ClrculLs (M1L 120) (Sprlng 2010) Akrem Ll-ghazal

hLLp://paml.uwaLerloo.ca/~akrem/
unlverslLy of WaLerloo,
LlecLrlcal and CompuLer Lnglneerlng uep.
Mesh Ana|ys|s
Cb[ect|ve:
1o analyze clrculLs uslng a sysLemaLlc Lechnlque: Lhe mesh analysls.

Mesh Ana|ys|s
1he mesh analysls ls a sysLemaLlc way of applylng kvL around each mesb of a clrculL and
descrlbes Lhe branch volLages ln Lerms of Lhe mesb cotteots. 1hls wlll glve us a seL of equaLlons
LhaL we solve LogeLher Lo flnd Lhe mesh currenLs. Cnce we flnd Lhe mesh currenLs we can use
Lhem Lo calculaLe any oLher currenLs or volLages of lnLeresL.

Case #1: C|rcu|ts w|th Independent vo|tage Sources.
Lxamp|e #1:
lor followlng clrculL flnd Lhe mesh currenLs and use Lhe mesh currenLs Lo flndi
x
.

So|ut|on
Step #1
ldenLlfy all of Lhe meshes.

Step #2
Asslgn currenLs Lo all of Lhe meshes
ClrculLs (M1L 120) (Sprlng 2010) Akrem Ll-ghazal
2


Step #3
Apply Lhe kvL around each mesh.ln Lhls sLep for each mesh we descrlbe Lhe branch volLages ln
Lerm of mesh currenLs.

Apply kvL around mesh # 1

-7 +1 i
1
+ 2 (i
1
- i
2
) + 6 = u

S i
1
+ 2 i
2
= 1 (1)
Apply kvL around mesh # 2

S i
2
+ 4 i
2
+ 9 - 6 + 2 (i
2
-i
1
) = u
-2 i
1
+ 9i
2
= -S (2)
Step #4
Solvlng quesLlon 1 and 2 for Lhe unknown mesh currenLs (l
1
and l
2
):
i
1=
u.1S A
i
2=
- u.Su4 A


i
x
= i
1
- i
2
= u.4S4 A







ClrculLs (M1L 120) (Sprlng 2010) Akrem Ll-ghazal
3

Lxamp|e #2:
Write the mesh (loop) equations for the following circuit and then find i
x
, i

and :
3
12
9
6V
-
+
4
6
i
x
i
y
v
+
-

So|ut|on:
3
12
9
6V
1
-
+
2 3
4
6 y
x
+
-


Apply KVL around mesh # 1
6 + 4 i
1
+ 6 (i
1
- i
3
) = u
1u i
1
- 6i
3
= -6 ..(1)

Apply KVL around mesh # 2
9 i
2
- 6 + S (i
2
- i
3
) = u
12 i
2
- Si
3
= 6 .. . (2)

ClrculLs (M1L 120) (Sprlng 2010) Akrem Ll-ghazal
4

Apply KVL at mesh # 3
S(i
3
- i
2
) + 6(i
3
- i
1
) + 12 i
3
= u
-6 i
1
- S i
2
+ 21i
3
= u ..(S)
Solve the three equations
i
1
= -u.67S7 A , i
2
= u.468S A , i
3
= -u.1261 A
i
x
= i
1
- i
2
= -1.1442 A
i

= i
3
- i
2
= -u.S946 A
: = -9 i
2
= 4.216S I
Case #2: C|rcu|ts w|th Independent Current Sources
Lxamp|e #3:
Find V
O
by using the mesh analysis
Solution
ClrculLs (M1L 120) (Sprlng 2010) Akrem Ll-ghazal
3

It is clear that:
i
1
= 4 mA
i
2
= -2 mA
Apply KVL around mesh # 3
-S + 4k (i
3
- i
2
) + 2k (i
3
- i
1
) + 6k i
3
= u
i
3
=
1
4
mA
To find I
0
:
+S - 6 (i
3
) + I
0
= u
I
0
= -
S
2













ClrculLs (M1L 120) (Sprlng 2010) Akrem Ll-ghazal
6


Case #3: C|rcu|ts w|th a current source common to two meshes
Lxamp|e #4:



So|ut|on

ClrculLs (M1L 120) (Sprlng 2010) Akrem Ll-ghazal
7

Apply kvL around Lhe mesh #1
2i
1
+ S(i
1
- i
3
) + 1(i
1
- i
2
) = u
6i
1
-

i
2

- S

i
2

= u .. (1)
Supermesh:
When a currenL source ls common Lo Lwo meshes we use Lhe concepL of supermesh. A
supermesh ls creaLed from Lwo meshes LhaL have a currenL source ln common as shown ln Lhe
above flgure.
Apply kvL around Lhe supermesh
-7 + 1( i
2
-i
1
) + S(i
3
- i
1
) + 1i
3
= u
-4i
1
+ i
2
+ 4i
3
= 7 ... (2)

We have Lwo equaLlons wlLh Lhree unknown varlables!!!. 1he Lhlrd equaLlon can be obLalned by
uslng Lhe relaLlon beLween Lhe i
2
and i
3
as follows:
i
3
- i
2
= 7A..(S)
Solve the three equations
i
1
= 1.S A , i
2
= -S A , i
3
= 4 A
Case #4: C|rcu|ts w|th dependent sources
lor clrculLs LhaL lnclude dependenL sources, flrsL we lgnore Lhe facL LhaL Lhe dependenL
source ls a dependenL source and we wrlLe Lhe mesh-currenL equaLlons as we would for a
clrculL wlLh lndependenL sources. 1he mesh-currenL equaLlons wlll have exLra unknown
varlables for Lhe dependenL sources beslde Lo Lhe normal unknown mesh currenLs. All Lhe exLra
unknown varlable of Lhe dependenL sources musL be descrlbed ln Lerm of Lhe mesh currenLs.
1here MuS1 be a relaLlon beLween Lhe unknown varlable of Lhe dependenL and Lhe mesh
currenLs, because mesh currenLs can be used Lo descrlbe any currenL or volLage of any branch
ln Lhe clrculL. 1he followlng examples wlll show you how Lo apply Lhe mesh analysls for clrculLs
wlLh dependenL sources.









ClrculLs (M1L 120) (Sprlng 2010) Akrem Ll-ghazal
8






Lxamp|e #S:
llnd v
o
by uslng mesh analysls.

So|ut|on

Fiom mesh #1 i
1
=
v
x
2
... (1)
Fiom mesh #2 i
2
= 2A..(2)
Apply KvL aiounu mesh #S
-S + ( i
3
- i
1
) + 2 + 6i
3
= u ... (S)
ClrculLs (M1L 120) (Sprlng 2010) Akrem Ll-ghazal
9

Equation (1) has an extia unknown vaiiable(v
x
). We shoulu ielate the extia unknown
vaiiable of the uepenuent souice to the mesh cuiients. Fiom the above figuie it is cleai
that:
I
X
= 4( i
1
- i
2
)
In Eq.(1)
i
1
=
4( i
1
- i
2
)
2

i
1
- 2i
2
= u

.. . (4)
Fiom Eq.(2) anu Eq.(4)

i
1
= 4 A

Fiom Eq.(S)
i
3
=
11
8
A
I
0
= i
3
x6 =
SS
4


Lxamp|e #6:
Foi the following ciicuit finu the mesh cuiients.

ClrculLs (M1L 120) (Sprlng 2010) Akrem Ll-ghazal

10


Apply KvL aiounu the supeimesh:
-2u + 4 i
1
+ 6 i
2
+ 2i
2
= u
4 i
1
+ 8 i
2
= 2u ..(1)

We have one equaLlon wlLh Lwo unknown varlables!!!. 1he second equaLlon can be obLalned by
uslng Lhe relaLlon beLween Lhe i
1
and i
2
as follows:
i
2
- i
1
=
:
x
4
..(2)
Equation (2) has an extia unknown vaiiable(v
x
). We shoulu ielate the extia unknown
vaiiable (:
x
) of the uepenuent souice to the mesh cuiients. Fiom the above figuie it is
cleai
:
x
= 2i
2

In Eq.(2)
i
2
- i
1
=
2i
2
4

2 i
1
- i
2
= u .. (S)
Solving Eq.(1) anu Eq.(S)
i
1
= 1, i
2
= 2