l\t:'-.'. i = Q.J l,i r!f.

. r' t,- /

t ! u_ltzl]4!__l__.1

1.4 to StudyHimmfromeq. 1.1afl p.17.up U|eendof evample on p.I L l-i'::! !!I g = 32 li :tis" -, gc -':2.i7 : ' Note lb, J'
The concept kilograii lcrce (caibr)does nol exist in Sl.

Justlike(inSl) the combination unitskg m/s2 called Newton, combination a lb'ft/s2 of rs the is called poundal. a l poundal= l lbmfvsz The weightof the 15 Ib mass can now be reporteC 482,6 poundals it can be as or : converted follows as Weighi= pound force

I!.t'l orr,urt-.t' t
s E Ib^J l

19?'6 = r; ri'. ro,

32.11

.l
ld!ll"__-Jb"6-___Ii,sl'1]
, cailsec anC ___- i BTU/ses hD I WattMJtJ/s -_ls!.-_. __ _li,i]s:_. : .r.:r1?_-

From above should clearthat the it b;

lb. = 15lbr 4 8 2 ,6 Po u n d a l s= - ::32,t'7 anda new identityis created r newidentity created

__--.__-l

lj1'1n'o _.___fP,lb:Ii___
I dyne/cni' I lbl/ft'

|Tl'lolpr.* _.
,Fa,r Palta+t

.i m /s e c ; cm/'sec' ghch

-J

-- -I i U seC Fvsec' i ih,,f!

ii

i{q'--i -nrl .-- i m,'s'

-fw* - --

- ----l | : : i
=

Tcm%;;'7---+ _ -___ ]v";n-_ + .-..' . --

i;"G
: i/(),:le

___ ;,lot d.riird

. . -..J-

' i''fr:# " Y,::;,#f or :,:,ffi

ibt = 3?J7 p-oundals
c. Do tire ssif assessment test in Fiirr'rn1. 23. NJi$ {hat rit alisessmenitesis appear In AppendixA in Hin..n'1p. S97) !risv'.g to tiltr:e lrif

i1;,,a jir/ft
I

I
I };s/rl , J'd s

i
I

ii

,, I

ligrnr'

groups Dinensionless numbei llu = Nusseti f

: ;

aaw-^l.lL."r,h1r

lle

.,i'.,. I

' . l-r.i.ral-.r,'l . ]iir,,.. .. : -lEii-|EiF'i -' ---"i I,:ili/;!,i;rii?;--iwri:'r<

i0""":*,'.1 ri "-:::,G{tE\), -,'-;^' r.,uinio1 -':.'

iitl-i::l .-i--

.* i

Piandllnrmber

Pp = !,:it

.;,.t

irrrrsiJlLZ]

Yzz -nnndbul,qc g1l{c p46t- u f,:ra fuqtt

r_ .. _ _ _ _ _ _ __.1.___._,i__. , .._- ..

i
l _| .

l-Ei:llii:BATliI-LAfl:r,eB!E:il-rr'i,,. caNcEili&:.:rjQ.]jIflE [IeL__Ut{I-!Er'lsj.i.Y, cBJEcrvES I sruDY I

rno; uer: ne ano u5e' rne kilomcl, -pcLtni.i an<igrrll r,ioi ikmul, ib.inol, ar,..i i.nrii r-l

i) l_hi,J ,-:, :,rir en.-N/ rtii i Lo 9.,I .j pr,jul-Jm! assirCiate,l ?,:ih .i , r i r - : , . r e r r : l L i i l r i r r I i!,. 1 ,4 4 8i\l q n d { jo ta i a tt r n pt ::) u)r,",n,1 rol r ,i l i rr, 15,, i ,i .(i c,ri rr ai ,.J . iir " i i . - . i i i i ' r l j r r . t r ,\) i\,) fii,o r :,1 ,1 ..,1 n 1 ' lir ef,.' ila r r jh ; tJ i .,.,!;i ,i 11:

r.:,rNt!ta.)..?,
V',-irat til!.),.^,.ci,,jhi! |l.nsrioi ri l]? ts ci :roir ; ': i. . i:; t.-:',t., 1l: 4U. d. : it , j\ i, : .

. mcr)
. r . .

Ccnvertfrori mol to ass and vice v:isa. arl-l r','.,iii l'lti!5.- O:fculet'r LJnderci3nd explairrthe canLepis:.llassil'iraticrr and (c Conved.the compos;tionof a mixture ircln m,,i ll.ac:icni', lilss irii(,ii.:rl f i percen'age) vicevarsu. arrd D! conversicnsof concenk3tionfrom orie s.il,tf un:i:' io itr,t ,'ri::f

/+z

fshn nilbt" * Dil{dono

2.4 (or if in of the Calculate massor number mol of a component a mixture ihe fraction percentage) composition given.Massor molunits. is average mass. Calculate mol of Realise imgortance the unitsof SG the and Do conversions from SG to density viceversa Uhderstand andusethe concrrptbulkdensity mixtures Calcllate density idealliquid the of telnperatlre absolute and relative Know,explainand use the difbrencebetween fromonetemperature to anyothar unit Conved points the fourtemperature scales of Knowandusethe refeaence pressuie, pressure,barometric standard Defineand use prcssure,atmospheric oressltre vacuum and pressure gaugepiessute and absolute betwee4 Knuwandusethc difference presaure viceversa and fromgaugepressure absolute to Con,/ert fromanysetof pressure unitsto anyother Ccnvert densit'j of exerted a certaii height liquicol a certain C;,lc,Jlate nressr,fe the by Flowrate 2.e Studyparagraph in Himmp. 66 and also Linear velocitv of fio\r,t

'liluru.

lf a fluid flows in a duct (pipelineetc) at a votrFetric ftcw rate pf Q m3/8and the crossarea of the duct is A m', thenthe linearvelocityis sectional
-ri lt ; l' :

u=a/A l'"

f t

ta'

' =rt,,l
)

numUlrs. " Reynotds usedin ihe calculatidRoi This is frequenily

Jn' ' .lRI t,l |ll| t .l\p1.' ,'

qt Fractlol / rraction Mass and 2.5 Mol

/alilnL

ftWtln

2.6-) 2.5 Studyparagraph ia Himrnpp. 57-53and especiallyExample

2.1 Thenulgil s-i{},apotr 2.1. 2.1 {\tiimm..S43.47.lsn-d5xampre

,*lr t l,1,rlirEil i! Uendrally accepted ss ! dimensionlessquantity. This is hawever 5trifl]y .ot iflie. lf wesaythemol In?ss riwater is 18, then we rfleaxthat 18 grams iilri.akirg Jater:s cne elrrnr Inol water, 1.r:. Inol riSss of watet is: tlte 18 |]./gnrol or 13 lb/lbnrcj or '18kg/kmol

Averaqemol mass mcl the-individual masses.

!v{:,/av

.5
,1,

. /^rir\.

with xi = molfractionof cornF,cent

i;,ie lhat tlre rrcle unit is essentiallye mass unit. Cullsidei e.g. tl]e unil.j or hcat capa.ity, i,!/k! K, it,:irh carl also be g'ven ;r KJ/kmolK.

ili'rll, '.
A li Nctethe unitsin tiris cal.:0!3tiai,. iv/o cc)mpi-)undsand B are mix"d tc give m'ri ir'.ri);!o;r'\ rol AL : r! andra. thenif T cjenot:s Mlr)." =-':'' '
kt:loi A

Sfi,!,.".":r:,r"_. o . lgn

:'.'l

i\..,iiii

Strrr* tlin $I?ardgraph 22pp 4tr.51. Nete the cL)rliepts density, specific volume, bull( .!. 'i.|lrr,,}ttlf densiry,ftqlitr voh'n1c.,nd sDlut:on.

6l [6"/rhtw' ,'li'\/, r,
"
i(g ,'t

l/!
l;irol iJ . i;,lol T
Li' T

*ficvn{w
keB .kroi B '

yib)

UUi!,{e_ntjtyis ?i v;rriable Lhstd$peMs on ii e S(i (or reai density) and on tn.: paitrle ej1e arrd por')sity of tne Inaferisl. .lt rrriiv happelr ihai a lirterial witil an SG of 2,6 (in .)thei oi 'dorcli ir dLrnsity 26C0 kg/rni) cdn be chopped into ;rnall pieces. lf the line pieces a!'e pl.rceci a '/olijrne of 1 rnr, it v/rllaot bc possiblc t! fit 2600 !(g of maienal hrtoihr: 1 ri" r',inv ir1 ,,,rlir:ne,br-lausr) the pafiicler will settlc irr the tontainer in $ucit a manner ih3t opcnings ,.,,iri :xi$t betv/eentire,'n lf it ir then pcssible to pack eg l3o0 kc of the particlesirto a 1 ,llj v.jLrme,we say the bulk density of thq rnaterjalis 1800 ki/m'. lt ougltt to be clEar tltat the buik deFsityoi ioli.i tf il.!ehLrkdensiLy iiquidsis the rame as ttr: tnre rlc,'stty ..vrll "/nil.i rllw.iyrjbe ttrrrr ihan Lherrle d+rrtiry of if|c sotrrt -.ariictes /q ..f/at^ ^ ?. :.1 $ f-ri /)' t 'f/O4 mt ShrJy p{aqrapii 2.3 in t{inrrn pi:. 5'l-56.

knol T

.innoi

.!,

= _FJcnrple2Sl

.i r-lo .l.tl4
kncl T

.=

kntcl T

MM oi tdij total r-,'ixture

the Calculate avelagemol mAssof a mixture.onsistingof i4"1:'tl2,2e9i' Or anC0f)%(lil: true th'i ('/olume basis).,Assuni5 idcaigaii lar holds fifoimasses: lJ2 = 23, Ot = 9-; CC" = 44

/h// n'

9.Sroy d"r,uorl

a/uoyf,41/utt* X fi''4t mr'/*rL -,// ' y'Ao/lz.. r/q/-, Vr hY lablr /raz'

4 (MM)"" =

tYttgnorW
(f)

xi (MM)r

por matrlal lllrrt of of Normallty: Thisis the number gramequivalents the dissolved of solution(geq/Lor gelL ). oJ is (Selfstudyassignment: Findout howthe normality aFolutign calculated) (Note g (gmol/'1000solvent), notper'10009 solution)

Sincethe analysis the gas is givenon a volumebasis,and the volume of analvsis lho is gameas the mrl anaivsis(if the ideatgas taw hotdstrue;. it fc ows ifrllii-e-?-o'fiiiEtr-6il are 0,14: 0,26an.l0.60. (MM)""= 6,1a12U,+ 0,26(32) + 0,60(44) = 38.64 ' i.e.

(s) Molality: isthe rhis numbersmots rn ot"t(/r!kn"r$.f{rt l{ kilr, ot "r

(h) Mass fraction, Mass percentage,Mol fractionand Mol percentage alreadydasas

2.6 Alalyce-s druXtlcetlpeleltselllbls-aldlllisures

Studyparagraph in Himm pp 59-61. 2.6

NR lll rItul

..r

;H

*o;$ l('htitV ,ulolwfty* a,4

,il| d'V/nAp
ttlalth : /''ntl g"I

=-ri:-_ -co/,/F/ab h.ry "?zhruL *

2.7 Concentraiion Studvparagraph / in Hitnmpp. 52-67and atso ?. CoDcent.ation no[t']allyexpressed rFrmsof a cerlalnquantiryimass, mol olrglum.r) ot is in a roateflei rtlie s('luteor dissolvedmaterial) giveqquantity(mass,Inol.)i volume)oi ihe per solr/irnl lrf the soltticrt. The tollovling or ways to expressconcentration generally ||sed: are l ! : t t . ljinlm . r ui' . : i i .fo i i i k i . l h e i o r I a fe a j s oc ommoniU sed. y I t \

per as 0,24 kg Na2SO4 kg \^/ater.Expressthis concenftation A solution water aontains in

l:i l$:ilJ[il**"

(al ksNa2so4perkssorution. ftal4le 'vkl

4wt/6 :,ht.s/4k solpul '^(,r

is rl* mol mass Narson 'r42. or

geglg: 1 kg water. lt contains0,24 k9 Na2So4. Masssolution= 1.24kg. iat ib) (c) o )4 kg kq lJarsoa/kgsolution = :::-- j 1]"19.1 l'lr/il ).'lk! sriutic.n. i14 = n,2a!1,24 ' 9.iVt Massfraction Na2SOa = qSqE i,43ss fractionH2O = il1,2,l = 0,24t142 kmol Na2SO4 kr'ol HzO = th1 l,tigl'r): 1'i-3 'total 5.ii:;6 10'> il.'rij-:11q'?knr.l x . -2.95% !i.A%

rl) rviirrspr)r..riritvotr,n:eof soi,.riun @qtt

^gln' :i.,it': .j/r',,": kg/r-, etc.

dfnllgl

pr

n*

4law

flalhl

i,riirr.,:.rs..:oint olut ic n of s ait inwat er t his aa n f c r e x a n , p l - b r 2 , 1 0k g s a l f p . : i r n l 'c i il'; :llili i{)lrtion or 0 Z |\g salt per litre sol,.'ljon.etc. llass pet unt?r(.rlun:elijusi |'x)1 L,: coiiu icd vJjthdijn3iitr/. (b) fu'lxssf]i]fllDilvolume cf soiverti k91i;;:; kg,t 31c but frol\' ii i$ kg sall peri:tl ir3h"'.1'i,r,,n (ci M$iFii iilrij ,,t,:rili'L ,:,is.,i!r-rnt of v.;atet eir.:i ,;ct_lig salt nsi;n:

1O-3i5,i)-5lt)r'10ij )t rnol% Na2.soa= (1,690.x mol% HaO

= (5,556 l0-?lc,72i i0'?)100 = r( x

fuaefu-21.2
rti,liiorl irl ri One grnolNaC! (MM = 58,5)is di'.isoir'.ci i rn' w.rtr,l Wil.ti i: lf + concer prlm? Basis: l m3water

ijit r: ,i

.;,:i,.'t:;

tt

ti:

j,vrri;r. tr klir,-iir.li.,il'rr,

r.d) F);rfis pcif |nilltrtr!:

i'llis is always expressed on a ntass basiij. li ii is s.:td ihat;l sclul,on coniails 40 ppm solid, then ii i:o,ltains 4(,r rnass piirts oi sct;il irer rniilli)n ine:r.sp.ri.. ril tli] s.)lutioe. gcrnetimes tior qases) ii i-j exi\rcss{)ci c:.!a n.ol b3siq. illirijri:;y
{i 'i . . -.(\1 2 'i '

(1000 land density1 kgr;) ,= I0',r0k'l i,lassv,/ater 1 gmoll.iacl = 58.5S N4ass solution = 1000 kg + 58,5g = .t-Cq0_q{i.iS In 1 000058,5g soluticn 58,5g Ne,ai is ,, i.e. in 1 occ ooc o solui;on -_1!0.i'i'l '56,5)c :J.rcr ' rliX I JOn ' = 58.499d aol 5 13

',*i

l;r'e,)i ihi scj!!,*j !-!-n': i;::.,.'ir.rlo{',1r,'ic[.cf t-\i! {isii(rh/ed soii('j i-j,:.i

r: ii,.: r j- ,;,t:i' li. :. n.al.' L) .

;r,]ntlc'.j

N+100 ' 2100

is i.e. concentration 58.4966ppm

follows: 1630 fromwhich

x=wk!

is 58,59/1000 = 5gl mg/L L Ng!g: Theconcentration

mg/L.

in in the For dilutb solutibdsin Water, concentration ppm is the same as the concentration

Example 2.7.5 : Densitv liouidmixtures of of A'and B coitains40yo (i.e.xA= 0,4; xg = 0,5). The SG of A is '1,4 A A mixture liquids {orman idealmixtureandcalculate SG andthe SG of B is 2,1. Assume the liquids that the
I

examoles Further 2.7.3 Example

(t ethanoland water hasthe following analysis A solution methanol, Ethanol = 30%; is VYhat the analysis a rnolbasis? on
..'.i

Similarto the method of calculatingMlil)av as MM)"u = it is frequentlyassumed in enor that :

rx(MM)r

Methanot: 45%:

Watet = 25o/o

p.r = Exipi = 0,4(1400)+ 0,6(2100) = This is WRONG. Note the units

---_ -

B@.kgtm3

Bas:s: 1q0kq ofthe solution.

30 45 25 100

0,6522 1,4063

(0,652213,4474) 1O0 = '18,92o/o 40,794/"

L X i o',

k{A kg nirture

,ts A m-A

kg B kg nixturc

kgB
mtB

L0"23b

Theunitsare notthe sameandthe t\,vo termscannotbe added! gg[dg!: i.e. consideionekg rni]rture, 0,4kgA and0,6 kg ts

_3A!!

must be prepared mixingclay with water. l'iow rnucilday by rf /, !;qi.iiil den:ily i$30 kg/m3 the i-li;'. 2,1) rnustbe addedtc 100 kg cf waterto achie,re requiiedSG? is mixing ideal Assume AagS. i00 kg wster with Lei X kg otaybe rerlt.;ii'ed 100 kg HzO. \/'rl'-[rre ihe day of

= m.iss,/ciensity(04/1400)r43= Voturne A = mass/,lensity (0,6/2100) = m. Votume B (lfideal Volume mixture = VolumeA+VclumeB nrixiu.l be assumed) can = ( D. 4 1400+ 0, 5/ 2100) m " / Mass mixture = 1kg I ...-_-- = 175Ckg/m3 'Densitvmixture = Mass/yolurne ---- 0,4/1400 2100 + 0,6/ From* it follolvs-: p,
I

.Y.!!!Densi^, -],/./is

- --I-i6--21CA rl kg/
-

= -.L
mt

2100

= *,

-- =-L,--= )-\x,iA)

h,iih x = rnaas fraction _

of YLlurne the wilter

rt,,,,,i -

roo - "'
.. 17

l0o

p,

l- = -1'-. + 5 r.-! t(.r,/p,) i.e. P4_ pu P, .. P"

No'vnotethe units i.e.finalvolume

16.1 + -'l-- 1 63 ' 2 t 00' iafttss
t tN pi ) : k, ,1

ind findldsnsily

_. ,tr i 100

-.

."." f ks\

Kg ntxrte

kC .1

iq ,nixture

--8,!_

14

+ mtB ^'A kg mixture

= !.'-!!!!t
kg mixture

(a)

difference is difference the sameas 1 K temperatufe 1'C temperature

kl kcK

Whataboutthedensity gasmixtures xj = molfraction? of if

trCToRTAL-X
2.8 TemDerature

yL@ P0t Hitnn HirnO

(b)

is difference the sameas 1,8'Fdifference 1"Ctemperature

i.e.

The Celsius and fahrenheit temperature scales are relative and arbitrary. lt is often necessaryto $/ork with absolute temperatures - Absolute scales have their zeros at the lowest temperature v/hich can exist from consideratiol)of the laws of Thermodynamics. The absolute scale lvhich correspondswith the Fahrenheitscale in size of the unit is tha Rank:ne scale and that which has the same unit size as the Celsius scale is the Kg[j! scale. The Kelvinscale is the acceptedscale for the Sl system. From the above equal unit si:e follovJs : d"F = d' R A' C = A K Fi.iilher,fronr tl)e definition of the Celsius and Fahrenheitscales, the followingralio exists betdJeen unit size ol "F 3nd 'C : Betweenthe ircez;ng poilri and the bciliirli pcint of lvater therc are 212 -32 i80 units on the FahrenheitsDale and 100 uniis on rhe Celsius soals; a ratio of.1_,:q.Coitversions .en thereforebe done with this factor and the neuessaryzero reterencepoint adjrjstmenis. It is clear that ihe sarne ratio will exist between'R and K. The atsolute zero on the Rankine scale is at -459,58'F (rounded off to -460"F) and tho absoluiezefo on lire KElvinscale is at -273,15"C (roundedoff to -273'C). Reacicirapier 4 :limm. pp. $g-r5. Study.example4.1. Ignore example a.2 and the seji e$g$s.neFt qucsiion Nr) 4. li, piofrerties such as heat capacity, (kJikgx), hFat t.ansfer cceffiiierrt 0ry/n'?Kl }l!{E: etc, all i'lnperatuit-< refer to a !ggpg3!r.9_!iffefer!rie of I K (of 1'C). li conversionof thi." type af unit il!:-,stFe dr,ne, rl2 i&g.e ooint adiugtugft !s necessary. Only the i!rllo!',ng i!lenlij.,/ ba usc|j: will a1 C = A 1, 8.F si'iiii, is gLir . , r:i,/ wiiite4 ,rs '(,1 l,r"F cr K . '1,8'Ror .r\n 'C = I ,8'R oi K = 1,8'F. -

(c)

4.'187 kJ/kg'C = a lat

1,055 1,r"c1t.8"Fl tll

&r ljl-l

kg Rru- o'4s36
tb

= lp BTU/tb"F lJUroRrAL j l 2.9 Pressute

basis' or on"an dbsclute relative jrst can Pressure, like temperature, also be expressed a inJicates massdistribution as ii Pressure cieflned &M per unit 3rea. Noiethat kg/mu anonoia pressui-epP. 5 Read chopter Himm. 99'102.

E&nllcJs.1
(in $/hat is tlre pressure kPa) exeriedby a 10 ft c.inrnn of water at 60'F cnly'dueto qravitJ'l Thedensiiv waterat 60"Fis 62,4ib./ft". of
height Column

l0 t 0

-3-!i9 m

Density

rr-. tq 0,rs.]6j '_fl_T I -1000 ks/m. Ih. J''i 10,3048,n-l I I then P = 100013807)(-1,048) ,, = #t] fF ;t

i.e.pressure f't;;"x t---i

e - p gh ples, as ,'ollcws: lf tfre torrnula

.fxin'4.e._?g L
lhe rreit capa.ity r,t w:itef i6 4,18i kJlkg"C. Wh:t is tha heat capaciiy in
itl

can be calculatedirom iirst princilis noi knowii. the pres,sute

= -"ccco = too'o = to n'u Nim' '"

k.l/l(!t K

(b)

kJlrig'F

(c)

niU/lb"iLet the column cross sectionalarea be ,a (rn'z)

volume= 3,048 (m') A i.e. column (mass= density voluhe) x andthe massof waterin the column

= s,eoz 1ks,tcm2 r'l

e{f

l*#l'

l-#"]

= *-o'"

(3.o4BA) .' = 1000 l9 '

[n'

= r") ')

-rt

2.9.3 Example pressure is in wateris measured a gas pipeline-lf the at'nospheric of A Vacuum 4 inches pressure the pipeline inches andin N/m'. in Hg in the 730mm Hg,calculate absolute Atmptessure 730 He nn inches Hs otm12g.g2 tovnn ngl
fi H,o HF. l2g.s2inches

by mass is rherorce exerted this

F =ma

tttia) ^ h d J. u o t' , ,n\ -.n{ \ r. 't {\inil U'

I

, = 1oc0 (3,0484) | { - .vl saoz lrs

uxoz i i.e. p = l{I1o't u'.1r -,i .;r=,.),-1 . 'v

= 28.739 Hg inches

p pressufe - rorrerarea i.e.the

' qlf -

.lA}/ l*''

vacuum

4 inches H,ol

-..ost

7 t1o

= q4l!! inchesHg

= 3oooo Pa
calg.elles.s-ulqand Absolute eressurt

a ''

l\ it t v

Hg + pressure = Atmospheric Gauge = 28,739- 0,294 = 2g{45 inches Absolute or i""het Hg toj325N tn, | pressure = 28.445 ""-:::-Absolute pg,g2inches Hg 2.9.4 Example (atm pressure= 87 kPa)i5 300 kPa in on The gaugepressure a gas cylinder Pr-'toria ne i/inAer is transpo(edto a campsite at ihe coast(atm pressure'= 1010miliibar). staysconstant the be? Assume temperature on Whatwillthe gaugepressure thecylinder Pretoria: : Pabs 300+ 87 = 337kPa = 96330 Nim,

oaq'olo5 }.ilil | -'0-

Most pressure measuring devlces measure gauoe pressure. lf atmosphe c pressure is also broughtinto account an absqlgtqlGqsllq is ohtai ed. Absotqteprsssure = Gaugepressure + Atrnosphericpressure l he atmospherlcpressure is not necessarilyone atmosphere- hut va es dependingon the heiglrt above sea ievel and meteoiological conditions. On the Witwatersrandthe averageatmosphericpresiure is 83 kPa. In Pietoria il is 87 kPa. AtmosphcricplesoufF is also sr\nretimescalled baromettic tlressrlre. The standaid atmospheie is deiii'ed as the equivglentto 761 mtn Hg in a standardgraviiatiollalfield or tressLr-.e 1 ?hr = = i4.696 ib,/inch'? '101325 = 70Umrn I{g N/m'? = 101,3kPa = 101325 1.013bar ?a " = 29,92 irrch l-lg = :13,9'!it HzO gauge preg9ure. AVacuum must be seen as i: negati\re

Qe.e$:

p*- = 1L19o* ,Y0911"1 1o1 = kPa i000 | u, I

ol the can not changewithoutchanglng nurrrdcr In The abroluteoressure the cyiinder ihe constarrt remains i.s molesof gas in the cyhrrder, ai the coast.if tlle ternperature prcssure re."nain and wil! ccns:ant absolute Paos= 387kPaand Ps = Pa"-Pam = 387-'101 = 286 kPa 2.'l0 DiffeEltlal !'^s!rE

NOTE:

3l)sclute 3rlo In cases wher., confusior! is Possibie it is advisable to distinguish be.tween gai,,rfle pressufe as tollows. kPar. kPRg,psia, psig, etc. ,L-)il,!pl? _i2-9.2 An ob!;oletepres.il/regoLt.leshi)ws I ieaditq cf 1 tur/,,m2. Uvhatis ihe pressure? can be lrssumed kgr is noi deiined. S nillr to ibr the f'Jllowing fhe coi:.,rrr)i 1r't:lr = 11tiNi ' rrr/sz 9,807li.Jiii,q ' g,BD7 1p

paragiap'r pp 'i'14-i1S. 5.3 Hi.nm Study

Eufo-RrAL6 |

and 2.1'l Buovancv Flotation' Archimedes can Thewell-known Drinciple be stated an loss in of lf a bodyis whollyor partially submerged a liquid, apparent of welght oflha The apparent weightlossis equalto thewelght the bodywill be observed. liquiddisplaced the body. by weight ol body,suchas a pieceof woodor a ship,the apparent In the caseof a floating bodyhas lost all its weight, In thatthe floating the floating body is zero,whichmeans Thh of of thiscasethe totalweight the bodyis equalto the weight the waterdisplaced. to it body,the moreliquidit mustdisplace enable to means thatthe heavier floating the in why floats'higher" thewaterthanfullyladenones. float,whichexplains emptyships lf the immersed body does not float, the weightloss is not total, but is still easlly the determined meansof a scale. lf the bocjyis fully tmmersed, volumeof water by weightlosscanbe used!o is andthe apparent displaced equalto thatof the bodyitself, the of calculate density the body,or its volume.

this is also the volurneof the body i.e. Sincethe wholebody was immersed, m3 Volumof Body = O.0O17 = 1.7 li+Er from : The densityof th body is calculatd

Density = lvlass^/olurn = 4.0/0.0017

= 2350kg/m3

of SG of the body = Densityof body/Density warf = 2350/1000 = 2.35* Note that if the body floats, the mass of the body is equal to the mass of the liquiddisplaced, total "weightloss'. i.e. 2.11.2 Example A glass hydrometer made by puttinglead shot into a glass bulb and adding a is stem as shown on the sketch. The volumeof the bulb is 50 am' and the stem has an outsidediameterof 12mm. The total massofthe hydrometer 65 g. lt is is found to float in a liquid as detailedin the sketch. What is the density of the liquid?

i
l

to An irfegular shaped objecthas a massof 4.0 kg and it is necessary find its volume in and density. 'fhe objectis immersed water(SG= 1.0)and is thenfoundto havea 'weight- oniy2.3 kg. of Solution: = 4.0 x 9.8 x m/sj = N] Weight body of .WeEht'oi bodyin lvater = 2.3x 9.8 ['kS m/s' = N] lkg x Apparent weight loss = 4.0x 9.8- 2.3x 9.8 = '16.68 N

'ihis apparcnt forceexertedby the liquidol! ihe weightloss is knownas the buoyant seernitc' up by body. The bodyis pushed or buoyed the liquidandthe bodylllereiore be "lightof' thanit reallyis. of princjFle, buolrant forceis equalto the vJeiglrt the the According the Archimedes to w3terwhichir displaced, i.e = Weight v/ater of dispiased 16,68N x massofwaterdi.iplaced !l
i.e. l\4assof watef riiisplsced and sincc density of water

S-e!de!
The mass of the hydrometeris 65 g and it floats. This nEans that the mass of the liquid displaced is also 65 g and if one can find th volunreof the liquid displaced, is possibleto calculatethe density. it The bulbdisplaces50 cm3 of liquid. The volumeof liquiddispl?ed the stem, by is equalto tt volurnof the stm belo\iv lhuid surfacc,i. r/4 d' x depth. ti'le = Stemvolumebelows urt'a<r- r 14x (12i10)'z xO/10 = 6.7-9 crn3 i.e. Oerisity = 65/(50 + 6.79) = l=!!g/.mJ -*

=, 16.66/9 : 1.7k9 81 = massof +,,ater /volume watel of = massofwater/density ofwater = = '1?/10t100.0017 rn'

it follolvsth3t tire volume of lhe water which was displaced

FORMULAE EMPIRICAL

to example required calculateu in correci and if it is^for is Theequation dimensionally to fvs,it willonlybe required set d in ft. D in ft'ls andg In fvs' in theequation atsothe equation : consider l'08k u =
Co P

STUDY OBJECTIVES . Application theconcept dimensional of of consistencydetermine unlts to the ol

. anytermin a function. (valid a certain of units) otherunltt Conversion anyempirical of formula for set to without losing validity the ofthe formula.

and h"F, Coin BTU/lb"F p that u jn fvs, k in BTU/ft Whichholdstrue,on condition are in lb/ft3 setin the equation. Lhs = [fys] Rhs = l-:j-YLf r hF
t orr t

(Thisworkis notcovered Himm.) in Formulae derivedfrom basicprinciples valid,regardless the system untisIn are of of use. Takefor example : Speed = Distanceltime u = s/t

'"' Br u

a,1

':, tb

'', I h)

correct, otherwordsit is validglly if u is in ft/s' k in is Theequation not dimensionally in BTU/fth"F, etc. unitsare usedior mustbe used,caremustbe takenthatthe correct lf suchan equation was which equation designed. the Sucha formulais knownas an 9!0piIgal&Itrgla. to (withthisformula)u in m/s,it will be necessary writeall to lf it is necessary calculate calculate (in fys)i andthen u system; thedata(k,Cpandp)in unfsofthe British to the convert finalanswer unitsof m/s. Example3.1 Usetheformula

lf s is measured in kilometersand t in hours, u will be calculatedkm/h. Confirmation ihat it is a basic formula can be done by doing dimensioncomparision:

u s t

: ILength/timel rs a distance length : Ilengthl or ]s iime i ltinrel

rsa spced

i.e.

q
t

Ilenath/timel

In otherwofdsthe net dimension the lefthandsideis the sameas the netdimension on onthe ghthandside. It is, however, always sitnple:cDnsider example so not for
Ltdt{ v'ifh u d D g Dltgtr

, =

asdiscussed above. X,
Cp = s,2kJlksK p = l20okg/rn3

u to calculate inm/hif k = 0,1WmK k = 0,1WmK

= speed (e.9. m/s) = diameter(e.9. m)(e.9. m'ls) - diffusivity = gravitational acceleration (e.g mls'?)

,< i slo.:o+a,,rl "r I arz l:ooo t' ffilross.rl -i r, r,rrl

8p529 BTUihft"F

lhe dimcnsioFal correctness of the equation can be tested by ensuring that the net dimension the Lhs ; to that on the Rhs. on

cp = 5,2kJ/kgK L24BTU!tb'F p = 12ookglm3 = z4,g tb/ft3

l.hs : la

L. t

,,,''o - .''o rul

I

KNS

fa''1"'r.Y"
l \ s J \rl

',,', ",1 l

t_e. u

1,08(0,0578) = 6.72x 104 fus 1,24(14,9)

Examole 3.3 of is Theheatcapacity(Cp) sulphur givenby K Cp = 3,63+ 0,640 with Cp in cal/gmol and T in K T NOIEi In the eq Cp = 3,63 + 0,640 T, T is a real temperatureand !9t a temperaturedifference. In the units of q (caygmol K) the K denotes 6 temperature difierence K (orin otherwords 'C). in

6,72 \, 1o1

n rl I 0,3048 13600 = 0.736 m/h

sl .fi h I

Conversion an emDirical of fomula lf calculations this type mustbe doneregularly of with the sameformula will be tlmc it consuming, ccnvertall the dataand then again convertthe final answer. ln such to instances is ha[dy to rewrite empirical it the formula directapplication the system fDr in of unitsin whichit is required. (in lf thismustbe done,the constant the equation, the abovecasetheconstant in 1,08) is seenas if it has unitsandthatthe unitsof the constant suchthatthe equation are is dirnensionally correct.Onlythe constant thenconverted unitswhichconespond is to to theserequired the newcalculation. for Example 3.2 . 1 .0 8 t ... Thefotmula u = :r::-: is vdlidon condition k, Cpand p arein British that unitsand coP it canthenbe usedto calculateu in fus. Rewrite formula direct the for apDlication with unitsoi the Sl system andcalculateu in m/h if k = 0,'1 WmK, Cp= 5,2 kJ/kgK and p = 1,2 glaftf.

to Rewrite formula the form this Cp = a+bt in to calculate directly cal/gmol if t in "F is set intothe newformula. Cp "F Let t be thetemperature in'F, i.e. c" = 3.63+ 0.640l'-32 * L 1,8 6161in"p ztt] --fL ) gnot K

+ t K; Cq = 165,92 0,35556 with Cpin cal/gmol tin"F advisable test the formuia to at Notethatthe unitsof Cpare still not ight. It is usually thisstage. Testai 32"F (273K) or Cp = 363+0640i2731 + (32) = Cp = 156.97 0,35556 178,35cal/gmol K K 17e.3q cal,'gmol

Te cori'eci uniisoi C,: the

t] [Cp =166,97 + 0,35556

TIle units of the 166,97 afe cal/gmol K

u = 12756L

[t
L|n

Co P

rrrK

y kgK m. --= -J -kg

j66.e7
rl
= 1200kg/,r3

-:!l)=:l

gnoi K)1,8" lti

"F -- s?.7e callsmot

For appl;cationin this formula, k = 0,1 W/mK, Cp = 52C0Jrh! K, I

The !n;ts ot ihe 0,35556 are callgmol K'F

i +.

,, = -r-2f:q0,.ll = 2.04x 1oa nts 5200 02c0) = 2.04 104 4116!0,! = o.73rjrn/n x
,tl h
i ,e,

0,3555e --"9:l-+i gnol

.

K " Fl\,8"Fi

= o,1s/-/i "r"F car/Emor

aat wtt|t I tn -r

Cp = 92,76+ 0,1975t ti. ---

grn,tl" F

Fr' ( e,nrrlo,

") "

Test again 32'F : at = 'F Cp = 92,76+ 0,1975(32) 99,08 cal/gmol = 99,08(1,8) : lf_gJ5 cat/smol K question AlsostudyHimmelblau Example p. 93 and the self assessment 4.2, No.4 On p. 95.
sll,f coNcEltT.4ttoit ut Sargta?m 50!ofroN

t@iAilE

-dfrr,// /4/ u? ltt'nrt!,,!,t /tu

sEcTtoN tl

IEM?I}ANN!

ReadHimmelblau chapters aitd7. Concentrate thefoltowing 6 on topics : . . . system(closed open)p. 137. and staleandunsteady Steady statepp. 138143. (pp. Chernical feaLtions 14$150).

. O\ t O") n \\ /n ^\

soluiions cf showthat if saturated The curvesfor IQSO4,l'lacI and NarSO4.1oHrO of crystsls the saltswill be formedso thatthe saltconcentiation thesesaltsare cooled, satuGied will motheiliquor, be lowerthan in the original in the finalcooled(saturated) by solution. The crystalyield can be determined means of simpleinass balar]oc calculations. ) Exa4le_5.1.!, at of The solubility NaCl in water al 1Co'Cis 28,5olo, 0'C it is 26.i% f/l:.ii ri ihe iil at yield solution 100'(jis cooler:1ij'd percentage qf NeC/ r.ystal saturated ifa

Naieltsre:,rysrare
= Ii.] + GENERA.I-FD OUT + CONSUMED .
' ' .

\ilt\
\

processes 151-155). (pp Batclr.and sgjni-batch

S$ategy for problem solving(pti 168-175and pp. 182-18tt). Ohoosinq busls(pp.78-81). I Saturaiedsoiution

-lh. lhrti! il!esti!.,]' method of chocsing a basis for the calculationis q!it-. vdl;abl,. .3.3 and note the serious errof in exarnple3.1 . fhe chcseir bs-cis StuiJyg\surpl.:s :1.1 is 1 l(ic,: oi a--C, con$istingot 1 knrol of Ce and 1 kmoi of O.

1AO 'C 9!$S: at sulution 100'C 100kg eatr,rateci = tj3ct in = L,1,285ito0) Z8l kS at kg solutiorr C'C be Lel x kg NaCl cryi.tais fui Ed i... (100-x) saturcted NaCl-r,alan.e
/ ro D \

r.t).

iJtie that 1 krnol of Na2CO3clrnsistsof 2 kmci I'ia, 1 kmol C and 3 kiroj C) (1,5 [,nai

s.

3:rad Hirnrl (,itapteriJ r1!. 196-209and exairpies 8. 1-9 5.

crEuG,4:8EAA]10-N !,1it FlilAl. llAL4UsEF-W[Frolr \\t0(,./

\)

,M{,5
't i,td0\|
jl

2fi.5=.y.0.263(,00-x)r.e. r = Z-99kr.l
iq.r_%

5.i

q.l-.ili.lliqeilo.Ian.Urtr]I|S

, _(\4t
0\\S

% \'ietd

i- !5-)

-:::r i I ri,l :
)

It
76

l-\prr?i s,ii!L.iiiiyc.urjii;ri,,r ir1!r'-ganrc in Waterare shown saits

E&qtde-!1.e

* Cqltalqlc trypat x 0l ,uhrrttoh /lt ol/rrul

;;;;/,/
/ t'/

wlth l'lalico3, at 60"C, is (.oled to iO"C i'ti ti r:rlhe 5OOkg of a soluiion, sirtlifaierd yicldinkgt SJiLjb!:itv areas:Jllovr: Cala crystal t t _,t1

:'i

;,'r/

ij

i,iqbilih io,\ i
M
'16,4

* (q\r."\q\c \,hc.\0, gol q\ wh;r.!r l+40

12, 7

r,f fflr

("C) Temperatufe
gram NaHCO3 Per 100 gram H,O

3o
11,1

20 9,6

_.10 8,16

-J

lr l'\r

-....* 10%Na,COr solution 100kg

Na2CO3 solution 30o/"

Se!!e! : X Basis
solution 60"C. at 500ka saturated
NaHCO:

.10HrO Set x = kg Na2CO3 solution Basis: 100kq '10% in fraction NazC03 Nazc03.10H20 Mass+ = 106/(106 180) = o.szoo x balance:0,3706 + 0 1(100)= 0'3 (100+ x) Na2cO3 10H2O x = 283.3!9 of Na2CO3 -

5.1.4 Erampre -. lOrfin!, ,t ;fuql a

A milk supnliercan buy 'lull cream milk" (which coniains6% butterfet) for R3-i0 psr litre. tle can also buy "no fat milk"(whichcontains0,6% butterfat) for oniy R1-3Uper lirre. He wants to marketa 'lcw fat milk"(whichmust contain2% b'ltter f3t) i:y nixing the t\,voravv materialsand packagingthe product in plastic contoin+rs Al! these percentages on a volumebasis 3re 6o'c saturatedl . l_0_!,Satua!ed:
I 16J I 16'4 NaHc-o-a I 7o NaHCO: = | '' ;* _: 100 = i{_qg_% t0 o g H ,O \ i o!!r + r uu./

% NaHCO3 =

f jifl

silould his seli;ngpiicc is The cost cf nlixing nnd packaging R0-80 psr iiire ln'lk. VJ-h3t ai.{ profit,based on ille cotnbinedcr:ri of tx.wrnr-tterial be ii he warrtsto rltake 130o/o pacl(agrng. 2% niilk. Set x = i of full ctesirl riiiik 'Basir: 1 L of ihe t , 06x +'J, 0C5( 1 B -utter - x) '= 0, C2( - i) fat t 'alance: nriik =. x = !359_1, of 6% milk i e. qzlLL of ir,6?i, cost = 0,259(3,3ir) r 0,741(1,80)r 0,80 = B2aq9'r9r-!= pfice = ?.30(2,99)= E9.9-t Sell'lrg

ir ud, r ) l

1oo = 7s36%

be Lei x kg crystals forroed: balance NaHC03 (500) = x+ (500-x) (C,07536) 0,1409 = 35,14 ks i.e. x ,gtudy 8.6 example Himm.p.209.

E&EIA!--rJ

Ex.2111pe_Er=i! -> Lelort lriola,j (l

, r

a.t

l.qW<,'

I^.1,,"

5.2

t'Eaf jntqf991q1!ql-ar'!:l-e"ltrapql-alDl

in crystals Na2cO310H:O of in of A 30%so:ution Na2CO3 wateris madeby dlssolving in be m'Jst dissolved 100kg in of a 10%solution Na2CO3 water.Whatmassof crystals i'1 30% to the cf the '10% solution achieve req'Jired NarCO3 thefinalsolution

jenrplriifLlrcs wh{ric :'f,i)'liLj' l''''i:tli Cryltall;sation (and other) dat3 are citeil requir()d a,t g.)od e5iimate of !'alues :fi !>iw.sn c.:1 irl ']]!'j6. ir:'/ vaiues ai'e not giverl. A interr,ofatinc iiflea y betwetn !.\'Ji,adlacei!t cLrnit ir 5V iv;hithlrr litiliis) eittr.tpa"'iit.l) tne from the t1; poioi:i cluse.it io the pgii)i Yr'hDr-' 'jilt.r :rie r'-'ijui!eil. A thgtougn l(l!g,{ledge of interpolaticn and exirarrouii:11 i3 zs:itrnrn'j i4l'iiii lrlrii'jos'rs of this course.

5.3

of Combinations EouiDment

Totalmassbalance = D A + B +C 160 + 71. 1 +C = 266, 7 .. C = 35.6kq/h-+ glggK: Waterbalance : D o,9A + 0. 78 + C = Wat er in + 0,s(160)+ 0,7(71,1) 35,6 = 2291s/h = = ( A ndwat er inD 0. 86 266, 7) 229. 4kslht . , / ^l /l! t:.

M at er ialba|a n c e s a re n o to n | y d o n e o n i n di vi dual pi ecsofapparatus,butmore whichformprocesses' of on generally combinations equipment and crystallisation which includeneutralisation' Think for exampleabout processes. a column' a of whichconsists an absorber' distillation or a piocess oi orving tf," plante g an oil over a whole production "wit"r" oalance etc. condenser or even a matenal refinery. stay The principles the same. 5,4 or Tie elements tie comDounds

from one streamto is A tie elementor tie compound gne which passesunchanged another. of t enm or et h a n o n e ti e e l e me n tw i l l b e p resent,i nw hi chcasetheonepresenti nthe in calculations will ;reatestquantity givethe bestresults it because are not known are Tie elements iisefulevenif the misses andcompositions on oneto placetwo slreams the samebasls' enables 5.4.1 Example oi streamD stream'\ is a l0% solution A, Streams B and C are mixedto produce c of 3o% solution HNo3in water' Str-eam is pure ilio. i"'Jt"t"i -t"-"" a is a that-slreamD must c no" t"t" of streanr if it is required ;'#t: tfi;t'l;;; ""J "tieam A il a"/"HNc.r rhe flcw rateof stream mustbe 160kg/h dilirlq ;;;"

. t t -t.-r..hl,>,t^ C//rth^ f4q Ul,, s.4.2 Examote - l/t ql 4 flrJv'r,r-,

'

ol columnta yielda distillate 95% in are and Benzene Toluene separated a distillation and 65%BenzEne product 3% Benzene. The feedcontain$ of a bottoms Ben@and the@|,/tateis 100kilomouh. is ratiois 3 (i.e.L"/Don thediagrsm 3 on a molbasis)andit canbe assumed Thereflux Vr = Vr. that D, are What the flowratesof all thestreams B,V, Loand LN;n kilomolih?

tlc,lq) , // t , .z*.i1- ------,-, *i^Lal ril*'4 dr//n atufiltV/ u, y I " ,I', 4,nptrutd,vtte (;ll
I ' I lil i/ .-;-1-l l l..t*u' i , ?lI 1/ lookmouh
xF = 0,65 | |

reaction takesplace are Allpercentages on a molbasls.No chemical

6% HzSOr 8% HNO3 36'/oH2O ,-

//l t . /./\-/ ___r_.-1

/ ^fI r
l l

,/

h-l-----

** *i-;l 1-t,.-.1-Qda -:,

t

L " Yr _ -)4rL^

.1-1+--

)^

-r.-.----F

"

rn-oes

A Eagig: 160kg/hstream H, S O . inD= 0 .1 (1 6 0 ) = l g l q h a n di h a ti s6% otD = > D = 2 6 6 .7 k u i h . . . O , O O O tO (266'7) = A-L3 ko/h llNOgin D = O,0S B Andthatis 30%of stream 0,39 a 21,33 + A-:lLLLg4l

'.r.1 l '

\,

of : Solution Eeqjq 100kmol/h F

i.e. Lo - 3D

e{t -c

->3 f>3 e2uq/aut

an/ndvt, t

NarCO3 in =

(roo) ig
lteOl tg

Total HzO in = 1gg + 1 l_

* aott l d-o/l l t * - 9 ' l = 0 4 6 1 e z

t-

x = s78ks-

Example 5.4.4 of must two Thefotlowing requirements be met(atthe sametime)by a solution NaC{ in andCUSOa water. . . solids 30,0% dissolved The solution mustcontain 5,0%(molbasis)Nacl nlustcontain The solution

in mustbe dissolved 100kg watef NaClandCUSO4 Whatrnasses : Eegig: 100kg H2O x kg NaCland y kg CUSO4 _L kmel6ugg. = kmot HrO; kmot: 1oo/18 5,55 ;h'kmcl ....(1) 3o7o solids: -::+ -: = 0,3 ................................... .r +Jr'+ luu
Mol o/o Nact: t/ 58'5 -.-. 5 ,5 5 - ti 5 8 ,5 +,/1 5 9 ,5 -

...... 0,0s.............. (2)

25,27 clQorkg (1) : From and(2): :j-.17 ,!g_!gi!.qg! y_=_

ATTACHMENT: TUTORIALPROBLEMS

ctwt't ractcins useowLv colvenstoru nte

TUT 1 conversions: Dothefollowing (a) Flowrateof 30 m3perdayto cm3/s to (p) . Flo\,\/ of 2 cubicmilesper^year us rate (c) Density o152,3 lbJff to kg/m' of (d) Density 1,3ozft3tq kg/m3 (e) KineticeneKiyof 50 ft-lbrio J energy of400 kJ to ftlbr (0 Kinetic of400 kJ to ft-poundals energy (S) Kinetic '(h) to of Viscosity 20 cP (centipoise) lbmfth of (i) Viscosity 1,5cP to Sl units to 40 ft-lbr/h W 0) bbl/day ft3/s to (k) 2,02million gall of 1 kg/Lto lb/lmp. andlb/ft3 (l) Density (m) 182hp tc BTU/handft.lb/s to (n) 800kg/m3 Poundal"

Water flowsin a 4 inch pipe at a velocityof 0,6 m/s p = 1 9/cm3and P = 1cP.

*o (b) ,

nunlber' ihe Convert givendatato Sl unitsandcalculate Reynolds the gjven data to Britishunits and calculatethe Reynolds Convedthe number.

of in that A lightyearis the distance lighttravEls oneyear' Thevelocily lightis 3.0x 10"m/s planetr andearthls 8,4lightyears, be,tween The distance paidus a visit Howlonqdid it takethem ot The inhabitants plarletI recentiy an maintained averagespeed f,l to kavel the distanceif their spaceship in J 3,8x 1oB bmft?Givethe answer houls. *

"W,kt

(lfuc\

3i

The d.insity af solution A is 9,0 lb/lnf, tDlio!]. Whai is ihe'iolu.ne in litr?r of !b 10,2tJ of the solution? -ihe df,ilsify nI \,,/dlef 6l'j :--. ti fhe rJensity ienzene at 60't- i$ 0,8/9 :rict!"r3. of ',; fol 62,4 lb/ft3. Calculate SG5c.r.60"r. binz..'ne /

, 2.1

TUT 2

ihis to article ledto 30 000 bblof oil is spiltin the sea. According a newspaper and 25 mm thick. ls the newspaper 2 mileslcng,halfa milevJide an oil slick fepottconecn (pp.33-35) problems Himm. in Do the follolviog 1. 1 1 .2 :1 .8 1 .1 3 1.14

3.:!

2.2 ,. 2.3

pr!)bl.nls hr Hirnnl. Dt ti'reiirllc,\,1rig p.7.1 2.-12 ,'.3'i p. i4 - i\ir,ie in flimr': liall : US jtnii'-rrl lii.--s ot liquid;{ ($'f = 2, i) Ir';:ii be i(id5'J il a 100 :itres el ii'.iL':il'' llcvr ,-ni:n!, i'-ic,':lii ll:' = 1,:2.) g!!c :i:.: f!nal ijens:ir'-:. ii0 li:iii:'? iii:r l;.jri'is rrlr'i: (5i-j :o ihgF x litr!--,i -l(i?;ii y ills:i cil!t;ii iiixioclvcixi Y) r!ir:i ini:rlng ideai iir ')f .niYtur,ii The butk dens;ty ot grElel rs i ll0lJ l':giitri. Tlrc ;; oi iil.' ltDne is 2,t' li '., !.t il:.tl.g v,rai6r(arl be po'rI.rt ilii? liie oi liiit: oontainer rs idi 4i iJravol,ilc,vtr'ila'r'., co;r'?;rict? lvith iri"ia: sthei4$. Iho iI.) ot ihe lll'jtai i5 I l. :i !" A S liife co tainer ii iiiler,! lirto tflc ccrlitln.r. vvfiri :s th. tuji' now pcasible tc t-,oijr15 iiiie ti !",'nt3r densiti oi Lhini:t?l r!'h,.ree?

*',

ilr and energy ft-poundals in ftib of an 8 lb masswhichhas Wharis the kinetic per cf a velocity 60 mil.es hour? Showhowthe unitsare obteined. whichis to energy 700ftlh relaiive a surfEce of mass. a potential has A certain mass.Whatis the massin kg? 4 m belowthe inHimn. D0 thefollowing Problems bn 1.2C P,35 1.27 P.3a on

2.4

>i ,u

Dothe fourself-assessment problems Himmp.59. in Doproblem in Himm. p.71. 2.13

4.7

(SG = 1,1)is mixedwith 20 kg of I 28% 1Okg ot a 12'/" MgC/2 solution (SG = 1,3). The mixingis ideal. No ternperature solution chanoo MgCl2 takesplace. : Calculate theflnalmixture fof (a) The densityin lb./ft3 (b) The massfraction MgCl, (c) kg MgCl2 Perkgwater (d) Molarity (e) Molality Themolmass Mgcl, is 95,2. of oJ in hovr' many To neutralize 60kg of a 75%solution H2SOa waterrequkes litres ot : 13,8N NaOHsolution? 2,4 N Ca(OH)2 solution? solution? 2.4 N Al(OH)3 6,2 [, Ba(OH), solution? '1,8 Al(Oll)3solution? lV!

rurl
4.1

problems Himm. Dothe following in 2.38p.74 2. 33p. 74 jn 4 kg Na2SOa, kg Na2CO3 5 kg NaC/ are dissol'/ed water. Enough 9 and wateris addedio bringthefinalmasstd120kg. \ryhat the massiaciion and is molefraction eachcompound thesolution? of in A nitric acid solutionin watei contains 56% HNO3 a massbasis. The on ,density of the solutionis 1,345g/cm3. Calculate concentratron the of 0le solution expressed as: (a) (c) (e) Mol% HNO3 g l.lNob/litre solution Molarjty (b) (0 kg HNO3/kg H2O (d) kg HNOy'm3 solution Normality
5.1

4.2

4. 3

120 kg CH4,40 kg H2 and 30 kg N: are stoEd in a cylinder. What is the average massofthe gasmixture? mol .A solutioncf NaCl in water containi 20% NaCf. 15 kg Na2SO4.10H2O crystals and 30 kg CuSOa.Sl-i2O crystals addedto 120kg of ihis soluiion. are The mixture heated dissolve is to altthecrystals.Calculate (a) The p.rcentage (mass) ltlacl, I'la?SOt CuSOlin thefinalsoiution. ard Na {r)) The masspercentage andO, in thefinalsolrrtion.
, ., 4 .t)

The boiling point of ethanol b 173,1?-'Fand the frepljng poiiri is -16.rr.6'ir.

in Whatafe thesetemperature-""R, 'C andK? 5.2 Wh3l i5 il!.' ri:.rriir::! of The thennalconductivity steel ir: 26,2 B"i'U/ft.h."F. corrdLrctivity units'/ in Sl
irl Tt'e heat qapocily of rl,ater i5 '1 i:al/g'U lvhet ia ilic noej cepicily cl!v3i1-'r' kJ/kg K, B iu/lb"F an'J in callgmol"F? Do prDblem4.4 in Himnr on D. 97: consiriri is 0,121 x 108 il fulit2h'Pjl. vv;rji The value of the Stefair-Soiijrmgnn is the !.'umericl!value in Sl-uritst The 20113 vergion o! the GRIM ternlrriatrries(,ale vilil trevl:20L1 L r of temperitrire of -50'C and 80"G ?t a temperaLxri: ./tl)';:1. !i it.-. iii:lllv1]irlr i|' showsa t.irnpciatlreof 6ric, whatis the tcnrper':rtu.c i,;

5.3

5.4 5.5

A solution in water contains mixtureof saiis (Na2CO3 NazSOt anC a and analyses follows as :
Water = 70o/ol Salts = ,?0% j'he salls are present in ilte mol ratio l.la2SOy'NarCO3 1.6. = Calculatethe o/o NazSOa and % Na2CO3 the solution. in

55

conversions: Dolhe following (a) 10,732 psia.ft3lb 'R to cm3atm/gmol.K mol (abs) psigat sealevel (b) A pressure 47 ft H2O of to (c) A vacuum 640mm Hgto psiaat sealevel of 5.8 gaugeon a compressed cylinder air reads400 psi. Whatis the The pressure pressure the cylinder kPa? in in absolute pressure 700mm Hg. Atrnospheric is (SG = 0,88) a of A Manometer used. measure vacuum 500mm Benzene is to in on a reactor. What is the pressure the reactorin Paa if the barometric pressure 660mm Hg? is qj/linder of showsa gaugepressure 300 kPa in Pretoria.lf the 5.10 A "Handigas" to cylinderis transpor'{ed Durbanthe gauge reads only 285 kPa. Did an amount of gas leak from the cylinderduring trarisportation? appreciable pressure Pretoria 87 kPa. is in ,Atnospheric accepted units for thermai Sl 5.11 Convert12,44 tl cm/s ft "C to the generally . conducti\./ity. is to 5.12. Ttteidealgasconstant reported havea value s"c R = 8,956 1041b.ft2llbmol x Ccnveiltliis io ft3(psi)/lbmol 'R TUT 6 .61 For the configuraiion shown in the sketch,calculatethegaugcpresspressure ure at A and thc absolute ai d. Valve C i! shrt. Atmosphsiic prcssureis 98,5kPa and the denslty the oil is 50 lb/ft3. of

6.2

problems Himrnelblau in Do thefollowing 5.22on 0.123. 5.26on p. 125.The pressur thegawe is6,6 psig. on is 5.30on p.126. The SG of BenzrE 0,88. is 5.34on p.128 The SG of Mercury 13,6.

of tanksA andB is illusbated. 6.3. A system twocylindrical

2,5m

I
I
t l .l m

TankA: Dia 2 m TankB Dia= 1m

t
I 1, 5m
I

t
AB

by of The two tanksareconnected means a pipeas shown-The tanksrontain watertoa depthof 1.1m. on Oil {SG = 0,72)is now pumped lop of the waterin tankA. The oil dcsnot mix withthe lvater. The oil willcausewaterto be transbnedfton aank tank A
What volume (litr.e5)of oil can be purnped into tank A before icnk 3 ',fi:l 6.4 A tank with a manometersystem E shown. The tank contains air, oil and water as indicated (The density of the air is negligihle compad to that ofthe liquids). The manometer contains liquid [,'las Indicatcd. The space above the manorneter liq'rid in the long leg, is filled wiih oil. Inthe short leg, this space is filled with water. The prss,Jre gaug shows a reading of i30 kPag in the air space above the oil , tevet. th? icllowing inform;rtignrefF {o dimensions $hown cn th? sketch : b 0,3 nr h= ?.72 mm a : .1,5In SG of oil = o,8 SG of waier 1,00 SG of the mancmekr liquid (M) = 2,5 x: w a te r d ? p th y=o r l d e p th x+y:4 ,0 m

--*-l

45.

oit -+

lta/z

X
Vvhat thedepthof waterin the tank? is (h) if above reading be influenpedthe pressure Howwillthe manometer from130kPagto 150kPag? the oil in thetankis increased TUT 7

'ttil bt ttt)iK qft

ql

fr'll')'^l rtl'" ,'. knv ,,1',rl

(?)[?]""'=w, l!\L)""'
with h D k cp lp I = = = = = in heattransfercoefficient Wm'K tankdiameter thermal conductiviiy Wmk in heatcapacity J/kgK in viscosity

r,'lt,'ttnltt'llK'

7. 1

In t\^,o different te)ds the following equations are given for the same :. relationship thermodynamic (d . [ *] \dP) . - --!l o ' l .c. \df )

aan- (41-) i = JLi"iJr ottr.r" "1ir", 2!!!l^ =

N in rateof rotation thestirrer of
;ir"

ZP4l']= .'/. '/

''' '

,ft

p = density thesolution kgln3 in of

( Dl

( dr\. T (dY)| = = l -;l 4l- l '

\df ) r:. \at ,l

P volume;c the molarheatcapacityiT{h6temperaturei the Wih V the molar constant, and Dressure 4 dimensionless whichoneis correct. to Testbothequations determine 7.2 groupwhlchis usedto characterase (Re) is a dimensionless Reynolds number frcm flo\4/. is calculated lt

Thisequation be usedto calculate heattransfer can the coefficient which h enables to determine heatflowfrom: us the , o) 1zl : via'. . 4t oq/ - lnt . Q = Heat f lowinw A = hA(Al A = Heattransfer areain m2 difieience 00aC.b1A aT = Temperature A stirred reactor full of oil and heattransfer is takesplaceto tireoil. ahe:lirjer diameter 600 mmandit rotates 20 rpm. Calculate hestfllw i.r lhe otlif is at the the heat transfer afea is 30 ft2,and AT = 100"C. Datafor the ,rit iir ai follows: p = 10 Poise; cp 0,8BTU/lb'l-'; k = 0,097BTU/ft "F; h P = 0,8 glcms D ,' ri ro;

uDo

u = flowrate D = diameter p = censity p :: viscoslty

7.4

Calculate heattransfer the clefficient ihe heatflow. and

st.

p.38andron'rert forrnule dliarl .:irpti!iii,:rrr Do prcblem1.26in Himrrt. the for

(a) (',r)

Re unit Shc\yihatwithsuitable cholce willbe dinlensionless. is rate pipeline inside 150 dianleter mmthefio$J oi \1/aier In a crtain with the is ofwateris 1 g/cmiarrd visccsity 1 4,948x 107 cm3/h.Thedensity
cP. (i) (i)

-r:u.l.-e
8.1 -ai1? crpaciiy heat cfethdnol give,r is by cp : :l b . t iir 'F a + bt vJith in gTu/lemol'R cp enrpirieal consiant= 14,0485 : empiiica! constant 0,0215315 ilitterenoe) {Y.B: t is nota ternpeialure

number. the Convert d,rta S.l. unitsandcalcuiBte Reynolds the tc the Reynolds Convail the data tc f.iii3h units 3nd calculate nurnbci

r) R{.:v]ljie iiquaii,tn Cirect this ior applic.liior, (;1, toil,rv,.: a,t

Cp = A r' BT $ith C, in Jigrncl K a d T in K

in relationship CjtrglglgdCg:jl2llg is validfci heaitransler a of Theilrllowiirg slinedtanl(reactor

,q anrl B are r,ev/gntniricalD,)nst.tnts.

is givenin kJ/kgK by of Theheatcapacity a certain.compound wittr % = 22,8t + 0,044221 O,0oOO1487t'? t in "C in directly BTU/lb'F withT to the Rewrite equation calculate heatcapacity this in "R. ce = A + BT + CT? in BTU/lb withT in "R "F was on The following equa$on heattransfer the shellside of a condenser for : obtained empirically _ ^ ." l k ' P-g ^ l \j D p 6 r )
9.2

lUrl
9.1 20% NaC1. 45 kg of a salt maxture of A solution NaCl in water contains crystals) addedto 120 is (containing and crystals CUSO.!.5F|2O Na2SO4.10H2o all and the to kg of the solution.The mixtureis heated dissolve the crystals Na2SOa. mixture thencontains 6,00o/o : Calculate
(a) (b) (c)

rdixtrrre in and ThemassNa2SO1.1oH:O CuSO+.5HzOthe originalsalt in ot Themassfraction eachcompound thefinalsulution. cu The massfraction ands in thefinalsolution.

with h = k = p = g = ,l = D = ' -l = aT = = i

in ff heattransfer coefficient BTU/h "F in thermalcondu-ctivity BTU/hft "F density lb/ff in due in acceleration to gravity fUh2 latent heatof evaporation Bl-U/lb in tubediametef ft in viscosity lbffth' in in temBerature difference "F j-,*^t", oJ ntu

100 kg CUSO. is dissolved in 200 kg water and the solltlrn is cooledto yiekl 60 kg CuSOa.sH20crystals. Calculate (a) The compositiontfthe remainingmother liquor (b) The crystaiyield h kg crystal$/kgoriginalsolution (c) lf the ciystals are renloved frorn the molh4r liqllci by liiiration, it rs tD:ltl'j iiquor. What is t!' r!r55sci that the noist crystals contain 14,7;nl,Jth(\r tllrough the tiltet? morherliquorthat pas!1eC kg/nrir in,! 10% NallCOg soiuticn is fed to an e'/np$rator ?t a !at4 of 1{.)'1 concentrated soirrilon fiDnr ilrc evnpcratDi pa-Aie. into a crysialii?itr .:rlli ;,-. cooled to '10'G. H.!'}i rnucll w.rier nusl be evaiofateil cer mintrti 19 3i.!r'r1'r u/ill ihat /{)% ol the I'laHCU3 cryst,iliiic fiom Fe s,llution. Lt 10't l':e : ri,ilr;liL g is of N,1HCO3 8,'15 Nal1OO3/10t) ! Hro. q To niee.tcr.rlaiir spe0iii';:riiriits !n,inui?dti..urtllixes t',T giue ial,v!tjiidilai-, tr) J produce .i Inixturewiiirlr coiriaifrs16'10 vr'nier.

coefficient W/m':K a condenssi in fot Calculate valueof the heat.transfer the conduciiviry C,075 is wirichcontains tubesof 38 rnmdiametef thethermal 100 if BTU/h ft 'F and the iemperatuie difference 20"C. The other physical is properties as follows are : p = 500kg/r.r3; p " 0,'14.P S.4 ) = 274kJlkg

9.3

'ih,J follov,/ing of is for empirical cor.elation kno\,,/n the determlnaiion .l heat transfer meffiDieni

9.4

r, ., o.zgatil I LpD )
h k I p u 'j . heat transfer ccefficientin BTL,/hft'?'F mass trdnlier coefficientin lb/h f vistosity in lb/ft h .. d.nsity in lb/rF = didusivityin felh ' '

0'56

Cosi pri'.:,,.
il3v,/rnaie al Rav'/flraierial

i'i'r ?:?-%

Ri-00/kg

R2-eo/kg

What is the cost Fi.Ebl ilrc ftix.)d glue?

9.5

in if varhblcs Rewrite equation calculateh directly Wm'ZK all the eih.?r this to are knownin unitsof the Sl system.

in The solubilltyof anhv,lr,)ui tr1r1!io4 wntgi at 2li'i I ls 6?.9 9 ivrr:;Or "1.ir l..ll ll ,-riust diss.'i't.tdir 1u.l kg ol "r riot L4:,,ii.ii.] b.: H2O. What mass ci i',*r.tor.a,F!2'J a saturatedsoluiion a'i2ii'C?

gas. What is the massYoHzin the CrHe A gas cylinder contains kmolCaHs 1 gas?. What mass of CzHrgas must be pumpedinto the cylinder give a to (mass mixture containing carbon 80o/o basis). WhatmassC2Hagas give84%e? will

'10.5 ThefuedF to a distillation givenin order has oomposition, colurnn the following points of ascending boiling

*fodk*/1.
I. Auqrrq[ar(

mgl % 2,4 3,0 5,0 15, 0 25,0 15, 0

TUT 10 10.1 The solubilityof Ba(NO3), 90'C is 30,6 9/100 g HzO and at 20'C it is at 8,6 9/100g HrO. 1200kg h(NO3), is dissolved waterat 90'C. 10olo in more waterthanrequired used. Howmuchwateris used? The solution cooled is is to 20'C. Whatis the massBa(NO3), crystals forrned? 10.2 A manulacturer cheeseproduces cheese vr'hich, the undried of a in condit;on, contains 23,7o./o moisture. sellsthis product Rl I,00 per kg. lle aisodries He at ilris cheeseto yielda product whichcontains only 10yomoisture.The drying per priceof the dried coetis R95,00 kg waterremoved. Whatmuctthe selling product if he wishes maintain sameprofit? be tc the

Ethylene, CrHa Ethane,CaHo Propylene, CrHo Propatts, CgHo

r i I

"'fee(i^

a,fqni:#,,lE rn n-Pentane, i3:ll;; nCsH12

.i

.I

i,il *lpt

9fl^

b' ->on',/ /c/t q /*t-//z /r+Vt, '[, lh //a6d -/' t' '//l a*' ol 10.3 A solution in watei contains 25o/. Na(jt anC 5ol" NarSOa. 100 kg/h cf this
solution i$ fed to an evapoBtor crystallizerwhere 30 i(g/h water is evapgrated. The evaporation takes place lnder v3cuurn at 50"C. Thg crystals which are (a JormeC mixturc of NaC/ and NsrSO.), are separatedfiom the mother liquor and th'rn contain 10% mother lnuor. I'h-- compcsitign of the mcther liquor !s 0?i, Ne:SOa and 24% NaAt. The ,vet crysbls are iried to remove all ihe wnier. CaicLrlale tne prodlction r3tl ;rld lne crmpcsition of the ci.ied crystel prodrct.

tY

a D The (iistillerte does nct contirin componetlt pointhiqher tii;n isobutane, ihe and withircilinq a botfomslroduct E does |.lr)tc,Jntain compoThe nent with oiling pointiov;efthanpropane. in is isolJrtane concenirati(lil ihe distiilete 5% is in c.'nceniuiioi] theboitarns ani tlrc pfopane 0,8%. All thes(;pcircntages Jn a inolbasis. arE cii calcul3te tlrebasisof 1C0 kmolflloi the feed
(a, (b) lh..i rir{rl '1, cctnpositionof D and iJ. 'l-!",ii of flclv r3teJr D irnli B.

10e

S di t i s w e:i hrc i ti ,ri r c rud. ttl rJ Y .r,:x ;rl JthD 1)(rd.:1!l l ' ' l j i i ' ' l .i 4i r !1;i ,' : i i i r' :i r3ti c .i :i (i tj l i !,:,i ,rdr(;i l : t,:r?!). P ;rt L,i the l ri t di 5,i a.l ' ,' :::r th? ??f: i :i ,r.: j i ,: r m i l l ui c i : n,l 4' .r,j :itr i ;eo' 1r?i e. Ii i .r,J i ! l ra!i rti on(c c n:i ' ri :i ri l j j ,i l ;l ti ..: !i i :,r-. r' i (.:-iir.;ifi:ili1 1r'r ri i -. j wila;-) i:: (1i:tn llT.lt tlil irip ind tl.41!sed' vt;l3ll y.,,irr--,. Dr:) iijr,r'.:irri if ihr r:rLt,J; ,.J;lt4itaiii:i .l% r):lii an.i llrl i..;rr(i ir!;il *rii:- ;ir,) r3it, ...,:riti;r ihe si!lt )unt;jjri'-nf!c!1 i,'l li'lil "degrrlieC" rdl'l

ll.4

Ihe ;() of anhydrouli sodium sulphate iNalSC)") is 2,70. The SG of sodiur'l (hicirde (NaCi) is.i.f,L$. The bulk density !f Na2SL)..1'H?O crystals is

13?o kg/m'.

10 r'

h.ja/, brr

A ;aige tank contains 8460 lit.es nf q/10ol6 solution of NaC I in !,,ater/ Ti,r SG oi the solutioD is 1.C7. Crvstals of Na,SO".10 H,O m'Jst be dissolveciin thir scl:'lion ic increise tnAfci,u'n ccrien@fapprcxim=relylo,QLlla) lne onty .igihoo avallable nt3suiing the cqslals. is a bucker' Tlre volcrnecf th for tL,:.::etr.i ?5 l:ircs. lioJ, ffaily bLrckel.i l.ja2SCr.10H2G {',rystrlsrrust b9 dissol\'sd'1 oi

!'. lri:,(ii,,'.- il lJ6..iil]r cry,)trl: d.J f i:r,la),i poi?lEr c*r'iai[i i/iii lir,r-]i ) , , , ' qr,J Et-ria. :f 400 It ui\ire n:r)il'ire i3 chaigt'l to a re;r.:mr. t''iriri i' ii:: , j : 'l.it2(;i:)ir !ll ilt4 ie:i ,tor? l-iic .;i,y'rii;rln',i-(il,!: iri lirxded iito ll!-r."ei,l.rr by riieir'r:: o; 1 ,,rl..i i; I i , r .rr:.i i :-,;:. i :,.,r' ri ,'L, v .l uri i i ri j 1,.1 !i l rei i . i !.l w oi i i N y !-j ,(' k :i 5 fui l .f !:i )!.r1:i ihe 4f0 iiaj rlrd,q:"/ '!-l'r? lial ilr l.l.zf:C3 is .1,:,i11,riii:r::r SJ.i r)i ir;.'i'l':)r ;: .. Tir! i:i-iik 'iqn-riir -f;o,) tiyst?l n'lixtirre is I Jirr) k(a,"n'

TUT11
(HrO)is givenby of 11.5 Theheatcapacity watervapour

shows solubility forsodium data carbonaGwater. in 11.1 Thetable

"C Temperature Solubility (q Na,CO" 100q H,O) oer 20 21,5 30 40 48.5 60 46.4 80 45,8 100
(a ) (b )

= 8,22+ 1,5x 101-l+ 1,34 1OT2 x

withCpin cal/gmol andT in K K

of at the Calculate heatcapacity watervapour 250'Fin unitsof kJlkg'C. as cp = a+bt +cf Writetheformula ir To calculate directly kJ/kg"c if t in 'C is set intothe newformula. Cp c,! al250'F. to Usethe newfcrmula calculate in kJ/kg"C

Inierpolate linearly required. if (a) What mass of J\larCO3.1o must be dissolvedin 100kg ofwater H2O to give a saturated solution 67'C? at \^/hatis the normality this solution? The densitvoi the soluiionis of 1,32kgll andits viscosity 98 cP. is (b) A mixtureof Na2CO3.10 crystalsand motherliquor (at 2C"C)is H2O at available a flow rate of 100 kg/h. The mixturccnsistscl 600/0 soluticn Na2CO3 v,/atei. in NarCO3.10 crystals 40% saiurated H2O and of the The mixture passed is through separator separate motherliquor a to no bui fronrthe crystals.The separated motherliquoicontains crysials still 15%mcil]el lir? crystalproduct wet with motherliquor, coniaining is liquor, This wet mixtureis passedthrougha driei and aii the lvatei (irciuding waterol crystallisation)evapoBted. the is i Drawandlabet blocktlowdiagram the procss. of a ? At wh3tiaie is the dry Na2CO3 produced?
'i1.2 T!1r iailowqg bble shows (lensrtydata for liquid water

11,6

e,rat4 Z TfArs alo phosphate data ate avrilabletor sodiumdihydrogen The following solubifiry (NaHzPOr)water. in ---7
frernperat'rre "cT60 -T 70 -I-Bt--T_90 T 1o0 |

( c)

Fa,6i|it-----

_i L(g! 00 stqater) _l-__1_4i1_L_l.eQj!r.- __2w_3_)__453__l lrnearly Interpolate./Extrapolai, ii requif.tl.

246,4,--i

(ti dilrl/drog,:fi is corrsisiiric a rnixtlreol puresodium A raw matgdal avarlable, (Niliilir,j1.2ll2o) and sllica(ijio2). A sampic ni phcsphate di-hyCnte rrylrtals repottedtlilt:i cont3irts and th{-'l.rrjoiatory the mixturewas analysed '14,0570 Si.
l4t

ic A soiutio0 ot sodiuii, .jlliydrogen plo:rih:ie (Nn!-!?FrOi) !',/aiefrs Dicllr.j,r:id (:i:/sjai3in wafcr'at 58'il. -i1.}!l from this raw mateij?lihy {:iss')l}in0ti!,] itydr-nted pgrcnr r ore $'atr)i than iireorFtii:3llv.r:iiujlll is l!;e.i. iN:lie ihii ii:x !ilC? doe:r n.rt dirsoive). 1l,s SiO, i|r iil{:rl liii.ni}ri oif and iemoved lli :'r ilil.,i Dri'i::, Thefiltercakec.nh;nionlyts7%Sli'jr-lii..:!jai.iirc,.)i)::inOtiiiiaij-.-Sld J|lahln pcl9"9 lirr'ru'-lilii:i: irlli:-,iii iiieil io,l!;ehii:ii::r i!! ::! ihe Sior-irce flliraia v,,hir)h .|)iod!!{ itrir'trr':l,,.lvtn lir.,' c'Jai),rr'licl45 .l rr;tr-lillljc :jiii ii;lr lvaDorJtor. Tiraj ar 94,3").

(:)

'lhe 3e of ethyl a!.ohoJ?r 20'C ii 0,7893. .What is the density oi eih\'i iti.-oitrl at 20'C ir lbJt'? Thi. lii:io r/5D.i a certain oil is r,eported 0,7281. Whai is the cinsity of as ci th,,':il {ii k3/L)at 6!"F?

t\

( a)
i D.l

Drawand lBbd ;r biock0aw.riftldi"m{orllidafio{."e5s.

t4w
--f

{b)

.,: ijalculate tirr! r;i:)j.r fii:i;ar'_ii: lj li.l2Par. in tiF ciihidi:rte i;tlrii:l; NaHaPCr.'.tHr(r ,:lnd also iirr naii-. frt(:tiotr i'loil:r-'i-r.r irr iii{':i,it'Jj] s ol l 4i c r:s ,at: i r.l a,:fl fa t' ,j Ii{: :i 3-.j!t.i :r': :.:lr ltrr ijr',v rqrl:rii!;, i.:r ri.tltrjlalr: ile ctrnpiEle r?niriliirxi b::ance ii. iirii ;r{,i }i,,..

il,n

i'.-i

p. i), p rcb lem ' 11. 10 llir r |i' n. 335. ir ln vJhatratio (rnass l)asis) must Nac,ii (soliC)ani NarSOacrystals Le rnixei if contain60% Na (nrassbasis). lhe mix.roprr)ilct n'rrrsi

i .jj

1!.4

tormidealmixtures. 1'1.7 Benzeneandtoluene is TheSG of benzene 0,879andtheSG of oitolueneis 0,866. A mixture benzene benzene) in a large is and toluene(40olo floatsin the con.container. glasssphere A tainer. must be of What nrass solidglasspellets put inside glasssphere ensurethat the to diameteris under exactlyhalf the sphere the liquid? is of Thedjameter theglasssphere 110mm; g. irsmass is '182 TheSG of theglasspelofthe pelletsis 2,25and the bulkdensity letsis 51.Slb/'ft3. byV = 1of !s Thevolume ofa sphere grven sphere. ofthe where r is the.adius

(a) (b) (c) (d)

Theflowrateofthe feedin m'slurry/hour. Theflowrateofthe waterin theieedin m3water/h in in Theflowfateofthe SiO2 theunderiow kg Si02/h in in of Theconcentration SiO2 the overflow kgsio2per m' of slrrry'

the the slurryit canbe assumed volumeofthe sllrry equals NqIE: In thisSiOz/HzO volumeof the SiO, plusthe volumeof the water(ldealmixing). I'he SG of silicais 2.642.

contain15% solidsand 85% water. To make strawbetry 11.8 Strawbenies iam, is and ci,Jshed strawberries sugarare r'lixedin a 45:55ratioandthe mixtur+ one contains thirdwaier. Drawand waterulltilthe residuc to h.raied evaporate for a lebet biockflolvdiagram thisp|ciess. (:;rlljulaie ccinpleie of for the massbalance ihe pioduction 10Ckg strawberry jarn
I 1.9 A slliry is a nrl\1i]reoi a solid and a liquid. 4 slurry can he conientraied i|l a thickencr, where lhe solids aie allowed to seltle, yieid^ i,rg a concentraiedunderflowand ar, orerflow (fhe oveifio'riwill .ol. ol iainonlysrnailqudntities solids) !n tiFj proces! iltustrated,_F c.!ii:rins 100k9 Sio' pei m" slurry .,,i (ih.J riurry is a ,11ixlJre sanc rno waier). F is chargcd ai a raie of 200 i(g SiC? pet hour Ihs thi'-;ienercauses :0% cf ',hewatel to i:rirariled be rcccvered in the undedlcv!. Tl:e underilowconi?lns4C0 kl] SiO, p.lr Ir" slurry. Calculate:hr follow;ng.

Lilt;k X &Ly {o n'1ifqlqlo