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CONTENTS

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ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION BLOCK DIAGRAM HARDWARE PDIP/SOIC LCD CURRENT SENSOR IR SENSOR ADC UART GSM VOLTAGE REGULATOR CONCLUSION REFERENCES
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2 5 7 9 14 22 26 37 45 55 67 79 83 85

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT:

The Electrical supply companies are trying to adopt the electronic measurement of energy consumption data because of reduced manufacturing cost, improved measurement accuracy, increased timely information, miniature size and many other benefits that go well beyond the traditional rotor-plate energy meter type. In this paper with the help of an energy chip, an improved energy metering solution is developed, where automating the progression of measurement through digital wireless communication technique is adopted to get the above benefits along with smooth control. The developed energy meter calculates the total average active power mainly for residential consumers. The hardware circuit accepts single phase voltage and currents as its inputs and provides the output in the form of logic data proportional to the average real power. This data is fed to a remote MOBILE through the wireless GSM network that represents the concept of distant wireless metering, practically involving no manpower.

Automatic meter reading (AMR) is popular because of its remote nature of data collection. There are different technologies being used to capture and transfer data remotely, but the accuracy, speed, efficiency, reliability and costeffectiveness are the usual benefits that should be properly achieved using this system. AMR is defined in as the communication link, complete from the meter to the utility headquarters. The automatic meter-reading system employs distributed structure, consists of measuring meters, sensors, intelligent terminals, management
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centre and wireless communication network .The meter reading and management processes are free from human errors. This system also gives many advantages over the traditional metering system such as the eradication of manual meter reading costs, improves customer services by reducing the maltreatment of data and replaces the difficulties like involvement of distance and accessibility of measurement points.

The most importance of this paper more accurate energy measurement data and real-time access to that data is accelerating acceptance of the digital metering technology. The data communication is an important part of the AMR system. The communication system should be accurate, reliable and cost effective. To evaluate the type of communications network needed to carry metering data, it is necessary to review the type of customer infrastructures that could be interfaced to such a network. The primary role of the energy meter system is to provide daily usage, total usage and real time usage data to the consumers.

INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION:

An embedded system is a special-purpose computer system designed to perform a dedicated function. Since the system is dedicated to specific tasks, design engineers can optimize it, reducing the size and cost of the product. Embedded system comprises of both hardware and software. Embedded system is fast growing technology in various fields like industrial automation, home appliances, automobiles, aeronautics etc., Embedded technology uses PC or a controller to do the specified task. Modern embedded digital world will innovative the entire domain such like automobiles, industrial automation, RFID, energy meter and especially biomedical.

BLOCK DIAGRAM

BLOCK DIAGRAM:

VOLTAGE SENSOR

GSM

ATMEL CURRENT SENSOR ADC AT89S52 UART

LCD

IR SENSOR

ENERGY METER

HARDWARE

HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS:
MICRO CONTROLLER ENERGY METER VOLTAGE SENSOR CURRENT SENSOR IR SENSOR LCD ADC UART GSM

ABOUT MICROCONTROLLER: AT89s52 Microcontroller:

Features:

Compatible with MCS-51 Products 8K Bytes of In-System Programmable (ISP) Flash Memory Endurance: 1000 Write/Erase Cycles 4.0V to 5.5V Operating Range Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 33 MHz Three-level Program Memory Lock 256 x 8-bit Internal RAM 32 Programmable I/O Lines Three 16-bit Timer/Counters
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Eight Interrupt Sources Full Duplex UART Serial Channel Low-power Idle and Power-down Modes Interrupt Recovery from Power-down Mode Watchdog Timer Dual Data Pointer Power-off Flag Fast Programming Time Flexible ISP Programming (Byte and Page Mode) Green (Pb/Halide-free) Packaging Option

Description:

The AT89S52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with 8K bytes of in-system programmable Flash memory. The device is manufactured using Atmels high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the Indus-try-standard 80C51 instruction set and pin out. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory pro-grammer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with in-system programmable Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89S52 is a powerful microcontroller which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications. The AT89S52 provides the following standard features: 8K bytes of Flash, 256 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, Watchdog timer, two data pointers, three 16-bit timer/counters, a six-vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator, and clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89S52 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port, and interrupt system to continue functioning. The Power-down mode saves the RAM con-tents but freezes the oscillator, disabling all other chip functions until the next interrupt or hardware reset.

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PDIP/SOIC

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PDIP/SOIC: Pin Description

VCC Supply voltage.

GND Ground.

Port 0

Port 0 is an 8-bit open drain bidirectional I/O port. As an output port, each pin can sink eight TTL inputs. When 1s are written to port 0 pins, the pins can be used as high-impedance inputs. Port 0 can also be configured to be the multiplexed low-order address/data bus during accesses to external program and data memory. In this mode, P0 has internal pull-ups. Port 0 also receives the code bytes during Flash programming and outputs the code bytes during program verification. External pull-ups are required during program verification.

Port 1

Port 1 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 1 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 1 pins, they are pulled high by the inter-nal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 1 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups. In addition, P1.0 and P1.1 can be configured to be the timer/counter 2 external count input (P1.0/T2) and the timer/counter 2 trigger input (P1.1/T2EX), respectively, as shown in the following table. Port 1 also receives the low-order address bytes during Flash programming and verification.

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Port 2

Port 2 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 2 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 2 pins, they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 2 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups. Port 2 emits the high-order address byte during fetches from external program memory and during accesses to external data memory that uses 16-bit addresses (MOVX @ DPTR). In this application, Port 2 uses strong internal pullups when emitting 1s. During accesses to external data memory that uses 8-bit addresses (MOVX @ RI), Port 2 emits the contents of the P2 Special Function Register. Port 2 also receives the high-order address bits and some control signals during Flash programming and verification. Port Pin Alternate Functions P1.0 T2 (external count input to Timer/Counter 2), clock-out P1.1 T2EX (Timer/Counter 2 capture/reload trigger and direction control) P1.5 MOSI (used for In-System Programming) P1.6 MISO (used for In-System Programming) P1.7 SCK (used for In-System Programming)

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Port 3

Port 3 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 3 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 3 pins, they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 3 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the pull-ups. Port 3 receives some control signals for Flash programming and verification. Port 3 also serves the functions of various special features of the AT89S52, as shown in the following table.

RST

Reset input. A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator is running resets the device. This pin drives high for 98 oscillator periods after the Watchdog times out. The DISRTO bit in SFR AUXR (address 8EH) can be used to disable this feature. In the default state of bit DISRTO, the RESET HIGH out feature is enabled.

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ALE/PROG

Address Latch Enable (ALE) is an output pulse for latching the low byte of the address during accesses to external memory. This pin is also the program pulse input (PROG) during Flash programming. In normal operation, ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/6 the oscillator frequency and may be used for external timing or clocking purposes. Note, however, that one ALE pulse is skipped during each access to external data memory. If desired, ALE operation can be disabled by setting bit 0 of SFR location 8EH. With the bit set, ALE is active only during a MOVX or MOVC instruction. Otherwise, the pin is weakly pulled high. Setting the ALE-disable bit has no effect if the microcontroller is in external execution mode.

PSEN

Program Store Enable (PSEN) is the read strobe to external program memory. When the AT89S52 is executing code from external program memory, PSEN is activated twice each machine cycle, except that two PSEN activations are skipped during each access to external data memory.

EA/VPP

External Access Enable. EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable the device to fetch code from external program memory locations starting at 0000H up to FFFFH. Note, however, that if lock bit 1 is programmed, EA will be internally latched on reset. EA should be strapped to VCC for internal program executions. This pin also receives the 12-volt programming enable voltage (VPP) during Flash programming.

XTAL1

Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit.

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XTAL2

Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier.

Memory Organization

MCS-51 devices have a separate address space for Program and Data Memory. Up to 64K bytes each of external Program and Data Memory can be addressed.

Program Memory

If the EA pin is connected to GND, all program fetches are directed to external memory. On the AT89S52, if EA is connected to VCC, program fetches to addresses 0000H through 1FFFH are directed to internal memory and fetches to addresses 2000H through FFFFH are to external memory.

Data Memory

The AT89S52 implements 256 bytes of on-chip RAM. The upper 128 bytes occupy a parallel address space to the Special Function Registers. This means that the upper 128 bytes have the same addresses as the SFR space but are physically separate from SFR space. When an instruction accesses an internal location above address 7FH, the address mode used in the instruction specifies whether the CPU accesses the upper 128 bytes of RAM or the SFR space. Instructions which use direct addressing access the SFR space. For example, the following direct addressing instruction accesses the SFR at location 0A0H (which is P2). MOV 0A0H, #data Instructions that use indirect addressing access the upper 128 bytes of RAM. For example, the following indirect addressing instruction, where R0 contains 0A0H, accesses the data byte at address 0A0H, rather than P2 (whose address is 0A0H). MOV @R0, #data Note that stack

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operations are examples of indirect addressing, so the upper 128 bytes of data RAM are available as stack space.

Watchdog Timer (One-time Enabled with Reset-out)

The WDT is intended as a recovery method in situations where the CPU may be subjected to software upsets. The WDT consists of a 14-bit counter and the Watchdog Timer Reset (WDTRST) SFR. The WDT is defaulted to disable from exiting reset. To enable the WDT, a user must write 01EH and 0E1H in sequence to the WDTRST register (SFR location 0A6H). When the WDT is enabled, it will increment every machine cycle while the oscillator is running. The WDT timeout period is dependent on the external clock frequency. There is no way to disable the WDT except through reset (either hardware reset or WDT overflow reset). When WDT over-flows, it will drive an output RESET HIGH pulse at the RST pin.

Using the WDT

To enable the WDT, a user must write 01EH and 0E1H in sequence to the WDTRST register (SFR location 0A6H). When the WDT is enabled, the user needs to service it by writing 01EH and 0E1H to WDTRST to avoid a WDT overflow. The 14-bit counter overflows when it reaches 16383 (3FFFH), and this will reset the device. When the WDT is enabled, it will increment every machine cycle while the oscillator is running. This means the user must reset the WDT at least every 16383 machine cycles. To reset the WDT the user must write 01EH and 0E1H to WDTRST. WDTRST is a write-only register. The WDT counter cannot be read or written. When WDT overflows, it will generate an output RESET pulse at the RST pin. The RESET pulse duration is 98xTOSC, where TOSC = 1/FOSC. To make the best use of the WDT, it should be serviced in those sections of code that will periodically be executed within the time required to prevent a WDT reset.

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WDT during Power-down and Idle

In Power-down mode the oscillator stops, which means the WDT also stops. While in Power-down mode, the user does not need to service the WDT. There are two methods of exiting Power-down mode: by a hardware reset or via a level-activated external interrupt which is enabled prior to entering Power-down mode. When Power-down is exited with hardware reset, servicing the WDT should occur as it normally does whenever the AT89S52 is reset. Exiting Power-down with an interrupt is significantly different. The interrupt is held low long enough for the oscillator to stabilize. When the interrupt is brought high, the interrupt is serviced. To prevent the WDT from resetting the device while the interrupt pin is held low, the WDT is not started until the interrupt is pulled high. It is suggested that the WDT be reset during the interrupt service for the interrupt used to exit Power-down mode. To ensure that the WDT does not overflow within a few states of exiting Power-down, it is best to reset the WDT just before entering Power-down mode. Before going into the IDLE mode, the WDIDLE bit in SFR AUXR is used to determine whether the WDT continues to count if enabled. The WDT keeps counting during IDLE (WDIDLE bit = 0) as the default state. To prevent the WDT from resetting the AT89S52 while in IDLE mode, the user should always set up a timer that will periodically exit IDLE, service the WDT, and reenter IDLE mode. With WDIDLE bit enabled, the WDT will stop to count in IDLE mode and resumes the count upon exit from IDLE.

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LCD

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LCD :

Pin-1 Vss- Ground Pin-2 VDD- Power 5V Pin-3 VEE- LCD Contrast Adjustment

Control Signals

RS- Register Select


There are 2 very important registers in LCD

Command Code register Data Register

If

selected allowing to send data that has to be displayed.

R\W- Read\Write
R\W input allows the user to write information to LCD or read information from it. How do we read data from LCD????? The data that is being currently displayed will be stored in a buffer memory DDRAM. This data could be read if necessary. If R\ R\
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E- Enable
The enable Pin is used by the LCD to latch information at its data pins. When data is supplied to data pins, a high to low pulse must be applied to this pin in order for the LCD to latch the data present in the data pins.

Data Bus- D0-D7 Power for Backlighting LEDs


VDD-Power 5V Vss- GND

General Explanation
We have to prepare an LCD properly before the character we need, has to be displayed. For this a number of commands have to be provided to the LCD before inputting the required data. The commands will be discussed in the later part of this tutorial. LCD doesnt know about the content (data or commands) supplied to its data bus. It is the user who has to specify whether the content at its data pins are data or commands. For this, if a command is inputted then a particular combination of 0s and 1s has to be applied to the Control lines so as to specify it is a Command on the other hand if a data is inputted at the data lines then an another combination of 0s and 1s has to be applied to the control lines to specify it is Data. (Hope you are not confused!!!!). The combinations are as followsIf \W=0, E=1\0 \W=0, E=1\0

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Various Commands used in LCDs

Programming Steps

Before sending Data to be Displayed to the LCD, it should be prepared to hold that particular value. For this certain initializations are to be done as per the Instructions. o Move Value 0X38, 3 times.( Applied max 3 times due to rise time factor) o Move Value 0X06, 1 time. o Move Value 0X0F, 1 time. o After each initializations command function and delay should be called. After Initialization Move Data to the LCD Call the Data Function and delay.

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CURRENT SENSOR

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CURRENT SENSOR:
NAME: CURRENT SENSOR/CS60 010 SHORT DESCRIPTION: Current sensor is intended for measuring current from 1 to 10 Amps.

FEATURES:
Measures current from 1 to 10 Amps. Tin-silver over copper terminations 0.5 mm minimum wall thickness of the hole Sensitivity may be enhanced by increasing primary turns.

SPECIFICATIONS:
Ambient temperature: 40C to +85C Storage temperature: Component: 40C to +85C Packaging trays: 40C to +80C Vout tolerance 10%

APPLICATIONS:
Sensing branch circuit overload and detecting load drop or shutdown.

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An AC line usually works at 50/60 Hz, meaning that the voltage changes within about 10ms between zero and peak. In addition, the drawn current will not usually have even a sinusoidal waveform (think of the modern switch-mode power supplies in so many consumer devices or of ballasts). And due to external sources of interference the waveform can be even more "dirty". So, except for very simple loads, the waveform of the current drawn by a load does not resemble the voltage waveform. Besides the known phase shift and power factor, current flows in pulses, causing harmonics and subharmonics of the power frequency. One way of avoiding this is to measure a ready integrated and averaged effective value delivered by a self-powered current transducer for example. The monitored line should also safely deliver the (low) power needed for the transmitter.As described in what follows, a wireless transmitter can be powered by a current transducer to send the measured values every time a primary current flows. The only really suitable passive, ultra-low-power or self-powered current sensor is the current transducer (CT). CTs are generally used to measure AC amperage in an electrical circuit. They are accurate, safe, easy to implement and reliable in tough environmental and thermal conditions. CTs are installed insulated around an energized conductor and sense the magnetic field generated by the primary current flowing in the circuit. Unlike other transducers, the primary winding current in a CT is independent of the secondary winding load. This primary winding current depends only on the circuit into which the primary winding is connected. The idea is not new. For example, a self-powered current transducer can also be loaded with a LED as a discretecurrent indicator to monitor the circuit condition in a remote location. When the remote circuit current flows, the current transducer will generate enough "harvested" current to illuminate a LED to indicate the current flowing. When the remote current ceases to flow,the LED will be turned off.

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BLOCK DIAGRAM OF THE CURRENT TRANSFORMER:

CT EQUIVALENT SCHEMATIC:

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Current transducers provide a simple, low-cost but nevertheless accurate method of sensing current flow in power conductors. They are available mostly in two basic configurations: 1. Ring-core CTs with holes (power conductor opening size). 2. Split-core CTs have one end removable so that the load conductor or bus bar does not have to be disconnected to install the CT. The ring-core style is the most readily used core geometry for current transducer application. There is no air gap in the core, so the magnetizing current will always be small. Ringcore geometry fits perfectly with flux flow in the core; therefore the core material can be utilized efficiently giving you a small core and small core loss as a result. They are the primary choice for new installations. However, to retrofit an existing installation, a split-core style could be the better alternative. Split-core CTs are very popular and suitable for fast retrofitting. The split-core CT is smaller than the clamp-on probe style CT and is considerably less expensive. It works best in a crowded electrical panel where space is often limited. Caution! : A CT should never be open-circuited while main current is passing through the primary Winding. If the load (burden resistor or overvoltage protection) is removed from the secondary winding while the main circuit current is flowing, the flux in the core shoots up to a high level and a very high voltage appears across the open secondary circuit. Due to the high turns ratio usually found in these transformers (e.g. 1:1000), the voltage can reach under this condition a dangerously high level, which can break down the insulation and damage the circuitry. It also becomes a hazard to personnel. It is strongly recommended to put a short or other overvoltage limitation device on the secondary winding before removing the secondary load while the main current is flowing through the primary winding.

Some specifications:
The mentioned transducer requires no external power supply; the device is parasitically powered from the line current through its integrated current transformer. 1.Range: 0 to 30, 60, 120 A, switch-selected (H922). 2.Output: 0 to 5 Vdc, proportionally to primary current. 3.Accuracy: better 2% or 1% FS. Size: 2.9 x 2.58 x 1.04 in (LxWxH).
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The delivered output voltage between 0 and 5 Vdc is available as long as the primary current flows and it only needs to be divided by 2.5 (i.e. 0 to 2 V range) and applied at the STM 1X0(C) AD input. This will detect the current flow and its changes and transmit the information. An overvoltage protection, realized e.g. by two 2V7 Zener diodes connected between the corresponding STM 1X0(C) AD input and GND is recommended in order to prevent any damage. Part Number Sensed current Irms CS60-010_ 110 A Vout tolerance rms 10%

(For sensed current above 10 Arms, see CS60 data sheet) 1. When ordering, please specify termination code: CS60-010L Termination: L= RoHS compliant tin-silver over copper. Special order: T = RoHS tin-silver-copper (95.5/4/0.5) or S = non-RoHS tin-lead (63/37). 2. Ambient temperature range 40C to +85C. 3. Electrical specifications at 25C.

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Basic Principles of Operation:


This standard design uses an accurate and specific resistive termination on the secondary. By transformer action, the loading effect of this resistance is transferred to the primary and appears as a shunt resistance across the primary. The parallel combination of this shunt resistance and the impedance of the primary winding form the impedance through which the current flows.

THE FUNDAMENTALS OF CURRENT SENSE TRANSFORMER DESIGN:


Typically, the transformer is designed so that the impedance of the primary winding is much greather than the shunt resistance reflected into the primary side and thus the primary impedance is mostly res istive. This shunt resistance acts as a current viewing resistor for AC current and it is this AC voltage drop that gets transferred to the secondary. It is this AC shunt resistance that the circuit sees and it is relatively easy to keep its value very low so as to have minimal effect on the circuit.

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Because of the isolation feature of the current sense transformer, it can be placed at any desired location in a circuit, including above ground, to monitor current there.

Design Procedure:
Typical starting points, or inputs, to the design process are the following: Primary turns (Np) Sensitivity (S) Desired series AC impedance (Zsac) Maximum current rating (Imax) Minimum frequency response (fmin) Desired design results or outputs would include: Secondary turns (Ns) Secondary termination resistance (Rt) Minimum inductance factor (ALmin) The suggested design steps using the inputs listed above are as follows: 1. The desired series AC impedance (Zsac) introduced into the circuit by the current transformer can be expressed in volts per ampere instead of ohms. Using this figure as the volts per ampere on the primary side of the transformer and using the desired sensitivity (S) in volts per ampere at the secondary, the turns ratio (n) is calculated..

2. Calculate secondary turns (Ns) using the primary turns (Np) and the turns ratio.

3. Calculate the secondary termination resistance (Rt) using the turns ratio and the series AC impedance at the primary.
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4. The minimum primary inductance required (Lp) is a function of how accurate and linear the volts per ampere versus current transfer function of the transformer needs to be. A good rule of thumb for an accurate and linear transformer is to design for minimum primary inductance whose inductive reactance is 100 times the primary Zsac at the minimum low frequency (fmin) design point.

5. Calculate the required inductance factor to obtain the required primary inductance (Lp) with the specified number of primary turns (Np).

Design Example:
Following is an example of a design using the above approach: INPUT/ OUTPUT Primary turns (Np) = 1 Secondary turns (Ns) = 100 Sensitivity (S) = 0.5 V/A Secondary termination resistance (Rt) = 50 O Series AC impedance (Zsac) = 0.005 O Minimum inductance factor (ALmin ) = 3981 nH/n2 Maximum current rating (Imax) = 5 A Minimum frequency response (fmin) = 20 kHz.

Choosing a Core:
Quite often, a soft ferrite toroidal core is used for a current sense transformer. A core of surprisingly small cross section will be sufficient for current transformers handling multiple amperes at typical switch mode power frequencies. A toroidal core is well suited for a transformer with a single turn primary since it is desired to keep the primary to secondary coupling as good as possible. The toroidal core works well here because the secondary turns are completely surrounding the single primary conductor passing through the hole.

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Other shapes are also used, particularly at lower frequencies, where the required cross section is larger and higher numbers of both primary and secondary turns are used. As seen in the equivalent circuit in Figure 1, the primary is in shunt across the primary side series AC impedance (Zsac). If the primary is only one turn, the inductance factor of the core needs to be relatively large to provide sufficient inductive reactance at the low frequency end of the passband. A toroidal shape is also efficient for this reason because the magnetic path length of a small toroid can be made small relative to the cross sectional area which will yield a high inductance factor per unit volume. A high permeability material is also desirable in achieving a high inductance factor. However,one also has to take into account the required operating temperature range of the transformer. The permeability of high permeability grade materials can drop significantly with decreasing temperature. The required cross sectional area of the core is approached in essentially the same way as with any transformer. It is a function of the core material, the series AC impedance (Zsac) on the primary side, the maximum ACrms current the primary will see, and the number of primary turns. It will first be necessary to calculate the maximum voltage (Ep max) that will appear across the primary. A high permeability material is also desirable in achieving a high inductance factor. However, one also has to take into account the required operating temperature range of the transformer. The permeability of high permeability grade materials can drop significantly with decreasing temperature. The required cross sectional area of the core is approached in essentially the same way as with any transformer. It is a function of the core material, the series AC impedance (Zsac) on the primary side, the maximum ACrms current the primary will see, and the number of primary turns. It will first be necessary to calculate the maximum voltage (Ep max) that will appear across the primary.

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For a sinusoidal AC current with no DC component, the formula relating primary voltage (Ep),turns (Np), frequency(f), and cross sectional area (Ae) is: Solving for Ae, we have:

As with any transformer, determining a suitable Bpeak is a function of core material and the maximum operating temperature of the transformer, as well as core losses. It is suggested to keep the maximum peak flux density at no more than 50% of the saturation flux density of the material at a particular temperature.

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IR SENSOR

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Overview of the ir sensor:


This sensor can be used for most indoor applications where no important ambient light is present. For simplicity, this sensor doesn't provide ambient light immunity, but a more complicated, ambient light ignoring sensor should be discussed in a coming article. However, this sensor can be used to measure the speed of object moving at a very high speed, like in industry or in tachometers. In such applications, ambient light ignoring sensor, which rely on sending 40 Khz pulsed signals cannot be used because there are time gaps between the pulses where the sensor is 'blind'. The solution proposed doesn't contain any special components, like photo-diodes, phototransistors, or IR receiver ICs, only a couple if IR leds, an Op amp, a transistor and a couple of resistors. In need, as the title says, a standard IR led is used for the purpose of detection. Due to that fact, the circuit is extremely simple, and any novice electronics hobbyist can easily understand and build it.

Object Detection using IR light:


It is the same principle in ALL Infra-Red proximity sensors. The basic idea is to send infra red light through IR-LEDs, which is then reflected by any object in front of the sensor. Then all you have to do is to pick-up the reflected IR light. For detecting the reflected IR light, we are going to use a very original technique: we are going to use another IR-LED, to detect the IR light that was emitted from another led of the exact same type! This is an electrical property of Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) which is the fact that a led Produce a voltage difference across its leads when it is subjected to light. As if it was a photocell, but with much lower output current. In other words, the voltage generated by the leds can't be - in any way - used to generate electrical power from light, It can barely be detected. that's why as you will notice in the schematic, we are going to use a Op-Amp (operational Amplifier) to accurately detect very small voltage changes.

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Images for ir sensor:

General Description
The IR Sensor-Single is a general purpose proximity sensor. Here we use it for collision detection. The module consist of a IR emitter and IR receiver pair. The high precision IR receiver always detects a IR signal. The module consists of 358 comparator IC. The output of sensor is high whenever it IR frequency and low otherwise. The on-board LED indicator helps user to check status of the sensor without using any additional hardware. The power consumption of this module is low. It gives a digital output.

Functional description:
The output voltage is generated by a thermopile, formed by a series connection of thermojunctions deposited on a silicon substrate. The hot junctions are thermally isolated from the cold junctions on the substrate by etching an extremely thin membrane. A black absorbing layer on the hot junctions transform the incoming radiation into heat. A voltage proportional to the radiation is generated by the thermoelectric effect. The used thermopiles are processed on 400 mm silicon substrates using BiSb and NiCr for the thermojunctions. For different radiation spectra various filters are available to get the optimal solution.
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Easy and accurate measuring of the sensor temperature can be done with a built-in temperature sensor (only for type SMTIR9902).

Product description:
The Smartec infrared sensors SMTIR99XX are sophisticated full silicon infrared sensors and comprise of so called thermopiles. Thermopiles are based on the Seebeck effect, which is a long time standard for conventional thermocouples. The application of thin film technology allows the production of miniaturised and low cost sensor elements. For specific applications there is a version with a small openings angle (7). The sensors can be used in measuring the radiation temperature without any contact. For different radiation temperature ranges various filters are available. The sensor type SMTIR9902 contains a temperature sensor for measuring the temperature of the sensor itself. The temperature range of the sensor-element is between -40 to 100 C. The sensor is available in a standard TO05 encapsulation and is equipped with a 5.5 micrometer filter. For small field of view there is an infrared sensor available with a silicon lens.

Most Important Features:


High accuracy High sensitivity (110 V/W) Low resistance (50 kohm). Very good signal-to-noise-ratio Good response time (40 ms) Low cost thin film technology Easy and accurate measuring of the sensor temperature by means of a built-in temperature sensor (SMTIR9902).

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Typical Applications:
Contactless measurement of surface temperatures or Infrared radiation. Temperature measurement on moving objects. Continuous temperature control of industrial sites. Thermal alarm systems. Climate control. Medical instruments. Home appliances.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Working principle:
Now this may seem to be a very special kind of sensor, after all what kind of sensor can see a line? Well, the principles are very simple. It consists of just two components. The first is an Infra-Red (IR) transmitter (usually an LED), while the second is an Infra-Red receiver (usually a transistor). IR is transmitted out of the sensor unit. If the IR is reflected back, it is picked up by the IR receiver transistor. But how does it follow a line, you ask? Well, IR is basically heat (the heat from the sun is predominantly in the IR part of the spectrum). Black, as you probably know, absorbs heat, which is why it is best not to wear black in the summer months. If black absorbs heat, then it also absorbs IR. And this is the principle. While the sensor is over a black line, no IR is reflected back to the receiver. If the sensor strays away from the line, then IR is reflected back. This is why Cybot 'follows a black line'. For best results the black line is placed on a white
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background, which will give the extreme two cases - white reflects IR.The diagram below illustrates this, but as you can see it is quite a simple concept.

IR TX RX

Pin Configuration:

Overview of Schematic:
The sensitivity of the IR Sensor is tuned using the potentiometer. The potentiometer is tuneable in both the directions. Initially tune the potentiometer in clockwise direction such that the Indicator LED starts glowing. Once that is achieved, turn the potentiometer just enough in anti-clockwise direction to turn off the Indicator LED. At this point the sensitivity of the receiver is maximum. Thus, its sensing distance is maximum at this point. If the sensing distance (i.e., Sensitivity) of the receiver is needed to be reduced, then one can tune the potentiometer in the anti-clockwise direction from this point. Further, if the orientation of both Tx and Rx LEDs is parallel to each other, such that both are facing outwards, then their sensitivity is maximum. If they are moved away from each other, such that they are inclined to each other at their soldered end, then their sensitivity reduces.
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Tuned sensitivity of the sensors is limited to the surroundings. Once tuned for a particular surrounding, they will work perfectly until the IR illumination conditions of that region nearly constant. For example, if the potentiometer is tuned inside room/building for maximum sensitivity and then taken out in open sunlight, its will require retuning, since suns rays also contain Infrared (IR) frequencies, thus acting as a IR source (transmitter). This will disturb the receivers sensing capacity. Hence it needs to be retuned to work perfectly in the new surroundings. The output of IR receiver goes low when it receives IR signal. Hence the output pin is normally low because, though the IR LED is continuously transmitting, due to no obstacle, nothing is reflected back to the IR receiver. The indication LED is off. When an obstacle is encountered, the output of IR receiver goes low, IR signal is reflected from the obstacle surface. This drives the output of the comparator low. This output is connected to the cathode of the LED, which then turns ON.

Maximum Ratings

Example C Code for 8051 microcontrollers


#include #include unsigned bit ir1,ir2; delay(y){ char ir; // to store // the 2 recording point required for our algorithm // simple delay function int i; the <REGX51.h> <math.h> final result

unsigned for(i=0;i<y;i++){;} } void //P2.0 IR control pin //P2.1 IR output pin coming from the sensor
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going

to

the

main(){ sensor

while(1){ P2_0 = delay(20); ir1 P2_0 = delay(98); ir2 if ir = 1; P2_3 = 1; if ir = 2; }else{ ir = 0; } } }

1; = 0; =

//send

IR P2_1; IR P2_1;

//stop

((ir1 == 1)&(ir2 == 0)){ // Obstacle detected // Pin 3 of PORT 2 will go HIGH turning ON a LED. ((ir1 == 1)&(ir2 == 1)){ // Sensor is saturated by ambient light // The way is clear in front of the sensor.

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ADC

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ADC 0808/0809:

The ADC0808, ADC0809 data acquisition component is a monolithic CMOS device with an 8-bit analog-to-digital converter, 8-channel multiplexer and microprocessor compatible control logic.

General Description:

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The ADC0809 data acquisition component is a monolithic CMOS device with an 8-bit analog-to-digital converter, 8-channel multiplexer and microprocessor compatible control logic. The 8-bit A/D converter uses successive approximation as the conversion technique.

The converter features a high impedance chopper stabilized comparator, a 256R voltage divider with analog switch tree and a successive approximation register. The 8-channel multiplexer can directly access any of 8-single-ended analog signals. The device eliminates the need for external zero and full-scale adjustments. Easy interfacing to microprocessors is provided by the latched and decoded multiplexer address inputs and latched TTL TRI-STATE outputs.

The design of the ADC0808, ADC0809 has been optimized by incorporating the most desirable aspects of several A/D conversion techniques. The ADC0808, ADC0809 offers high speed, high accuracy, minimal temperature dependence, excellent long-term accuracy and repeatability, and consumes minimal power. These features make this device ideally suited to applications from process and machine control to consumer and automotive applications. For 16-channel multiplexer with common output (sample/hold port) see ADC0816 data sheet.

Features:
Easy interface to all microprocessors Operates ratio metrically or with 5 VDC or analog span Adjusted voltage reference No zero or full-scale adjust required 8-channel multiplexer with address logic 0V to 5V input range with single 5V power supply Outputs meet TTL voltage level specifications Standard hermetic or molded 28-pin DIP package 28-pin molded chip carrier package ADC0808 equivalent to MM74C949 ADC0809 equivalent to MM74C949-1

Key Specifications
Resolution 8 Bits Total Unadjusted Error 12 LSB and 1 LSB
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Single Supply 5 VDC Low Power 15 mW Conversion Time 100 s

Block Diagram:

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Pin Diagram:

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The ADC0808, ADC0809 data acquisition component is a monolithic CMOS device with an 8-bit analog-to-digital converter, 8-channel multiplexer and microprocessor compatible control logic.

Functional Description:

Multiplexer:

The device contains an 8-channel single-ended analog signal multiplexer. A particular input channel is selected by using the address decoder. Table 1 shows the input states for the address lines to select any channel. The address is latched into the decoder on the low-to-high transition of the address latch enable signal.

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The internal block diagram of ADC0809:

The successive approximation register (SAR) performs eight iterations to determine the digital code for input value. The SAR is reset on the positive edge of START pulse and start the conversion process on the falling edge of START pulse.

A conversion process will be interrupted on receipt of new START pulse.

The End-Of-Conversion (EOC) will go low between 0 and 8 clock pulses after the positive edge of START pulse.

The ADC can be used in continuous conversion mode by tying the EOC output to START input. In this mode an external START pulse should be applied whenever power is switched ON.

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The 256'R resistor network and the switch tree is shown in fig.

256'R resistor network and the switch tree

The 256R ladder network has been provided instead of conventional R/2R ladder because of its inherent monotonic, which guarantees no missing digital codes. Also the 256R resistor network does not cause load variations on the reference voltage. The comparator in ADC0809/ADC0808 is a chopper- stabilized comparator. It converts the DC input signal into an AC signal, and amplifies the AC sign using high gain AC amplifier. Then it converts AC signal to DC signal. This technique limits the drift component of the amplifier, because the drift is a DC component and it is not amplified/passed by the AC amp1ifier. This makes the ADC extremely insensitive to temperature, long term drift and input offset errors. In ADC conversion process the input analog value is quantized and each quantized analog value will have a unique binary equivalent.
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The quantization step in ADC0809/ADC0808 is given by,

Applications:
ADCs are integral to current music reproduction technology. Since much music production is done on computers, when an analog recording is used, an ADC is needed to create the PCM data stream that goes onto a compact disc or digital music file. The current crop of AD converters utilized in music can sample at rates up to 192 kilohertz. High bandwidth headroom allows the use of cheaper or faster anti-aliasing filters of less severe filtering slopes. The proponents of oversampling assert that such shallower anti-aliasing filters produce less deleterious effects on sound quality, exactly because of their gentler slopes.

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Others prefer entirely filterless AD conversion, arguing that aliasing is less detrimental to sound perception than pre-conversion brickwall filtering. Considerable literature exists on these matters, but commercial considerations often play a significant role. Most high-profile recording studios record in 24-bit/192-176.4 kHz PCM or in DSD formats, and then downsample or decimate the signal for Red-Book CD production (44.1 kHz or at 48 kHz for commonly used for radio/TV broadcast applications). Digital Signal Processing: AD converters are used virtually everywhere where an analog signal has to be processed, stored, or transported in digital form. Fast video ADCs are used, for example, in TV tuner cards. Slow on-chip 8, 10, 12, or 16 bit ADCs are common in microcontrollers. Very fast ADCs are needed in digital oscilloscopes.

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UART

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UART:
A universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter is a type of "asynchronous receiver/transmitter", a piece of computer hardware that translates data between parallel and serial forms. UARTs are commonly used in conjunction with other communication standards such as EIA RS-232.

A UART is usually an individual (or part of an) integrated circuit used for serial communications over a computer or peripheral device serial port. UARTs are now commonly included in microcontrollers. A dual UART or DUART combines two UARTs into a single chip. Many modern ICs now come with a UART that can also communicate synchronously; these devices are called USARTs. The Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter (UART) controller is the key component of the serial communications subsystem of a computer. The UART takes bytes of data and transmits the individual bits in a sequential fashion. At the destination, a second UART re-assembles the bits into complete bytes.

Serial transmission of digital information (bits) through a single wire or other medium is much more cost effective than parallel transmission through multiple wires. A UART is used to convert the transmitted information between its sequential and parallel form at each end of the link.

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Each UART contains a shift register which is the fundamental method of conversion between serial and parallel forms.

MAX232:

The MAX232 is an integrated circuit that converts signals from an RS-232 serial port to signals suitable for use in TTL compatible digital logic circuits. The MAX232 is a dual driver/receiver and typically converts the RX, TX, CTS and RTS signals. The drivers provide RS-232 voltage level outputs (approx. 7.5 V) from a single + 5 V supply via on-chip charge pumps and external capacitors. This makes it useful for implementing RS-232 in devices that otherwise do not need any voltages outside the 0 V to + 5 V range, as power supply design does not need to be made more complicated just for driving the RS-232 in this case. The receivers reduce RS-232 inputs (which may be as high as 25 V), to standard 5 V TTL levels. These receivers have a typical threshold of 1.3 V, and a typical hysteresis of 0.5 V. The later MAX232A is backwards compatible with the original MAX232 but may operate at higher baud rates and can use smaller external capacitors 0.1 F in place of the 1.0 F capacitors used with the original device.

Block Diagram

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Transmitter:
Parallel-to-serial conversion CPU to serial port Transmit (TX) FIFO and Transmit ShiftRegister (TSR) 16X timing for bit shifting Character Framing Parity Insertion FIFO empty report (TXRDY and INT)

TX Character Framing:
Start Bit Data Bits of 5, 6, 7 or 8 Parity Bit Stop Bit of 1, 1.5 or 2 Example: Start, 8 data, parity, with 1 stop bit (8P1)

Transmitter Block Diagram:


Write Data to Transmit Holding Register (THR) Transmit data is queued in TX FIFO Data is transferred to Transmit Shift Register (TSR) and sent out.

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Receiver:
Serial-to-Parallel Conversion Serial to CPU Receive (RX) FIFO and Receive Shift Register (RSR)with error tags 16X timing clock for mid bit sampling and verification Start-bit detection and verification Data-bit sampling Parity sampling & verification (parity error) Stop bit sampling & verification Framing check and error(s) report FIFO status report (RXRDY and INT)

Receiver Block Diagram:


Incoming data is received in the Receive Shift Register (RSR) Received data is queued in the RX FIFO Error tags associated with data in RHR can be read via LSR Reading the Receive Holding Register (RHR) will read data out

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Receiver FIFO Mode:

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RX Character Validation:
Start bit detection and validation HIGH to LOW transition indicates a start bit Start bit validated if RX input is still LOW during mid bit sampling Data, parity and stop bits are sampled at mid bit Line Status errors (aka Error Tags and Overrun Error) Framing error if stop bit is not detected Parity error if parity bit is incorrect Break detected if RX input is LOW for duration of one character time Overrun error if character is received in RSR when RX FIFO is full.

Pin Diagram:

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Applicability
This module is primary of interest for people building their own electronics with an RS-232 interface. Off-the-shelf computers with RS-232 interfaces already contain the necessary electronics, and there is no need to add the circuitry as described here.

Introduction
Logic Signal Voltage Serial RS-232 (V.24) communication works with voltages (between -15V ... -3V are used to transmit a binary '1' and +3V ... +15V to transmit a binary '0') which are not compatible with today's computer logic voltages. On the other hand, classic TTL computer logic operates between 0V ... +5V (roughly 0V ... +0.8V referred to as low for binary '0', +2V ... +5V for high binary '1' ). Modern low-power logic operates in the range of 0V ... +3.3V or even lower. So, the maximum RS-232 signal levels are far too high for today's computer logic electronics, and the negative RS-232 voltage can't be grokked at all by the computer logic. Therefore, to receive serial data from an RS-232 interface the voltage has to be reduced, and the 0 and 1 voltage levels inverted. In the other direction (sending data from some logic over RS232) the low logic voltage has to be "bumped up", and a negative voltage has to be generated, too. RS-232 TTL Logic

-----------------------------------------------15V ... -3V <-> +2V ... +5V <-> 1

+3V ... +15V <-> 0V ... +0.8V <-> 0 All this can be done with conventional analog electronics, e.g. a particular power supply and a couple of transistors or the once popular 1488 (transmitter) and 1489 (receiver) ICs. However, since more than a decade it has become standard in amateur electronics to do the necessary signal level conversion with an integrated circuit (IC) from the MAX232 family (typically a MAX232A or some clone). In fact, it is hard to find some RS-232 circuitry in amateur electronics without a MAX232A or some clone.

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The MAX232

A MAX232 integrated circuit The MAX232 from Maxim was the first IC which in one package contains the necessary drivers (two) and receivers (also two), to adapt the RS-232 signal voltage levels to TTL logic. It became popular, because it just needs one voltage (+5V) and generates the necessary RS-232 voltage levels (approx. -10V and +10V) internally. This greatly simplified the design of circuitry. Circuitry designers no longer need to design and build a power supply with three voltages (e.g. -12V, +5V, and +12V), but could just provide one +5V power supply, e.g. with the help of a simple 78x05 voltage converter. The MAX232 has a successor, the MAX232A. The ICs are almost identical, however, the MAX232A is much more often used (and easier to get) than the original MAX232, and the MAX232A only needs external capacitors 1/10th the capacity of what the original MAX232 needs. It should be noted that the MAX232(A) is just a driver/receiver. It does not generate the necessary RS-232 sequence of marks and spaces with the right timing, it does not decode the RS232 signal, it does not provide a serial/parallel conversion. All it does is to convert signal voltage levels. Generating serial data with the right timing and decoding serial data has to be done by additional circuitry, e.g. by a 16550 UART or one of these small micro controllers (e.g. Atmel AVR, Microchip PIC) getting more and more popular. The MAX232 and MAX232A were once rather expensive ICs, but today they are cheap. It has also helped that many companies now produce clones (ie. Sipex). These clones sometimes need different external circuitry, e.g. the capacities of the external capacitors vary.

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It is recommended to check the data sheet of the particular manufacturer of an IC instead of relying on Maxim's original data sheet. The original manufacturer (and now some clone manufacturers, too) offers a large series of similar ICs, with different numbers of receivers and drivers, voltages, built-in or external capacitors, etc. E.g. The MAX232 and MAX232A need external capacitors for the internal voltage pump, while the MAX233 has these capacitors built-in. The MAX233 is also between three and ten times more expensive in electronic shops than the MAX232A because of its internal capacitors. It is also more difficult to get the MAX233 than the garden variety MAX232A.

A Typical Application
The MAX232(A) has two receivers (converts from RS-232 to TTL voltage levels) and two drivers (converts from TTL logic to RS-232 voltage levels). This means only two of the RS-232 signals can be converted in each direction. The old MC1488/1498 combo provided four drivers and receivers. Typically a pair of a driver/receiver of the MAX232 is used for

TX and RX

and the second one for

CTS and RTS.

There are not enough drivers/receivers in the MAX232 to also connect the DTR, DSR, and DCD signals. Usually these signals can be omitted when e.g. communicating with a PC's serial interface. If the DTE really requires these signals either a second MAX232 is needed, or some other IC from the MAX232 family can be used (if it can be found in consumer electronic shops at all). An alternative for DTR/DSR is also given below. Maxim's data sheet explains the MAX232 family in great detail, including the pin configuration and how to connect such an IC to external circuitry. This information can be used as-is in own design to get a working RS-232 interface.

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USB TO RS-232 Converter


USB to Serial interface cables often have two components: a USB transciever that outputs serial data; and a voltage shifter to produce standards-compliant RS-232 voltages. It is often possible to throw away (ignore, desolder, cut-out) the USB part of these cables, connect an external 5V power source (or abuse the RS-232 interface) to replace the power coming from the USB bus and to just use the RS-232 level-shifter. All this is probably as much work as using a MAX232A, although you get one RS-232 connector for free. If you consider a USB cable, it is also worthwhile to consider using USB directly, instead of RS-232. Many USB transceiver chips can be integrated directly into circuits, eliminating the need for voltage-shifting components. Parts such as the FTDI FT232BM even have an input allowing designers to select 5V or 3.3V output levels. Most of these USB transceiver chips are available as surface-mount components only. But some vendors offer DIP-sized preassembled modules, often at competitive prices, and often with free or cheap drivers or driver development environments. See Serial Programming: Universal Serial Bus for more on USB hardware, interfacing with USB devices and programming USB devices.

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MAX232N
A Texas Instruments MAX232 (not A) second-source. The N indicates the package (plastic dip), and not any special electric characteristics. This is a non-A MAX232, therefore it needs at least 1F capacitors. In can sometimes be found rather cheap. TI also offers MAX3232s and a number of other RS-232 drivers/receivers, like MC148x

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GSM

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GSM MODEM:

GSM Modem Product, from Sparr Electronics limited (SEL), provides full functional capability to Serial devices to send SMS and Data over GSM Network. The product is available as Board Level or enclosed in Metal Box. The Board Level product can be integrated in to Various Serial devices in providing them SMS and Data capability and the unit housed in a Metal Enclosure can be kept outside to provide serial port connection. The GSM Modem supports popular "AT" command set so that users can develop applications quickly. The product has SIM Card holder to which activated SIM card is inserted for normal use. The power to this unit can be given from UPS to provide uninterrupted operation. This product provides great feasibility for Devices in remote location to stay connected which otherwise would not have been possible where telephone lines do not exist.

2. Application areas
Mobile Transport vehicles. LAN based SMS servers Alarm notification of critical events including Servers Network Monitoring and SMS reporting Data Transfer applications from remote locations Monitor and control of Serial services through GSM Network Integration to custom software for Warehouse, Stock, Production, Dispatch notification through SMS. AMR- Automatic Meter Reading. And many more

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GSM modem is a highly flexible plug and play GSM 850 900 / GSM 1800 / GSM 1900 modem for direct and easy integration RS232, voltage range for the power supply and audio interface make this device perfect solution for system integrators and single user. It also comes with licence free integrated Python. Python is a powerful easy to learn programming language. Such a Python driven terminal is 5 times better and faster and 5 times cheaper than standard PLC/RTU with communication interface and external GSM / GPRS modem. Voice, Data/Fax, SMS, DTMF, GPRS, integrated TCP/IP stack and other features like the GSM / GPRS modules on this home page.

GSM modem characteristics


Quad GSM GPRS modem ( GSM 850 /900/1800 / 1900 ) Designed for GPRS, data, fax, SMS and voice applications Fully compliant with ETSI GSM Phase 2+ specifications (Normal MS) License free Python interpreter with free of charge programming tools

GSM modem Interfaces


RS232 through D-TYPE 9 pin connector, RJ11 for I2C, SPI and GPIO Power supply through Molex 4 pin connector SMA antenna connector. Toggle spring SIM holder. Red LED Power on, Green LED status of GSM / GPRS module.

GSM modem general characteristics


Input voltage: 5V-30V Current: 8mA in idle mode, 150mA in communication GSM 900 @ 12V, 110mA in GSM 1800 @ 12V Temperature range: Operating -30 to +85 degree Celsius; Storage -30 to +85 degree Celsius Overall dimensions: 80mm x 62mm x 31mm / Weight: 200g

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GSM/GPRS Modem details : Product Features


Dual-band 900 / 1800 MHz or 900 / 1900 MHzGSM / GPRS Modem Internet, Data, SMS, Voice (Optional Fax,TCP/IP Services Remote Control by AT Commands (according to GSM 07.07 and GSM 07.05) Maximum output power 2 W for GSM 900 : 1W for GSM 1800 or GSM 1900 Input voltage 5.5 V to 12 V DC Current 1.8A peak at 5.5 V, 330 mA average at 5.5 SIM Interface 3V / 5 V Weight125 gram

Interface

DRS-232 15 pin D connector (Optional:USBport) Remote control by AT commands (GSM 07.07and 07.05) Baud rate from 300 to 115,200 bits/s Autobauding (300 to 38,400 bits/s) Power supply through 2 pin socket SMA antenna connector Sliding / fixed landing SIM holder (3V/5V SIM interface)

Typical Applications

Automatic Meter Reading (AMR). GSM Pay Phones. Fleet/Traffic Management (with optional GPS integration). Security Systems. Mobile / Fixed Internet Connectivity. Remote Data logging and reporting. Low cost router. System to monitor data over Internet. Remote monitoring of Vending machines.

Services:

Data:Circuit asynchronous, transparent and non transparent modes, data rates up to 14.4kbps Fax:Group 3 (Class 2) SMS MT / MO / CB Voice:TelephonyServices and EmergencyCalls(through optional Hand Set).

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GPRS packet Data features


GPRS Class 2 Coding schemes : CS1 to CS4. Compliant with SMG31 bis.

Temperature Range

Storage: -25 C to +70 C. Operating: 0 C to +55 C. Dimensions:100 x 78 x 32 mm Hand Set).

Deliverables

Universal AC Adapter. PC Communication Cable. 0dBi Antenna (Magnetic mount or fixed screw mount). Optional 3, 5, 10 dBi antenna.

SM Supplementary Services

Call forwarding. Call barring. Multiparty. Call waiting and call hold. Calling line identity. Advice of charge. Closed user group. Explicit Call Transfer.

Other Features:

ME+SIM phone book management. Fixed dialing number. SIM toolkit class 2 SIM, network and service provider locks. Real time clock. Alarm management. Software upgrade through Xmodem protocol. UCS2 character set management. ADC & Digital I/Os as optional.

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Physical characteristics:

Functions - GSM Modes:

Mounting the modem .For mounting the modem, bind to the body the holding bridles.

Note: - To be attached to a plain surface - Screw head max. height: 2mm

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Installing the modem:


To install the modem, plug the device on a DC power supply (for automotive applications, connect the device on the permanent + and insert the SIM card in the holder).Make sure that an antenna is connected.

Power supply cable


A cable, included in the package shall be used for power supply connection. The wires are marked as follows: Cable : 1 wire Ame : tinned copper 24x0.2 mm Section : 0.75 mm2

Input/output electrical characteristics defined for all external connections: * RS232 driver (MAX3238) automatically shutdown after 30s of inactivity on the serial link. The tests are carried out with a 3V SIM card. The power consumption might vary of 5% over the whole operating temperature range (-20C to +55C)

Protection/on-board network connection The modem is protected by a fuse directly binded on the power supply cable.

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DESCRIPTION OF THE INTERFACES:


The modem comprises several interfaces: - LED function indicating operating status - External antenna (via SMA) - Serial and control link (via 15 pins SUB D) - Power supply (via 4 pins Micro-FitTM) - SIM card holder

LED Function
- LED off Device switched off - Not ready - LED on Device switched on - Connecting to network - LED flashing slowly Device switched on - Idle mode (registered on network) - LED flashing rapidly Device switched on - Transmission mode.

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75

The modem always returns No carrier when trying to issue a communication

For all other codes, and/or details, see AT commands manual.

76

Function Description: Architecture:

77

RS-232 Serial link:

Modem RS232 port pin-out:

LED: Status Indication:

78

VOLTAGE REGULATOR

79

VOLTAGE REGULATOR:

Features:

Output Current up to 1A Output Voltages of 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 18, 24V Thermal Overload Protection Short Circuit Protection Output Transistor Safe Operating Area Protection

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Description:

The KA78XX/KA78XXA series of three-terminal positive regulator are available in the TO-220/D-PAK package and with several fixed output voltages, making them useful in a wide range of applications. Each type employs internal current limiting, thermal shut down and safe operating area protection, making it essentially indestructible. If adequate heat sinking is provided, they can deliver over 1A output current. Although designed primarily as fixed voltage regulators, these devices can be used with external components to obtain adjustable voltages and currents.

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82

CONCULATION

83

CONCLUSION:

The main advantage of this method is This system also gives advantages over the traditional metering system such as the eradication of manual meter reading costs.This system improves customer services by reducing the maltreatment of data and replaces the difficulties like involvement of distance and accessibility of measurement points. Automatic meter reading (AMR) is popular because of its remote nature of data collection.

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REFERENCES

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REFERENCES PAPER:
[1]J. Holmes, D. Campbell, Communicating with domestic electricity meters, Schlumberger Industries UK,129-133. [2] L. Cao, J. Tian, D. Zhang, Networked Remote Meter-Reading System Based on Wireless Communication Technology, Proceedings IEEE International Conference on Information Acquisition, China, 2006, 172-176. [3] T.Maity, S.Das, B.Datta, A PC based Intelligent Wireless Energy Metering and Online Billing Solution for Domestic Consumers, The Institution of Engineers (India) Journal (ET), 89, 2009, 8-12. [4] J. Newbury, W. Miller, Multiprotocol Routing for Automatic Remote Meter Reading Using Power Line Carrier Systems, IEEE Power Delivery, 16(14), 2001,1-4.

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