TNG LIN ON LAO NG VIT NAM TRNG I HC TN C THNG Khoa: Khoa hc ng dng

BI BO CO

CHUYN : XC

NH HM LNG LIPIT C TRONG U PHNG

GVHD: TS. Nguyn Phc Thnh

Lp: 10060301 STT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 H v tn Trng Th Thanh Thy Th Thy Nguyn Tho Trm Phm Hng Th Thi Th Thu Thm Bi Th Thu Tho Phm Th Hng Thm V Thy Trang Nguyn Th Thy Trang Phm Ngc Trc Thi

Nhm 7 MSSV 61003254 61003146 61003263 61003147 61003137 61003133 61003250 6100 6100 6100

A. M u:
I/ Mc tiu: Xc nh hm lng lipit c trong u phng. II/ Nhim v: _ Khi qut v u phng. _ Hm lng cc cht c trong u phng, c bit l hm lng lipit. _ Xc nh hm lng lipit th trong u phng bng phng php Soxhlet.
B. Ni

dung:

I/ Tng qut v u phng: _ u phng cn c gi l u xanh hay u phng, php danh khoa hc l Arachis hypogeae, l loi cy thuc: Gii (regnum): Plantae B (ordo): Fabales H (familia): Fabaceae Phn h (subfamilia): Faboideae Tng (tribus): Aeschynomeneae Chi (genus): Arachis Loi (species): A. hypogae _ C ngun gc t Trung v Nam m. _ u phng l cy thc phm, cy c du quan trng. Trong s cc loi cy ht c du trng hng nm trn th gii, u phng ng th hai sau u tng v din tch trng cng nh sn lng. Hin c hn mt trm nc trng u phng. _ L mt trong nhng loi u di do ngun protein. Ngi ta khng ch n u phng khi rang kh hoc luc, m cn dng n ch bin thnh u phng sy gin, b u phng, ko u phng, *Gi tr thc phm: _ Lc l mt loi thc phm c gi tr dinh dng cao. Lc l ngun thc n giu v du lipit v protein, thnh phn sinh ha ca lc c th thay i ph thuc vo ging, s bin ng cc iu kin kh hu gia cc nm, vo v tr ca ht qu, cc yu t khng bnh thng nh: Su bnh hi v phng php phn tch khc nhau cng nh hng n thnh phn sinh ha ca lc. II/ Tm tt thnh phn sinh ha ch yu ca kh du u phng: Thnh phn m ng tng s ng kh Tinh bt Xenlulozo Nito tng s Protein th Lipit th Hm lng (% cht kh) (w/w) 10,40 0,16 2,95 0,01 1,12 0,09 29,85 0,72 9,37 0,39 6,00 0,05 37,50 0,31 12,14 0,09

Nhn xt: thnh phn chnh ca kh du u phng kho st l tinh bt 29,85 0,72 (%) chim nhiu nht, sau l lipit chim 12,14 0,09 (%), tip n l xenlulozo chim 9,37 0,39 (%) v

nito tng s 6,00 0,05 (%) tng ng vi hm lng protein th l 37,50 0,31(%) nn c th lm mi trng giu m nui vi sinh vt thu enzyme protease, cn li l ng v khong. Thnh phn ha hc ca ht u phng Thnh phn Hm lng (%) Protein 20 34 Lipit 40 60 Hydratcacbon 6.0 22 Xenlulozo 2.0 4.5 Tro 1.8 4.6 III/ Lipid a/ nh ngha Lipid _ Lipid l cht hu c phc tp, ta c th nh ngha nh sau: * nh ngha rng: Lipid l cht tan c trong dung mi hu c, khng tan trong nc, nh ngha ny khng phn nh ht tnh cht ca cc lipid v: - C lipid khng tan c trong dung mi hu c nh phospholipid khng tan trong aceton. - Nhng cng c cht khng phi lipid nhng tan c trong dung mi hu c. * nh ngha hp: Lipid l ester ca ru v acid bo. Tuy nhin c nhng lipid do acid bo lin kt vi ru bng lin kt peptide. * nh ngha dung ho: Lipid l nhng cht chuyn ho ca acid bo v tan c trong dung mi hu c. _ Lipid rt ph bin ng vt cng nh thc vt v tn ti di 2 dng m nguyn sinh cht (dng lin kt) v dng d tr (dng t do). _ M nguyn sinh cht: thnh phn ca mng t bo cng nh cc bo quan khc v d: ty th, lp th... dng ny khng b bin i ngay c khi con ngi b bnh bo ph hoc b i. _ Dng d tr (dng t do) c tc dng cung cp nng lng cho c th, bo v cc ni quan, l dung mi cn thit cho mt s cht khc. Cn c vo thnh phn nguyn t c mt, ngi ta chia lipid ra lm 2 loi: * Lipid n gin: trong phn t ch cha C, H, O. + Glycerid: l ester ca ru glycerol v acid bo, l m d tr ph bin ng vt v thc vt. + Glycerol: l triol khng mu, v ngt nhn. Khi t glycerol hay lipid c cha glycerol vi cht ht nc s to acrolein c mi kht. + Acid bo: thng gp l nhng acid bo c s carbon chn, mch thng, c th no hay khng no v chui C xp theo hnh ch chi. _ Tuy nhin cng c nhng acid bo ngoi nhm chc acid cn cha nhng nhm chc khc nh ru, ketone, mch carbon c vng hay nhnh. * Lipid phc tp: ngoi C, H, O cn c mt s nguyn t khc nh N, P, S. b/ Lipit trong u phng: _ Cht bo trong u phng chim 40-50%. _ Du u phng l mt hn hp glixrt, bao gm 80% axt bo khng no v 20% axt bo no. Thnh phn axt bo trong du lc thay i tu theo ging v iu kin trng trt. _ Trong du lc ngi ta quan tm ti t l axit oleic / linoleic (t l ny bin ng trong khong 1,2 1,5 ,hoc c th ln ti 2). Nu t l ny cng cao th du cng d bo qun. nhit bnh

thng du u phng l 1 cht lng mu vng nht. Ngoi ra trong thnh phn ca du u phng cn c cacbuahydro thm, gy mi thm c trng, cc vitamin B1, B2, PP, E, FDu u phng hu nh khng c vitamin A, C, K. Thnh phn axit bo trong du u phng Tn axit bo No (%) Khng no (%) Oleic 6 11 50 70 Linoleic 26 13 26 Linolenoic 57 13 26 *Mt s tnh cht chung ca du u phng: Ch s iod Ch s x phng ha Ch s axit axit t do Mu sc Mi v v hng thm 82 106 188 195 8,5 9,5 0,02 0,6% Vng nht Gn nh ht d

*Chc nng ca lipid: Tham gia cu to tbo, lm m m, cch nhit. Lm dung miha tan cc vitamin tan trong m l A, D, E,K cho c th hp th. Cung cp nc nisinh. D tr nng lng v cung cp lngnng lng rt cao cho c th, gp 2,5 ln sovi protein. *Gi tr dinh dng ca lipid: _ Lipid l ngun sinh nng lng quan trng: 1 gam lipid khi t chy trong c th cho 9 Kcal. Thc n giu lipid l ngun nng lng m c cn thit cho ngi lao ng nng, cn thit cho thi k phc hi dinh dng. _ Ngi ta thng da vo cc tiu chun sau y nh gi, gi tr dinh dng ca cht bo: - Hm lng cc vitamin A, D, E. - Hm lng cc phosphatid. - Hm lng cc acid bo cha no cn thit. - Hm lng cc sterol (nht l Cytosterin). - D tiu ha v tnh cht cm quan tt. - Khng c loi cht bo no p ng y cc yu cu trn do phi c s phi hp cht bo ng vt v cht bo thc vt mi c th to nn cc ngun cht bo c gi tr sinh hc cao. IV/ Phng php xc nh hm lng cht bo th trong u phng: 1/Mt s phng php: _ Phng php xc nh bng my Soxhlex _ Phng php nh lng vi cht ch th Nile Red, s dng my o quang ph hunh quang (Flourescence spectrometer) (so snh vi ng chun) _ Phng php chit dung mi theo nguyn l Randall hay Goldfisch 2/ Phng php xc nh bng my Soxhlex:

a/ Nguyn tc: _ Dng dung mi k nc trch li hon ton lipid t nguyn liu( u phng) c nghin nh. Mt s thnh phn ha tan trong cht bo cng c trch ly theo bao gm sc t, cc vitamin tan trong cht bo,cc cht mi,tuy nhin hm lng chng rt thp. Do c ln tp cht nn phn trch ly c gi l lipid tng hay du th Nguyn liu c lm kh, sau trch ly lipid ra khi nguyn liu bng ether ethylic hoc ether du ha trn my Soxhlet, xc nh khi lng cht bo c trch ly ra bng 2 cch: tnh lng mu b mt i sau khi trch ly cht bo; hoc ui dung mi thu c trc tip lng cht bo c trch ly ra khi mu, cn khi lng. b/ Thc hin: *Dng c: - B Soxhlet - Cn - ng ong - T sy 1050C - Ci chy s - Cc t 100ml

- Giy gi mu - Bnh ht m - Kp inox

*Ha cht: - Cc mu nguyn liu trch ly - Na2SO4 - Ether ethylic hoc ether du ha - Dung mi ether phi khng cha peroxyt, nc, ru v c si khong 40 500C. Dung mi ny c x l nh sau: + Ether 500ml + Dung dch NaOH hoc KOH 40% 5ml + Dung dch KMnO4 4% 50ml _ trong 24h, thnh thong lc u, sau ra 4 5 ln bng nc ct, loi b nc bng bnh lng, cho thm 50g Na2SO4 khan v trong 24h, chng ct ether, bo qun trong chai thy tinh mu. *Tin hnh: Chun b dng c: - Ra sch, trng li ng tr Soxhlet, bnh cu bng aceton. - Sy dng c trong t sy 100 1050C. Chun b ti bt trch ly - Chun b mt t giy lc hay giy xp c kch thc 10x15cm. Cun li thnh ng hnh tr c ng knh khong 2,5 cm (ty theo ng knh ca bu chit). Gp kn mt u lm y, lt vo mt t bng gn cho kn. Sy giy lc n trng lng khng i. - Ly khong 5 gram ht nguyn liu em nghin nh. Lm kh nguyn liu bng cch sy nguyn liu trong t sy 100 1050C n khi lng khng i. Cng c th lm kh bng cch thm Na2SO4 khan, mt lng gp i nguyn liu, trn u.Cho tt c vo bnh ht m, ngui. - Cn chnh xc m(g) u sy (khong 3-4 g) - Cho mu vo ng giy hnh tr. Lt pha trn mt t bng gn ri gp ming ng giy li cho kn, trnh ri rt, ghi li kt qu cn m.

 Tin hnh trch ly - Lp h thng hon lu Soxhlet, cho gi mu vo ng tr. Ch chiu cao ca ti bt phi thp hn mc trn ca ng xiphng ca bu chit. Sau lp bnh cu c cha dung mi (dung mi khong 2/3 th tch bnh cu) - Cho nc chy lin tc trong ng sinh hn - un nng ether trong bnh bng thit b xc nh lipid, chnh nhit 40 500C. - Trch ly lipid trong 8 10h (3-5h) vi iu kin tc dung mi chy y ng tr l 10 pht. Nu cn dng li phi ether y ng tr cc bao mu nhng ngp trong ether - Kim sot nguyn liu trch ly ht lipid bng cch sau: + Ether trong ng tr khng mu + Ly vi git dung mi trong ng hnh tr, nh vo mt ming giy lc. Nu vt loang dung mi sau khi kh khng phn bit c trn nn giy trng th coi nh trch ly ht lipid + Ly vi git dung mi nh trn mt knh thy tinh lm, khi bay hi ht dung mi nu khng cn ng li vt cht bo, coi nh trch ly ht lipid - Khi ether chy ht xung bnh, ly gi mu ra khi ng chit. c/ Kt qu:
1. Nu ch trch ly cht bo trong 1 mu nguyn liu:

- Gn bnh cu vo mt ng hon lu nghing thu hi ether . - cn lipid vo mt cc t 100ml ( cn chnh xc trng lng). Trng bnh cu vi ln bng ether (khong 10 ml/ln), cho ht vo cc t - un cch thy nh ui ether, sau khi ether bay ht, cho vo t sy 100105 0C trong 1h, ngui trong bnh ht m, cn chnh xc - Hm lng lipid c tnh theo cng thc: ( m m2 ).100 L= 1 m Trong : L: hm lng lipid trong mu (%) m1: khi lng cc t cha lipid (g) m2: khi lng cc t khng (g) m: khi lng nguyn liu (g) 2. Xc nh ng thi hm lng lipid th trong nhiu mu - Sy kh m (g) mu v giy gi nh trn. Khi cho mu vo gi giy, cn chnh xc cc gi giy c cha mu m1 (g) - Xp tt c cc gi giy vo ng tr ca my Soxhlet - Tin hnh trch ly nh trnh by trn - Khi trch ly ht lipid, ly cc gi giy ra v sy kh 100 1050C n trng lng khng i, ri cn m2 (g). - Phn dung mi v lipid cng em chng ct thu hi dung mi ether - Lipit trong mu c tnh bng cng thc ( m m2 ).100 L= 1 m Trong L: hm lng lipid trong mu (%) m1: khi lng gi nguyn liu cha trch ly lipid (mu + giy)(g) m2: khi lng gi nguyn liu sau khi trch ly lipid (mu + giy)(g) m: khi lng nguyn liu ban u (g)

C. Tng kt:

* u im ca du trong u phng: _ y l cht bo khng bo ha, v vy chng s kh tch t nn s k gy tng cn. Dng thng xuyn s lm gim cht bo trung tnh v ci thin tng th cht lng ch n ung bng cch tng cc cht dinh dng lin quan phng chng tim mch bao gm Mg, vitamin E, Cu, cht x. _ c bit trong u phng cha cht bo Monosaturated c d tr di dng nc: lm gim cht bo xu tng cht bo tt cho c th. *u v nhc im du phng:
a. u im:

_ Cc nh nghin cu thuc dh Linkoeping (Thy in) tm thy trong u phng c cha nitric oxide (NO) . dy c xem l cht pht ng h min dch ca c th. V vy, nu tng NO s lm tng cht khng. _ Cc b m mang thai n du phng s phng trnh c nhng ri lon khi h thn kinh ca b ang giai on hnh thnh _ Ngoi ra,frampton v boudreaux cn thy trong mt cht ha tan trong nc ca ht u phng c tc dng cm mu. _ Theo ngun PNO/Healthmad th u phng c ti 10 li ch quan trng cho s pht trin con ngi. _ Nm 2003, c quan qun l thc phm v dc phm M (FDA) a ra khuyn co: Cc bng chng khoa hc cho thy s dng khong 1,5 ounces (42,5g) ht dng u hay giu bo mi ngy, kt hp vi ch n hn ch cht bo bo ho v cholesterol s lm gim nguy c mc cc bnh tim mch. b. Nhc im _ Tim n nguy c nhim nm Aflatoxin, mt loi c th gy ung th, v vy cn phi thn trng trong bo qun. _ Ngoi ra, u phng l loi thc phm rt d b d ng, nguyn nhn l do c th k c enzym phn gii loi thc phm ny. Nhng cng c mt thng tin th v l cc nh khoa hc php va tm ra cch loi b d ng do thc phm ny to ra. Nhm ca GS Barre tm ra phng php hu hiu sau 3 nm nghin cu. Ht u phng c x l iu kin nhit cao v p sut ln ph v lp mng dy bo v. K n, cc nh khoa hc dng mt s loi vi khun c bit thng c dng trong cng ngh ch bin thc phm (nh sa chua) gip ch nh v lm protein gy d ng mt kh nng hot ng. *ng dng: _ Xc nh hm lng cht bo trong u phng bit cch n ung hp l bo v sc khe Nghin cu ca trng i hc Perdue (M) cho thy nu bn thay th 500 kcal t u phng trong cc ba n th lng cht m, cht bo v cht x trong u to phn x v no v tn hiu Trung tm no s nhp nhy khin chng ta cm thy bao t nh y ri, khi cn np thm na. Cc nh nghin cu ca Trng i hc Harvard nh gi rng : nn duy tr ch n king gim cn hp l bao gm, u phng, b u phng, du u phng, u nnh. _ D vy cng xin lu cc bn ang hoc chun b k hach n king gim bo rng: n tng ht u phng, nhm nhi theo nguyn tc n chm, nhai k, nut tng cht , tng cht mi mong to ra cm gic no. Cn nu n theo kiu tc ngn ngu nh hin nay th h thn kinh ca chng ta cha kp phn ng, bao t cht cng, khng c cch g gim bo c.