Sinh Học1

an chuyn nganh cng ngh sinh hoc Phn lp va nui trng meo ging bao ng xam
PHN I:
TNG QUAN
A. Nm n:
Theo quan nim cu, nm la thc vt, nh cac loai cy co khac, nhng la thc vt khng co sc t xanh (dip luc t). Tuy nhin, nhng nghin cu ngay cang nhiu v sinh ly va bin dng, cho thy rng nm co nhiu im rt khac vi thc vt:
- Nm khng co kha nng quang hp, nghia la khng th nh anh sang
mt tri tng hp cac cht cho c th t nc va khi cacbonic. Chung sng bng nhng cht ly t c th sinh vt khac (thc vt, ng vt va ca vi sinh vt).
- Vach t bao chu yu bng chitin va glucan. Chitin la cht gp nhiu
ng vt hn thc vt, thanh phn cu tao chu yu cua lp vo hoc canh cng nhom giap xac (tm, cua) va cn trung. -Nm d tr di dang glucogen, thay vi tinh bt. Mc du vy, nm cung khng th la ng vt vi: -Nm sinh san chu yu bng bao t (hu tinh hoc v tinh)
- S dinh dng cua nm lien quan n h si nm, nm ly cac cht dinh
dng thng qua mang t bao cua h si nm (tng t r thc vt). Ngoai ra vi s phong phu cua cac loai nm, d kin mt triu ri loai, nhng mi chi m ta c 65000 loai, y la mt nhom ln, chi ng sau cn trung ( hn mi triu loai). Vi vy nm a dc tach ra khoi gi thc vt va thanh lp mt gii ring, goi la gii nm. Nh vy: Nm cung la sinh vt va sinh vt co nhn tht (eukaryotae) khac vi vi khun la vi sinh vt cha co nhn hoan chinh hay con goi la tin nhn (prokaryotae). Cu tao cua nm co th n bao nh nm men, hoc a bao nh cac loai nm si (trong o co nm n). Do cu tao nh vy, nn noi n nm la ngi ta nghi n nhng si nho li ti va goi chung la mc, meo. Tuy nhin, khi GVHD: HOANG XUN TH 1 SVTH: Nguyn Trung Dung - Phan Thi Hng Nga - L Thi Thuy Nhi Nguyn Thi Thanh Tm - Pham Thi Thu Thuy
an chuyn nganh cng ngh sinh hoc Phn lp va nui trng meo ging bao ng xam noi n nm n, ngi ta thng nghi ngay n cac tai nm hay qua th nm (con goi la cy nm). Thc t nm n co hai giai oan trong i sng cua no:
- Giai oan tng trng: thng xut hin rt dai. Nm giai oan nay chu
yu la dang si. Si t nm (hypha) mong manh va gm hai nhn, co ngun gc t hai bao t khac nhau nay mm va phi hp lai. Si nm hay h si nm (mycelium), con goi la h si dinh dng (vegetative mycelium), len loi trong c cht hut ly thc n. Thc n vao t bao s nm thng qua mang t bao. Khi khi t dat dn mc d nht inh v s lng, gp iu kin thich hp, se bn kt thanh qua th nm. Trong trng hp bt li, se hinh thanh bao t tim sinh hay hu bao t (chlamydospore).
- Giai oan phat trin: thng ngn. Luc nay, t nm an vao nhau, hinh
thanh mt dang c bit, khac nhau tuy loai, goi la qua th nm hay tai nm (fruiting body). Qua th thng co kich thc ln va la c quan sinh san cua nm. Trn qua th co mt cu truc, ni u tp trung cac u ngon si nm, o la thu tng (hymenium). Chinh y hai nhn cua t bao (u ngon) se nhp lai thanh mt, sau do, se chia ra thanh bn nhn con, hinh thanh bao t hu tinh (sexual spore) am bao t (basidiospore) hoc nang bao t (ascopore). Tai nm trng thanh, bao t c phong thich, nay mm va chu trinh lai tip tuc Sau cung, khai nim v nm n co th tom tt nh sau: La sinh vt dang si, co nhn tht. Dinh dng bng cach ly thc n qua mang t bao si nm. Sinh san chu yu la bao t, trn cu truc c bit la tai nm hay qua th nm.
GVHD: HOANG XUN TH 2 SVTH: Nguyn Trung Dung - Phan Thi Hng Nga - L Thi Thuy Nhi Nguyn Thi Thanh Tm - Pham Thi Thu Thuy
Hinh: i sng cua nm phat trin trong t nhin

B. Tng quan v nm bo ng: 1. Gii thiu chung v nm bo ng:
Nm Bo ng thuc chi Pleurotus (Fr.) Kummer c mt s loi thng to cc cu trc sinh sn c bit gi l th b (Coremia) mang bo t trn v tnh (Conidia) trong git dch en, c Oswald Hilber xc lp thnh mt phn chi (subgenus) mi: Coremiopleurotus Hilber 1982, khi y mi bao gm 2 loi: loi chun (typus): Pleurotus cystidiosus O.K. Miller (1969) v P. abalonus Han, Chen & Cheng (1974). Nhng cho n nay ghi nhn khong 50 loi nm bo ng: P. abalonus, P. cornucopiae, P. cytidiosus, P. djamor, P. eryngii, P. floridanus, P. globulifer, P. limpidus, P. GVHD: HOANG XUN TH 3 SVTH: Nguyn Trung Dung - Phan Thi Hng Nga - L Thi Thuy Nhi Nguyn Thi Thanh Tm - Pham Thi Thu Thuy
an chuyn nganh cng ngh sinh hoc Phn lp va nui trng meo ging bao ng xam ostreatus, P. pulmonarius, P. sajor-caju, P. salmoneostramineus, P. spicilifer, P. versiformis hu ht cc loi nm bo ng c nhng c im chung nh: Nm bo ng l tn dng chung cho cc loi thuc ging Pleurotus, trong c hai nhm ln: Nhm chu nhit (nm kt qu th t 20 30oC) v nhm chu lnh (nm kt qu th t 15 25oC). Nm bo ng cn c tn gi l Nm S, Nm Hng Trng, Nm Dai Nm bo ng c chung l tai nm dng phu lch, phin nm mng bo t ko di xung chn, cung nm gn gc c lp lng nh mn. Tai nm bo ng khi cn non c mu sm hoc ti, nhng khi trng thnh mu tr nn sng hn. Chu trnh sng bt u t m bo t hu tnh ny mm cho h si t dinh dng s cp v th cp, Kt thc bng vic hnh thnh c quan sinh sn l tai nm. Tai nm li sinh m bo t v chu trnh sng li tip tc. Ni chung cc loi thuc phn chi Coremiopleurotus c hng v rt c th trng khu vc v trn th gii a chung.
an chuyn nganh cng ngh sinh hoc Phn lp va nui trng meo ging bao ng xam Bng: Thnh phn dinh dng ca nm Bo ng (%). Protein th 17,5 18,9 25,0 10,5 8,9 38,7 26,3 17,5 28,5 Cht bo 1,0 1,7 1,8 1,6 2,4 9,4 1,8 8,0 2,6 Carbo hydrate 59,2 58,0 7,4 81,8 72,9 46,6 59,9 67,5 57,4 Nng Si 12,0 11,5 11,9 7,5 7,5 27,6 10,4 8,0 17,4 Tro 9,1 9,3 10,7 6,1 15,8 5,3 12,0 7,0 11,5 lng (Kcal) 261 265 271 367 330 313 328 387 304
Tn loi P. eous P. florida P. cystidiosus P. ostreatus P. opuntia P. limpidus A. bisporus L. edodes V. diplasia
- Nhn vo bng s liu ta thy carbonhydrate v protein l thnh phn chnh, chim t 70 n 90% trng lng kh qu th, tro ~ 10% cha nhiu loi cht khong. - Cht bo c hm lng thp trong hu ht cc loi, dao ng trong khong 1 - 2%, ngoi tr P. limpidus (9,4%) va L.edodes (8.0%). - Gi tr v mt nng lng c nh gi trn c s thnh phn protein th, cht bo v carbohydrate, tr s ny thp khong t 261 - 367 Kcal/100g cht kh.
an chuyn nganh cng ngh sinh hoc Phn lp va nui trng meo ging bao ng xam 2. c im sinh hc ca nm bo ng xm Gii nm FUNGI Ngang nm Nht : EUMYCOTA Nganh phu Lp Lp phu HYMEOMYCETDAE B Ho : AGARICALES : PLEUROTACEAE Chi Tn khoa hoc M t mu: Nm Bo Ng Xm (Pleurotus cornucopiae) c th qu to, nh, hnh trn phu_ qut (ng knh tn ~3.6-8.8cm, dy ~ 8-16mm), mu trng ti, hi c sc xm nu, mc thnh m trn thnh cy g, cch mt t khong 35-55cm, mp tn nguyn hi t trn, i khi un cong xung hoc rch nh. Mt trn tn nhn hi lng bng, thng xm nu. Nhng th qu non hnh trng, hnh chy, hnh tha mc dy c, mu trng vi chp nh mu xm nu nht. Cung thng nh lch v mt bn, hnh tr thon di ~ 2.5-7.5cm, ng knh ~ 3.814.5mm, mu trng thng c nhiu t nm khi sinh bao ph, nht l phn gc. Tht nm nc mm, hi mng nc, mu trng, dy ~ 3.3 7.3mm, mng dn ra pha mp. Phin nm trng, mm xp xen dy, b rng phin dao ng 3 8mm. Gi tr dc liu Nghin cu ca S.C.TAM (1986) cho thy Bo Ng Xm (Pleurotus cornucopiae) c tc dng lm h ng huyt. GVHD: HOANG XUN TH 6 SVTH: Nguyn Trung Dung - Phan Thi Hng Nga - L Thi Thuy Nhi Nguyn Thi Thanh Tm - Pham Thi Thu Thuy : PLEUROTUS : PLEUROTUS CORNUCOPIAE : BASIDIOMYCOTINA : HYMENOMYCETES : : MYCOTA hay
an chuyn nganh cng ngh sinh hoc Phn lp va nui trng meo ging bao ng xam Theo nghin cu ca nh khoa hc Trung Quc - Ph Lin Giang (1985) th nu n nm vi lng 2.5g/kg sau 40 ngy th lng cholesterol trong mu s gim 253.13 mg xung ch cn 193.12mg. nu n nm s vi1 lung cao hn gp i 5g/kg th sau 40 ngy th lng cholesterol trong mu gim xung ch cn 128.57 mg. Loi ny v c bn khng cha Lipit v tinh bt, giu Protein (21.1%, bao gm y 8 a.a thit yu, k c Lysine v Methionine). Kh giu Vitamin nh Vitamin C 33mg, B1 0.2 0.3mg v Niacin 18.2 21.3mg, tnh trn 100g nm kh. y l loi nm n qu, c Bit cho nhng ngi n chay, dng thng xuyn c th phng nga ung th v chng khi u. c tnh khng sinh c bit r vi hp cht Pleurotin, xc nh c t 1947 (Hnh 2). Nm 1993, Myzuno v Cs, tch t phn an Polysaccharide c cha protein t Pleurotus cornucopiae v chng minh hiu lc chng u Sarcoma 180 trn chut kha r rng, c th so snh vi hot lc ca Polysacride, PSK, PSP tch t k ta Grifolafrandosa, nm Donco Lntimula sdodes, nm Vn chi Trametes versicolor (L Xun Thm et al., 1998, 1999a). Polysacride khng ung th Cc loi nm thuc nhiu taxon: Polyporus, Lyophyllum (Shimeiji). Pleurotus (Hiratake), Lentinus, Grifola, Flammulia (Shiitake), Ganoderma (Mannentaka), Schizophyllum, Trametes, cc loi th qu nm ti; th khun ty nm (h si) (k hiu ca Mizuno l YF, YM, YE) c kha nghim cc nh nghin cu bng cc phng php Sarcoma 180/mice ip hoc po, chng minh rng cc dn xut trao i ca acid nucleic, Polysacchride, Heteroglucan C-D, Glucan c hot tnh khng ung th mt cch r rt chc nng tng cng min dch khng ung th ca Polysccharide nm Pleurotus cornucopiae c chng minh (Zhuang et al.,1993).
Bng . Hiu lc chng ung th Sarcoma 180 trn chut ca polysaccharide-protein th tan trong nc tch t P.cornucopiae (theo Zhuang et al., 1993)
Nhm thc nghim
Kch c khi ua (cm3)
Mc c ch (%)
Thi gian sngb (ngy)
T/C (%)
T l c ch ton bc 0/8
T l chtd
i chng Fl Flo Flo-a Flo-b FA-1 FA-2 FA-3
18,98 8,74 2,59 0,07 2,89 0,61 1,75 0,66 11,46 3,73 11,64 4,54 4,83 1,32 12,44 4,99
86,4 84,8 90,8 39,6 48,7 74,6 34,5
31,9 7,8
100
7/8 0/5 0/5 0/5 1/5 1/5 0/5 1/5
>68,4 16,4 >214,4 2/5 >84,0 0 >84,0 0 53,6 14,6 >263,3 3/5 >263,3 3/5 168,0 0/5
>64,8 21,4 >203,1 1/5 >74,4 16,5 >233,3 2/5 58,2 19,3 182,4 0/5
Bng . Hiu lc chng ung th Sarcoma 180 trn chut ca polysaccharid-protein th khng tan trong nc tch P.cornucopiae (theo Zhuang et al., 1993)
Nhm thc nghim
Kch c khi ua (cm3)
Mc c ch (%)
Thi gian sngb (ngy)
T/C (%)
T l c ch ton bc
T l chtd
ichng Fll Fll-1 Fll-2 Fll-3 Flll-1 Flll-1a Flll-1b Flll-2
18,98 8,74 4,43 1,98 1,74 0,99 17,46 4,76 19,14 8,31 7,91 2,34 4,39 1,09 9,19 2,97 2,94 1,21
76,7 90,8 8,0 8,4 58,4 76,9 51,6 84,5
31,9 7,8 >54,4 22,3 >72,8 12,4 >47,2 18,4 42,2 18,8 >68,8 16,4 >66,8 19,2 >68,4 20,7 >73,0 19,5
100 >170,5 >228,2 >148,0 132,3 >215,7 >209,4 >214,4 >228,7
0/8 1/5 3/5 0/5 0/5 1/5 1/5 1/5 3/5
7/8 2/5 0/5 2/5 3/5 0/5 0/5 0/5 0/5
an chuyn nganh cng ngh sinh hoc Phn lp va nui trng meo ging bao ng xam Bng . Hiu lc chng ung th Sarcoma 180 trn chut ca polysaccharide-protein tinh ch tch t P.cornucopiae (theo Zhuang et al., 1993)
Nhm thc nghim i chng Flo-a- Flo-a- Flo-b- Flo-b- Flll-2a Flll-2b
a
Kch c khi ua (cm3) 20,7 4,1 9,7 3,2 10,4 5,0 8,4 4,1 12,7 4,9 0 3,2 2,1
Mc c ch (%) 53,1 49,8 59,4 31,7 100,0 84,6
Thi gian sngb (ngy)
T/C (%)
T l c ch ton bc
T l chtd
28,4 4,9 >43,1 17,8 46,6 19,3 >53,2 13,1 45,4 11,7 >84,4 0 >65,2 15,1
100 >151,8 >164,1 >187,3 159,9 >295,8 >229,6
0/8 1/5 0/5 1/5 0/5 5/5 1/5
8/8 1/5 1/5 0/5 1/5 0/5 1/5
kch thc khi u : Trung bnh S.D. 3 tun sau khi cy u. Thi gian sng : Trung bnh S.D. 12 tun sau khi cy u.
T l c ch hon ton khi u o sau 12 tun cy u. T l cht xc nh sau 5 tun cy u.
3. Quy trinh phn lp ging:
Ging nm: Ging nm c th c sn xut trn cc c cht khc nhau: ht i mch, thc, mn ca, rm r v cc cht ph gia khc Bao b ng ging cc dng: chai thy tinh, ti nilond trn bao b no, ging nm cng phi m bo cht lng. -Khng b nhim bnh: quan st bn ngoi ging c mu trng ng nht, si nm mc u t trn xung di, khng c mc xanh, vng, enKhng c cc vng loang l. -Ging c mi thm d chu: nu c mi chua, kh chu l ging nhim khun. -Ging khng gi hoc non: nu thy c m so hay cy nm mc trong chai, mu chai nm chuyn sang vng hay nu en l ging gi. Ging cha n kn ht y bao b l ging cn non. S dng ging tt nht khi ging n kn ht y chai sau 3-4 ngy. - Cc chng ging: ph hp vi iu kin nhit (theo ma v), nng sut cao c kh nng chng chu su bnh.
an chuyn nganh cng ngh sinh hoc Phn lp va nui trng meo ging bao ng xam - Qu trnh vn chuyn ging: phi ht sc nh nhng, trnh va chm mnh, dng ng chai ging. Khng c m nt bng ra xem, ngi, ging ni thong mt, sch s, khng c nh sng trc tip.
C. Tng quan v ging va meo ging nm: 1.
Ging ban u (ging gc):
Khi u cua qua trinh nhn ging, hay lam meo ging la phai co ging gc. Ging gc hay ging ban u co th thc hin bng nhiu cach: - Thu nhn va gy nay mm bao t nm. - Tach si nm t cac c cht co nm moc.
- Phn lp t qua th nm.
Du lam cach nao, thi u cn mi trng dinh dng nui si t nm. Mi trng dinh dng s dung ph bin vn la mi trng thach tng hp, nhng tuy i tng ma thay i thanh phn hoc liu lng khac nhau. Sau khi cy nui mi trng dinh dng, t nm se n trn mt thach thanh mt lp si trng. Nhng si nay lan dn ra t bao t hoc t m thit nm cho n khi phu kin ca mt thach. ng thach khng bi ln tap va chi mt loai t cua loai nm mun trng ta co ging gc. Ging c dung lam ging gc phai at cac yu cu sau: -La ging thun, khng ln tap. -T moc khoe, chia nhanh u. -T nm bo sat mt thach hoc bao vong thanh ng nghim, it t khi sinh, t ri bng Ging gc s dung cho san xut cn phai rt thn trong, vi no thng c nhn ra vi s lng ln va chi bit kt qua sau mt hoc vai thang, nghia la sau khi thu hoach nm. Do o, s xut khi chon ging se dn n thit hai rt ln. Tom lai, ging gc la khu quyt inh trong san xut va nui trng nm, nn rt cn s cn thn khi thc hin. GVHD: HOANG XUN TH 12 SVTH: Nguyn Trung Dung - Phan Thi Hng Nga - L Thi Thuy Nhi Nguyn Thi Thanh Tm - Pham Thi Thu Thuy
2.
Phn lp nm:
Hinh: Phn lp t qua th nm Nh a noi trn, co nhiu cach phn lp nm tao ging gc nh: t t nm, bao t nm va qua th nm. Nhmg hiu qua nht vn la phn lp t qua th nm, vi:
- Bit chc chn nm phn lp nh th nao, vi phng phap s dung la nhn
ging v tinh. Trong khi tach t nm thi khng ro co ung la nm mun ly ging khng hay nm mc hoc nm dai khac. Con bao t thi cung khng n gian va nht la y la giai oan sinh san hu tinh, nn nm tao thanh co th bi thay i c tinh. - Han ch bi ln hoc bi nhim tap bi cac loai vi sinh vt khac, vi s dung trc tip cac m thit nm. Nguyn tc cua phng phap nay la chon tai nm in hinh (tiu biu nht) va giai oan trng thanh, d anh gia cht lng ging. M thit nm nn tach nhng vi tri kin ao, it tip xuc vi cac ngun bnh nht.
an chuyn nganh cng ngh sinh hoc Phn lp va nui trng meo ging bao ng xam Qui trinh phn lp c s hoa nh sau :
Gia th co t nm Tai nm
Got sach cht Bn bam chn
ra dd sat khun nc ra v trung
Lau cn Tach i Tach thit nm

M thit Bao t
t ln giy
Ngm nc v trung 4h
Cy truyn ln MT PGA trong ng nghim thach nghing Kim tra nhim tap
Ging gc
Cy truyn
Gi ging
Nhn ging cho san xut
an chuyn nganh cng ngh sinh hoc Phn lp va nui trng meo ging bao ng xam S cy truyn, nhn ging trong san xut:
3.
Mi trng dinh dng cho nui cy nm:
Mun nui cy hoc nhn ging bt ki loai nm nao, iu trc tin la cn co mi trng dinh dng. Mi trng dinh dng cung thay i theo tng giai oan cua qua trinh nhn ging: mi trng thach, hat, cong va gia mi. - Trn mi trng thach, ngoai vic cung cp ngun dinh dng d hp thu cho nm, con tin cho quan sat, phat hin cac mm nhim tap. - Mi trng hat, lam tng v s lng ging phn b. - Mi trng gia mi, giup t nm thich nghi vi c cht se nui trng. Ngoai ra, con co thm mi trng cong, la dang trung gian, tin li cho thao tac chuyn ging, ng thi giup mao trong bich ging ng u hn. GVHD: HOANG XUN TH 15 SVTH: Nguyn Trung Dung - Phan Thi Hng Nga - L Thi Thuy Nhi Nguyn Thi Thanh Tm - Pham Thi Thu Thuy
an chuyn nganh cng ngh sinh hoc Phn lp va nui trng meo ging bao ng xam Nh vy, t nm trc khi thanh ging san xut (nui trng), phai qua mt loat cy chuyn trn cac loai mi trng dinh dng khac nhau. Co th tam chia thanh hai mi trng dinh dng chinh sau: mi trng thach va khng phai thach.
a. Mi trng thach:
La loai mi trng dinh dng tng hp, bao gm ba thanh phn c ban: - ng - Thach hoc rau cu (agar)
- Cht b sung
ng s dung tt nht cho nm la glucose, nhng cung co th thay bng saccharose (ng cat hoc ng mia). Liu lng cho vao thng t 2 3% (20 30/lit mi trng). Thach dung nh la mt cht nn va cac san phm trong nc (Nha Trang hoc Hai Phong) cung co th s dung cho nm. Thach ni ia thng tan chm, nhng ng nhanh, nn phai nu va khuy cho tan hoan toan trc khi chia vao cac ng nghim. Liu lng cho vao la 2% (20g/lit mi trng). Cht b sung rt a dang tuy theo tng ngi dung, tuy nhin cung co th chia thanh hai nhom chinh, nh sau: nc chit va hoa cht. n gian thi cac loai nc chit: khoai ty, ca rt, nm rm, lua nay mm, u, cam... Lng s dung la t 15 20% (150 200 g/lit mi trng). Nguyn liu s dung c got vo (khoai ty, ca rt), ra sach, ct lat (khoai ty, ca rt, nm) va nu ly nc chit. Phc tap hn thi co: nc chit thit, pepton, nm men... Cac loai nay thng c ch bin thanh dang bt va bao quan trong tu lanh ( khng chay nc va von cuc). Lng cho vao mi trng la 0,2% (2g/lit mi trng). Hoa cht dung b sung vao mi trng nui cy nm chu yu la nguyn t khoang, nh K (kali hay P-tat), P (Phosphat hay ln), Mg (Magi)... Cac cht nay thng dang mui, nh KH2PO4, K2HPO4, MgSO4, KCl, P2O5... Liu lng s dung t 0,1 0,3% (1 -3g cho mt lit mi trng). Ngoai ra, giup cho s tng trng cua nm, co th thm vao sinh t (Vitamin), nh B1 GVHD: HOANG XUN TH 16 SVTH: Nguyn Trung Dung - Phan Thi Hng Nga - L Thi Thuy Nhi Nguyn Thi Thanh Tm - Pham Thi Thu Thuy
an chuyn nganh cng ngh sinh hoc Phn lp va nui trng meo ging bao ng xam (Thiamin) hay acid amin, nh Asparagin, Glutamic ac... Liu lng cho vao rt nho t 0,002 0.005% (0,02 0,05g/lit mi trng, tng ng 20 50 phn triu ppm). Mt vai trng hp, ngi ta con b sung mt hoc vai loai khang sinh, nngn chn cac mm bnh. Liu khang sinh dung thng khng nn qua 100 n vi (UI- Unite International).
b. Mi trng dinh dng th (khng thach):
S dung trong qua trinh nhn ging. Tuy theo qui trinh cua tng ni, ma nguyn liu la c cht co th khac nhau. Ph bin vn la cac loai ngu cc, nh lua (lua gao, lua np, lua mi, ai mach..), gao, u, bo bo... . Cac loai ngu cc c ra va loai cac hat lep, sau o co th u nay mm hoc khng, ri nu cho va chin n. Chia vao cac dung cu cha va em kh trung trc khi cy ging. cac nc ng Nam A, trong o co nc ta, mao ging a ra trng khng dang hat ma phai thm mt hoc hai giai oan na. Meo thanh phm nui trn c cht th va rt gn vi nguyn liu se nui trng. Thi du nh meo nm rm lam bng rm ra, tru, meo nm meo lam bng mat ca g... Nguyn liu thng ngheo dinh dng, nn phai trn thm nhiu cht b sung. Cht thm vao thng la cht bt nh : cam, bp, u, tm, khoai, cu... Lng thm vao thng chim ty l kha cao 6 20% (6 20kg/100kg nguyn liu). Ngoai ra, nhiu cng thc mi trng con thm cac thanh phn khac, co th kt hp cht th nh phn chung, tro rm, tro tru, hoc cung co th co hoa cht nh cac loai phn hoa hoc: ur, DAP, N-P-K, KH2PO4, MgSO4... Cac cht thm vao nng ti a khng qua 0,5% (0,5 kg/100kg nguyn liu). cng oan nay, nguyn liu thng c x ly vi nc vi, bng cach ngm hoc trn vi nc vi (quet tng) nng khoang 0,5 1,5% (0,5 1,5 kg/100 lit nc). Thi gian ngm hoc u t 24 48 gi. Sau o, vt ra, ra va lam rao nc (nu ngm) hoc chinh lai m thich hp (nu trn nc vi u). Cui cung, thm cac cht b sung va cho vao dung cu cha, em i kh trung. Ring nc ta, trong quy trinh nhn ging con co thm cng oan lam ging cong, nhm giup n gian thao tac cy t hat sang nguyn liu th, nhng GVHD: HOANG XUN TH 17 SVTH: Nguyn Trung Dung - Phan Thi Hng Nga - L Thi Thuy Nhi Nguyn Thi Thanh Tm - Pham Thi Thu Thuy
an chuyn nganh cng ngh sinh hoc Phn lp va nui trng meo ging bao ng xam quan trong hn la nm phat trin nhanh va tui meo phat trin ng u hn (so vi cy hat) Ging cong c lam t thn rm bo ngn, be chui kh, thn cy u, thn cy bp, thn cy khoai (cy sn), sn thanh g mm... Nguyn liu trc khi s dung cung c x ly vi nc vi 1% va ngm trong 48 gi. Vt ra ra va lam rao nc, sau o b sung thm cam hoc cam bp. Cac cht b sung chi dung ao ngoai nguyn liu, trc khi cho vao dung cu cha va kh trung
4.
Mt s lu y khi cy ging khng bi nhim:
Cac thao tac trong phn lp cung nh cy chuyn nm phai ht sc cn thn va cn co nhng hiu bit v ky thut v trung. Ky thut nay gm: - V trung mi trng dinh dng - V trung mu cy - V trung dung cu - V trung ni lam vic - V trung trong thao tac
a. V trung mi trng dinh dng:
Nguyn liu nui cy nm tt nht nn qua kh trung. Phng phap ph bin nht hin nay la dung hi nc nong co hoc khng co ap sut. Trong trng hp s dung hi nc nong co ap sut, dung cu thanh trung la ni cao ap (autoclave). Nhit trong ni co th nng ln 121oC (tng ng 1atm), thi gian keo dai tuy nguyn liu. Vi cht long hoc mi trng thach nh PGA, thi gian kh trung t 25 40 phut (tinh t luc at nhit ). Vi nguyn liu th nh: lua, mat ca, rm ra..., thi gian kh trung t 1 gi 30 2 gi. c im cua phng phap nay la dit trung tng i trit , nhng nhc im la lam giam cht lng dinh dng (do nhit cao) va thit bi t tin. Trong trng hp s dung hi nc nong khng ap sut, dung cu khng cn kin va chiu ap lc nh ni cao ap. GVHD: HOANG XUN TH 18 SVTH: Nguyn Trung Dung - Phan Thi Hng Nga - L Thi Thuy Nhi Nguyn Thi Thanh Tm - Pham Thi Thu Thuy
an chuyn nganh cng ngh sinh hoc Phn lp va nui trng meo ging bao ng xam Nhit trong ni co th nng ln 90 95oC, thi gian kh trung keo dai tuy dung tich ni. Ni ln (t hai khi tr ln) phai keo dai thi gian t 5 6 gi. Ni nho (di hai khi) chi cn 4 5 gi. c im cua phg phap nay la u t thit bi re tin hn, it anh hng n cht lng dinh dng, nhng kha nng dit trung co gii han.
b. V trung mu nm:
- Nm dung lam mu nn chon tai nm khng bi nhim tap, t nc.

- Nn ct gon sach chn nm, loai cht bn dinh gc. - Dung cn 70o , thm gon lau nhe mt ngoai sat trung. c. V trung dung cu:
Dung cu dung trong phn lp va cy nm gm: en cn, dao m (hoc kim mui giao), que cy kep cy Dung cu nn chui ra sach se bng nc hoc bng khn t. Khi s dung phai t nong sat khun, nht la ln u tin cn ky hn (t ba ln). t trc tip trn ngon la nh que cy hoc nhung cn t nh: kep cy, dao m Sau mt hoc mt vai thao tac, dung cu co th bi nhim bn, cung cn phai t lai cho an toan.
d. V trung ni lam vic:
Trong trng hp co hay khng co tu cy, thi vn v sinh ni lam vic cung rt quan trong. No quyt inh mt phn quan trong trong vn nhim do cy. Ni thc hanh phn lp hoc cy chuyn ging cn kin gio, vi gio se mang mm nhim t khng khi chui vao ng nghim. Tuy nhin, cung cn lu y rng phong qua kin se lam nhit va m tng cao, dn n s phat sinh cua nm mc. Trong phong cy hoc xung quanh ni t phong cy khng c co ngun nhim nh : bui, rac Do o cn tranh t phong cy gn ng xe GVHD: HOANG XUN TH 19 SVTH: Nguyn Trung Dung - Phan Thi Hng Nga - L Thi Thuy Nhi Nguyn Thi Thanh Tm - Pham Thi Thu Thuy
an chuyn nganh cng ngh sinh hoc Phn lp va nui trng meo ging bao ng xam chay, cac xng ca, nha may xay xat Nn thng xuyn don dep phong cy cho sach va v sinh.
e. V trung trong thao tac:
Qua trinh thao tac cn phai lu y nhng im sau: - S dung en cn hoc en gas (en Bunsen), tao vung an toan, c bit trong trng hp khng co tu cy chuyn bit. Mi en cn co ng kinh sat khun la 20 cm. Tt ca cac thao tac thc hin quanh ngon en va ngang tm la. La en cn nn cao t 3 4 cm.
- ng nghim hoc bich ging chi m quanh ngon la en cn va t
th nm ngang, quay ming v hng ngon la. Sau khi m va trc khi ong nut bng lai, nn h nhe ming ng hoc bich, dit cac mm bnh bay vao. - Thao tac lam gon kheo. Tranh tao gio lam lay ng en cn), lam tat mm nhim vao mi trng nui cy. Tranh lam dp nat m thit nm, nh dung dao ca nhiu ln mt vi tri, gy nhim khun trn m nm. - Khi thao tac tranh th manh v phia ngon en, hoc di chuyn lam tao ra gio (k ca ngi cy va ngi phu). - Tranh va cham dung cu vao nhng ni khng cn thit, d gy nhim bn. Nu l va cham bn ngoai, nn t lai dung cu cy, ri mi lam tip. Tom lai, khi phn lp hoc cy chuyn nm, cang cn thn bao nhiu cang it nhim by nhiu.
5.
Phn bit nhim do cy va nhim do mi trng:
L ging cy sau thi gian xut hin nhim tap, co th do cac nguyn nhn sau: - Nhim hang loat: Mi trng nui cy kh trung khng at, do o, cac mm bnh (vi trung, nm mc) phat trin. Ly do kh trung khng at cung rt phc tap, nhng trc tin phai noi n la nhit va thi gian dit trung. Tuy tng loai c cht ma co ch x ly khac nhau: nguyn liu gian n, nh dung dich, nhit kh trung co th thp (105o) hoc thi gian ngn lai (20 25 phut), nguyn liu GVHD: HOANG XUN TH 20 SVTH: Nguyn Trung Dung - Phan Thi Hng Nga - L Thi Thuy Nhi Nguyn Thi Thanh Tm - Pham Thi Thu Thuy
an chuyn nganh cng ngh sinh hoc Phn lp va nui trng meo ging bao ng xam phc tap hn, nh: lua, cam nhit phai cao (121OC) va thi gian cn keo dai hn (1 gi 30 n 2 gi). Cac dang nguyn liu hn hp nh: rm ra, mat ca thi ngoai nhit va thi gian kh trung, con phai k n tinh cht cua nguyn liu: kich thc, ng u va m cua c cht. Nguyn liu tap, thi kha nng hut m se khng ging nhau va cac thanh phn khng u m hoc kh se kho kh trung hn cac phn con lai. Tt nht nn sang loai bt cht th, to (dm bao, mat ca), hoc u ng, ngm nc thi gian lu hn. Ngoai ra nhng loai nguyn liu a nhim tap trc, cung se kho dit trung hn so vi cac trng hp khac. Vi vy, trong qua trinh ch bin c cht nui nm rt quan trong, khng chi cho s dinh dng cua nm, ma con lin quan n kha nng dit trung. Mt kha nng co th xay ra la ging gc s dung a bi nhim trc, nhng khi kim tra do s y khng phat hin thy.
- Nhim ty l cao:
Nguyn nhn chinh co th lien quan n iu kin ni cy ging. Mi trng ni lam vic v sinh kem, nhiu gio, nhiu bui, ngt ngt, m cao Nt bng b t, nn mm bng c iu kin xm nhp t nt bng vo bn trong c cht. Ngi cy k thut km, nhiu thao tc tha dn n gy nhim. V cui cng, vn c th l nguyn liu khng ng nht (khng cng loi, cng kch thc, th tch), nn kh trng khng t.
- C nhim nhng t l khng cao:
Lin quan n k nng ca ngi cy v iu kin ni lm vic. Ngi cy cn thn v c trnh , s gim c t l nhim mc thp nht v ngc li. Tuy nhin trong iu kin sn xut nm d chin nh hin nay th rt kh trnh kh nng nhin tp, mc d rt thp. Ngoi ra, trong qu trnh nui vn c th b ly nhim t ngoi vo. Vic ly nhim ny ch yu do v sinh ni ging, km theo nt ng nghim hoc chai l khng an ton, b m b nhim bn C th tm tt cc hin tng nhim v cch khc phc nh sau: Hin tng nhim GVHD: HOANG XUN TH 21 SVTH: Nguyn Trung Dung - Phan Thi Hng Nga - L Thi Thuy Nhi Nguyn Thi Thanh Tm - Pham Thi Thu Thuy Nguyn nhn Hng khc phc
an chuyn nganh cng ngh sinh hoc Phn lp va nui trng meo ging bao ng xam _ Kh trng khng t Nhim hng lot _ Ging b nhim _Phng cy khng an ton _ Nt bng b t _ Thao tc cy cha tt Nhim vi t l cao _ Xem li thi gian v nhit kh trng _ Xem li vic x l nguyn liu: kch thc, m _ Kim tra ging gc trc khi cy _ Xem li v sinh v che chn gi _ Nn s dng giy bt u. _ Khi m ni hp nn ch 10 15 pht, cho hi nng sy kh nt _ ng nghim hoc ti c cht, sau khi ly ra khi ni hp, khng nn chng cht ln nhau, nt bng _ Ging gc b nhim mt mau kh. phn _ Xem li cch cy, khng th mnh, khng ni chuyn, khi m nt bng dng c cha. _ Kim tra k ging gc trc khi cy. _ Phng cy khng kn gi _ Xem li vic che chn C nhim cao) _ Thao tc cy cha tt khng ng lot) _ Ni khng v sinh _ Cn thn trong lc cy ging _ Xem li ni ging (t l khng _ Nt bng b t (nhng _Lm nh cch hng dn trn
6.Cc tnh cht ca ging: a. Ging tt hay xu:
y l vn tng i phc tp, cn c qu trnh v mt s kinh nghim nht nh. Tuy nhin cng c th nh gi mt ging tt hay xu, thng qua cc cch sau: GVHD: HOANG XUN TH 22 SVTH: Nguyn Trung Dung - Phan Thi Hng Nga - L Thi Thuy Nhi Nguyn Thi Thanh Tm - Pham Thi Thu Thuy
- Ging thun khit: iu trc tin mt ging c chp nhn l ch
c mt loi t nm (tt nhin l t ca loi nm mun trng) v khng b ln tp (nm mc hoc cc loi nm tp khc). Trong nui trng thc t, nm vn c th sng chung vi mt vi loi vi sinh vt c kh nng ng ha, nh x khun phn hy cht x (cellulose), hay nm mc phn hy tinh bt (amidon) thnh ng Tuy nhin, vic s dng cng sinh ny nh con dao hai li, nu gia hot ng ca nhm vi sinh vt ny vi nm trng c s mt cn bng, s dn n tht bi
- Trng thi h si nm: thng ging nm c cho l tt khi t nm
gn nh ng nht v mu sc v hnh dng, si t mc khe, thng v chia nhnh u. t nhng dng t xu, nh: ri bng, mc cu, i mu Ging khe cng t b nh hng bi nhng thay i nh ca mi trng bn ngoi, nh s thay i nhit ca ngy v m to hin tng bc thang (vt m lt khc nhau) trn h si. T ca ging tt thng mc dy, b st mt thch , t t kh sinh. T kh sinh l dng mc thng ng vi mi trng thch, u t cun li v gn nh ri bng hoc ri bng, t hi hn l khi si t chuyn mu hoc tit cht dch c, mu vng.
- H men thy gii (tiu ha): Trong thc t nm phi s dng nhng c
cht kh t rm r, mt ca Mun bin i nhng thnh phn ny thnh nhng cht n gin hn, nm phi c h men thy gii thch hp, nh: men amylase thy phn tinh bt (amidon), thnh glucose hoc men protease thy phn cht m (protein) thnh cc acid amin Do , c th kim tra ging bng cch nui cy trn mi trng dinh dng thch (thnh phn ng c thay th bng tinh bt hoc cht x), sau khi t mc c hai hoc ba ngy (khun lc 2 3 cm). Nh iod v nh gi vng trong sut quanh khun lc so vi nn xanh thm hoc nu tm do n mu iod. Ging nm c men thy gii mnh, s to thnh vnh khn trong sut (xung quanh khun lc) ln hn. y l phng php dng kim tra s b (nh tnh) nng lc thy gii c cht ca nm, mun xc nh hot tnh cc men (nh lng) phng php phc tp hn v cn c trang thit b phng th nghim. GVHD: HOANG XUN TH 23 SVTH: Nguyn Trung Dung - Phan Thi Hng Nga - L Thi Thuy Nhi Nguyn Thi Thanh Tm - Pham Thi Thu Thuy
- Qua nui trng: ging nm ch c nh gi tng i chnh xc qua
nui trng. Kt qu nui trng gip s b nhn xt hnh thi qu th, nng sut, tnh cht ca nm nht l c iu kin kim tra c im mun chn. Tuy nhin, do phi ch nui trng c kt qu, thi gian tng i di, nn nu bo qun khng kho, ging b thoi ha, khi bt u sn xut, nng sut s khng cn nh lc nui trng th. C th tm tt nhng c im chnh cn nh gi cht lng meo ging nh sau: Ging tt Ging xu T nm mc thng, B nhim tp: c cht nhy nht, c mu c sa chia nhnh v dy trn (nhim trng), c mu sc l (nhim mc) cc loi c cht mi T mc tha, cun hoc ri bng. giai on (thch, la, T mu nht thnh tng mng trn bch meo ging. cng, gi mi). T trng u. Mi trng cha kh. T chuyn mu, chy nc vng. Mi trng b kh, t nm b co li, nm st mt thch.
Tm li, vic chn v nh gi ging tt, i hi ngoi k nng, bn lnh, cn phi k n kinh nghim tch ly v quyt nh chnh xc ca ngi lm ging.
b. Meo gi:
Bnh thng t tng trng n mt mc no , gp iu kin thun li, s kt hch to qu th nm. tuy nhin trong ng nghim hoc bch phi, khng iu kin cho nm to qu th, th t nm ngng tng trng, sau tr nn gi dn v c gi l lo ha (senescence). T lo ha biu hin bng du hiu: - Kt mng: cc si t vch (ng nghim hoc bch phi) bt u kt thnh mng mng v tch ri khi thnh, to nn hin tng gi l dp. Cui cng, t nm st xung c cht (mt thch, que cng hoc rm, tru). GVHD: HOANG XUN TH 24 SVTH: Nguyn Trung Dung - Phan Thi Hng Nga - L Thi Thuy Nhi Nguyn Thi Thanh Tm - Pham Thi Thu Thuy
- Tin nc: trn cc si t khi gi thng xut hin ngy cng nhiu
cc git nc, c mu t trng sang vng trong (khc vi mu vng c khi b nhim trng). Nc tch t thnh vng hng bch hoc y bch.
- mu: si t nm bnh thng mu trng, nhng khi gi c
khuynh hng chuyn dn sang mu ti, xm tro hoc mu nu. Ring t nm rm li c mu vng, cn gi l vng lng kh. Hin tng i mu thng khi u mp thch (ng nghim), c chai (meo ht trong chai) hoc u bch phi, lan dn ht h si. i khi s i mu, cng xut hin gia khi t, nhng hin tng ny t lan hoc lan chm hn cc trng hp trn.
- To hu bo t: trng hp nm rm v mt vi loi nm, c kh
nng to hu bo t (chlamydospore). Hu bo t l dng tim sinh ca nm tn ti trong iu kin mi trng khng thch hp, nh dinh dng cn kit, nhiu tp cht Ty tng loi nm v cch nui cy, thi gian meo ging gi (lo ha) s khc nhau: Nm rm: trung bnh 15 20 ngy. Nm mo, bo ng: trung bnh 30 40 ngy. Nm ng c: trung bnh 45 60 ngy. T nm lo ha vn c th trng ra nm, nhng nng sut khng cao, tai nm mc cng khng ng nht v c khuynh hng gim v kch thc. do , tt nht nn trnh s dng meo ging gi trng nm.
Phn II:
QUA TRINH THC NGHIM

A. X l nguyn liu: 1. Mi trng thch:
Mi trng PGA (ci tin): Thnh phn Nc chit Glucose Cao nm men Agar S lng 1 lt 20 g 1g 20 g
Nc chit bao gm: khoai ty 200g, c rt 100g, gi 100g, nc ct, un si 10-15: lc b sung nc ct cho 1 lt. Khoai ty, c rt gt v, ct nh, khng s dng khoai ty mc mm hoc bin mu xanh. un si n chn k khoai ty, c rt, gi ri lc trong qua vi mn. Sau cho thm thch. B sung nc cho 1 lt, ri un cho tan ht thch. Phn vo cc ng nghim, lm mi trng thch nghing, cho thch vo khang 1/5 chiu di ng nghim. Sau gi thnh tng b, c bao giy trnh lm t nt bng. hp kh trng nhit 1210C/20 pht, 1atm.(Khi kh trng nh x ht khng kh trong ni ra ri mi tng p sut ln 1atm, nu khng lm nh vy th nhit khng nng ln n 1210C c d p sut t n 1atm. Mi trng khng cn iu chnh pH).
an chuyn nganh cng ngh sinh hoc Phn lp va nui trng meo ging bao ng xam Kh trng xong thng ng ng nghim cho bay ht nc, ri t nghing mt gc 450C. Cc ng nghim ny c y bng nt bng khng thm nc, c cht v di va phi (nt ngn v xp qu, d nhim khun; cht qu si nm kh pht trin v thiu khng kh; di qu d chm vo mp thch ). i thch ng, b li cho vo t m t0 370C /24h; nu ng no nhim khun phi lai b. Dng thch nghing cy nm c phn lp, cy truyn gi ging hay nhn ging cp mt cung cp cho n v sn xut. gi ging t ng nghim trong t lnh 4-100C. 2. Mi trng la: Thnh phn La Cm go CaCO3 S lng 90% 10 20% 1%
Hinh: Phi trn mi trng hat Thc ngm trong nc khong 12h, un 15 20 (ng chn qu); ly ra ngm trong nc nng 5, ly ra ro ( m lc 55 60%). Tin hnh b sung 1% vi v 10% cm go, trn u. Mi trng trn xong cn a vo chai, khi lm cn c phu trnh nguyn liu dnh vo c chai. Khng nguyn liu vo y bnh, phi c mt khong cch nht nh gia mi trng v nt bng. Nguyn liu phn vo chim 2/3 bnh, lm nt bng c bao giy khng thm nc, em hp kh trng 1210C /1h, 1atm. GVHD: HOANG XUN TH 28 SVTH: Nguyn Trung Dung - Phan Thi Hng Nga - L Thi Thuy Nhi Nguyn Thi Thanh Tm - Pham Thi Thu Thuy
an chuyn nganh cng ngh sinh hoc Phn lp va nui trng meo ging bao ng xam 3. Mi trng cng: Thnh phn Cng m Cm Vi S lng 95% 5% 0.5%
Hinh: X ly mi trng cong Cng m ngm trong nc vi c t l 0.5% trong 24h. Sau vt ra ro b sung cm go 5%, trn u v phn cng m vo bch PP 25x15cm (sao cho khng qu lng hay qu cht) lm nt bng v c giy bao ngoi. em hp kh trng 1000C/8-9h. Ly ra ngui t0 phng/24h. Sau 1 ngy bch no h loi ra. Muc ich cua vic ngm nc vi la lam mm nhanh nguyn liu, ng thi lam kim hoa mi trng, han ch s sng cua vi khun, nm mc, ngoia2 ra vi cung giup kh c (nh gc Ca2+). B. Phn lp v nhn nhanh ging: 1. Quy trnh phn lp v nhn nhanh ging:
2. Thuyt minh quy trinh:

To meo cp I:
Hinh: Kh trung tu cy va mu phn lp
Giai on kh trng:
an chuyn nganh cng ngh sinh hoc Phn lp va nui trng meo ging bao ng xam -T cy lau sch bng cn, t n cn t 15-30, cc dng c khc cng c kh trng trc khi a vo t cy bng cn 700. (nh: dao, banh kp, n cn, a petri). -Mu nm: mu c hi t tri DONA (ct b phn gc). Dng bng c tm cn lau sch qu th kh trng. Kh trng tay bng cn 700. Sau cho nm vo t cy, t trn a petri.
Tin hnh phn lp:
Hinh: Thao tac phn lp t qua th nm Dng tay x nm ra lm i, dng dao mi mc ( c h qua ngn la n cn, ch cho dao bt nong, c th mi dao ln mt phn qu th nm c x nhng khng phi ni cn ly mu trnh lm cht mu) ct ly mu theo hnh tam gic hay vt mt mt trn ca mu nhng ng qu mng. Dng dao ly mu cho vo ng nghim, tin hnh y nt bng v dn nhn (ngy ly mu phn lp, tn nm va phn lp). Mi thao tc u c th hin trn ngn la n cn. Cc ng nghim sau khi cy xong nhit 21230C trong thi gian 7-10 ngy cc t nm lan u khp mt thch. Lc ny ta c meo cp I tin hnh cy chuyn sang mi trng la nhn ging.
To meo cp II:
Hinh: Thao tac cy truyn t thach qua mi trng lua T meo cp I cy chuyn sang mi trng ht la, nhm to s lng ging nhiu hn, bn cnh cng ci thin dn v mt dinh dng ca meo ging ban u. Thao tc c th tin hnh trong t cy hay bn ngoi (nhng phi v trng). V sinh khu vc cy, t dn cn, kh trng tay. Ly ng nghim lan t u, rt nt bng v h ming nghim (khng h st ngn la s lm v ng nghim hoc khi ly mu ra s lm cht mu), dng que mc ct thch trong ng nghim, dng que cy dng tha xc thch trong ng nghim cho vo chai la ( rt nt bng v h trn ngn la n cn). y nt bng v dn nhn (ngy cy, tn nm, ). chai la nhit 21-230C sau khoang 10 ngy t nm lan u khp chai la. Ta c meo cp II, ta em i nhn ging tip.
To ging sn xut:
Hinh: Cy truyn t lua sang khoai mi Sau 10 ngy t nm n u chai la, lc ny ta em cy sang mi trng cng. Tin hnh nh trn nhng mi trng la s thay bng mi trng cng. Dng que cy mc lm ti cc ht la ra (v trong qu trnh bung si cc si s kt li vi nhau lm cho cc ht la dnh li vi nhau), dng que cy dng tha xc tng tha cho vo mi trng cng (mi bch cng c th cho t1-2 tha ht la c meo cp II). Mi thao tc du c tin hnh trn ngn la n cn nhm hn ch s nhim. y nt bng v tin hnh dn nhn nh trn. Cc bch GVHD: HOANG XUN TH 32 SVTH: Nguyn Trung Dung - Phan Thi Hng Nga - L Thi Thuy Nhi Nguyn Thi Thanh Tm - Pham Thi Thu Thuy
an chuyn nganh cng ngh sinh hoc Phn lp va nui trng meo ging bao ng xam cong m sau khi cy xong nhit 21-230C sau khong 10 -15 ngy th cc cng m trong bc s c mu trng u lc ny th ta c ging nm.
C. Kt qua: 1.
Phn lp t qua th:
Nm mi c phn lp.
Phn lp sau 3 ngay: t m nm t bt u lan ra.
Sau 6 ngay phn lp: t n dai xung doc mi trng thach.
Sau 9 ngay phn lp: t lan gn ht mi trng thach.
Sau 12 ngay phn lp: t a lan ht mi trng thach em nhn ging qua mi trng hat.
Bi u 1: Tc lan t ca nm mi trng thach

14 12 10 Tc lan t (cm ) 8 6 4 2 0 3 6 9 12 Thi g (ng y) ian a t
2.
Cy truyn qua mi trng hat:
Nui cy sau 2 ngay: t lan t ming thach qua mi trng lua.
an chuyn nganh cng ngh sinh hoc Phn lp va nui trng meo ging bao ng xam Sau 3 ngay: t n su vao lua.
Sau 4 ngay: t lan nhiu ra cac hat lua.
Sau 5 ngay: t n gn ht b mt lua.
an chuyn nganh cng ngh sinh hoc Phn lp va nui trng meo ging bao ng xam Sau 6 ngay: t phu kin b mt lua.
Sau 7 ngay: t n u ht mi trng lua co th nhn ging sang mi trng cong.
Biu 2: Tc lan t mi trng hat

6 5 4 Tc lan 3 t (cm ) 2 1 0 2 3 4 5 6 7 Thi g (ng y) ian a
3. Cy truyn qua mi trng cong:
Sau 2 ngay: t bt u lan ra mi trng cong.
an chuyn nganh cng ngh sinh hoc Phn lp va nui trng meo ging bao ng xam Sau 4 ngay t moc lan ra nhiu hn.
Sau 6 ngay: t n ht cong mi.
Sau 8 ngay: t lan gn ht b mt mi trng.
an chuyn nganh cng ngh sinh hoc Phn lp va nui trng meo ging bao ng xam Sau 9 ngay t n ht b mt mi trng.
Sau 10 ngay: t a phu kin ht mi trng ta a co c meo ging san xut phi . T bich meo ging nay, mi cong khoai mi se c cy vao mt bich mun ca, mt bich khoai mi co th cy c 80 bich mun ca tao ra hang trm qua th nm ging vi qua th nm ban u phn lp.
Bi u 3 Tc lan t mi tr ng cong :
16 14 12 10 Tc lan 8 t (cm) 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 8 9 10 Thi g (ng y) ian a
XY DNG TRAI TRNG VA CHM SOC

1-Nh trng nm s:
-Di: 50m. -Rng: 5m. -Nn nh chn m t: -1,2m. -Phn tng dng t: +1,2m. -T nn nh n nh mi nh: 4m (Phn mi nh cao 1,6m) -Tng c xy bng balo (10cm x 20cm x 30cm), tng dy ~15- 20cm. - Ty theo iu kin kinh t, khong ti chnh, iu kin t ai, kh hu m xy dng nh trng c quy m ln hay nh, v cch b tr ca, tng, hng
Hnh v cu to mi nh trng: Mi nh trng gm 3 lp lt chnh,

v 2 lp tre np ph.
Lp tre np trn
Lp lt tranh an Lp lt nylong Lp tre np di
Tc dng cc lp: Lp tre np di c tc dng lm lc nng cho
cc lp trn; lp tre np trn c tc dng lm lc p cc lp li vi nhau, chng tc mi; lp tn ximng c tc dng chng thm nc, ng thi chng tc mi; lp tranh an c tc dng cch nhit bn ngoi, v gi nhit bn trong; lp nylong c tc dng chng thm v gi nhit.
Hnh v cu trc khi qut nh trng
4m
1,2m
1,2m
Mi nh Tng nh
Mt t
Ca ph
Ca chnh
50 m
Tc dng cc b phn: Vic chn m t s gip gi nhit, v cch

nhit tt cho nh trng. Cc ca chnh c b tr cc bc thang ln xung, v c ca ng v m khi cn thit. Cc ca ph gip to s thng thong, v cho nh sang khuch tn vo nh trng, cc ca ph c b tr cc cnh ca bng tranh an, dng c thanh chng v sp li khi cn thit, ngoi ra cc ca ph cn chn vi li chng cn trng xm nhp. Trn mt tng hai u nh trng, c b tr cc ca c tc dng nh cc ca ph. Hnh nh cc ca trn tng hai u nh trng
Bn trong nh trng: Nn nh trm lm bng ximng. Nh trng c chia thnh 7

gian, mi gian di 7m, rng 5m, cc gian c thng vi nhau bi cc ca cao 2,1m, rng 1m. Ti cc gian c b tr gin v dy treo bch.
Gin treo bch: Ta dng cc cy g, tre, st ct v an thnh gin

treo. cc gian, ta phi xy tng lm ch gc cc cy gin. Ngoi ra, ta phi b tr cc thanh chng chu lc chng gia cc gin treo Ta phi s dng dy nylong treo bch. Dy nylong di 3m, rng 4cm, ta gp li lm ba theo chiu dc, tng chu lc treo. Ta ct no 3 dy li trn gin lm mt chm treo bch, cc chm phi b tr cc vng dy bp chm lm lc gi cc bch li vi nhau. Mi chm ta ch treo 7- 8 bch nm, i GVHD: HOANG XUN TH 44 SVTH: Nguyn Trung Dung - Phan Thi Hng Nga - L Thi Thuy Nhi Nguyn Thi Thanh Tm - Pham Thi Thu Thuy
an chuyn nganh cng ngh sinh hoc Phn lp va nui trng meo ging bao ng xam vi cc bch mi treo v rch bch, v giai on ny cc bch nm c trng lng nng v th tch ln. Cn i vi cc bch p bch, mi chm ta c th treo 10- 12 bch, v giai on ny cc bch nm c trng lng nh v th tch nh.
Hnh v cu to gin treo bch:
Vic lm gin treo bch phi ch n bn, tnh chu lc treo ca gin. Do , ta phi la chn nhng cy g, tre cht chn lm gin treo. ng thi ta phi phun thuc chng mi mt. Cc dy treo bch phi do dai, c tnh chu lc tt chng t chm na chng.
H ng nh trng:
Chiu di ca nh trng c xy theo hng ng Bc Ty Nam. Mc ch ca vic xy theo hng ny: nh trng trnh c sc gi ma ng Bc, chng c nng nng Ty Nam, cn cc hng Ty Bc v ng Nam t chu cc tc hi trn nn ta b tr cc ca hng ny, nhm tip nhn c nh sng khuch tn v to s thng thong cho nh trng.
ca
Vic chn m t nh trng cn lu : V nn nh trng m

cch mt t n
an chuyn nganh cng ngh sinh hoc Phn lp va nui trng meo ging bao ng xam 1,2 m, nn nc c th b ng xung nn. Do , ta cn phi thit k tng nh phi chc
I-2-Nh m nm s: Di 25m, rng 5m, cao 4m (tnh t nn nh

n nh mi). Nh m chia thnh 6 gian. 2 gian u cha nguyn liu o, mi gian ny c cnh hnh vung 5m v c phn thnh 2 bi bc tng cao 1m. Mc ch phn thnh 2 : cha nguyn liu ny, v o ng ny bn kia. Gian th 3 cng phn thnh 2 , th nht c dng ni vo bch nguyn liu, th hai cha ci un. Gian th 4 l ni b tr l hp thanh trng. Gian th 5 l phng m. Mi nh m c thit k ging vi nh trng Nh m cc ca chnh ra vo, v cc ca ph hng nh nng khuch tn v to s thng thong cho nh m. Hng ca nh m c t theo hng Ty Bc ng Nam.
Cc iu kin ca phng m: Phng m phi m bo s thng

thong, trnh c gi la v nh nng chiu trc tip, trnh s xm nhp ca cn trng, ng thi m bo nhit t 20 26oC, m thch hp cho s sinh v pht trin ca h si nm. Ngoi ra, ta cn t nhiu vi nc ti lm m nn nh. Bn trong phng m c k cc gin t 3 - 5 tng m. Cc gin m c lm bng g, k cch mt t tnh tng 1 l 0,5m, mi tng cch nhau 0,5m. Khi cc cht cc bch nm m chng ta cn lu : Cc bch nm cch nhau t 3- 4cm trnh s sy st, nh hng ti s sinh- pht trin ca h si nm.
I-4-6-m ging:
Sau khi cy ging xong, ta tin hnh cht v xp cc bch ln gin m. Cc bch c xp cch nhau khong 3- 4cm trnh sy st. Ta m trong vng 25- 30 ngy. Trong qu trnh ny ta phi thng xuyn kim tra s sinh v pht GVHD: HOANG XUN TH 46 SVTH: Nguyn Trung Dung - Phan Thi Hng Nga - L Thi Thuy Nhi Nguyn Thi Thanh Tm - Pham Thi Thu Thuy
an chuyn nganh cng ngh sinh hoc Phn lp va nui trng meo ging bao ng xam trin ca h si nm. Ta phi m bo: Nhit phng m lun mc t 2026oC, m bch nm ~ 65 70%, nh sng khuch tn yu, phng m phi thng thong, khng c cn trng xm nhp.
I-4-7-Treo v rch bch: Sau khi m trn gin c 25- 30 ngy, ta

tin hnh chuyn cc bch m sang nh trng treo v rch bch. Cch lm dy treo v treo bch: Dng dy nylong di 3m, rng 4cm, ta gp 3 li theo chiu dc tng lc ko ca dy, dy ny lm cht treo. Ta lm cc vng dy nylong bp gi bch. Cch treo: no tm 3 cht treo li vi nhau ln gin treo, lun cc vng dy vo 3 cht treo. Sau lun cc bch nm vo, c khong 1- 2 bch ta dng vng dy bp gi li cho cht. Mi chm ta treo 78 bch. Lu : Cc bch phi chc ngc ming khi treo, mc ch chc ngc ming bch: V nc thot rt theo hng trn xung, nn khi treo ngc li nc s thm ngc ti cc h si nm, gip cho h si nm c mt m ha u. Cch rch bch: Dng dao rch xung quanh bch 3 ng, mi ng di 34cm, rng 2- 3mm, su 1- 3mm, khi rch phi ch n dy treo. Chng ta nn rch bch theo ng thng. Mc ch rch theo ng thng: V rch thng s lm cho nc d m d dng chy xung, gim bt s bm ca bi bm, ng thi trnh c s gy i khi p bch.
I-4-8-Cch chm sc v thu hi:

Cch chm sc: Khi mi treo v rch bch ta khng nn ti nc trc tip ln bch (k c dng phun sng) m ch ti t v m nn nh, trnh s ng ca nc vo ch rch. Sau khong 7- 10 ngy nm bt u ra, ta c th ti nc trc tip ln bch di dng phun sng (dng bnh bm phun sng mang vo lng ti khp cc chm bch nm trong nh trng). Trong thi gian ny ta phi m bo nhit nh trng khong 22- 28oC, m khng kh ~85- 90%, pH =7, s thong kh, c nh sng khuch tn u, ng thi trnh c cc loi cn trng ph hoi. Trong giai on ny ta phi chng cc cnh ca ph ln n nh sng khuch tn, v tng s thong kh. Ta nn b tr GVHD: HOANG XUN TH 47 SVTH: Nguyn Trung Dung - Phan Thi Hng Nga - L Thi Thuy Nhi Nguyn Thi Thanh Tm - Pham Thi Thu Thuy
an chuyn nganh cng ngh sinh hoc Phn lp va nui trng meo ging bao ng xam ca ph cc tm vi mng, trnh s xm nhp cn trng cn ph nm (b ry, rui xanh, mui vn, kin cnh, b xt). Trong giai on ny, qu th nm rt cn m, nu thiu nc cy nm s ra cn ci, nh cn, n rt dai. Ngc li, nu ti nc qu nhiu, nm s c mu vng, thi ra. Cch thu hi t 1 (trc thi im p bch): Nm s mc tp trung thnh cm, nn khi nm ln ta cn hi c cm. Hi nm ng tui s t nng sut, cht lng cao. Nu hi nm qu gi n s khng ngon. Hi nm ng tui l hi nm trc lc nm pht tn bo t. Khi nhn thy ln khi trng bay ra t cy nm l cc bo t nm (biu hin nm qu gi). Khi hi nm, ta cm c khm nm xoy nh theo chiu kim ng h. Ta phi cu sch phn gc cn st li. Nu st gc, gc st s chn s ra ca qu th mi, gy kh khn cho s ra qua th mi, ng thi gc st cn gy ly nhim. Sau khi thu hi ht mt ln, ta ngng vic ti nc, trong thu hi t 1, ta thu hi khong 2- 3 ln nm. Mi ln cch nhau khong 12- 15 ngy.
I-4-9-p bch: T khi treo v rch bch n lc p bch khong 40- 45

ngy. Trc tin ta tho cc bch nm khi cc chm treo bch. Tay tri tm cht ly ming ti v gi yn, tay phi va n nn va xoay bch, to ra lc p tt hn, ng thi lm cho bch c dng tr trn ln, rn cht thch hp. Ch : khng p qu mnh, v p mnh s gy gy bch nm v chy st cc si nm. p xong, ta nhng cc bch nm vo nc sch ra sch v cung cp lng m thch hp cho bch. Nu bch nm qu kh th ta nn nhng vo nc lu hn. Sau khi p xong, ta treo cc bch nm vo cc chm nh c, mi chm ln ny treo khong 10- 12 bch nm. Ta cn rch thm 2- 3 ng na cho nm ra.
Mc ch ca vic p bch:
-Tp trung dinh dng, tng tip xc ca h si nm vi cc phn t dinh dng ca nguyn liu cho nm tip tc ra tt hn. -Lm nh th tch ti nm, nhm tit kim s lng chm dy treo, treo cc bch nm mi. GVHD: HOANG XUN TH 48 SVTH: Nguyn Trung Dung - Phan Thi Hng Nga - L Thi Thuy Nhi Nguyn Thi Thanh Tm - Pham Thi Thu Thuy
an chuyn nganh cng ngh sinh hoc Phn lp va nui trng meo ging bao ng xam -Gip ta hi nm ng thi im mong mun, c bit l cc ngy rm m lch. Sau khi p bch, khong 10- 12 ngy nm s bt u ra li, ta tip tc thu hi t 2. Cch thu hi t 2 ( sau thi im p bch): Sau khi p bch khong 10- 12 ngy ta tin hnh thu hi t 2, cch thu hi t 2 nh t 1. t 2, ta ch thu hi c 1- 2 ln nm.
I-4-10-Loi b bch v v sinh nh trng: Sau khong thi gian

55- 60 ngy k t ngy treo v rch bch, ta tin hnh loi b bch v v sinh nh trng. Cc bch nm loi b: Ta tn dng lm phn vi sinh, hoc dng nui giun qu. Ngoi ra ngi ta cn xy dng mt nh ring cha cc bch nm loi b, thu c mt lng nm s ng k. V sinh nh trng: Ta s dng dung dch foocmon 0,5% lm v sinh nh trng. Cch pha foocmon: C 1 lt foocmon 0,5% ta ha vi 10 lt nc, phun cho 40m2 nh trng (foocmon c kh nng kh khun rt mnh).
Phn III:
KT LUN VA KIN NGHI

A. Kt lun:
Nu tin hanh nui trng th meo ging, ta co th anh gia c cht lng cua ngun ging a phn lp. Tuy nhin vi thi gian thc hin an ngn nn chung em chi co th khao sat c s phat trin cua t nm. T kt qua thi nghim, cho thy ngun ging nm t cng ty Dona cho t nm phat trin rt nhanh va manh. Qua qua trinh lam an tai trng, chung em a thc hin quy trinh nui cy meo ging, khao sat c s phat trin cua t nm qua cac mi trng nui cy. Hon thnh c quy trnh nhn ging v sn xut ging nm Bo Ng i tr c cht lng cao, vi mi trng c cht ch yu l cc cc ph v ph thi nng lm - cng nghip. San phm cua qua trinh nhn ging nay co th ng dung vao san xut phi va nui trng nm bao ng. Tc nhn ging nhanh, chi trong vong mt thang, t qua th nm co th nhn ging thanh khoang mt trm bich phi nm, em ra nui trng se at c hiu qua kinh t cao .
B. Kin nghi:
Nui cy meo ging la mt qua trinh quan trong quyt inh cho ca qua trinh san xut, vi vy cn c chu trong va quan tm nhiu hn, t o co th chu ng v san xut va nng cao hiu qua kinh t. Hin nay, trc nhng thch chc v c hi mi i vi vic pht trin nng nghip v nng thn ni chung, cng nh ngh trng nm ni ring, vic trng nm theo hng sn xut hng ha vi khoa hc v cng ngh sn xut thch hp ang thu ht s quan tm ca nhiu t chc, ban ngnh, c nhn trong v ngoi nc. thc y nhanh ngnh sn xut nm ca Vit Nam. Chng ta cn tp trung gii quyt mt s vn sau:
an chuyn nganh cng ngh sinh hoc Phn lp va nui trng meo ging bao ng xam To ra cc loi ging nm c nng sut cao, cht lng tt, c tnh chng chu (chu nhit, chu lnh, sch bnh) t cc ging a phng v ging nhp ni. Hon thin quy trnh sn xut ging c bit l khu s l nguyn liu (c cht) nhn ging nm. h gi thnh ging thng phm xung thp hn hin nay. Nghin cu th trng, lin doanh lin kt vi cc cng ty trong v ngoi nc tin hnh vic xut khu nm. Hp tc chc ch vi cc nc v cc t chc quc t trn th gii trong lnh vc nghin cu v sn xut nm. Cn c nhng nghin cu su hn v nhng hot cht chit t cy nm. iu quan trng nht theo kin chng em, cn phi thc hin c mi lin kt cht ch bn nh: nh khoa hc - nh u t cng ngh - nh kinh doanh nh nc, nhm m bo tnh bn vng ca cng ngh sn xut nm, n nh v m rng th trng.
TI LIU THAM KHO

1) L Duy Thng Trn Vn Minh, S tay hng dn trng nm, NXB
Nng Nghip.
2) GS.TS.Nguyn Ln Dng, Cng Ngh Nui Trng Nm Tp I, II, NXB
Nng Nghip.
3) Giao trinh in t, Small- scale mushroom culivation. 4) Ky thut trng nm cua S khoa hoc va cng ngh Tin Giang.
Cc trang web tham kho:

1) http://www.google.com.vn 2) http://www.namdona.com 3) http://www.foodsubs.com/Mushroom.html 4) http://www.goldengourmetmushrooms.com/oyster.html 5) http://www.freshes.com/en/mushinfo/xingbao.html
PH LC HNH NH
Nm bao ng Nht
Nm rm Nm hu thu Nm linh chi
an chuyn nganh cng ngh sinh hoc Phn lp va nui trng meo ging bao ng xam Bich phi nm Cy meo ging
Meo nm bi nhim mc
Bao ng trng
Nm meo
Ni hp dung cu va mi trng

Sinh Học1

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an chuyn nganh cng ngh sinh hoc Phn lp va nui trng meo ging bao ng xam

Hinh: i sng cua nm phat trin trong t nhin

Nhm thc nghim

Kch c khi ua (cm3)

Thi gian sngb (ngy)

i chng Fl Flo Flo-a Flo-b FA-1 FA-2 FA-3

86,4 84,8 90,8 39,6 48,7 74,6 34,5

7/8 0/5 0/5 0/5 1/5 1/5 0/5 1/5

Nhm thc nghim

Kch c khi ua (cm3)

Thi gian sngb (ngy)

ichng Fll Fll-1 Fll-2 Fll-3 Flll-1 Flll-1a Flll-1b Flll-2

76,7 90,8 8,0 8,4 58,4 76,9 51,6 84,5

100 >170,5 >228,2 >148,0 132,3 >215,7 >209,4 >214,4 >228,7

0/8 1/5 3/5 0/5 0/5 1/5 1/5 1/5 3/5

7/8 2/5 0/5 2/5 3/5 0/5 0/5 0/5 0/5

Mc c ch (%) 53,1 49,8 59,4 31,7 100,0 84,6

Thi gian sngb (ngy)

100 >151,8 >164,1 >187,3 159,9 >295,8 >229,6

0/8 1/5 0/5 1/5 0/5 5/5 1/5

8/8 1/5 1/5 0/5 1/5 0/5 1/5

T l c ch hon ton khi u o sau 12 tun cy u. T l cht xc nh sau 5 tun cy u.

3. Quy trinh phn lp ging:

Ging ban u (ging gc):

Got sach cht Bn bam chn

ra dd sat khun nc ra v trung

Lau cn Tach i Tach thit nm

Nhn ging cho san xut

Mi trng dinh dng cho nui cy nm:

Mt s lu y khi cy ging khng bi nhim:

- Nm dung lam mu nn chon tai nm khng bi nhim tap, t nc.

Phn bit nhim do cy va nhim do mi trng:

6.Cc tnh cht ca ging: a. Ging tt hay xu:

QUA TRINH THC NGHIM

2. Thuyt minh quy trinh:

Hinh: Kh trung tu cy va mu phn lp

Tin hnh phn lp:

Phn lp t qua th:

Phn lp sau 3 ngay: t m nm t bt u lan ra.

Sau 6 ngay phn lp: t n dai xung doc mi trng thach.

Sau 9 ngay phn lp: t lan gn ht mi trng thach.

Bi u 1: Tc lan t ca nm mi trng thach

Cy truyn qua mi trng hat:

Nui cy sau 2 ngay: t lan t ming thach qua mi trng lua.

Sau 4 ngay: t lan nhiu ra cac hat lua.

Sau 5 ngay: t n gn ht b mt lua.

Sau 7 ngay: t n u ht mi trng lua co th nhn ging sang mi trng cong.

Biu 2: Tc lan t mi trng hat

3. Cy truyn qua mi trng cong:

Sau 2 ngay: t bt u lan ra mi trng cong.

Sau 6 ngay: t n ht cong mi.

Sau 8 ngay: t lan gn ht b mt mi trng.

XY DNG TRAI TRNG VA CHM SOC

Hnh v cu to mi nh trng: Mi nh trng gm 3 lp lt chnh,

Lp lt tranh an Lp lt nylong Lp tre np di

Tc dng cc lp: Lp tre np di c tc dng lm lc nng cho

Hnh v cu trc khi qut nh trng

Tc dng cc b phn: Vic chn m t s gip gi nhit, v cch

Bn trong nh trng: Nn nh trm lm bng ximng. Nh trng c chia thnh 7

Gin treo bch: Ta dng cc cy g, tre, st ct v an thnh gin

Hnh v cu to gin treo bch:

Vic chn m t nh trng cn lu : V nn nh trng m

I-2-Nh m nm s: Di 25m, rng 5m, cao 4m (tnh t nn nh