TNG QUT V THAN NGUYN LIU V QU TRNH LUYN CC I.

Hnh thnh than Thc vt c i : Lng ln thc vt c i sinh trng, cht v tch t li hnh thnh nn nn tng lp cht than. Tc dng ha hc sinh vt a cu : Lng ln thc vt c i cht i v tch t li, ch yu b tc dng bi oxi ha nh (v d: cht ng di m ly song b ph kn bi nc), pht sinh tc dng ha hc sinh vt a cu sinh thnh than bn th u tin ca than. Giai on u tin hnh thnh than. Giai on ny c bn quyt nh cu thnh nham thch than. Tc dng ha hc vt l a cu : Bin ng ca v tri t lm cho than bn chn su vo lng t, nc c tch ra, bin ha thnh nham thch, di tc dng ca dung dch nham thch v nhit cao di lng t sinh ra tc dng bin cht, giai on than (mc bin cht ca than, hay cn gi l tui than) dn dn nng cao, hnh thnh cc loi than c bin cht khng ging nhau. Giai on than c th dng cht bc biu th. II. Tnh cht ch yu ca than 1) Tnh cht vt l ca than Mt , cng chng v vn, tnh c th ma st, tnh c th tuyn chn, 2) Tnh cht cng ngh ca than Tnh cht cng ngh : tnh cht ca than trong qu trnh cng ngh s dng gia cng t chy, sy kh (luyn cc), kh ha, ha lng, Tnh do, tnh kt dnh, tnh kt cc : ch s kt dnh, ch s lp cht keo, gin n kp, lu ng chrisler . 3) Tnh cht nham thch ca than, t thnh nham thch than, . 4) Tnh cht ha hc ca than Phn tch cng nghip : m, cht tro, cht bc, cacsbon c nh
1

Phn tch nguyn t : S, C, H, O, N Ch tiu khc : lng pht nhit . a) m: than l vt th c tnh nhiu l, cha nhiu nc, trng thi tn ti v hm lng c lin quan cht ch vi kt cu bn trong v iu kin bn ngoi ca than. (1) Phn nc b mt: m b mt ca than v vt nt ca ht than. D tch. (2) Phn nc hp th: nc trong khe h v cc l nh ca than (L nc thm vo hoc t ng trong cc mao mch trong ht than). (3) Nc ha hp: mt b phn nc ca kt cu ha hc ca thnh phn khong cht. Phn nc ngoi ti: nc trong cc khe nt v b mt ca than. D dng tch nc. Phn nc ni ti: nc bn trong cc l nh trong ht than do hp th hoc ngng ng. Tng i kh bc hi, cn nhit ln sy kh. Ton m = m ngoi ti + m ni ti Phng php o nh: phng php sy kh mt trng lng
b)

tro: than sau khi qua t chy nhit cao, nhng vt lu li sau khi nhng vt c th t chy

trong than b t chy hon ton. tro l vt sinh ra trong qu trnh t chy nhit cao cht qung trong than chuyn ha hnh thi thnh (vt oxy ha), do gi l t l sn sinh tro. tro ni ti: n t vt cht qung ti sinh v vt cht qung nguyn sinh, rt kh dng phng php ty ra loi b. tro ngoi ti: n t bn ngoi vt cht qung, tng i d dng phng php ty ra loi b. Phng php o nh: phng php t chy nhit cao (tro ha). Nhit 815100C. c)Cht bc: vt sn sinh ra do cht hu c trong than chu nhit phn gii tch ra mt b phn th kh v bc hi. Phng php o nh: than mu di iu kin quy nh, gia nhit trong iu kin cch ly vi

khng kh trong thi gian nht nh, vt bc hi sau khi tr i phn nc thu c gi tr o nh, chim t phn trm trng lng than mu. T l sn sinh cht bc. Nhit 90010 C. Cht bc: l mt s liu tham kho thng dng nht phn loi v ng dng than. N biu hin tui than, thng thng, cht bc ty vo tui ca than tng cao m gim dn, do , thng lm ch tiu ch yu ca phn loi than. N cng biu hin c tnh dch ha, t chy, kh ha, cc ha ca than, cng l ch tiu c tnh cng ngh quan trng lc ng dng than.
c)

Lu hunh: l ch cc loi hnh thi lu hunh tng trong than. Lu hunh trong than ch yu tn 3 dng hnh thi: lu hunh hu c, lu hunh v c c S vt S ha (phn ln tn ti di dng qun st vng, S mui axit S trong S v c) v lng nh nguyn t lu hunh trong than. Thng thng gi l o nh ton lu hunh. Nguyn l o nh: (1) Phng php Aishi

Cho 1 lng thuc th vi than trn u ri t chy t t, S trong than chuyn bin thnh mui axit S sau li chuyn ha thnh BaSO4, sau o trng lng o nh. (2) Phng php t chy nhit cao than t chy trong nhit cao c Oxy, phn S chuyn bin thnh SO2, sau khi cho qua H2O2 hp th dng axit bazo o nh lng H2SO4 sinh ra.
d)

Ch s kt dnh: l ch tiu s 1 nng lc kt dnh ca than, biu hin than khi sau khi chu nhit

dnh vi nhng vt thm vo (than khng khi). Ch s kt dnh l ch tiu cng ngh ch yu phn loi than ca Trung Quc, cng l ch tiu cng ngh ch yu nht khng ch phi trn than. Ch s kt dnh l ch tiu ca Trung Quc da vo ci tin ch s Roga, hin gi t tiu chun ISO.
e)

Ch s lp cht keo: di iu kin tng nhit mt mt (m hnh luyn cc), o nh tnh do ca khi. Bao gm dy ln nht lp cht keo Y, co sau cng X, hnh thi th cht ng cong, c trng ming cc, nng lc chng v vn ca ming cc. dy lp cht keo lm thnh ch tiu cng ngh ch yu ca phn loi than Trung Quc, hin phn thnh mt trong nhng trc ch tiu cng ngh
3

ca than kt dnh mnh. Hin dng lm ch tiu cng ngh ch yu khng ch phi trn than. K hiu v tiu chun c bn trong phn tch cht than Tiu chun c bn: ch tiu cht than thu c trong phn tch ch tiu cht than, da vo nhng yu cu khc nhau, c th s dng nhng tiu chun c bn khc nhau biu th. C bn biu th kt qu ha nghim than mu di trng thi g lm c bn m t c. Trong phn tch cht than thng dng c bn vi cc k hiu di y: Sy kh khng kh c bn __ K hiu ad(air dry basis) : Ly trng thi m ca than cn bng vi m khng kh lm tiu chun c bn. Sy kh c bn __ K hiu d(dry basis) : Ly trng thi m gi tng ca than lm tiu chun c bn. Thu c c bn __ K hiu ar(as received) : Ly trng thi thu c ca than lm tiu chun c bn. Sy kh khng tro c bn __ K hiu daf(dry ash free) : Ly trng thi m v tro gi tng ca than lm tiu chun c 5) Ch s kt dnh: L mt trong nhng ch tiu tnh kt dnh ca than, biu th nng lc kt dnh ca than vi vt cht tnh lui (than khng khi) sau khi c tng nhit. Ch s kt dnh l ch tiu cng ngh ch yu ca phn loi than Trung Quc, cng l ch tiu cng ngh ch yu nht khng ch phi trn

than. Ch s kt dnh l ch tiu Trung Quc ci tin t ch s Rga, hin nay tr thnh tiu chun ISO. 6) Ch s lp do: Trong iu kin gia nhit n hng ( m phng luyn cc), o c tnh do ca than khi. Bao gm dy ln nht ca tng lp do Y v ngt cui cng X, hnh thi ng xuyn th tch, c tnh ming cc, kh nng chng v vn. dy ln nht ca lp do l ch s cng ngh ch yu ca phn loi than Trung Quc, hin nay l mt trong nhng ch tiu cng ngh h tr phn loi than tnh kt dnh mnh. Hin nay vn dng lm ch tiu cng ngh chnh khng ch than phi trn. * im nh chun:Ch tiu cht lng than o c trong phn tch cht lng than, da vo yu cu,
4

c th dng cc im nh chun khc nhau biu th. Gc biu th kt qu ho nghim l t c trn c s trng thi no ca than. Trong phn tch cht lng than thng dng gc v cc k hiu di y: + K hiu kh khng kh c bn: ad: Ly than t c m cn bng vi m khng kh l im nh chun. + K hiu kh c bn: d: ly than gi s trng thi khng nc lm im nh chun. + K hiu c bn nhn c: ar: Ly than trng thi nhn c lm im nh chun.

+ K hiu kh khng tro c bn: daf: Gi s than trng thi khng tro khng nc lm im nh chun.

+ K hiu khng khong cht kh c bn:dmmf; Gi s than khng c vt cht khong v khng nc lm im nh chun.

Tng m

m b mt

m ni ti

m sy kh khng kh

Vt cht qung

tro

Vt cht qung c th bc hi Cht hu c c th bc hi

Khng nc khng tro c bn daf

Than tinh

Vt cht khng qung khng nc c

C c nh

S y kh c b n

S y kh kh n g kh c b n

Th u c c b n

ad

ar

Quan h ch tiu cht than vi cc loi tiu chun c bn khc nhau

5

Chuyn i tnh ton vi tiu chun c bn trong phn tch cht than

III. c tnh luyn cc ca cc loi than luyn cc

1. Than kh: l than tr, than luyn cc cht bc cao. Lc luyn cc, t l sn sinh hc n, kh than cao, t l sn sinh cc t, co ca bnh cc ln, trn ming cc vt nt nhiu, cht cng gin, nhiu vt di nh. Cng c kh M40 thp, tnh phn ng CRI cao, cng sau phn ng CSR thp. 2. 1/3 than cc: l than tng i tr, than luyn cc cht bc cao. Lc luyn cc, t l sn sinh kh than, hc n cao, t l sn sinh cc tng i thp, co ca bnh cc tng i ln, ming cc nh, c nhiu vt nt. M40 tng i thp, CRI cao, CSR thp. 3. Than bo: tui ca than c th t tng i thp n trung bnh, than luyn cc cht bc t tng i cao n trung bnh. Lc luyn cc, sn sinh ra nhiu th cht keo, l loi than c bn phi than luyn cc (cu), l kh than cc ln, t l l kh cao, trn thanh cc hin th r rng cc t ong. M40, M10 tng i tt, CRI cao hoc va phi, CSR tng i thp hoc va phi. 4. Than cc: l than luyn cc c tui than v cht bc va phi. Lc luyn cc, c th sn sinh ra cc cht p, bnh cc co tng i nh, vt nt t, ming cc ng u va phi, l loi than khung xng ca phi than luyn cc. M40 cao, M10 thp, CRI thp, CSR cao. 5. Than gy: tui than tng i cao, than luyn cc cht bc thp. Lc luyn cc, tnh nng chy km, t l sn sinh cc cao, co bnh than nh, cc c hnh dng cc t, ming cc tng i to, l thuc gy ha phi than luyn cc. M40 rt thp, M10 rt cao, CRI cao, CSR rt thp.

IV. Phn loi than.

Da theo tui than t cao n thp phn loi: than gy, than khi, than khng khi Than khi li phn thnh: than khi di, than khng dnh, than dnh yu, than khi va, than kh, 1/3 than cc, than bo, than cc, than gy, than gy ngho, than ngho. Trong than kh, 1/3 than cc, than bo, than cc, than gy l than luyn cc, than gy ngho, than ngho cng dng tng i nhiu luyn cc.
6

Phn loi than Trung Quc

Phn loi than Trung Quc l phn loi k thut, l da vo mc ch s dng. Phn loi than Trung Quc l da vo bin ha ca than phn thnh 3 loi ln l than nu, than khi v than khng khi. Than khi da vo nguyn tc tnh kt dnh v bin ha than, li da vo tnh cht cng ngh gia cng cc loi than khc nhau thnh 12 loi nh hoc 12 loi than. Phn loi than khi trong phn loi than ca Trung Quc l ly ch tiu cht bc c th chy c bn lm gii hn than (mc than ha), ly ch s kt dnh G lm ch tiu tnh cht cng ngh, song ly ch s lp cht keo Y v gin n kp b lm trc ch tiu tnh cht cng ngh tin hnh phn loi.
PHN LOI THAN TRUNG QUC

A. Thng s phn loi. Tiu chun ny da theo mc than ho v tnh nng cng ngh ca than tin hnh phn loi. S dng thng s mc than ho ca than chia ra loi than khng khi , than khi v than nu. Thng s mc than ho ca than khng khi s dng thnh phn cht bc c bn khng tro khi kh v hm lng kh H2 c bn khng tro khi kh lm ch tiu, t chia nh ra thnh cc loi ca than khng khi. S dng 2 thng s xc nh chng loi than khi, 1 loi l thng s l biu trng ca mc than ho than khi, 1 loi khc l thng s biu trng tnh kt dnh ca than khi Thng s mc than ho ca than khi s dng thnh phn cht bc c bn khng tro khi kh lm ch tiu, thng s tnh kt dnh ca than khi, cn c vo tnh kt dnh khc nhau ln hay nh la chn s dng thng s kt dnh, dy ln nht tng cht keo ( hoc dn n roga ) lm ch tiu , t phn chia than nu v than khi, v chia nh chng loi than nu. Thng s mc than ha ca than nu, s dng t l xuyn sng lm ch tiu, dng chia ra than nu v than khi, v chia nh ra chng loi than nu. ng thi dng lng to nhit cao c bn khng tro m chia ra than khi v than nu. B. Phn chia chng loi v k hiu than.
a. Cc loi than dng 2 con s la tinh biu th. H s thp phn chia nhm da theo thnh

phn cht bc ca than, than khng khi l s 0, than khi t s 1- 4, than nu l s 5. Cc con s nh chng loi than khng khi l 1-3, biu th mc than ho; chng loi than khi t 1-6, biu th tnh kt dnh; chng loi than nu t 1-2, biu th mc than ho. b. Ch thch m hiu v phn loi than theo bng phn loi v bn than Trung Quc.
7

1.Bng k tng qut phn loi than (bng 1).

Chng loi Than khng khi Than khi K hiu WY YM M s 01,02,03 11,12,13,14,15,16 21,22,23,24,25,26 31,32,33,34,35,36 41,42,43,44,45,46 51,52
r

Vr% <10.0 >10.0

PM%

Than nu

HM

>37.0
M

<50

i vi loi than c V >37.0%, dng t l xuyn sng P chia than khi v than nu ( khi thm d a cht, Vr>37.0%, c trng ca than coke khi kim nh di iu kin khng ng bnh l than t 1 2, li dng PM phn chia tip than khi v than nu). i v i lo i than c Vr>37.0%, PM 50.0%, l than khi, than c PM 30-50% vi d nh lng to nhit cao c bn khng tro t Q-AGW>24 MJ/K (5700cal/g), th cho vo nhm than la di.
Q-AGWGN (MJ/kg)= QfGW(cal/g) x {100(100- WGN)/ 100(100- Wf)-Af(100- WGN) } x 4.1816 x 10-3 2.Phn loi than khng khi ( bng 2 ). Chng loi Than khng khi s 1 Than khng khi s 2 Than khng khi s 3 K hiu WY1 WY2 WY3 M s 01 02 03 Vr 0-3.5 3.5-6.5 6.5-10.0 Hr 0-2.0 2.0-3.0 3.0

Trong vic thng ngy ca nh my, qung xc nh sn xut tiu loi ca than khng khi, c th ch phn loi theo Vr; trong cng tc thm d a cht, xc nh tiu loi khu mi hoc sn xut qung, xng v n v khc nhu cu kim nh li tiu loi, phi ng thi kim nh Vr v Hr , da theo bng trn phn chia tiu loi ( loi nh ). Nu kt qu 2 loi c mu thun, c th da theo kt qu phn chia tiu loi Hr lm chun. 3. Phn loi than khi ( bng 3 ).
Chng loi Than ngho Than gy ngho Than gy Than coke Than giu Than coke K hiu IM PS SM JM FM 1/3JM M s 11 12 13 14 15 24 35 16 26 36 35 Vr% >10.0-20.0 >10.0-20.0 >10.0-20.0 >10.0-20.0 >10.0-20.0 >20.0-28.0 >20.0-28.0 >10.0-20.0 >20.0-28.0 >28.0-37.0 >28.0-37.0 8 Ch tiu phn loi G% Y(mm) <5 >5-20 >20-50 >50-65 >65 >50-65 >65 >85 >85 >85 >65 b (mm)

<25.0 <25.0 >25.0 >25.0 >25.0 <25.0

<150 <150 >150 >150 >220 <220

1/3 Than kh giu Than kh

QF QM

46 34 43 44 45 23 33 22 32 21 31 11 42

>37.0 >28.0-37.0 >37.0 >37.0 >37.0 >20.0-28.0 >28.0-37.0 >20.0-28.0 >28.0-37.0 >20.0-28.0 >28.0-37.0 >37.0 >37.0

>85 >50-65 >35-50 >50-65 >65 >30-60 >30-60 >5-30 >5-30 <5 <5 >5 >5-35

>25.0

>220

<25.0

<220

Than kt dnh trung bnh Than kt dnh yu Than khng k t d nh Than la di

1/2ZN RN BN CY

-Khi gi tr ch s kt dnh o c ca than khi G85, dng thnh phn cht bc c bn khng tro khi kh Vr v ch s kt dnh G chia chng loi than. Khi gi tr ch s kt dnh o c G>85, th dng phn cht bc c bn khng tro khi kh Vr v dy ln nht tng cht keo Y hoc dng Vr v gin n Roga b phn chia chng loi than. -Khi G>85, dng Y kt hp vi b lm ch tiu phn loi. Khi Vr<28.0%, b tm nh l 150; khi Vr>28%,b tm nh l 220. Khi gi tr Y v b c mu thun, th ly gi tr Y lm chun phn chia chng loi than. Khi phn chia chng loi than th dng mu than, nu thnh phn tro than nguyn A10.0%, th khng cn phi gim thnh phn tro. Trong mu than m thnh phn tro A>10.0% th dng phng php theo tiu chun GB 474-83 iu ch mu than, dng dung dch km clorua c gim tro sau mi tin hnh phn loi. i vi than c Than non s 1 HM 1 51 Vr>37.0%, PM>30Than non s 2 HM 2 52 50%, nu lng -A GN to nhit cao c bn khng tro khi t Q GW >24MJ/kg (5700 cal/g) th phn chia thnh than la di. 5. Bng k s lc phn loi than Trung Quc.
Chng loi Than khng khi Than ngho Than gy ngho Than gy Than coke K hiu WY PM PS SM JM M s 01,02,03 11 12 13,14 21 Vr% 10.0 10.0-20.0 10.0-20.0 10.0-20.0 20.0-28.0 5 5-20 20-65 <50-65 9 25.0 150 G Ch tiu phn loi Y b (mm) PM% Q-AGWGN (MJ/kg) Chng loi K hiu M s Ch tiu phn loi PM% Q-AGWGN (MJ/kg) 0-30 30-50 -24

Than giu Than coke 1/3 Than kh giu Than kh Than kt dnh tb Than kt dnh yu Than khng kt dnh Than la di Than non

FM 1/3JM QF QM 1/2ZN RN BN CY HM

15,25 16,26,36 35 46 34 43,44,45 23,33 22,32 21,31 41,42 51 52

10.0-28.0 10.0-37.0 28.0-37.0 37.0 28.0-37.0 37.0 20.0-37.0 20.0-37.0 20.0-37.0 37.0 37.0 37.0

>65 >85 65 85 50-65 35 30-50 5-30 5 35

>25 25.0 >25.0 25.0

220 220 220

50 30 30-50 24

i vi than c G>85, th dng gi tr Y hoc b phn chia than giu, than kh giu v cc loi than khc. Khi Y>25.0mm, phi phn chia thnh than giu hoc than kh giu; nu Y<25.0mm, th cn c theo Vr nh hay ln ca than phn chia ra chng loi than khc tng ng. - Khi phn chia chng loi theo ch s b, Vr>28.0%, tm nh b>150 l than giu; Vr<28, tm nh b>220 l than giu hoc than kh giu, nu b v Y c mu thun khi phn chia chng loi, th ly gi tr Y phn chia chng loi lm chun. - i vi than c Vr>37%, G>5 th ly t l xuyn sng PM phn chia thnh than la di hoc than nu. - i vi than c Vr>37%, PM>30-50%, th o Q-AGWGN, nu Q-AGWGN>24MJ/kg (5700cal/g), nn phn chia thnh than la di. ch : Mu than ly dng phn chia chng loi, ngoi A<10.0% khng cn phi gim thnh phn tro, vi mu than c A>10.0% nn dng mu than ni dung dch km Clorua c tuyn sau (i vi than nu d b bn ho th c th dng than nguyn c thnh phn tro thp).
16 b=150 15 Than 14 Than 13 Gy (SM) 26 Than 25 coke (JM) 24 23 Than kt dnh 22 36 Giu(FM) b=220 35 Than coke 1/3 (1/3JM) 34 33 Trung bnh (1/2ZN) 32 10 46 Than kh giu(QF) 45 Than 44 Kh 43 (QM) 42 Than la di (CY)

12 Than gy ngho (PS) 11 Than ngho(PM)

Than kt 21 Than khng

dnh yu (RN) 31 kt dnh (BN) 41 Q-AG WGN =24MJ/kg 52 Than la di s 2 (HM2) 51 Than la di s 1 (HM1)

20.0 28.0

37.0 0

C. K hiu 1.Ch tiu phn loi dng cc k hiu sau biu th: r V : Thnh phn cht bc kh khng tro khi kh, %. Hr: Hm lng hiro kh, khng tro, %. G: Ch s kt dnh ca than khi. Y: dy ln nht ca tng keo than khi, mm. b: gin n Roga ca than khi, %. PM: T l xuyn sng ca mu than , %. Q-AGWGN: Lng to nhit lng cao c bn ca than khng tro, m n nh. 2. Dng ch ci u tin trong phin m ting hn tng trng cho cc loi than, c th nh sau: WY: Than khng khi YM: Than khi PM: Than ngho PS: Than gy ngho SM: Than gy JM: Than cc FM: Than giu 1/3JM: Than cc 1/3 QF: Than kh giu QM: Than kh 1/2ZN: Than c kt dnh trung bnh 1/2 RN: Than c kt dnh yu BN: Than khng kt dnh CY: Than la di HM: Than non ngha cc ch tiu: 1. G: xem xt tnh kt dnh ca nhiu thnh phn, l ch s u tin s 1 dng phn loi than. G v V : dng phn loi than ( ngy nay kt hp c mu sc nh than ). 2. Y v b: B sung cho G, nu G > 85%, dng Y v b b tr, Y v b cng l ch tiu kt dnh than. Y(100g) c tnh chun xc hn G. Th gii dng b xem kt cc v xem co ca than. 3. Th gii dng Roga v CSN: tnh kt dnh, Y v b: tnh kt cc. Phi trn: 1 than bc thp + 1 than bc cao ko tt, nn dng 1 loi c V trung bnh phi trn.
11

 Quan trng nht l ng bnh, t trng cao qu th cc t l kh ko c tc dng nhiu cho l

cao. cht bc cao qu khng t ht, ra ng ng khi t tip s lm hng ng ng. Than bo --------40% Than kh --------khng cn Than cc --------20% Than Hn Gai --------40%
T l phi trn :

CSN 6 Y = 12 13 G 65% ( nn cao hn ) 70% l tt nht b > 30

logMF > 50 ( c th c ). Chuyn i: Y 19, b 140 G 80% phi lm logMF CSN 6 G >80 F> 600 ( phi ln hn na ). F cng ln cng tt ( than khng chy khng quay ) F chnh l logMF , t s gc quay tnh ra logMF, tra th F m chy mm cc i max chnh l F. Ko di thi gian kt cc phi gim V ( nhng khng c gim qu nhiu ). Cht bc thnh mui bm vo ng la xung bm khng kh vo t ht cht bc.

12

Than bo FM

Than kh bo QF

Than cc JM Ch s kt dnh G Than gy SM

1/3 Than cc JM

ng chuyn i ch tiu

NG DNG CA CC TRONG L CAO I. Nguyn l luyn thp l cao: Mc ch chnh ca luyn kim l cao l to ra qung giu t qung st thp tinh v qung st thp, luyn kim luyn ra thp sng dng lng> Nguyn l luyn thp l cao l: cc t ri xihoa sinh thnh th kh hon nguyn, lm cho qung st hon nguyn sinh ra st thp kim loi, ng thi thuc nng chy vi va trong qung cng vi tro trong cc sinh thnh cn l, cc phn ng hon nguyn oxihoa
13

xy ra trong l cao l: 3Fe2O3 + CO = 2 Fe3O4 + CO2 Fe3O4 + CO = FeO + CO2 FeO + CO = Fe + CO2 Fe3O4 + 4CO = 3 Fe + 4 CO2 MnSiO3 + CaO + C = Mn + CaSiO3 + CO II. Tc dng ca cc trong l cao: 1) ha. 2)
3)

Lm nguyn liu t chy, cung cp hon nguyn qung, nhit lng cn thit nng chy

Lm thuc hon nguyn, cung cp kh CO cn thit cho qu trnh hon nguyn qung. Lm khung gi tr nguyn liu, , c tc dng chng nguyn liu trong l cao, ng thi lm vt liu duy nht trong l

ng cho kh lu thng (c bit l di khu nng chy). Cc l cao bo tr trng thi rn t u n khi kt thc. 4)

Lm thuc thm cacbon, cacbon trong thp hon ton t cc l cao, lng ccbon i vo thp

chim 7 10% trong cc. III. Yu cu ca cc luyn kim trong l cao: 1)Hm lng cacbon c nh cao, cht bc v tro thp. Cacbon cung cp nhit lng, thuc hon nguyn v thuc thm cacbon. Tro v dng tiu hao nng lng, cht bc i din cho tnh thnh thc ca cc.
2) Lu hunh, hm lng phtpho thp : S, P c hi cho vt liu gang, lm cho gang cng gin, nc

thp luyn gang tch i tp cht. 3)Cng v vn v chng ma st phi tt, cng c gii m bo khung xng tt, nht l phn trn v gia l cao, cng l c s cng nhit. 4)Tnh phn ng thp v cng sau phn ng phi cao. Phn di v gia l cao, cc phn ng
14

vi CO2 cc km i nh hng ti tnh thng kh ca khung liu, nn hi vng tnh phn ng thp, v vn ho hc t, cng cao.
5) m phi n nh, tt nht nn thp. m ht nhiu nhit tng cao tiu hao cc. m khng

n nh, lm cho nhit l v tnh trng l bt n, nh hng ti luyn kim l cao. A. Ch tiu cht lng cc ch yu gm: 1) Ch tiu vt l - t thnh phn sng, cng c gii ( M40, M10) t l l kh v kt cu l kh. 2) Ch tiu ho hc: tro, cht bc, S, P, C, H, O, N., CRI, CSR, m tng cc 3) Cc ch tiu khc - t thnh kt cu hin vi quang hc cc. I. Nguyn l kt cc: 1. Kt cu than v phn gii nhit: M hnh kt cu ca than: Than l tp hp ca cht hu c cao phn t gm phn t mch vng ngng t. Kt cu nguyn n c lin kt vi nhau thng qua lin kt cu ng thi c cc gc lin kt C- H. v cc lin kt hm. 2. Phn tch kt cu ca than: + Phn tch nguyn t: C,H,O,N,S + Phn tch cng hng ht nhn/ cu trc ht nhn: Hidro du v hidro thm trong than + Phn tch quang ph hng ngoi: gc lin k cha oxi nh gch chn te-O-, gc OH. Gc lin kt cha S nh gch chn lu hunh SBin ha ca kt cu khi phn gii nhit: Than trong khi phn gii cng vi s tng ln ca nhit , gc lin kt yu trong kt cu cao phn t trc tin ct t khi cao phn t hnh thnh th kh, sau cc lin kt cnh v lin kt cht t ra gn vo v khin cho vng m no v vng phc t hnh thnh kh chng ct th lng, cc cht kh chng ct th kh v th lng ny hnh thnh kh than ( cht bc ) cng lc tch ra cc gc lin kt ca lin kt cu v gc lin kt nhm/ gc li khai lin kt vi nhau hnh thnh bn cc, bn cc tch hidro thm mt bc na hnh thnh cc.
15

II. Nguyn l luyn cc: Qu trnh phn gii nhit ca than: trong iu kin gia nhit chn khng, nhng cht hu c xy ra mt lot bin ho, hnh thnh dng kh (kh than), dng lng (du than) v dng rn (bn cc hoc cc) , qu trnh bin ho sinh ra khi nhn nhit nh sau: Qu trnh phn gii phn lm 3 giai on:
1)

Giai on 1: nhit phng 300oC, giai on sy kh tch kh. B ngoi ca than khng thay

tch nc ch yu xy ra trc 1200C, cn tch CH4, CO2 v N2 hu nh hon thnh trc v sau 2000C
2)

Giai on 2 (300 6000C) : giai on phn gii v hi t: khong 3000C than bt u mm ho,

thi c kh than v du cc thi ra trc nhit 4500C lng du nhiu nht, ti 4500C 6000C th kh thi ra nhiu nht . Kh than ngoi hi nc, CO, CO2 ch yu l nhit kh cao. hidro cacbon dng kh, do vy gi

Than khi c bit l than khi c mc bin cht va trong giai on ny bt u t mm ho, tri qua nng chy, lu ng, gin n ri n rn ho; ng thi trong phm vi nhit nht nh sn sinh ra lp do gm th kh , th lng v th rn. Cht lng v s lng ca lp do quyt nh tnh kt dnh v tnh kt cc tt hay xu. Sn phm ca lp do giai on ny l bn cc. Kt cu khong trng ca cc c quan h cht ch vi giai on ny.
3)

Giai on 3 ( 600 10000C ): Giai on bn cc bin thnh cc. Ch yu l phn ng thu ngt, l

du rt t cht bc ch yu l kh than, sau 7000C thnh phn kh than ch yu l kh Hidro. Cht bc ca cc < 2% ht nhn tinh thm kh ln, sp xp theo quy tc, kt cu kh mt thit, hi cng v c nh quang kim loi mu tro bc. T bn cc n cc, mt mt thi ra lng ln kh than, cht bc gim; mt khc mt bn thn cc tng cao cho nn th tch thu ngt nn sinh ra nhiu vt nt, hnh thnh ming v. Cng v c ht ca cc c quan h trc tip vi tnh trng thu ngt. Nguyn l thnh cc tnh do: L nguyn l t kt cu cao phn t ca than thng qua qu trnh phn gii nhit lm cho cc ht than th rn kt dnh hnh thnh th do. Theo nguyn l ny, nhng than khi khc nhau c tnh cht v s lngth cht do khc nhau dn n kt dnh mnh hay yu, ng thi cng tc v s lng thot kh khc nhau nn thu c cc c cht lng khc nhau. Trong khi phi trn than luyn cc, yu cu khong cch nhit v khong khu mm ho ca th cht
16

do ca mt loi than trong than phi trn phi n khp vi nhau, nh vy c th khin cho than phi

trn chuyn sang trng thi tnh do trong mt phm vi nhit kh ln, t ci thin qu trnh kt dnh, ng thi m bo s ng u ca kt cu.

Khong khu nhit tnh do ca than luyn cc c m sn phm khc nhau th hin theo th, khong k nhit tnh do ca cc loi than khc nhau khng ging nhau, trong nhit mm ho ca than bo l sm nht, khong khu nhit tnh mm rng nht, nhit rn ho than gy cao nht, khong khu nhit tnh mm rng nht, nhit rn ho than gy cao nht, khong khu nhit tnh do hp nht. Phi trn m cch thch hp than gy, cc , bo v kh c th m rng phm vi nhit tnh do ca than phi trn. Nguyn tc than phi trn l nhiu than phi trn hp vi nhau, tng lp do cng nhau trng lp. Khong khu nhit tnh do ca than luyn cc c mc than ho khc nhau. Trong khi phi trn than luyn cc than kt dnh mnh cht bc va c mt tc dng quan trng, n c th kt hp tt vi cc loi than trong qu trnh luyn cc, theo nguyn l trng lp lp do, khong cch nhit lp do ca than kt dnh mnh cht bc va rng, c th ho hp vi th cht lng ca bt k th cht do no, t m bo s ng u ca kt cu cc. Do vy, khi phi trn than luyn cc, phi ly than bo lm c s. Nguyn l kt cc b mt: l nguyn l bt ngun t s khc bit ca t thnh sinh ca than, quyt nh phn hot tnh v phn phi hot tnh trong ht than, do kt dnh gia cc ht than c tin hnh trn b mt tip xc gia chng, nu ly t phn hot tnh lm c ht than chnh, kt dnh gia chng bin thnh dng dng nng chy lu ng, sau khi rn ho khng cn tn ti hnh dng ht ban u na; cn kt dnh gia cc ht than ly t phn phi hot tnh lm ch bin thnh dng nng chy lin k sau khi rn ho bo lu danh gii ca cc ht, t quyt nh cht lng cc hnh thnh sau cng, y gi l nguyn l thnh cc kt hp b mt. Nguyn tc phi trn than tnh hon i: Da theo nguyn l nham thch hc ca than, cht hu c ca than c th phn thnh 2 loi ln: t hot tnh v t phi hot tnh ( t tnh li ). Ch tiu bnh gi than phi trn luyn cc: mt l khi lng t kt dnh (tng ng va t phi hot tnh) , ch tiu ny k hiu to nh nng lc kt dnh ca than, hai l cng t cht si ( tng ng vi t thnh phi
17

hot tnh), ch tiu ny quyt nh cng cht lng cc. Mun sn xut ra cc c cng tt, t kt d v t si ca than phi trn phi c t l thch hp, hn na t si phi c cng y . Khi m than phi trn khng t c yu cu tng ng, c th dng phng php cho thm thuc kt dnh hoc thuc gy ho tng cng iu chnh. Yu cu ca than phi trn t c cc cng cao l: tng cao cng ca t si

(dng mt ca ng dy biu th), hn na m bo phm vi t l t cht si v t kt dnh tng Than kt dnh yu ca nhiu t kt dnh, do cng ca t cht si thp, mun c c cc

c cng cao, cn phi in thm t gy ho hoc vt liu b sung cng thuc loi bt cc.

Than c tnh kt dnh yu: khng ch t kt dnh t m cng ca t cht si thp, cn phi

tng t kt dnh cng mt lc ( hoc in thm thuc kt dnh) v t gy ho, mi c th thu c cc c cng tt.

Than khng kt dnh cht bc cao, do t kt dnh cng t, cng t cht si cng thp, phi tin hnh tng p lc bin than thnh hnh cng lc tng thm thuc kt dnh v vt liu b sung cng mi c th thu c cc c cng tt. Than khng khi ch khi c t cht si c cng cao, tng thm thuc kt dnh th mi thu

c cc c cng cao. Nguyn l ny cho rng trong th cht do ng hng c sinh ra trong qu trnh phn gii

nhit ca than khi cng vi s tin hnh ca qu trnh phn gii nhit c th hnh thnh tinh th lng kt t t cc phn t dng tm xp li.

Nguyn tc than hot tnh ho: Than phi trn thch hp (bao gm c s tn ti ca cht thm vo) trong than hot tnh ho, do h thng tnh do c tnh lu ng y , lm cho cc th gia c iu kin pht trin, hoc ti mt gii hn gia cc loi than, hoc lm cho ton th than sau khi than hot tnh ho hnh thnh t than tnh d hng ( ca lp than b mt) lin tc, n khng cng vi t quang hc than khi n chng than than hot tnh ho, c th thu c cc c cht lng tt.
18

VII. Phng php phi trn than: * Mc ch phi trn than: l phi trn cc loi than c th luyn cc theo mt t l nht nh luyn ra cc c ch tiu cht lng theo tng loi. + Li dng mt cch hp l ti nguyn than: than kh, than cc 1/3, than bo, than cc, than gy, than kh bo , than gy ngho. + Khng ch cht lng cc ca cc loi than khng ging nhau: cht lng cc khc nhau, cht bc, tro, lu hunh ca than khng ging nhau. * Phng php phi trn than: phng php phi trn than da vo tham s cht lng than khng ch cht lng cc. + Phng php phi trn dng cht bc th hin phn loi than, dng lp do th hin tnh nng kt cc ca than. + Dng cht bc th hin phn loi than, dng ch s kt dnh th hin kh nng kt dnh ca than, dng th V-G phi trn than hoc khng ch cng ca cc. + Dng cht bc th hin phn loi than, dng gin n Aoya (b) hoc lu ng lgFM th hin tnh nng kt cc ca than. + Phng php tng hp ca cc phng php trn nh 2 phng php u da vo tham s than khng ch cht lng cc: dng s liu phn tch than I, Rmax hoc V (t cht knh) , Rmax hoc tng thm ch tiu i din tnh kt dnh ( nh Y, G ) khng ch cht lng cc. * Ch tiu phi trn: ch tiu khng ch cht lng than phi trn l cc c gii ho dng np: V : 25 ~ 28% ( 25 ~ 30) G : 72 ~ 82% Y : 15 ~ 18mm ( 14 ~ 20 ) B : 30 ~ 50 ( > 20 )
19

lgMF : 100 ~ 2000 A, S xc nh theo yu cu v cht lng than.

* Ch tiu phi trn v phng php khng ch: ch tiu khng ch cht lng than phi trn l cc dng t hi nhit bng: V : 22 ~ 25% G : 65 ~ 75% Y : 13 ~ 18mm lgMF : 50 ~ 1000 xc nh theo yu cu v cht lng than. * Phng php khng ch ch tiu phi trn than: trong ch tiu phi trn : M, V, A, S thng c khng ch theo phng php tnh ton tng tt c s liu ca tng loi than, ch s kt dnh G, lp do Y c th khng ch s qua bng phng php tnh tng s liu ca n loi than. Nhng tt nht nn dng phng php o c than phi trn v tnh cng tng bnh thng khng cho s liu chnh xc. Cc tham s khc nh : b, lgMF v khng c tnh cng tng nn ch c th dng phng php o c than phi trn. Lu trnh phng php khng ch ch tiu phi trn than: Da theo nguyn l phi, kinh nghim v thc nghim phi trn than c th cht lng than n loi v cc loi than phn tch s liu , s b a ra t l phi trn, tin hnh tnh ton ch tiu cht lng than phi trn di y, hp thc ho xem ch tiu cc t l phi trn c c khng ch trong phm vi hp l hay khng. Nu nh ch tiu than phi trn khng nm trong phm vi, thng qua nhiu ln iu chnh khng ch cho ch tiu nm trong phm vi. Khi cn thit c th tin hnh o c ch tiu tng quan ca than phi trn thng qua t l phi trn chn, m bo cc ch tiu t c yu cu. tro A: Dng ch tiu kh Ad, tnh ton theo phng php cng tng thng qua t l phi trn v ch tiu tro kho ca ca tng loi than n l. tro trong than c th coi l 100% chuyn ho vo cc,
20

trong khi luyn cc tch cht bc ra, t l cc thu c so vi t l than np vo l t l thnh cc. tro cc= tro than/ t l thnh cc. tro than phi trn= tro mc tiu ca cc. tro Ad thng khng ch ti 12.513.5% Cht bc V: dng ch tiu kh Vd, Tnh ton cng tng ca cht bc kh than phi trn thng qua t l phi trn than v ch tiu cht bc kh ca tng loi than n l. Thng qua iu chnh t l phi trn khng ch cht bc ti 2225% Lu hunh S: dng lu hunh tng kh St,d, thng th khng ch theo cng tng s liu tng loi than n l; thng qua iu chnh t l phi than s khng ch ch tiu trong phm vi hp l. Lu hunh trong than khng hon ton chuyn ho sang cc, khi luyn cc 1 phn lu hunh tch ra nhp vo cht bc, phn khc chuyn vo trong cc. Lu hunh trong cc: h s chuyn ho x lu hunh trong than phi trn/ t l thnh cc. Lu hunh than phi trn = lu hunh mc tiu ca cc x t l thnh cc/ h s chuyn ho Thng th c 5060% lu hunh ca than chuyn sang cc, hn na t l kt cc thng t 7278%, nn trong thc t sn xut t s % ca lu hunh trong cc bng 8090% t s % ca lu hunh trong than. Thng khng ch < 0,80%. Ch s kt dnh G, ch s lp do Y: C th khng ch s qua bng phng php tnh tng s liu than n l, nhng, tt nht dng phng php o c than phi trn, v tnh cng tng rt bnh thng. i vi l cc thu hi nhit dng bng, khng ch G=6575Y= 1318mm. m M: dng m tng ( tng ng vi nhn c kh), ch tiu ny nh hng n ch luyn cc (thi gian kt cc c th) v cht lng cng nh mt bnh than m nn. Tnh ton theo phng php tnh tng da vo t l phi trn v m tng ca tng loi than n l. Thng th khng ch ti 10%. Mt cht ng than np l: khng ch mt cht ng ca than np l thc nghim phi trn than
21

luyn cc theo mt cht ng thc t ca l cc sn xut. Dng s liu mt cht ng than np l cc, lng than np v kch c bung np than tnh ra cao than np, chia than ra lm vi phn, ng thi da theo chiu cao tng phn m nn than t chiu cao tng ng. Sau , np vo l cc thc nghin gia nhit t nhit quy nh tin hnh thc nghim luyn cc.

Mt cht ng thng khng ch ti 0.731.05. i vi l cc thu hi nhit dng bng th khong 0.9 1.05.

22